High temperature and abrasion resistance of fly ash and ceramic waste powder based geopolymer mortar

High temperature and abrasion resistance of fly ash and ceramic waste powder based geopolymer mortar | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article High temperature and abrasion resistance of fly ash and ceramic waste powder based geopolymer mortar Jay Bhavsar, Vijay Ramanlal Panchal This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4163762/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The increasing popularity of geopolymer concrete is attributed to its small ecological footprint. Moreover, it presents substantial prospects for employing industrial waste as a substitute binder for producing geopolymer concrete. The ceramic waste powder (CWP), which is a by-product of the ceramic polishing and glazing process, was employed in the manufacturing of geopolymer mortar. This study investigated the heat and abrasion resistance of geopolymer mortar (GM) produced using two different types of CWP and fly ash. A GM was prepared by combining fly ash, CWP, and the alkaline activators NaOH and Na2SiO3. The study examined three different curing conditions: ambient, curing at 60 °C for 24 hours, and curing at 60 °C for 48 hours. All mortar mixes were heated to temperatures of 500°C and 1000°C for a period of 2 hours (h) to study their heat resistance. Both weight loss and compressive strength (CS) were assessed before and after temperature exposure. The assessment of abrasion resistance was conducted in line with the Indian standard. The study suggests that the utilization of CWP enhances the high temperature and abrasion resistance of GM. High-temperature exposure Abrasion resistance Ceramic Waste Powder Geopolymer Mortar Ambient curing Temperature curing Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15 Figure 16 Figure 17 Figure 18 Figure 19 1 Introduction The utilization of cement for concrete and other infrastructure materials has been rising. Nevertheless, the significant CO 2 emissions associated with cement create obstacles to sustainable development. In recent decades, numerous researchers have dedicated their efforts to studying geopolymer-based binders. These binders have been discovered to possess superior environmental friendliness. Industrial wastes, such as fly ash, GGBS, rice husk ash (RHA), and ceramic waste, are rich in silica and alumina. These wastes can be utilized as geopolymer binders (Bhavsar and Panchal, 2022 ; Huseien et al., 2018 ; Memiş and Bılal, 2022 ; Nath and Sarker, 2014 ; Saranya et al., 2019 ). These binders are mixed with alkaline activators, like Na 2 SiO 3 (NS) and NaOH (NH), for geopolymer concrete (GPC). Ceramic manufacturing industries generate a significant amount of ceramic polishing waste. These wastes can have negative impacts on the ecosystem by contaminating land, water, and air (Patel et al. 2015 ). Furthermore, the rising need for infrastructure has led to a corresponding surge in the demand for ceramic tiles. Ceramic tiles and ceramic items are highly sought-after materials in many developing countries. Researchers are highly concerned with techniques to recycle this type of waste material. At present, several studies have utilized ceramic polishing waste as a geopolymer binder. Light-weight geopolymer mortar (GM) was developed using different binders. The binders were metakaolin, ultra-fine GGBS, CWP, and clay brick waste powder. The high-temperature exposure and microstructure of GM were carried out at 800°C for a 1-hour duration. The mortar composed of CWP, clay brick, and metakaolin exhibited the best performance due to its high aluminium content. Mortar exposure to high-temperature compressive strength (CS) was increased at 100–400°C exposure (Ameri et al. 2019 ). CWP was used for making alkali-activated slag paste. The paste samples were cured at 45°C in ambient conditions. These samples were exposed to 200°C to 1000°C for 2 hours (h). The increase of CWP in paste was influenced positively at high temperatures. The CS was reduced at 200°C to 600°C. But increased at 800°C to 1000°C. The CWP created a dense and compact microstructure, which gave high CS(Rashad and Essa 2020 ). Ceramic dust (CD) and RHA were used instead of GGBS for producing GPC. The CS of GPC was measured pre and post-exposure to elevated temperatures. After temperature exposure, GPC showed greater resistance compared to traditional concrete. The CD exhibited greater performance in terms of heat resistance compared to the RHA. (Memiş and Bılal 2022 ). The temperature test on ultra-high-performance GPC was carried out up to 700°C. The GPC was modified with fine ceramic aggregates. The results showed an improvement in the residual CS in comparison to a mix without fine ceramic aggregates (Ellatief et al. 2023). In another study, a similar test was performed up to 900°C for alkali-activated mortar. The mortar is made with crushed ceramic tile powder, GGBS, and fly ash (Huseien et al. 2018 ). The enhancement in residual CS was observed when ceramic crushed tile powder increased from 50–70%. However, the replacement of GGBS by fly ash showed poor performance under high temperatures. Zhang et al. ( 2021 ) investigated the high-temperature resistance of a geopolymer using ceramic waste, fly ash, and slag. The strength is enhanced at 300°C. An appreciable degradation was seen at a high temperature of 900°C in the sample containing a high percentage of calcium. The sample's microstructure underwent substantial changes when heated at high temperatures. Previous research found that GPC has superior resistance to abrasion and permeability in comparison to traditional concrete (Ramujee and Potharaju 2014 ). The abrasion and temperature resistance of GM with slag are better than cement mortar. (Bingöl et al. 2020 ). Studies on high-temperature resistance with different sources of ceramic waste have been conducted in the past. But, in the majority of studies, GGBS was utilized for strength gain. The prior studies did not investigate fly ash and ceramic polishing waste (low calcium binder) effects when heated at 500°C and 1000°C for 2 h. Also, the influences of curing type and curing period on high-temperature resistance were not explored. At the same time, the abrasion resistance of GM with ceramic polishing waste was not reported, which is also one of the key durability parameters. In the present research, a control mix of GM was prepared with low-calcium fly ash. It was replaced by 15% of CWP, considering the past research on CWP and fly ash GPC (Bhavsar and Panchal 2022 ). Here, two types of CWP were utilized for the study. The first is vitrified ceramic tile polishing waste (VCWP), and the second is wall tile ceramic polishing waste (WCWP). The mortar samples were cured with three different curing conditions: ambient, oven curing at 60°C for 24 h, and 48 h. The CS and mass loss of GPM were measured before and after the temperature test. The abrasion resistance was investigated by loss in mass and change in volume. The study showed an improvement in the performance of GM with both types of CWP. 2 Materials and Methods The chemical properties of fly ash and CWPs are provided in Table 1 (Bhavsar and Panchal 2022 ). They were determined through an XRF test. The physical properties of all binders are in Table 2 . Table 1 Chemical properties of powders (% mass) Metal Oxide Fly ash VCWP WCWP SiO 2 58.98 70.71 57.55 Al 2 O 3 15.19 11.56 11.55 Fe 2 O 3 12.58 2.86 7.77 CaO 01.82 3.45 10.86 Mg 00.62 1.21 01.68 Na 2 O 00.25 1.39 00.96 K 2 O 01.88 3.39 01.50 SO 3 01.60 0.46 02.88 P 2 O 5 00.58 0.16 00.28 TiO 2 03.98 1.48 02.45 ZnO 00.20 1.17 01.23 LOI 001.2 0.66 02.33 Table 2 Physical properties Properties Fly ash VCWP WCWP Specific Gravity 2.500 2.529 2.530 Surface Area (cm 2 /g) 5538 4976 5578 The X-ray diffraction (XRD) method determined crystalline phases and crystallinity (CI). The XRD peak width is inversely proportional to the crystal size. A thinner peak indicates a larger crystal. A broader peak implies an amorphous phase. The ratio of the integrated areas of the thinner peaks to the combined integrated areas of the thinner and broader peaks gives the CI. The CI of fly ash, VCWP, and WCWP are 20.50, 11.20, and 28.52, respectively. The lower CI value indicates the availability of a more amorphous phase. The XRD pattern reveals an amorphous phase with a 2Ɵ value ranging from 15˚-30˚ for fly ash, 20˚-30˚ for VCWP, and 23˚-32˚ for WCWP (Fig. 1 ). Local sand was used as fine aggregate for preparing the GM. The fine aggregates confirm zone II as per (IS 383 2016 ) (Table 3 ). The fineness modulus was 2.56. NaOH (NH) 14M solution was prepared by mixing NaOH flakes with water. The Na 2 SiO 3 (NS) is purchased in liquid form, and the SiO 2 to Na 2 O molar ratio is approximately 2. Na 2 SiO 3 contains 31.4% SiO 2 , 15.9% Na 2 O, and 