The effects of muscle coactivation patterns on gait, muscle strength and symptoms in different stages of knee osteoarthritis

The effects of muscle coactivation patterns on gait, muscle strength and symptoms in different stages of knee osteoarthritis | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article The effects of muscle coactivation patterns on gait, muscle strength and symptoms in different stages of knee osteoarthritis lihang zhang, peiyao liang, hang yu, shaochen qu, liming liu, and 6 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8755689/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Objective This study aimed to investigate the neuromuscular adaptive mechanisms across different stages of knee osteoarthritis (KOA) by comprehensively evaluating the relationships between symptoms, muscle activation patterns, muscle strength, and gait parameters. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 197 unilateral KOA patients (Kellgren-Lawrence grades I-IV; 55.2% females) and 32 healthy controls underwent synchronized gait analysis, isokinetic strength testing, surface electromyography (sEMG), and knee joint symptoms (WOMAC scores). Spatiotemporal, kinematic, kinetic parameters, muscle strength, and muscle activation cocontraction ratios were measured and compared. Group comparisons were conducted using one-way ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis tests, with post-hoc analyses (Tukey's post-hoc or Bonferroni correction). Spearman correlation and multiple linear regression models​were employed to examine relationships between muscle activation, biomechanical parameters, and WOMAC scores. Results Compared to controls, KOA patients exhibited progressively deteriorating gait patterns and strength performance with increasing disease severity (p < 0.05). A distinct compensatory neuromuscular strategy, characterized by excessive coactivation of the hamstrings, particularly the lateral hamstring, and vastus lateralis, was identified (p = 0.002–0.048). This adaptive pattern was strongly associated with reduced knee flexion moment (KFM), elevated knee adduction moment (KAM) impulse, and increased joint loading (p = 0.004–0.038). Notably, these changes were evident from early stages (K-L II) and intensified significantly in advanced KOA (K-L ≥ III), correlating with higher WOMAC pain, stiffness and functional scores (p = < 0.001–0.046). Significant asymmetry was observed between the affected and contralateral limbs (ASI = 1.72–13.84; LSI = 56.3–92.7%). Conclusion The progression of KOA is characterized by a maladaptive neuromuscular compensatory strategy. While aiming to stabilize the joint, this strategy ultimately leads to biomechanical inefficiency, exacerbating symptoms and functional decline. Targeting these abnormal activation patterns through neuromodulatory rehabilitation could be a promising strategy for mitigating disease progression. Knee Osteoarthritis Muscle Activation Gait Analysis Muscle strength Electromyography Biomechanics Neuromodulation Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 1.Introduction Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) involves chronic pain, disability, and muscle weakness [ 1 ]. Quadriceps weakness, stemming from both atrophy and neural activation deficits, impairs lower limb function [ 2 ]. Since activation deficits may occur early and influence disease progression, their detection is crucial [ 3 – 4 ]. As KOA advances, declining quadriceps activation is often accompanied by increased hamstring coactivation [ 5 ]. Investigating this evolving balance between muscle activation and coactivation across disease stages can inform targeted exercise prescriptions to better hinder progression. Reduced knee flexion during stance is a hallmark gait alteration in KOA, potentially stemming from quadriceps weakness [ 6 – 9 ]. This diminished flexion compromises the joint's shock-absorbing capacity, increasing vertical loading and potentially accelerating disease progression [ 3 ]. Quadriceps activation deficits, which can occur early in the disease, impair force generation and contribute to weakness, creating a worsening cycle [ 10 – 11 ]. Muscle coactivation, the simultaneous activation of agonist and antagonist muscles, is a normal stabilizing mechanism during gait, primarily occurring in early stance and late swing [ 12 – 13 ]. The hamstrings play a pivotal role in controlling knee flexion, preventing hyperextension [ 14 ]. However, in KOA, particularly in moderate to severe stages, coactivation of the hamstrings becomes excessive [ 15 – 17 ]. While initially a compensatory strategy to counter joint instability and adopt a "stiff-knee" gait pattern, this heightened coactivation is inefficient [ 18 – 21 ]. It is associated with reduced knee extensor strength and substantially increased joint loading, ultimately proving counterproductive to joint health [ 22 – 23 ]. Most previous studies on quadriceps alterations in KOA have focused on advanced stages (K-L Ⅲ and Ⅳ), leaving early-stage changes unclear [ 24 – 25 ]. To address this, we enrolled patients across all K-L grades. We recorded surface electromyographic (sEMG) during walking to investigate gait-related muscle activation. Since gait biomechanics can be confounded by speed, pain, and obesity, which may mask the relationship with structural changes [ 26 – 28 ], we also recorded sEMG during standardized isokinetic strength testing. Activation during controlled force assessment can serve as a reproducible and standardized means for evaluating neuromuscular control between individuals [ 12 ]. Therefore, this dual-modality approach, assessing activation during both functional gait and controlled, reproducible force generation, provides a comprehensive evaluation of neuromuscular control across disease stages, which is crucial for developing effective early rehabilitation strategies. 