Reformulated Predictive Torque and Flux Control with a Full-Order Adaptive Observer and Accurate Discrete-Time Models for Sensorless Induction Machine Drives

Reformulated Predictive Torque and Flux Control with a Full-Order Adaptive Observer and Accurate Discrete-Time Models for Sensorless Induction Machine Drives | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Reformulated Predictive Torque and Flux Control with a Full-Order Adaptive Observer and Accurate Discrete-Time Models for Sensorless Induction Machine Drives Ramón Herrera Hernández, Carlos Reusser, Rodrigo Carvajal, Ramon Zamora This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8253956/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 09 Mar, 2026 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted 13 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract In this paper, we present a reformulation of both the predictive torque and flux control (PTC) scheme and the full-order adaptive observer (FAO) for induction machine drives. The proposed approach is based on a state-space representation expressed exclusively in terms of stator current and stator flux linkage, which simplifies the observer structure and removes the explicit dependence on rotor flux variables found in conventional sensorless formulations. This reformulated representation is applied consistently within both the FAO and PTC frameworks, and second- and higher-order discrete-time models are derived using Taylor- and Runge–Kutta–based methods to enhance numerical accuracy and dynamic performance. The resulting FAO–PTC scheme is validated through Hardware-in-the-Loop simulations, demonstrating steady-state performance comparable to conventional designs while achieving faster transient response, improved dynamic behaviour, and a reduced state-space order. Among the evaluated discretization strategies, the Taylor-based model offers the highest steady-state accuracy and the fastest convergence, albeit with slightly increased torque ripple. Overall, the proposed reformulated FAO–PTC framework, combined with appropriately selected discrete-time models, provides an effective balance between accuracy, model simplicity, and implementation practicality for real-time sensorless induction machine drives. Physical sciences/Engineering Physical sciences/Mathematics and computing Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 09 Mar, 2026 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 14 Jan, 2026 Reviews received at journal 13 Jan, 2026 Reviews received at journal 11 Jan, 2026 Reviews received at journal 09 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 22 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 21 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 16 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 16 Dec, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 16 Dec, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 16 Dec, 2025 Editor invited by journal 16 Dec, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 12 Dec, 2025 First submitted to journal 12 Dec, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8253956","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":561276949,"identity":"28d0bcb7-b6f3-46a7-b83a-63bdf7e81b84","order_by":0,"name":"Ramón Herrera Hernández","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ramón","middleName":"Herrera","lastName":"Hernández","suffix":""},{"id":561276951,"identity":"b9573c45-38df-4020-9fc4-d38157e19103","order_by":1,"name":"Carlos 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The proposed approach is based on a state-space representation expressed exclusively in terms of stator current and stator flux linkage, which simplifies the observer structure and removes the explicit dependence on rotor flux variables found in conventional sensorless formulations. This reformulated representation is applied consistently within both the FAO and PTC frameworks, and second- and higher-order discrete-time models are derived using Taylor- and Runge–Kutta–based methods to enhance numerical accuracy and dynamic performance. The resulting FAO–PTC scheme is validated through Hardware-in-the-Loop simulations, demonstrating steady-state performance comparable to conventional designs while achieving faster transient response, improved dynamic behaviour, and a reduced state-space order. Among the evaluated discretization strategies, the Taylor-based model offers the highest steady-state accuracy and the fastest convergence, albeit with slightly increased torque ripple. Overall, the proposed reformulated FAO–PTC framework, combined with appropriately selected discrete-time models, provides an effective balance between accuracy, model simplicity, and implementation practicality for real-time sensorless induction machine drives.","manuscriptTitle":"Reformulated Predictive Torque and Flux Control with a Full-Order Adaptive Observer and Accurate Discrete-Time Models for Sensorless Induction Machine Drives","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-12-18 23:44:45","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8253956/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-01-14T05:09:45+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-01-13T20:27:29+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-01-11T19:13:49+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-01-09T15:39:22+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"38557145790966514867967328320783612731","date":"2025-12-22T17:53:54+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"250282754813214405296636521876483232342","date":"2025-12-21T12:11:27+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"211719174459291042081157140623113067681","date":"2025-12-16T13:39:52+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"291271306348523419117856201580012282454","date":"2025-12-16T12:15:55+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-12-16T12:07:04+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-12-16T12:03:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-12-16T06:11:03+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-12-12T21:12:16+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2025-12-12T21:10:51+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"ad26a1e4-8a30-44cf-81ad-67daf3d03593","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 18th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":59761825,"name":"Physical sciences/Engineering"},{"id":59761826,"name":"Physical sciences/Mathematics and computing"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-16T16:13:42+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-8253956","link":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-41944-y","journal":{"identity":"scientific-reports","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Scientific Reports"},"publishedOn":"2026-03-09 15:59:47","publishedOnDateReadable":"March 9th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-12-18 23:44:45","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1038/s41598-026-41944-y","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-41944-y","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8253956","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8253956","identity":"rs-8253956","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}