52.7% water, respectively. Table 3 Sieve analysis of fine aggregate Sr. No. Sieve in mm Cumulative % useful retained Cumulative % passing Zone-II IS 383:2016 1 10mm 0 100 100 2 4.75 0 100 90–100 3 2.36 0 100 75–100 4 1.18 10 90 55–90 5 0.600 57.4 43 35–59 6 0.300 88.8 11 8–30 7 0.150 99.4 1 0–10 8 Pan Σ = 255.6 - - Fineness modulus 2.56 Zone-II 3 Experimental Investigation The GM were designed by methods suggested in the past literature (Nath and Sarker 2014 ). The unit weight of the mortar was assumed to be 2200 kg/m 3 . The powder was taken as one-third of the entire mix. The alkaline liquid-to-binder ratio was selected as 0.4. The NS/NH ratio was kept constant at 2.5. The NH solution was made 24 h prior to casting. The NS and NH solutions were mixed for 30 minutes before casting. Initially, powder and fine aggregates (SSD) were mixed manually in dry conditions. The alkaline solution was added to the dry mix. After that wet mixing was carried out for 5 to 6 minutes until a consistent mix was observed. The mortar was filled in a cube mold of size 70.6 mm. It was filled in two layers and further compacted using a vibration machine for 30 seconds. The samples for ambient curing were de-molded after a day and stored at room temperature. The samples for the oven curing were transferred to the oven immediately after casting along with the mold (Fig. 2 ). The control mixture consisted only of fly ash as the binder (GPM). The other two mixtures were created by substituting 15% of the fly ash with VCWP (GMV15) and WCWP (GMW15). The study examined three different curing methods. The curing methods are ambient, oven curing at 60°C for 24 h and 48 h. After the specified curing conditions, the specimens were kept at room temperature. Table 4 . shows the mix proportions of experimental work. Three specimens were tested for each test. Table 4 Mix proportion of GM (kg/m 3 ) Mixtures Fly ash VCWP WCWP Fine aggregates Na 2 Sio 3 NaOH Curing Conditions GPM 730 - - 1178 208.6 83.4 1. 27°C – 30°C Ambient 2. 60°C -24 h oven 3. 60°C -48 h oven GMV15 620 110 - 1178 208.6 83.4 GMW15 620 - 110 1178 208.6 83.4 The CS of mortar samples was determined according to the procedure outlined in (IS 4031-6 1988 ). The testing was conducted using an auto pace rate control 500 kN loading frame (Fig. 3 ). The load on the specimen was steadily and uniformly applied at a rate of 35 N/mm 2 /min. The GM specimens were tested for high-temperature exposure. Cube specimens with a 70.6 mm size were used. They were subjected to high temperatures by being placed in an electric furnace. They were exposed to temperature 500°C and 1000°C, starting at room temperature. The temperature in the electric furnace increased at a rate of 5°C per minute. After the temperature reached 500°C or 1000°C, the samples were heated for a duration of 2 h at the same temperature (Fig. 4 ). The samples were cooled in the electric furnace at ambient temperature for 24 h. After the cooling, the mass loss and CS loss of each specimen were measured. The mass of a specimen measured before and after exposure to high temperatures with a precision of 0.1 grams (g). The CS was measured before and after the heat exposure. The abrasion resistance of GM was examined by abrasion test specified in IS 15658 2006 . The test was performed on a mortar specimen with a cube dimension of 70.6 mm. The specimen surface was placed on the rotating grinding path of the disc. Initally, 20 g of normal abrasive powder was uniformly sprayed onto the disc (Fig. 5 ). A central load of 294 ± 3 N was applied on the specimen. The disc is rotated at a speed of 30 rpm and stops after completing 22 revolutions. The specimen and disc are subsequently cleaned. After that the surface is then rotated at a 90° angle in a clockwise orientation. Once again, 20 g of abrasive powder were used for the subsequent cycle. A total of 16 cycles will be conducted for each specimen. The decrease in volume after 16 cycles was determined using Eq. 1 . $$\varDelta V=\frac{\varDelta m}{PR}$$ 1 where ∆V = loss in volume after 16 cycles, in mm 3 ∆m = loss in mass after 16 cycles, in g PR = density of specimen in g/mm 3 4 Results and discussion 4.1 Compressive Strength of GM Figure 6 displays the CS of all mortar mixes at 7 days. The 7-day CS of mixes GMV15 and GMW15 was enhanced under all curing conditions. The early-age CS of GMV15 and GMW15 cured at ambient temperature was increased by 35.63% and 179% than GPM. The CS of the GMV15 and GMW15 mixes was improved by 39.77% and 39.64% compared to the GPM when initially cured at 60°C for 24 h. Similarly, the CS of the above mixes increased by 35.60% and 33.17% compared to the GPM when cured at 60°C for 48 h. An increase in temperature curing time from 24 h to 48 h has a minimal effect on CS at 7 days. The high water absorption of CWP decreased the water content, and hence the CS was improved. The availability of CaO in WCWP enhanced the early-age CS of GMW15 cured at room temperature. The presence of CaO in the binder can boost the early strength of GPC (Aly et al. 2018 ; Nath and Sarker 2014 ). Ambient curing results indicate geopolymerization of VCWP at an early age than WCWP. Increasing oven curing time from 24 h to 48 h showed a minute increment in strength at 7 days. The early-age strength improved with oven curing compared to ambient curing. Figure 7 represents the 28-day CS of the mortar samples. The CS increased with the increased duration of temperature curing. The highest CS was obtained for a GPM cured at 60°C for 48 h. The presence of high Fe 2 O 3 (Table 1 ) in fly ash can cause high CS as the curing duration is increased (Zailani et al. 2020 ). The lowest strength was also achieved in the GPM, which was cured at ambient temperature. A minor improvement in 28-day CS was observed in GMV15 and GMW15 when ambient curing was adopted (Fig. 8 ). A loss in 28-day CS was observed for GMV15 and GMW15 than GPM when temperature curing adopted (Fig. 8 ). For the mix GMW15 cured at 60°C for 48 h CS was reduced compared to curing at 60°C for 24 h (Fig. 7 ). For the mix GMV15 increasing curing time from 24 h to 48 h the CS increased. The high silica in VCWP (Table 1 ) caused geoplymerization for 48 h curing. Except for mix GMW15 cured at 60°C for 48 h, the CS of other mixes increased as the rise in curing temperature and period. Verma et al. ( 2022 ) reported similar results in the past.Temperature curing is more prominent in fly ash GM at a later age compared to GMV15 and GMW15 (Fig. 9 ). 4.2 Effect of High-Temperature Exposure 4.2.1 Visual observation Concrete exposed to elevated temperature for a long duration can significantly affect the strength and durability properties. Figure 10 shows the change in color of GM after heated at 500°C and 1000°C. The colour of GM not changed when heated at 500°C. But, changed to a light brown at 1000°C. All the samples had no spalling or cracks. A similar observation was also reported in the past (Sarker et al. 2014 ). The fly ash GPC turned a reddish-brown colour at 800–1000°C due to high iron oxide (Razak et al. 2022; Zhang et al. 2020 ). 4.2.2 Temperature effects on Compressive strength When ambient-cured GM was heated at 500°C, its CS decreased. The lower CS of ambient-cured GM (Fig. 7 ) reduced residual CS when heated at 500°C. The biggest drop was in GMW15, down 26.84%. GMV15 fell 15.08%, and GPM by 8.29% (Fig. 12 ). At the same time, all ambient-cured samples retained CS greater than 34 MPa (Fig. 11 ). Zhang et al. ( 2020 ) reported higher CS for GPC developed at ambient condition and heated to 600°C. However, they used concrete sample while mortar samples used in this study. Also, the addition of CWP caused a lower residual CS, but a minute reduction in CS was for fly-only GM. But, some research has also reported a reduction in CS when heated to more than 200°C (Zhang et al. 2023 ). The residual CS of GM cured at 60°C for 24 h increased when exposed at 500°C (Fig. 12 ). All samples showed CS higher than 50 MPa (Fig. 11 ). Kaya et al. ( 2018 ) showed that the residual CS retained or increased when heated up to 800°C for air-cured samples. Razak et al. (2022) showed similar behaviour for fly ash GM cured at 60°C for 24 h. The residual CS was increased due to further geopolymerization (Abd Razak et al. 2022 ). The mortar samples cured at 60°C for 48 h showed a reduction in the CS when heated at 500°C (Fig. 12 ). The GPM showed less residual CS than GMV15 and GMW15 (Fig. 11 ). All the samples showed residual CS higher than 47 MPa (Fig. 11 ). At 600°C, the fly ash cured at 60°C for 48 and 72 h had less residual CS than the sample cured for 24 h (Yılmaz et al. 2023 ). The CS decreased for all GM when heated at 1000°C. The replacement of fly ash by CWPs showed higher residual CS (Fig. 13 ). All the GM mixes showed CS greater than 20 MPa, except GPM developed at 60°C for 24 h and 48 h. The loss of CS was higher for GPM mixes when the curing duration increased from 24 h to 48 h (Fig. 14 ). Also, ambient-cured samples have a smallest loss in CS compared to oven-cured (Fig. 14 ). The oven curing developed micro-cracks in the GM. Hence it cause high loss in CS subject to high temperature. The mix GMV15 cured at 60°C for 24 h showed the highest residual CS with the minor loss in CS (Fig. 13 , Fig. 14 ). 