2.Methods 2.1. Trial design and participants This cross-sectional study recruited 197 subjects with unilateral symptomatic KOA from the outpatient department of the affiliated hospital from April 2025 to December 2025. The inclusion and exclusion criteria are detailed in the supplementary document [ 29 – 30 ]. Additionally, 32 healthy adults without radiographic or symptomatic KOA were recruited from the community as healthy controls. KOA patients were divided into four groups based on the K-L criteria scale, including K-L I (n = 39), K-L II (n = 38), K-L III (n = 41), and K-L IV (n = 47). All participants signed written informed consent forms. The study adhered to the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the local ethics review committee. 2.2. Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) The WOMAC index, developed in 1988, assesses pain and function in hip and knee osteoarthritis [ 43 ]. The scale consists of twenty-four questions, each evaluated as a 5-point Likert. The pain subscale is scored between 0 and 20. The stiffness subscale is scored between 0 and 8. And the function subscale possesses seventeen items and is scored between 0 and 68. A high score indicates poor function, pain, or stiffness [ 44 ]. 2.3. Gait analysis After familiarization with the protocol, participants walked barefoot at a self-selected speed along a 12-meter walkway. Reflective markers were placed on the pelvis and lower limbs [ 31 ]. Data were collected using a 6-channel Bertec force plate (AMTI, BMS-400600-2K, USA, 1000 Hz) and a 10-camera motion capture system (Qualisys ArqusA5, Sweden, 100 Hz). Following a static standing trial, three walking trials were performed, and then the average of these was used for analysis (Fig. 1). Visual 3D™ software (C-Motion, Germantown, MD, USA) was used to obtain spatiotemporal parameters, kinematic and kinetic data [ 32 – 35 ]. In addition, the asymmetry index (ASI) and dynamic margins of stability (MoS) were also calculated. The former is used to assess the asymmetry of various parameters (formula 1) [ 47 ]. According to the method of Hof and Ramanujam et al [ 36 , 48 – 49 ], dynamic MoS is used to assess the stability of limbs during dynamic activities (formula 2–4). The following are all the formulas that need to be used : $$\:\text{ASI}=\frac{\text{100∗}\left|{\text{V}}_{\text{affected}}\text{−}{\text{V}}_{\text{contralateral}}\right|}{\text{0.5∗}\left|{\text{V}}_{\text{affected}}\text{+}{\text{V}}_{\text{contralateral}}\right|}$$ 1 X CoM = X + V/ω (2) ω = \(\:\sqrt{\text{g}/\text{l}}\) (3) $$\:\text{M}\text{O}\text{S}=\text{X}\text{c}\text{o}\text{M}-\text{B}\text{o}\text{S}$$ 4 2.4. Measures of muscle strength Participants completed isokinetic strength test using a dynamometer (Isomed 2000, D&R Ferstl GmbH, Germany) [ 37 – 38 ]. The patients were instructed to sit with their hips and knees at 90°, the trunk, pelvis, and thighs were stabilized. The device's laser locator was aligned with the knee's flexion-extension axis for measurement. Following a warm-up with gravity correction, participants performed 5 maximal concentric knee flexion/extension repetitions at 60°/s, arms crossed (Fig. 2). Testing order was healthy limb first, then affected limb.All outcome measures were calculated using the data processing software package. The results included average peak torque (APT), joint angle at peak torque (PTA), the time to peak torque (TPT) and average power (AP, total work divided by the time). The maximum strength of antagonists relative to the maximum strength of agonists is frequently considered as an index of muscle strength balance. For the knee joint, muscle balance was assessed via the concentric Hamstrings/Quadriceps (H/Q) ratio [ 45 ]. As previously described [ 39 ], the raw data were converted to torque (Nm), normalized to body weight (Nm/kg), and averaged to determine maximal isokinetic strength. Finally, the limb symmetry index (LSI) was also calculated for each patient. The following formula is used [ 40 ]: LSI= [affected limb/contralateral limb]*100 Given that LSI may underestimate quadriceps weakness [ 41 ], strength was expressed using two dependent variables, namely LSI and peak torque normalized to body weight, as described by Kuenze et al. [ 42 ]. 2.5. Surface electromyography (sEMG) sEMG was concurrently recorded during gait and isokinetic strength tests using a 16-channel wireless system (Noraxon Ultium, Noraxon, USA). Following the Surface Electromyography for Non-Invasive Assessment of Muscles (SENIAM) guidelines [ 29 ], the skin was prepared and electrodes were placed in a straight line aligned with the vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, and medial/lateral hamstrings to measure muscle activation. The differential bar electrodes had a fixed 2 cm spacing and included a preamplifier with a gain of 10. sEMG signals were bandpass-filtered (20–250 Hz) and sampled at 2000 Hz using a 24-bit acquisition card (Noraxon Ultium, Noraxon, USA). Signals were rectified within a 200 ms moving window and normalized to maximal voluntary activation, accounting for inter-subject differences in impedance [ 23 ]. In addition, the vastus medialis (VM) to vastus lateralis (VL) activation ratio was calculated to assess quadriceps balance relevant to patellar stability [ 46 ]. The ratios of medial hamstrings to VM (MH/VM) and lateral hamstrings to VL (LH/VL) were computed to evaluate functional antagonistic muscle pairs, providing insight into medial-lateral force balance and patellofemoral joint stress distribution [ 50 ]. 2.6.Statistical analysis Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 26.0 ( IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Data normality and variance were assessed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Levene's tests. Inter-group differences (across five groups) were analyzed with ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis tests, followed by appropriate post-hoc tests. Gender differences within groups were examined using t-tests or Mann-Whitney U tests. Correlations among gait, strength, and sEMG parameters, as well as with WOMAC scores, were evaluated using Spearman's analysis. Multiple linear regression models with stepwise selection were constructed to simulate relationships between muscle coactivation, gait, strength, and to identify key factors associated with WOMAC subscales. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. 3.Results Table 1 presents the demographic characteristics of the subjects. There was no significant inter-group difference in age. Although significant differences in height (p < 0.001) and weight (p = 0.011-0.037) were observed between males and females, no significant gender difference was found in BMI. Compared with the mild KOA groups (K-L Ⅰ and Ⅱ), the WOMAC scores of the moderate and severe groups (K-L Ⅲ and Ⅳ) were significantly higher (p < 0.001) . The scores of females were always higher than those of males, especially in the K-L grade Ⅲ and above (p = 0.005-0.090) (Table 1). 3.1. Gait analysis The spatiotemporal and kinematic data indicated that significant differences exist in speed, cadence, stride length, and step length between males and females (p= <0.001-0.043), as well as between patients and healthy controls (p < 0.001). Specifically, the KOA group showed a reduction in speed and step lengths, as well as a bilateral reduction in cadence and stride length (p < 0.001) (Table 2). Furthermore, although no notable gender differences were observed, significant differences were found in stance time and ROM between patients and healthy controls (p= <0.001-0.003) (Table 2). The stance time on the affected side was prolonged, but the healthy side was further prolonged compared to the affected side. The ROM of the hip, knee, and ankle was reduced in KOA patients (p < 0.001) (Table 2). Except for the stance phase time, most parameters deteriorated with the progression of K-L grade, and this change was more pronounced in K-L III and above. Contralateral limbs showed consistent but attenuated trends compared to the affected side. Kinetic analysis revealed no obvious gender difference but significant inter-group effects (p= <0.001-0.007) (Table 2). The kinetic data demonstrated that KFM was significantly reduced (p=0.001-0.007), while both KAM and KAM impulse were increased in patients (p=<0.001-0.007). These changes were more pronounced in females and in K-L Ⅲ or higher groups (p<0.001). Contralateral limbs showed consistent but attenuated trends compared to the affected side. The dynamic MoS, especially in the medial-lateral direction (p=<0.001), progressively diminished with disease severity (p=<0.001-0.006) (Table 2). In addition, ASI values were larger in all KOA groups than healthy controls. The values recorded in K-L Ⅲ and Ⅳ groups also exhibited significantly greater increases than those of K-L Ⅰ and Ⅱ groups. Within each patient group, males consistently exhibited higher ASI values than females (Table 2). 3.2. Measures of muscle strength Strength test revealed significant differences in APT, PTA, TPT, AP, and the H/Q ratio across groups and K-L grades during both knee extension and flexion (p= <0.001-0.046). Specifically, compared with the healthy group, patients showed reduced APT, PTA, and AP (p= <0.001-0.043), but increased TPT and H/Q ratio (p= <0.001-0.046) (Table 3). And this pattern was more pronounced in K-L III and above (p<0.001). This change is also similar on the contralateral side, but to a lesser extent. Except for the APT, which showed significant gender differences in K-L III and above (p=0.012-0.046), no significant gender difference was observed in other parameters. In addition, all KOA groups exhibited a larger LSI than controls, and the moderate to severe groups (K-L Ⅲ and Ⅳ) also had significantly larger LSI values than the mild groups (K-L Ⅰ and Ⅱ). In each KOA group, the LSI in males was typically larger than that in females (Table 3). 3.3. sEMG combined with gait analysis sEMG demonstrated significant coactivation of agonist and antagonist muscles, primarily during the early, middle, and late stance phases, as well as the late swing phase (Table 4). No significant coactivation was observed in the other phases. This pattern differed significantly between patients and healthy controls (p= <0.001-0.048), but not between genders. The most pronounced hamstrings coactivation occurred in early stance, late stance and late swing phases (p<0.001) (Table 4). Notably, the lateral muscles coactivation ratio (LH/VL) was consistently elevated in KOA patients across all gait phases, increasing with disease severity (p=0.002-0.048). Similarly, the lateral to medial hamstring activation ratio (LH/MH) was also higher in patients (p=0.001-0.021). In contrast, the medial coactivation ratio (MH/VM) showed only a slight increase in late stance (p=0.025), with no significant difference observed in other phases (Table 4). Quadriceps balance (VM/VL) increased during early and late stance (p=0.002) but decreased in mid-stance and late swing phases (p<0.001, p=0.023). Overall activation of the normalized anterior (VM+VL/ VM+VL ) and posterior (LH+MH/ LH+MH ) muscle groups trended upward with disease progression across all the phases. Analysis indicated that increased VM activation predominated in early and late stance, while increased VL activation was more prominent in mid-stance and late swing phases. Among posterior muscles, increased lateral hamstring coactivation was predominant throughout the gait phases. All observed alterations were also present, though less pronounced, on the contralateral side (Table 4). 