4.2.3 Temperature effects on Mass loss The mass loss due to heat exposure is usually related to the evaporation of bound or free water (Kashani et al. 2017 ; Sarker et al. 2014 ). It also depends on exposure temperature and time. Figure 15 shows the percentage loss in mass of GM after 500°C exposure. The mass loss was in the range of 4.3–4.79%. A slightly higher mass loss was observed in the samples which were cured at ambient and 60°C for 48 h. The lower mass loss was observed for the GM prepared at 60°C for 24 h. The results of mass loss are in line with the results of residual CS (Fig. 12 ). The replacement of CWP has minimal influence on mass loss for a given exposure. It showed a slightly higher mass loss for mixes GMV15 and GMW15 at ambient temperature. For a curing condition of 60°C for 24 h, the mass loss increased for GMV15 but was similar for GMW15 in comparison to GPM. In the case of 60°C curing for 48 h, the mass loss of GPM and GMV15 was similar, while it slightly increased for GMW15. The mass loss of all GM was in the range of 7.11 to 7.63% when exposed at 1000°C (Fig. 16 ). As an increase in heat from 500°C to 1000°C the mass loss increased. The highest mass loss was for the GM prepared at 60°C for 48 h. All the samples made with CWP showed similar or higher mass loss compared to GPM. Despite higher mass loss CS behaviour of GMV15 and GMW15 is better. This indicates the minimal impact of CWP on the mass loss. According to (H. Zhang et al. 2020 ) ambient and heat cured GPC have equal mass loss subject to elevated temperature. 4.3 Effect of Abrasion The abrasion resistance of the GM depends on paste strength and aggregates bonding. Figure 17 displays the reduction of mass in g for GM after 16 cycles of abrasion testing. GPM exhibited higher mass loss than GMV15 and GMW15 under all curing conditions. The mix with VCWP and WCWP resisted wear better than GMP. The use of CWP improve aggregates paste bonding. The use of crushed ceramic tile waste improve abrasion performance (Abadel and Alghamdi 2023 ). The average loss of thickness for mortar sample are preented in Fig. 18 . The avrege thickness loss under all curing condtion is less than 1.5 mm. As per the IS 15658 2006 the average loss of thickness shall not exceed 6 mm. The use of CWP reduces average thickness loss compared to fly ash only GM. Also, the 24h oven curing at 60°C found most suitable curing type. The loss in volume of each sample after 16 cycles was measured using Eq. ( 1 ). Abrasive wear for each mix per 1000 mm 3 /5000 mm 2 was calculated (Fig. 19 ). Oven-cured samples have higher abrasion resistance than ambient-cured samples. The change in temperature curing duration from 24 h to 48 h has increased the abrasion wear of mix GPM and GMW15 (Fig. 19 ). (İlkentapar et al. 2017 ) reported increasing oven curing time gave lower abrasion wear. Although, the temperature adopted by the authors was 75°C which is 60°C in the present study. 5 Conclusions The early age (7-day) CS of ambient cured fly ash GM is very low. It was increased by 35% when 15% of fly ash was replaced by VCWP. Similarly, the replacement of 15% fly ash by WCWP CS increased by 179%. The early age (7-day) CS of oven-cured GM is higher than ambient curing. The replacement of fly-ash by CWP improves the 7-day CS for all adopted curing conditions. The 28-day CS of GM prepared with VCWP and WCWP was less compared to the fly ash-only mix for oven curing was adopted. However, it improved marginally when ambient curing was adopted. Increasing curing time from 24 h to 48 h has minimal impact on CS. The GM samples cured at 60 °C for 24 h has retained or enhanced the CS when heated at 500 °C for a period of 2 h. AlsoHowever, for similar exposure CS reduced for the samples prepared by ambient or air curing at 60 °C for 48 h. The CS of all GM reduced when heated at 1000 °C for 2 h. For the given exposure the CS of GM with CWP was higher than 20 MPa. The oven cured samples showed a higher loss in CS than the ambient cured under the heat exposure of 1000 °C. The reduction in mass of GM was in the range of 4.3 to 4.79% when heated at a temperature of 500 °C for 2 h. It was further reduced in the range of 7.11% to 7.63% when heated at a temperature of 1000 °C for 2 h. The partial substitute of fly ash by 15% VCWP and WCWP improved the abrasion resistance. The abrasion resistance of GM improved with oven curing than ambient curing. The increasing oven curing time has a marginal impact on the abrasion resistance. 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Polymers 13 :. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13213797 Zhang H, Li L, Yuan C, Wang Q, Sarker PK, Shi X (2020) Deterioration of ambient-cured and heat-cured fly ash geopolymer concrete by high temperature exposure and prediction of its residual compressive strength. Construction and Building Materials 262 :120924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120924 Zhang P, Han X, Guo J, Hu S (2023) High-temperature behavior of geopolymer mortar containing nano-silica. Construction and Building Materials 364 :129983. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.129983 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4163762","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":284347040,"identity":"528f21c0-9565-4ebe-921b-54d68d1e131d","order_by":0,"name":"Jay Bhavsar","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"M. S. Patel Department of Civil Engineering, Chandubhai S. Patel Institute of Technology, Faculty of Technology and Engineering, Charotar University of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jay","middleName":"","lastName":"Bhavsar","suffix":""},{"id":284347041,"identity":"cd6a7409-e87e-4a70-ba13-658b523fb88d","order_by":1,"name":"Vijay Ramanlal Panchal","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"M. S. Patel Department of Civil Engineering, Chandubhai S. Patel Institute of Technology, Faculty of Technology and Engineering, Charotar University of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Vijay","middleName":"Ramanlal","lastName":"Panchal","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-03-25 13:43:34","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4163762/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4163762/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":53745234,"identity":"cf00428c-8e9d-4045-8b46-baede1459a68","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-29 17:34:32","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":36589,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eXRD of binders\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4163762/v1/74b2f12748e80ee9a81e04b9.png"},{"id":53745235,"identity":"552659ae-dfdd-498c-aa7c-6709eb9e2cf9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-29 17:34:32","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":118883,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eProduction of GM\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4163762/v1/7329257096345fd90d5f28cc.png"},{"id":53745247,"identity":"d1890578-8429-46bb-8bd4-211581524402","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-29 17:34:33","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":91733,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCompressive strength test of GM\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4163762/v1/0a7db1c3aadbbfc48c89979f.png"},{"id":53745659,"identity":"c835ddc1-bcce-4d82-a83a-a9358add9ca5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-29 17:42:33","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":125387,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eHigh-temperature exposure of GM\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4163762/v1/dbd6c82a3c71b878c11fd2db.png"},{"id":53745249,"identity":"9b5d193c-ad1f-4791-a446-8e4f68369a1f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-29 17:34:33","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":239925,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAbrasion test of GM\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4163762/v1/2382a0d16bd5f6deb5115b49.png"},{"id":53745242,"identity":"483a3f55-c4d3-408b-b73a-4f4f8bdc9fc9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-29 17:34:32","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":13795,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e7-day CS of