3.4. sEMG combined with strength test During knee extension, sEMG indicated that VM activation exceeded VL activation. The VM/VL ratio was significantly lower in KOA patients and decreased with the increase of K-L grades (p=0.007) (Table 5). While LH activation exceeded MH activation, there was no difference in the MH/LH ratio between groups. The posterior-to-anterior muscle activation ratio (MH+LH/VM+VL) was significantly higher in patients and increased with K-L grades (p=0.002), in contrast to the only 10% ratio observed in healthy controls. The normalized activation ratio of MH and LH (MH/ MH and LH/ LH ) in patients was also significantly higher, and increased with K-L grades (p=0.012 and 0.022). On the contralateral limb, these changes persisted but were less pronounced (Table 5). During knee flexion, activation of both the VM and MH was lower than their lateral counterparts (VL and LH) in all participants. Additionally, the VM/VL and MH/LH ratios were significantly reduced in KOA patients, and both decreased with increasing K-L grades (p=0.017 and 0.026). Conversely, the anterior-to-posterior ratio (VM+VL/MH+LH) was elevated in patients and increased with disease severity (p=0.032). Normalized VL activation (VL/ VL ) was also significantly higher in patients and increased with K-L grade (p=0.018). Again, these alterations were observed bilaterally but were attenuated on the contralateral side (Table 5). 3.5. Correlation analysis Correlation analyses revealed significant associations between biomechanical parameters and WOMAC scores (Table S1). Pain scores showed strong positive correlations with Peak KAM, KAM impulse, and the LH/VL ratio in early stance (r=0.532-0.584, p<0.05), and had a moderate correlation with the other sixteen parameters (|r|=0.365-0.463, p<0.05). Stiffness scores indicated a substantial negative association with ROM-knee and peak KFM (r=-0.542 and -0.565, p<0.05), and showed a moderate correlation with the other nine parameters (|r|=0.361-0.488, p<0.05). Function scores exhibited high positive correlations with speed and ROM-knee (r=-0.580 and -0.557, p<0.05), with seven additional parameters that showed moderate associations (|r|=0.368-0.451, p<0.05). Moreover, The LH/VL ratio in early stance was positively correlated with peak KAM and KAM impulse (r=0.598 and 0.615, p<0.05) (Table S3). VM+VL/ VM+VL showed a strong negative correlation with step length in the late swing phase (r=-0.551, p<0.05). Approximately twenty pairs of parameters indicate moderate correlations between gait and sEMG parameters (|r|=0.365-0.492, p<0.05) (Table S3). Only MH+LH/VM+VLe exhibited a strong negative correlation with APTe (r=-0.575, p<0.05), while ten additional parameter pairs demonstrated moderate associations between muscle strength and sEMG parameters (|r|=0.360-0.484, p<0.05) (Table S5). 3.6.Multivariate linear regression Multiple linear regression models for WOMAC pain, stiffness, and function scores were constructed using parameters significant in Spearman correlation analyses. Given the significant impact of BMI on the KOA severity, we explored it in the model, although there was no significant correlation between BMI and WOMAC scores. In the WOMAC-pain model, a total of ten parameters, including speed, peak KAM, and ROM-knee, were found to be significant (p=<0.001-0.043). Meanwhile, in the WOMAC-stiffness and WOMAC-function models, six and eight parameters were statistically significant, respectively (p=<0.001-0.031 and p=0.003-0.046) (Table S2). We also conducted regression analyses on the sEMG, gait and muscle strength parameters respectively. Table S4 summarized fifteen models for gait and muscle strength tests, with 1 to 4 sEMG parameters exhibiting statistical significance (p=0.004-0.047). 4.Discussion This study demonstrates that unilateral KOA is associated with significant bilateral alterations in muscle activation, gait kinematics, and strength, with marked asymmetry between limbs. These deficits progressed with disease severity. This comprehensive, multi-modal assessment revealed significant inter-relationships among the measured parameters, providing novel insights into the intrinsic mechanisms linking neuromuscular function and disease progression in KOA. Consistent with previous studies [ 22 , 50 – 54 ], pain, stiffness, and functional limitation progressed with K-L grades. Females in our cohort reported greater symptom severity. As disease severity increased, most gait and isokinetic strength parameters deteriorated progressively, with more pronounced deficits in females. sEMG parameters demonstrated specific trends with disease progression but showed no significant gender differences. Indeed, this aligns with literature suggesting that while neuromuscular activation (reflected by sEMG) may be similar between sexes, the resultant biomechanical output in strength and gait differs, likely due to morphological and physiological variances in the musculoskeletal system (i.e., "executor") rather than neural drive (i.e., "commander") [ 6 , 55 – 59 ]. This underscores that rehabilitation should target both neuromuscular control and the muscular "executors." The functional decline and inter-limb asymmetry were markedly greater in patients with K-L III or above. The transition from grade II to III may therefore represent a critical threshold for accelerated functional deterioration. This highlights the importance of early, targeted prehabilitation before this stage to potentially improve outcomes and cost-effectiveness in KOA management [ 60 – 61 ]. It is noteworthy that patients shorten the stance phase of affected limbs to alleviate pain; however, compromised stability and function of the affected limb also shorten the swing phase, ultimately increasing the proportion of the stance phase, which was consistent with Mo and Shen et al. [ 36 , 50 ]. Furthermore, the observed reduction in KFM alongside increases in peak KAM and KAM impulse during early stance are established gait manifestations in KOA [ 62 – 65 ]. The positive correlation between peak KAM and K-L grades suggests its role as a key biomechanical factor in disease progression, with a more pronounced increase in females potentially contributing to their greater pain scores [ 62 – 65 ]. The significant reduction in the MoS indicates substantially increased fall risk during walking [ 47 – 49 ]. Integrated sEMG and gait analysis revealed enhanced coactivation of quadriceps and hamstring muscle groups during these four gait phases in patients. This compensatory activation, particularly prominent in the lateral hamstring (LH) and the lateral muscle group (LH & VL) during early stance and late swing, is interpreted as a critical strategy to maintain joint stability. This supports previous research [ 13 , 50 – 51 , 66 – 67 ], although the intensity and timing of the observed antagonistic coactivation vary slightly among different studies. However, our findings demonstrate that this neuromuscular adaptation correlates with compromised kinematics, including reduced KFM and ROM-knee, and elevated joint loading. This reflects a trade-off strategy in which joint efficiency is sacrificed to achieve greater stability and safety [ 68 – 69 ]. The ratio of antagonist to agonist strength, such as the H/Q ratio, is a key indicator of peri-articular muscle balance. The increased H/Q ratio in patients indicates an enhanced stabilizing role of the hamstrings during knee extension [ 5 , 16 , 70 ]. This was further confirmed by sEMG, which showed progressively elevated activation of the MH, LH, and their combined activity relative to the quadriceps. In addition to corroborating previous studies [ 5 , 16 , 70 ], a novel finding was the observation of a similar compensatory mechanism during knee flexion, where the VL and VM acted as antagonists. To our knowledge, this finding has not been reported before. Furthermore, a shift in quadriceps balance was observed. While healthy controls exhibited greater VM than VL activation during extension, this pattern reversed with KOA progression, with VL activation becoming predominant. This altered VL-dominant pattern persisted during knee flexion, indicating that the balance pattern of the patellofemoral joint has changed or even reversed. Our results contrast with Patsika et al. [ 70 ], who suggested that female patients increase VM activation to stabilize the patella. We observed the increased VL activation occurs throughout all K-L grades to reduce the pressure on the medial patellofemoral joint. This difference indicates that, besides the reasons mentioned by Patsika et al., stratifying patients according to K-L grades is essential for dynamically capturing muscle activation patterns. The functional objective of these coactivation patterns may differ. Increased hamstrings activity during extension likely aims to enhance sagittal stability. In contrast, the heightened anterior muscle coactivation during flexion may represent a pain-avoidance strategy, reflecting a trade-off where joint efficiency is sacrificed for stability and symptom mitigation [ 5 , 16 , 51 , 71 ]. This comprehensive study elucidated neural regulatory associations between pathological symptoms, gait reorganization, and muscle activation in KOA. Gait parameters were significantly influenced by altered neuromuscular patterns. Multiple regression revealed increased peak KAM during early stance strongly correlated with enhanced hamstrings coactivation, particularly of the LH. Heiden et al. and Lewek et al. have demonstrated that increased LH activation is sensitive to K-L grades and significantly associated with higher peak KAM [ 64 , 72 ]. Based on previous findings[ 51 , 64 , 67 , 72 ], we believe that excessive LH activation may induce external tibial rotation, elevating medial compartment stress quantified by peak KAM. Conversely, the reduced KFM was linked to synchronous coactivation of anterior and posterior muscle groups in early stance, which likely impairs the net force generation required for gravity buffering [ 64 – 65 ]. Heightened coactivation during mid-stance was associated with reduced speed, cadence, ROM-knee, and prolonged stance time, contributing to a typical "stiff-knee" gait pattern that delays stress unloading, which is consistent with Hatfield et al. [ 73 ]. Similarly, enhanced coactivation in late stance correlated with compromised speed, cadence, and prolonged stance time, possibly due to weakened net propulsion and joint stiffness during push-off [ 13 ]. In the late swing phase, excessive muscle activation was related to shorter step length, reduced knee ROM, and a narrower MoS-AP. This pre-heel-strike stabilization strategy increases joint stiffness to cope with the gravitational load, but limiting limb advancement and ROM[ 64 – 65 , 73 ]. Clinically, this often triggers compensatory forward trunk leaning, which may further destabilize posture and elevate fall risk [ 65 , 74 – 79 ]. Regression analysis further demonstrated that isokinetic strength parameters—including APT, PTA, TPT, and AP during flexion and extension—were significantly associated with elevated antagonist coactivation. These findings are partially consistent with previous research [ 2 , 4 – 6 , 10 , 16 , 18 ]. Mechanistically, during dynamic knee flexion and extension, excessive antagonist coactivation may impede the force generation of agonists, thereby reducing the mechanical output capacity of the joints. Regression analysis confirmed that pain, stiffness, and function were strongly associated with gait speed, APT, and ROM-knee, consistent with previous literature [ 52 , 80 ]. We found that that excessive hamstrings coactivation during early stance, especially the lateral muscle groups (LH and VL), was directly associated with pain. This relationship is likely mediated by an increase in the KAM. As mentioned above, we believe that the excessive LH activation may induce external tibial rotation, concentrating stress in the medial tibiofemoral compartment (elevated peak KAM) and thereby exacerbating pain [ 51 , 64 , 67 , 72 ]. The strong inter-correlations between WOMAC-pain, peak KAM, and K-L grades suggest a vicious cycle linking medial compartment loading, pain, and disease progression [ 19 , 51 , 62 – 65 ]. Similarly, an increased VM/VL ratio in early stance correlated with pain, potentially due to its crucial role in patellofemoral joint stability; an imbalance here may cause abnormal stress distribution and anterior knee pain [ 50 , 70 , 81 ]. Increased quadriceps activation