GM\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4163762/v1/36becdb8e7933cc2da4d5d01.png"},{"id":53745657,"identity":"0cc40c15-3f7e-4679-b131-4614aa0f8194","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-29 17:42:32","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":14499,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e28-day CS of GM\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4163762/v1/f35f9a6db4ba8f0ac4a1d262.png"},{"id":53745237,"identity":"d8a4f22a-4b14-4e14-a402-590092729859","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-29 17:34:32","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":11789,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e% change in 28-day CS compared to GPM mix\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4163762/v1/3f465c3b90b8eaeb2a83e95e.png"},{"id":53745241,"identity":"d25069b3-afe8-4398-b53c-72d82b5ea4bc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-29 17:34:32","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":9952,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e% change in 28-day CS compared to ambient curing\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4163762/v1/9f0294c63a863c654ff1c2d6.png"},{"id":53745245,"identity":"21457bd5-f736-45c4-9c10-ff6348d0057e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-29 17:34:33","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":253883,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMortar surface before and after temperature exposure\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4163762/v1/595ff72254d9ceb041dc0e03.png"},{"id":53745243,"identity":"b86f2cb1-e3c4-4649-885a-2b1c5a8cd81e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-29 17:34:32","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":9457,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eResidual CS of GPM after 500 °C exposure\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4163762/v1/d9a36c0510a00a6101795e24.png"},{"id":53745239,"identity":"a2909441-ae21-4dea-80a1-d92755c7b6c5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-29 17:34:32","extension":"png","order_by":12,"title":"Figure 12","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":13218,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePercentage change in CS after 500 °C exposure\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4163762/v1/e0e5d305d69736da3ac81ff1.png"},{"id":53745252,"identity":"1d971b5f-1755-4c6a-afd1-2181d8fb5a53","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-29 17:34:33","extension":"png","order_by":13,"title":"Figure 13","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":9522,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eResidual CS of GPM exposure at 1000 °C\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4163762/v1/4180e7fae863281cfd965efa.png"},{"id":53745246,"identity":"3c8c29fc-56d6-4927-b228-cf2f68e1286c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-29 17:34:33","extension":"png","order_by":14,"title":"Figure 14","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":9189,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePercentage reduction in CS after exposure at 1000 °C\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"14.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4163762/v1/1a374dd7d60921dbd395871a.png"},{"id":53745251,"identity":"fbd4eadb-2c2b-4e0e-87de-8d39f8be62fd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-29 17:34:33","extension":"png","order_by":15,"title":"Figure 15","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":7525,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMass loss percentage after 500 °C exposure\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"15.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4163762/v1/3895690b08ce106b6edb39bf.png"},{"id":53745658,"identity":"4b9a285a-4e69-4266-811a-a8f7041e5df9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-29 17:42:32","extension":"png","order_by":16,"title":"Figure 16","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":9216,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePercentage mass loss after exposure at 1000 °C\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"16.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4163762/v1/2c18bfb1b747776adebec6f1.png"},{"id":53745660,"identity":"29c03595-601c-45ed-bb31-27d7b79b9593","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-29 17:42:33","extension":"png","order_by":17,"title":"Figure 17","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":10062,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eReduction in mass under abrasion test\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"17.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4163762/v1/f358006a898326f19fbacee0.png"},{"id":53745244,"identity":"87948efb-ad1f-4e0d-9c57-06cbd13dfa68","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-29 17:34:33","extension":"png","order_by":18,"title":"Figure 18","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":7787,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eReduction in thickness\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"18.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4163762/v1/50abfabbaacd23aef00ddeef.png"},{"id":53745240,"identity":"cf2ad113-12ca-4a51-ac5e-dc352e64b8ae","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-29 17:34:32","extension":"png","order_by":19,"title":"Figure 19","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":8824,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAbrasive wear\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"19.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4163762/v1/6f45c09a2d1c922c69532d48.png"},{"id":54546527,"identity":"54459b8b-5591-4be1-af2d-d2d433301a4c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-12 06:28:33","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1453909,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4163762/v1/e0973f38-e2d9-4791-bc47-1cc51a9cd88b.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"High temperature and abrasion resistance of fly ash and ceramic waste powder based geopolymer mortar","fulltext":[{"header":"1 Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe utilization of cement for concrete and other infrastructure materials has been rising. Nevertheless, the significant CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e emissions associated with cement create obstacles to sustainable development. In recent decades, numerous researchers have dedicated their efforts to studying geopolymer-based binders. These binders have been discovered to possess superior environmental friendliness. Industrial wastes, such as fly ash, GGBS, rice husk ash (RHA), and ceramic waste, are rich in silica and alumina. These wastes can be utilized as geopolymer binders (Bhavsar and Panchal, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Huseien et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Memiş and Bılal, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Nath and Sarker, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Saranya et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). These binders are mixed with alkaline activators, like Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSiO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (NS) and NaOH (NH), for geopolymer concrete (GPC). Ceramic manufacturing industries generate a significant amount of ceramic polishing waste. These wastes can have negative impacts on the ecosystem by contaminating land, water, and air (Patel et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, the rising need for infrastructure has led to a corresponding surge in the demand for ceramic tiles. Ceramic tiles and ceramic items are highly sought-after materials in many developing countries. Researchers are highly concerned with techniques to recycle this type of waste material. At present, several studies have utilized ceramic polishing waste as a geopolymer binder.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLight-weight geopolymer mortar (GM) was developed using different binders. The binders were metakaolin, ultra-fine GGBS, CWP, and clay brick waste powder. The high-temperature exposure and microstructure of GM were carried out at 800\u0026deg;C for a 1-hour duration. The mortar composed of CWP, clay brick, and metakaolin exhibited the best performance due to its high aluminium content. Mortar exposure to high-temperature compressive strength (CS) was increased at 100\u0026ndash;400\u0026deg;C exposure (Ameri et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). CWP was used for making alkali-activated slag paste. The paste samples were cured at 45\u0026deg;C in ambient conditions. These samples were exposed to 200\u0026deg;C to 1000\u0026deg;C for 2 hours (h). The increase of CWP in paste was influenced positively at high temperatures. The CS was reduced at 200\u0026deg;C to 600\u0026deg;C. But increased at 800\u0026deg;C to 1000\u0026deg;C. The CWP created a dense and compact microstructure, which gave high CS(Rashad and Essa \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Ceramic dust (CD) and RHA were used instead of GGBS for producing GPC. The CS of GPC was measured pre and post-exposure to elevated temperatures. After temperature exposure, GPC showed greater resistance compared to traditional concrete. The CD exhibited greater performance in terms of heat resistance compared to the RHA. (Memiş and Bılal \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe temperature test on ultra-high-performance GPC was carried out up to 700\u0026deg;C. The GPC was modified with fine ceramic aggregates. The results showed an improvement in the residual CS in comparison to a mix without fine ceramic aggregates (Ellatief et al. 2023). In another study, a similar test was performed up to 900\u0026deg;C for alkali-activated mortar. The mortar is made with crushed ceramic tile powder, GGBS, and fly ash (Huseien et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). The enhancement in residual CS was observed when ceramic crushed tile powder increased from 50\u0026ndash;70%. However, the replacement of GGBS by fly ash showed poor performance under high temperatures.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eZhang et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) investigated the high-temperature resistance of a geopolymer using ceramic waste, fly ash, and slag. The strength is enhanced at 300\u0026deg;C. An appreciable degradation was seen at a high temperature of 900\u0026deg;C in the sample containing a high percentage of calcium. The sample's microstructure underwent substantial changes when heated at high temperatures. Previous research found that GPC has superior resistance to abrasion and permeability in comparison to traditional concrete (Ramujee and Potharaju \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). The abrasion and temperature resistance of GM with slag are better than cement mortar. (Bing\u0026ouml;l et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudies on high-temperature resistance with different sources of ceramic waste have been conducted in the past. But, in the majority of studies, GGBS was utilized for strength gain. The prior studies did not investigate fly ash and ceramic polishing waste (low calcium binder) effects when heated at 500\u0026deg;C and 1000\u0026deg;C for 2 h. Also, the influences of curing type and curing period on high-temperature resistance were not explored. At the same time, the abrasion resistance of GM with ceramic polishing waste was not reported, which is also one of the key durability parameters.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the present research, a control mix of GM was prepared with low-calcium fly ash. It was replaced by 15% of CWP, considering the past research on CWP and fly ash GPC (Bhavsar and Panchal \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Here, two types of CWP were utilized for the study. The first is vitrified ceramic tile polishing waste (VCWP), and the second is wall tile ceramic polishing waste (WCWP). The mortar samples were cured with three different curing conditions: ambient, oven curing at 60\u0026deg;C for 24 h, and 48 h. The CS and mass loss of GPM were measured before and after the temperature test. The abrasion resistance was investigated by loss in mass and change in volume. The study showed an improvement in the performance of GM with both types of CWP.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2 Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe chemical properties of fly ash and CWPs are provided in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e (Bhavsar and Panchal \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). They were determined through an XRF test. The physical properties of all binders are in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChemical properties of powders (% mass)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMetal Oxide\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFly ash\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVCWP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWCWP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCaO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e01.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e00.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e01.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNa\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e00.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e00.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eK\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e01.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e01.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e01.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e02.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e00.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e00.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e03.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e02.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZnO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e00.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e01.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLOI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e001.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e02.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhysical properties\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProperties\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFly ash\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVCWP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWCWP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpecific Gravity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.500\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.529\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.530\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSurface Area (cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/g)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5538\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4976\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5578\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe X-ray diffraction (XRD) method determined crystalline phases and crystallinity (CI). The XRD peak width is inversely proportional to the crystal size. A thinner peak indicates a larger crystal. A broader peak implies an amorphous phase. The ratio of the integrated areas of the thinner peaks to the combined integrated areas of the thinner and broader peaks gives the CI. The CI of fly ash, VCWP, and WCWP are 20.50, 11.20, and 28.52, respectively. The lower CI value indicates the availability of a more amorphous phase. The XRD pattern reveals an amorphous phase with a 2Ɵ value ranging from 15˚-30˚ for fly ash, 20˚-30˚ for VCWP, and 23˚-32˚ for WCWP (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLocal sand was used as fine aggregate for preparing the GM. The fine aggregates confirm zone II as per (IS 383 \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e) (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). The fineness modulus was 2.56. NaOH (NH) 14M solution was prepared by mixing NaOH flakes with water. The Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSiO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (NS) is purchased in liquid form, and the SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e to Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO molar ratio is approximately 2. Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSiO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e contains 31.4% SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, 15.9% Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO, and 52.7% water, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSieve analysis of fine aggregate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSr. No.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSieve in mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCumulative % useful retained\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCumulative % passing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZone-II\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIS 383:2016\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90\u0026ndash;100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75\u0026ndash;100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55\u0026ndash;90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.600\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u0026ndash;59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.300\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u0026ndash;30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.150\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026Sigma;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;255.