during mid-stancewas significantly associated with both pain and stiffness. This pattern, often accompanied by concurrent hamstrings coactivation, contributes to a "stiff-knee" gait [ 73 ]. This pathological adaptation correlates with detrimental alterations in speed, cadence, stance time, and ROM-knee, and delays stress unloading, thereby worsening symptoms [ 66 – 67 ]. Pain linked to increased hamstring activation in late stance may be associated with the second peak KAM, although previous studies have reported this peak is significantly lower than the first peak during early stance [ 62 – 65 ]. Furthermore, stiffness was also associated with hamstring coactivation in early stance and late swing, likely representing a compensatory stabilization strategy that inadvertently restricts joint mobility [ 19 , 64 , 50 , 73 ]. In severe cases, this limitation can precipitate a forward trunk lean to advance the center of gravity in late swing phase, reducing the MoS-AP and increasing fall risk [ 74 – 79 ]. Regression analysis for the WOMAC-function highlighted that, beyond the above mechanisms, reduced knee extension torque is a key factor. Finally, while agonist muscle activation increases in phases like late stance (hamstrings) and late swing (quadriceps), a concurrent rise in antagonist coactivation creates an inefficient activation pattern. This neuromuscular inefficiency ultimately contributes to the progressive decline in functional performance observed with advancing KOA [ 82 – 84 ]. This study also has several limitations. Firstly, its cross-sectional design establishes associations, not absolute causality, between neuromuscular parameters and KOA severity. By including the full K-L grade spectrum, we provide indirect evidence of progression; but longitudinal studies are still needed to confirm causal pathways. Moreover, laboratory-based testing may reduce ecological validity despite ensuring high data precision and comparability. Future work should incorporate wearable sensors in free-living environments. Finally, sEMG reflects neural drive, not direct mechanical output, as force generation is modulated by factors like muscle-tendon stiffness and fatigue. The observed discordance between sEMG and strength metrics, captured via synchronous multimodal assessment, itself highlights the role of peripheral muscle-tendon properties in KOA pathology. In summary, this study delineated associations between muscle activation patterns, gait alterations, and strength deficits in KOA. Disease progression is characterized by elevated medial compartment stress (increased KAM), worsening pain, declining quadriceps/hamstrings strength (reduced APT), and impaired joint stability. The progressively intensifying coactivation of the quadriceps and hamstrings serves as a primary compensatory stabilization strategy, yet it is also a central mechanism driving symptom deterioration, gait abnormalities, and reduced muscle performance. Future interventions should target this abnormal neuromuscular coordination, alongside strength and gait retraining, to validate its role in functional rehabilitation [ 85 – 89 ]. 5.Conclusion KOA progression involves a maladaptive neuromuscular strategy dominated by excessive coactivation of the hamstrings, especially the lateral hamstring, and vastus lateralis. This CNS-mediated response to instability and proprioceptive deficits initially aims to stabilize the joint but incurs a high metabolic cost, ultimately creating a vicious cycle of inefficient gait, impaired strength, and exacerbated symptoms. Our findings highlight that KOA dysfunction arises from both structural degeneration and faulty neuromuscular control. Consequently, rehabilitation must evolve to include interventions like biofeedback and gait retraining to normalize these abnormal patterns. Dynamic muscle coactivation may serve as a valuable biomarker, and future research should develop neuromodulation therapies to test if correcting these patterns can alter disease trajectory. Declarations Funding information ： Clinical Research Cultivation Project of Hospital Discipline Talent Cultivation Fund (2025IITZD0, 2024IITZDB16), Chongqing Natural Science Foundation (CSTC2021JCYJ-MSXMX0703, CSTD2024NSCQ-KJFZMSX0095), National Natural Science Foundation of China (82572836) Consent for publication: Not applicable Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The Medical Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University (KY2025070) Author Contribution Writing - original draft: Zhang L, Liang P, Yu H.Writing - review & editing: Xu S, Xing X, Guo L.Substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work; or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the work: Qu S, Liu L,Xiao L, Tong S, Li D.Lihang Zhang, Peiyao Liang and Hang Yu contributed equally to this work and share first authorshipCorrespondence to: Shibo Xu, email: [email protected] , Xing Xing, email: [email protected] and Lin Guo, email: [email protected] authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Acknowledgement Acknowledgements:This task is challenging for us, especially when it comes to conducting biomechanical examinations on patients. The authors would like to express their gratitude to Dr. Ni Qiankun, Dr. Yuanqing Cai, Mr. Levi Agniwo and Dr. Ma Lin for assisting in the data collection. Also, we would like to thank Ms. Huang Pan and Ms. Zhao Yingqi for providing support in the data analysis. We are also grateful to Dr. Chen Molong and Dr. Wen Shikun for supervising the patient management process. Finally, they would like to thank Dr. Wang Yunjiao and Dr. Liang Taotao for their critically reviewing the manuscript. Data Availability The data that support the findings of this study are not openly available due to reasons of sensitivity and are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. The data are located in a controlled-access data storage at the Army Medical University of the People's Liberation Army of China. The original data of this study can be provided upon reasonable request, and such requests must be approved by the relevant institutions. References Aagaard P, Simonsen EB, Trolle M, Bangsbo J, Klausen K. Isokinetic hamstring/quadriceps strength ratio: influence from joint angular velocity, gravity correction and contraction mode. 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Participant Characteristics Knee OA group (n=165) Control (n=32) P1 P2 K-L Ⅰ (n=39) K-L Ⅱ (n=38) K-L Ⅲ (n=41) K-L Ⅳ (n=47) Male(n=18) Female(n=21) Male(n=18) Female(n=20) Male(n=17) Female(n=24) Male(n=21) Female(n=26) Male(n=13) Female(n=19) Age (yr) 60.6±7.1 59.3±9.2 60.5±9.3 59.4±10.6 62.1±7.1 60.1±7.4 61.0±9.4 61.5±10.1 61.0±8.8 60.3±7.6 0.159 0.301 Height (cm) 170.3±6.8 ɑ 157.3±5.3 168.6±7.3 ɑ 157.1±7.1 169.8±7.7 ɑ 156.7±6.1 167.9±6.7 ɑ 156.5±4.3 170.6±7.3 ɑ 157.2±4.5 0.463 0.707 Weight (kg) 69.7±7.7 ɑ 64.1±8.1 68.1±6.9 ɑ 62.8±7.3 68.7±7.4 ɑ 63.7±7.1 67.9±8.2 ɑ 64.3±6.6 68.8±8.7 ɑ 63.3±7.7 0.765 0.941 BMI (kg/m²) 23.9±3.8 25.3±4.6 24.3±3.1 25.0±3.9 23.7±3.6 25.6±4.2 24.5±4.0 25.2±3.8 23.6±3.5 24.2±3.5 0.163 0.470 WOMAC-pain 7.31±3.67 7.74±4.27 8.83±4.94 9.03±4.56 9.87±5.62 ɑ 12.98±4.01 11.01±5.31 ɑ 15.43±6.17 / / 0.008* 0.001* WOMAC-stiffness 2.07±1.67 2.19±1.94 2.21±2.07 2.65±1.67 4.07±2.18 ɑ 6.33±2.76 5.21±3.06 ɑ 7.97±3.27 / / <0.001* <0.001* WOMAC-physical function 24.71±11.60 25.63±12.88 26.61±13.17 26.97±12.63 28.37±14.26 35.96±13.72 31.73±13.88 ɑ 39.94±13.65 / / <0.001* 0.003* Data are presented as mean±standard deviation. K-L, Kellgren-Lawrence grade. BMI, body mass index. WOMAC, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index. Statistical value refers to ANOVA or the independent Student's t-test. The comparisons between KOA groups and the control group in males and females were represented by p1 and p2, respectively. * indicates significant difference between KOA groups and control group, ɑ indicates significant difference between males and females (p < 0.05). Table 2. Spatiotemporal, kinematic and kinetic data of gait analysis in KOA patients and healthy controls Knee OA group (n=165) Control(n=32) p1 p2 K-L Ⅰ (n=39) K-L Ⅱ (n=38) K-L Ⅲ (n=41) K-L Ⅳ (n=47) Affected side Contralateral side Affected side Contralateral side Affected side Contralateral side Affected side Contralateral side Speed (m/s) Male Female 1.20±0.22 ɑ 0.97±0.15* 1.03±0.25 ɑ * 0.82±0.19* 0.88±0.23 ɑ * 0.69±0.17* 0.68±0.26 ɑ * 0.49±0.14* 1.29±0.18 1.19±0.11 <0.001* <0.001* Cadence (steps/min) Male Female 120.01±5.31 ɑ * 111.23±5.56 112.34±6.01 ɑ * 104.72±5.11* 103.51±6.34 ɑ * 93.08±5.73* 91.27±5.37 ɑ * 82.76±4.97* 124.22±6.11 ɑ 116.17±5.03 <0.001* <0.001* Stride length (m) Male Female 1.19±0.15 ɑ 1.01±0.16* 1.11±0.13 ɑ * 0.91±0.16* 1.00±0.15 ɑ * 0.87±0.19* 0.86±0.17 ɑ * 0.70±0.20* 1.29±0.11 ɑ 1.20±0.13 <0.001* <0.001* Step length (m) Male Female 0.61±0.11 0.54±0.12 0.63±0.09 0.57±0.07 0.57±0.16 ɑ 0.47±0.10* 0.60±0.08 0.48±0.07 0.47±0.15* 0.39±0.11* 0.54±0.08 0.44±0.05 0.40±0.12 ɑ * 0.33±0.10* 0.47±0.06 0.38±0.05 0.65±0.10 ɑ 0.57±0.08 <0.001* <0.001* ASI 1 /ASI 2 2.87±2.24/2.73±2.12 3.10±2.39/2.83±2.20 3.39±2.52/3.08±2.29 4.06±2.80/3.80±2.64 Stance time (%) Male Female 60.11±6.71 60.72±6.17 58.07±3.86 57.08±4.06 62.51±5.91 63.56±5.73 64.62±4.03 62.51±4.09 65.65±6.02* 65.41±5.77 66.17±4.22 66.38±4.63 67.34±5.73* 68.77±3.93* 67.04±4.12 69.89±3.86 59.56±5.72 62.38±4.87 <0.001* 0.003* ASI 1 /ASI 2 2.11±1.58/1.72±1.28 1.77±1.32/1.72±1.28 2.27±1.67/1.90±1.41 2.55±1.79/2.28±1.52 ROM-hip (°) Male Female 42.08±9.27 41.93±8.66 43.91±9.31 41.22±7.86 39.71±10.51 38.82±9.87 40.21±7.23 39.63±8.21 35.84±11.22* 33.27±9.86* 38.71±8.26 37.51±8.57 31.66±10.71* 27.54±12.24* 35.29±9.07 33.39±10.05 44.01±10.33 43.21±11.76 <0.001* <0.001* ASI 1 /ASI 2 4.25±3.37/4.06±3.23 4.60±3.58/4.13±3.22 4.87±3.70/4.53±3.47 5.42±3.93/5.12±3.70 ROM-knee (°) Male Female 60.33±13.46 56.93±14.68* 61.07±11.29 56.07±12.55 57.87±15.66 53.74±12.96* 60.56±9.73 55.20±10.75 51.60±12.36* 47.39±9.48* 57.77±8.43 52.83±9.90 45.71±18.79* 40.08±16.17* 51.77±11.97 45.70±13.24 62.51±12.38 58.71±10.27 <0.001* <0.001* ASI 1 /ASI 2 3.24±2.49/3.03±2.32 3.27±2.50/3.15±2.40 3.69±2.74/3.53±2.60 4.34±2.99/4.03±2.81 ROM-ankle (°) Male Female 32.61±5.25 32.07±6.40 33.26±5.13 34.15±6.72 30.38±7.16 29.11±8.09 32.94±6.91 30.72±5.24 26.05±9.49 24.12±11.36* 29.13±9.41 26.85±8.77 21.75±11.29* 20.29±13.21* 27.81±8.27 24.77±7.43 33.64±6.04 32.81±7.11 <0.001* <0.001* ASI 1 /ASI 2 4.04±3.17/3.92±3.05 4.17±3.25/3.79±2.95 4.57±3.44/4.14±3.13 5.30±3.73/4.82±3.44 Peak KFM (Nm/(BW×HT)%) Male Female 3.49±1.72 3.17±1.61 3.55±1.55 3.42±1.53 3.21±1.68 2.96±1.50 3.37±1.22 3.19±1.24 2.73±1.37 2.41±1.26* 3.09±1.09 2.98±0.91 2.18±1.22* 1.94±1.04* 2.76±0.98 2.35±0.79 3.76±1.57 3.41±1.36 0.007* 0.001* ASI 1 /ASI 2 5.47±4.32/5.36±4.25 7.33±5.04/7.16±4.83 9.88±5.47/9.45±5.30 12.77±5.79/13.84±5.66 Peak KAM (Nm/(BW×HT)%) Male Female 2.35±0.76 2.73±0.91 2.74±0.62 2.76±0.70 2.72±0.93 2.96±1.11 2.79±0.52 3.23±0.67 3.22±1.38* 3.56±1.47* 3.41±1.41 3.78±1.33 3.86±1.66* 4.33±1.96* 4.01±1.39 4.41±1.55 2.02±0.75 2.61±0.92 0.005* <0.001* ASI 1 /ASI 2 4.69±3.58/4.36±3.40 4.32±3.30/4.13±3.21 4.73±3.59/4.54±3.49 5.04±3.83/4.97±3.71 KAM impulse (Nm.s/(BW×HT)%) Male Female 1.02±0.60 1.17±0.66 1.06±0.43 1.19±0.54 1.19±0.65 1.25±0.72 1.22±0.45 1.31±0.56 1.43±0.67* 1.52±0.75* 1.55±0.61 1.60±0.64 1.62±0.89* 1.86±0.96* 1.71±0.88 1.93±0.85 0.87±0.40 1.10±0.58 0.007* <0.001* ASI 1 /ASI 2 5.24±4.06/4.85±3.68 4.98±3.78/4.59±3.41 5.52±4.16/5.17±3.83 5.95±4.49/5.81±4.26 MoS-AP (m) Male Female 0.32±0.17 0.31±0.15 0.27±0.14* 0.25±0.13 0.20±0.11* 0.19±0.08* 0.14±0.08* 0.13±0.08* 0.36±0.15 0.34±0.16 0.006* 0.004* MoS-ML (m) Male Female 0.16±0.09 0.15±0.10 0.15±0.09 0.13±0.06 0.11±0.07 0.09±0.06* 0.07±0.06* 0.06±0.04* 0.17±0.07 0.17±0.05 <0.001* <0.001* Data are presented as mean±standard deviation. K-L, Kellgren-Lawrence grade. RoM, range of motion in the sagittal plane. KFM, knee flexion moment. KAM, knee adduction moment. MoS, margins of stability. AP, Anterior-posterior. ML, Medial-lateral. ASI, Asymmetry index. ASI 