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFineness modulus\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.56\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eZone-II\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3 Experimental Investigation","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe GM were designed by methods suggested in the past literature (Nath and Sarker \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). The unit weight of the mortar was assumed to be 2200 kg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e. The powder was taken as one-third of the entire mix. The alkaline liquid-to-binder ratio was selected as 0.4. The NS/NH ratio was kept constant at 2.5. The NH solution was made 24 h prior to casting. The NS and NH solutions were mixed for 30 minutes before casting. Initially, powder and fine aggregates (SSD) were mixed manually in dry conditions. The alkaline solution was added to the dry mix. After that wet mixing was carried out for 5 to 6 minutes until a consistent mix was observed. The mortar was filled in a cube mold of size 70.6 mm. It was filled in two layers and further compacted using a vibration machine for 30 seconds. The samples for ambient curing were de-molded after a day and stored at room temperature. The samples for the oven curing were transferred to the oven immediately after casting along with the mold (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe control mixture consisted only of fly ash as the binder (GPM). The other two mixtures were created by substituting 15% of the fly ash with VCWP (GMV15) and WCWP (GMW15). The study examined three different curing methods. The curing methods are ambient, oven curing at 60\u0026deg;C for 24 h and 48 h. After the specified curing conditions, the specimens were kept at room temperature. Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. shows the mix proportions of experimental work. Three specimens were tested for each test.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMix proportion of GM (kg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMixtures\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFly ash\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVCWP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWCWP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFine aggregates\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNa\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSio\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNaOH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCuring Conditions\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGPM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e730\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1178\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e208.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1. 27\u0026deg;C \u0026ndash; 30\u0026deg;C Ambient\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2. 60\u0026deg;C -24 h oven\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3. 60\u0026deg;C -48 h oven\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGMV15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e620\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e110\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1178\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e208.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGMW15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e620\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e110\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1178\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e208.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\"\u003eThe CS of mortar samples was determined according to the procedure outlined in (IS 4031-6 \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1988\u003c/span\u003e). The testing was conducted using an auto pace rate control 500 kN loading frame (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). The load on the specimen was steadily and uniformly applied at a rate of 35 N/mm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/min.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe GM specimens were tested for high-temperature exposure. Cube specimens with a 70.6 mm size were used. They were subjected to high temperatures by being placed in an electric furnace. They were exposed to temperature 500\u0026deg;C and 1000\u0026deg;C, starting at room temperature. The temperature in the electric furnace increased at a rate of 5\u0026deg;C per minute. After the temperature reached 500\u0026deg;C or 1000\u0026deg;C, the samples were heated for a duration of 2 h at the same temperature (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe samples were cooled in the electric furnace at ambient temperature for 24 h. After the cooling, the mass loss and CS loss of each specimen were measured. The mass of a specimen measured before and after exposure to high temperatures with a precision of 0.1 grams (g). The CS was measured before and after the heat exposure.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe abrasion resistance of GM was examined by abrasion test specified in IS 15658 \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e. The test was performed on a mortar specimen with a cube dimension of 70.6 mm. The specimen surface was placed on the rotating grinding path of the disc. Initally, 20 g of normal abrasive powder was uniformly sprayed onto the disc (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). A central load of 294\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3 N was applied on the specimen. The disc is rotated at a speed of 30 rpm and stops after completing 22 revolutions. The specimen and disc are subsequently cleaned. After that the surface is then rotated at a 90\u0026deg; angle in a clockwise orientation. Once again, 20 g of abrasive powder were used for the subsequent cycle. A total of 16 cycles will be conducted for each specimen. The decrease in volume after 16 cycles was determined using Eq.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Equ1\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ1\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e$$\\varDelta V=\\frac{\\varDelta m}{PR}$$\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e1\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ewhere\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e∆V\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;loss in volume after 16 cycles, in mm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e∆m\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;loss in mass after 16 cycles, in g\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;density of specimen in g/mm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4 Results and discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.1 Compressive Strength of GM\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e displays the CS of all mortar mixes at 7 days. The 7-day CS of mixes GMV15 and GMW15 was enhanced under all curing conditions. The early-age CS of GMV15 and GMW15 cured at ambient temperature was increased by 35.63% and 179% than GPM. The CS of the GMV15 and GMW15 mixes was improved by 39.77% and 39.64% compared to the GPM when initially cured at 60\u0026deg;C for 24 h. Similarly, the CS of the above mixes increased by 35.60% and 33.17% compared to the GPM when cured at 60\u0026deg;C for 48 h. An increase in temperature curing time from 24 h to 48 h has a minimal effect on CS at 7 days.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe high water absorption of CWP decreased the water content, and hence the CS was improved. The availability of CaO in WCWP enhanced the early-age CS of GMW15 cured at room temperature. The presence of CaO in the binder can boost the early strength of GPC (Aly et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Nath and Sarker \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Ambient curing results indicate geopolymerization of VCWP at an early age than WCWP. Increasing oven curing time from 24 h to 48 h showed a minute increment in strength at 7 days. The early-age strength improved with oven curing compared to ambient curing. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e represents the 28-day CS of the mortar samples. The CS increased with the increased duration of temperature curing. The highest CS was obtained for a GPM cured at 60\u0026deg;C for 48 h. The presence of high Fe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) in fly ash can cause high CS as the curing duration is increased (Zailani et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The lowest strength was also achieved in the GPM, which was cured at ambient temperature. A minor improvement in 28-day CS was observed in GMV15 and GMW15 when ambient curing was adopted (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e). A loss in 28-day CS was observed for GMV15 and GMW15 than GPM when temperature curing adopted (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e). For the mix GMW15 cured at 60\u0026deg;C for 48 h CS was reduced compared to curing at 60\u0026deg;C for 24 h (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). For the mix GMV15 increasing curing time from 24 h to 48 h the CS increased. The high silica in VCWP (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) caused geoplymerization for 48 h curing.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExcept for mix GMW15 cured at 60\u0026deg;C for 48 h, the CS of other mixes increased as the rise in curing temperature and period. Verma et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) reported similar results in the past.Temperature curing is more prominent in fly ash GM at a later age compared to GMV15 and GMW15 (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.2 Effect of High-Temperature Exposure\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.2.1 Visual observation\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eConcrete exposed to elevated temperature for a long duration can significantly affect the strength and durability properties. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig11\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e shows the change in color of GM after heated at 500\u0026deg;C and 1000\u0026deg;C.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe colour of GM not changed when heated at 500\u0026deg;C. But, changed to a light brown at 1000\u0026deg;C. All the samples had no spalling or cracks. A similar observation was also reported in the past (Sarker et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). The fly ash GPC turned a reddish-brown colour at 800\u0026ndash;1000\u0026deg;C due to high iron oxide (Razak et al. 2022; Zhang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.2.2 Temperature effects on Compressive strength\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen ambient-cured GM was heated at 500\u0026deg;C, its CS decreased. The lower CS of ambient-cured GM (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e) reduced residual CS when heated at 500\u0026deg;C. The biggest drop was in GMW15, down 26.84%. GMV15 fell 15.08%, and GPM by 8.29% (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig13\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e). At the same time, all ambient-cured samples retained CS greater than 34 MPa (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig12\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e). Zhang et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) reported higher CS for GPC developed at ambient condition and heated to 600\u0026deg;C. However, they used concrete sample while mortar samples used in this study. Also, the addition of CWP caused a lower residual CS, but a minute reduction in CS was for fly-only GM. But, some research has also reported a reduction in CS when heated to more than 200\u0026deg;C (Zhang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe residual CS of GM cured at 60\u0026deg;C for 24 h increased when exposed at 500\u0026deg;C (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig13\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e). All samples showed CS higher than 50 MPa (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig12\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e). Kaya et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) showed that the residual CS retained or increased when heated up to 800\u0026deg;C for air-cured samples. Razak et al. (2022) showed similar behaviour for fly ash GM cured at 60\u0026deg;C for 24 h. The residual CS was increased due to further geopolymerization (Abd Razak et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe mortar samples cured at 60\u0026deg;C for 48 h showed a reduction in the CS when heated at 500\u0026deg;C (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig13\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e). The GPM showed less residual CS than GMV15 and GMW15 (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig12\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e). All the samples showed residual CS higher than 47 MPa (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig12\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e). At 600\u0026deg;C, the fly ash cured at 60\u0026deg;C for 48 and 72 h had less residual CS than the sample cured for 24 h (Yılmaz et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe CS decreased for all GM when heated at 1000\u0026deg;C. The replacement of fly ash by CWPs showed higher residual CS (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig14\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e). All the GM mixes showed CS greater than 20 MPa, except GPM developed at 60\u0026deg;C for 24 h and 48 h. The loss of CS was higher for GPM mixes when the curing duration increased from 24 h to 48 h (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig15\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e). Also, ambient-cured samples have a smallest loss in CS compared to oven-cured (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig15\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e). The oven curing developed micro-cracks in the GM. Hence it cause high loss in CS subject to high temperature. The mix GMV15 cured at 60\u0026deg;C for 24 h showed the highest residual CS with the minor loss in CS (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig14\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig15\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.2.3 Temperature effects on Mass loss\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe mass loss due to heat exposure is usually related to the evaporation of bound or free water (Kashani et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Sarker et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). It also depends on exposure temperature and time. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig16\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e shows the percentage loss in mass of GM after 500\u0026deg;C exposure. The mass loss was in the range of 4.3\u0026ndash;4.79%. A slightly higher mass loss was observed in the samples which were cured at ambient and 60\u0026deg;C for 48 h. The lower mass loss was observed for the GM prepared at 60\u0026deg;C for 24 h. The results of mass loss are in line with the results of residual CS (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig13\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e). The replacement of CWP has minimal influence on mass loss for a given exposure. It showed a slightly higher mass loss for mixes GMV15 and GMW15 at ambient temperature. For a curing condition of 60\u0026deg;C for 24 h, the mass loss increased for GMV15 but was similar for GMW15 in comparison to GPM. In the case of 60\u0026deg;C curing for 48 h, the mass loss of GPM and GMV15 was similar, while it slightly increased for GMW15.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe mass loss of all GM was in the range of 7.11 to 7.63% when exposed at 1000\u0026deg;C (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig17\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e). As an increase in heat from 500\u0026deg;C to 1000\u0026deg;C the mass loss increased. The highest mass loss was for the GM prepared at 60\u0026deg;C for 48 h. All the samples made with CWP showed similar or higher mass loss compared to GPM. Despite higher mass loss CS behaviour of GMV15 and GMW15 is better. This indicates the minimal impact of CWP on the mass loss. According to (H. Zhang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) ambient and heat cured GPC have equal mass loss subject to elevated temperature.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.3 Effect of Abrasion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe abrasion resistance of the GM depends on paste strength and aggregates bonding. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig19\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e displays the reduction of mass in g for GM after 16 cycles of abrasion testing. GPM exhibited higher mass loss than GMV15 and GMW15 under all curing conditions. The mix with VCWP and WCWP resisted wear better than GMP. The use of CWP improve aggregates paste bonding. The use of crushed ceramic tile waste improve abrasion performance (Abadel and Alghamdi \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). The average loss of thickness for mortar sample are preented in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig20\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e. The avrege thickness loss under all curing condtion is less than 1.5 mm. As per the IS 15658 \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e the average loss of thickness shall not exceed 6 mm. The use of CWP reduces average thickness loss compared to fly ash only GM. Also, the 24h oven curing at 60\u0026deg;C found most suitable curing type.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe loss in volume of each sample after 16 cycles was measured using Eq.\u0026nbsp;(\u003cspan refid=\"Equ1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Abrasive wear for each mix per 1000 mm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/5000 mm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e was calculated (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig21\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e). Oven-cured samples have higher abrasion resistance than ambient-cured samples. The change in temperature curing duration from 24 h to 48 h has increased the abrasion wear of mix GPM and GMW15 (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig21\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e). (İlkentapar et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) reported increasing oven curing time gave lower abrasion wear. Although, the temperature adopted by the authors was 75\u0026deg;C which is 60\u0026deg;C in the present study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"5 Conclusions","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eThe early age (7-day) CS of ambient cured fly ash GM is very low. It was increased by 35% when 15% of fly ash was replaced by VCWP. Similarly, the replacement of 15% fly ash by WCWP CS increased by 179%.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eThe early age (7-day) CS of oven-cured GM is higher than ambient curing. The replacement of fly-ash by CWP improves the 7-day CS for all adopted curing conditions.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eThe 28-day CS of GM prepared with VCWP and WCWP was less compared to the fly ash-only mix for oven curing was adopted. However, it improved marginally when ambient curing was adopted. \u0026nbsp;Increasing curing time from 24 h to 48 h has minimal impact on CS.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eThe GM samples cured at 60 °C for 24 h has retained or enhanced the CS when heated at 500 °C for a period of 2 h. AlsoHowever, for similar exposure CS reduced for the samples prepared by ambient or air curing at 60 °C for 48 h.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eThe CS of all GM reduced when heated at 1000 °C for 2 h. For the given exposure the CS of GM with CWP was higher than 20 MPa. The oven cured samples showed a higher loss in CS than the ambient cured under the heat exposure of 1000 °C.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eThe reduction in mass of GM was in the range of 4.3 to 4.79% when heated at a temperature of 500 °C for 2 h. It was further reduced in the range of 7.11% to 7.63% when heated at a temperature of 1000 °C for 2 h.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eThe partial substitute of fly ash by 15% VCWP and WCWP improved the abrasion resistance. The abrasion resistance of GM improved with oven curing than ambient curing. The increasing oven curing time has a marginal impact on the abrasion resistance.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eIncreasing curing time from 24 h to 48 h has a negligible impact on fire and abrasion resistance.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe authors confirm contribution to the paper as follows:Study conception, design and analysis, interpretation of results, draft manuscript preparation: Jay BhavsarReviewed the results and approved the final version of the manuscript: Vijay Panchal and Jay Bhavsar\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAbadel AA, Alghamdi H (2023) Effect of high volume tile ceramic wastes on resistance of geopolymer mortars to abrasion and freezing-thawing cycles: Experimental and deep learning modelling. 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Construction and Building Materials \u003cem\u003e187\u003c/em\u003e:307\u0026ndash;317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.07.226\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eİlkentapar S, Atiş CD, Karahan O, G\u0026ouml;r\u0026uuml;r Avşaroğlu EB (2017) Influence of duration of heat curing and extra rest period after heat curing on the strength and transport characteristic of alkali activated class F fly ash geopolymer mortar. Construction and Building Materials \u003cem\u003e151\u003c/em\u003e:363\u0026ndash;369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.06.041\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eIS 15658 (2006) \u003cem\u003eIndian Standard Precast Concrete Blocks For Paving \u0026mdash; Specification\u003c/em\u003e. Bureau of Indian Standards.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eIS 383 (2016) Indian Standard Specification for Coarse and Fine Aggregates from Natural Sources for Concrete. 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IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering \u003cem\u003e877\u003c/em\u003e:. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/877/1/012017\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eZhang GY, Bae SC, Lin RS, Wang XY (2021) Effect of waste ceramic powder on the properties of alkali\u0026ndash;activated slag and fly ash pastes exposed to high temperature. Polymers \u003cem\u003e13\u003c/em\u003e:. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13213797\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eZhang H, Li L, Yuan C, Wang Q, Sarker PK, Shi X (2020) Deterioration of ambient-cured and heat-cured fly ash geopolymer concrete by high temperature exposure and prediction of its residual compressive strength. Construction and Building Materials \u003cem\u003e262\u003c/em\u003e:120924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120924\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eZhang P, Han X, Guo J, Hu S (2023) High-temperature behavior of geopolymer mortar containing nano-silica. Construction and Building Materials \u003cem\u003e364\u003c/em\u003e:129983. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.129983\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"High-temperature exposure, Abrasion resistance, Ceramic Waste Powder, Geopolymer Mortar, Ambient curing, Temperature curing","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4163762/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4163762/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"The increasing popularity of geopolymer concrete is attributed to its small ecological footprint. Moreover, it presents substantial prospects for employing industrial waste as a substitute binder for producing geopolymer concrete. The ceramic waste powder (CWP), which is a by-product of the ceramic polishing and glazing process, was employed in the manufacturing of geopolymer mortar. This study investigated the heat and abrasion resistance of geopolymer mortar (GM) produced using two different types of CWP and fly ash. A GM was prepared by combining fly ash, CWP, and the alkaline activators NaOH and Na2SiO3. The study examined three different curing conditions: ambient, curing at 60 °C for 24 hours, and curing at 60 °C for 48 hours. All mortar mixes were heated to temperatures of 500°C and 1000°C for a period of 2 hours (h) to study their heat resistance. Both weight loss and compressive strength (CS) were assessed before and after temperature exposure. The assessment of abrasion resistance was conducted in line with the Indian standard. The study suggests that the utilization of CWP enhances the high temperature and abrasion resistance of GM.","manuscriptTitle":"High temperature and abrasion resistance of fly ash and ceramic waste powder based geopolymer mortar","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-03-29 17:34:27","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4163762/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"7d4c5794-923e-4478-a6be-b347206cca49","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 29th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-04-12T06:20:22+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-03-29 17:34:27","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4163762","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4163762","identity":"rs-4163762","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}