1 and ASI 2 represent the lower limb symmetry of males and females, respectively. ASI, Asymmetry index. ASI 1 and ASI 2 represent the lower limb symmetry of males and females, respectively. An ASI value of "0" indicates absolute symmetry between the two lower limbs, while a larger ASI value indicates a higher degree of asymmetry. Statistical value refers to ANOVA or the independent Student's t-test. The comparisons between KOA groups and the control group in males and females were represented by p1 and p2, respectively. * indicates significant difference between KOA groups and control group, ɑ indicates significant difference between males and females (p < 0.05). Table 3. Data of isokinetic muscle strength test in in KOA patients and healthy controls (at 60°/s) Knee OA group (n=165) Control(n=32) p1 p2 K-L Ⅰ (n=39) K-L Ⅱ (n=38) K-L Ⅲ (n=41) K-L Ⅳ (n=47) Affected side Contralateral side Affected side Contralateral side Affected side Contralateral side Affected side Contralateral side Extension/Quadriceps APT (Nm/kg) Male Female 1.31±0.41 1.17±0.53 1.36±0.33 1.20±0.40 1.21±0.48 1.04±0.39 1.30±0.23 1.11±0.27 1.09±0.50* 0.80±0.39* 1.21±0.30 1.04±0.21 0.81±0.38* 0.55±0.27* 1.16±0.29 0.96±0.31 1.46±0.31 ɑ 1.21±0.31 0.005* <0.001* LSI 1 /LSI 2 (%) 92.4 ± 5.5/90.0 ± 5.4 82.9 ± 6.2/80.1 ± 6.4 72.1 ± 6.5/69.0 ± 6.9 60.2 ± 5.4/57.8 ± 5.8 PTA (°) Male Female 58.73±7.12 55.45±8.37 59.56±7.91 55.33±8.25 52.90±10.08* 50.45±11.36 57.47±9.52 54.17±7.62 47.55±14.86* 46.04±13.26* 56.57±10.48 53.29±9.08 42.61±17.35* 38.82±15.56* 53.57±11.58 51.36±9.95 60.38±12.72 56.74±11.26 <0.001* <0.001* LSI 1 /LSI 2 (%) 91.6 ± 5.5/89.4 ± 5.4 82.1 ± 6.2/79.4 ± 6.4 71.5 ± 6.4/68.6 ± 6.9 60.6 ± 5.5/58.4 ± 5.9 TPT (s) Male Female 0.73±0.15 0.78±0.19 0.71±0.11 0.79±0.12 0.80±0.20 0.87±0.19 0.75±0.15 0.81±0.13 0.90±0.28 0.92±0.25* 0.77±0.11 0.81±0.17 0.99±0.35* 1.01±0.31* 0.82±0.15 0.83±0.11 0.70±0.13 0.77±0.10 0.002* 0.026* LSI 1 /LSI 2 (%) 92.7 ± 5.6/90.6 ± 5.4 83.3 ± 6.2/80.7 ± 6.5 72.7 ± 6.5/69.8 ± 7.0 60.9 ± 5.5/58.7 ± 5.9 AP (w) Male Female 91.85±14.10 ɑ 81.43±13.71* 96.97±10.05 89.29±9.63 80.11±16.80 ɑ * 69.33±12.60* 90.55±9.28 87.35±8.86 65.03±18.57* 56.42±17.56* 85.76±12.16 84.52±11.35 49.41±18.64* 38.82±16.94* 80.68±13.53 77.23±11.31 98.57±16.34 89.71±12.26 <0.001* <0.001* LSI 1 /LSI 2 (%) 91.8 ± 5.5/89.5 ± 5.4 82.4 ± 6.2/79.6 ± 6.4 71.8 ± 6.5/68.7 ± 6.9 60.1 ± 5.4/57.9 ± 5.8 Flexion/Hamstring APT (Nm/kg) Male Female 0.88±0.30 0.79±0.28 0.88±0.25 0.80±0.27 0.84±0.35 0.71±0.32 0.85±0.26 0.75±0.25 0.78±0.35 0.56±0.28 0.81±0.28 0.72±0.24 0.61±0.31* 0.44±0.23* 0.80±0.30 0.68±0.31 0.95±0.32 0.80±0.23 0.043* <0.001* LSI 1 /LSI 2 (%) 91.0 ± 5.5/88.4 ± 5.3 81.4 ± 6.1/78.4 ± 6.3 70.6 ± 6.5/67.4 ± 6.8 58.8 ± 5.3/56.3 ± 5.7 PTA (°) Male Female 34.68±7.82 35.26±6.55 35.77±5.56 34.43±6.76 37.51±8.46 39.41±9.01 36.52±6.11 35.47±6.62 42.33±12.38* 44.54±15.88* 37.85±9.03 35.82±7.76 48.07±18.81* 50.34±23.29* 40.63±5.21 39.70±6.37 35.03±5.32 33.74±6.13 0.392 <0.001* LSI 1 /LSI 2 (%) 91.3 ± 5.5/88.9 ± 5.3 81.9 ± 6.1/79.0 ± 6.3 71.2 ± 6.5/68.1 ± 6.8 59.4 ± 5.3/57.1 ± 5.7 TPT (s) Male Female 0.59±0.15 0.62±0.19 0.62±0.15 0.60±0.17 0.64±0.22 0.68±0.27 0.63±0.16 0.62±0.20 0.74±0.33 0.77±0.28 0.66±0.19 0.64±0.24 0.83±0.30* 0.85±0.25* 0.69±0.25 0.69±0.18 0.60±0.17 0.59±0.13 0.004* <0.001* LSI 1 /LSI 2 (%) 91.2 ± 5.5/88.7 ± 5.3 81.6 ± 6.1/78.7 ± 6.3 70.9 ± 6.5/67.8 ± 6.8 59.1 ± 5.3/56.8 ± 5.7 AP (w) Male Female 61.14±14.05 54.39±13.22 63.68±14.77 59.72±10.38 53.68±19.01 45.78±16.73* 58.88±13.86 61.36±12.17 44.32±18.36 40.99±17.87* 57.19±16.17 63.05±16.96 35.12±19.34* 28.83±13.27* 54.87±13.03 57.33±18.73 62.14±13.74 60.42±15.32 <0.001* <0.001* LSI 1 /LSI 2 (%) 91.5 ± 5.5/89.0 ± 5.3 82.1 ± 6.2/79.2 ± 6.3 71.4 ± 6.5/68.3 ± 6.8 59.6 ± 5.4/57.3 ± 5.7 H/Q (%) Male Female 67.9±13.3 68.2±11.2 63.6±10.1 65.3±10.7 69.9±12.3 67.3±11.8 66.4±13.4 66.5±12.1 73.1±10.8 73.5±11.3 67.3±12.7 69.7±13.5 75.7±10.4* 77.8±7.5* 66.3±10.5 69.8±9.6 64.4±9.2 65.5±9.4 0.046* <0.001* LSI 1 /LSI 2 (%) 91.7 ± 5.5/89.2 ± 5.4 82.3 ± 6.2/79.4 ± 6.4 71.6 ± 6.5/68.5 ± 6.9 59.8 ± 5.4/57.5 ± 5.8 Data are presented as mean±standard deviation. K-L, Kellgren-Lawrence grade. APT, average peak torque. PTA, angle at peak torque. TPT, time to peak torque. AP, average power. H/Q, the ratio of hamstring torque to quadriceps torque during concentric contraction. LSI, limb symmetry index. LSI 1 and LSI 2 represent the lower limb symmetry of males and females, respectively. Statistical value refers to ANOVA or the independent Student's t-test. The comparisons between KOA groups and the control group in males and females were represented by p1 and p2, respectively. * indicates significant difference between KOA groups and control group, ɑ indicates significant difference between males and females (p < 0.05). Table 4. sEMG data of KOA patients and healthy controls synchronized with gait analysis Knee OA group (n=165) Control(n=32) p1 K-L Ⅰ (n=39) K-L Ⅱ (n=38) K-L Ⅲ (n=41) K-L Ⅳ (n=47) Affected side Contralateral side Affected side Contralateral side Affected side Contralateral side Affected side Contralateral side Early stance phase LH/VL 0.60±0.18 0.60±0.11 0.68±0.24 0.62±0.16 0.76±0.29* 0.65±0.15 0.81±0.38* 0.69±0.18 0.57±0.12 0.010* MH/VM 0.64±0.23 0.65±0.16 0.69±0.27 0.64±0.21 0.70±0.33 0.68±0.18 0.77±0.36 0.70±0.20 0.68±0.19 0.301 LH/MH 1.29±0.48 1.22±0.40 1.43±0.56 1.35±0.51 1.56±0.64* 1.41±0.49 1.83±0.83* 1.60±0.31 1.17±0.45 0.001* VM/VL 0.72±0.15 0.75±0.18 0.76±0.21 0.77±0.22 0.82±0.29 0.61±0.25 0.91±0.35* 0.64±0.22 0.74±0.16 0.002* LH+MH/ LH+MH 0.23±0.13 0.20±0.08 0.27±0.15 0.21±0.06 0.32±0.21 0.24±0.11 0.40±0.29* 0.27±0.16 0.21±0.10 <0.001* VM+VL/ VM+VL 0.37±0.15 0.35±0.13 0.40±0.19 0.36±0.12 0.44±0.25 0.35±0.16 0.51±0.24* 0.37±0.11 0.36±0.11 0.012* Mid-stance phase LH/VL 0.72±0.21 0.70±0.16 0.74±0.26 0.71±0.19 0.79±0.30 0.73±0.15 0.85±0.37* 0.77±0.13 0.71±0.19 0.048* MH/VM 0.73±0.23 0.73±0.19 0.77±0.28 0.74±0.21 0.83±0.33 0.77±0.25 0.86±0.42 0.82±0.31 0.76±0.29 0.526 LH/MH 1.30±0.63 1.26±0.62 1.37±0.68 1.28±0.56 1.55±0.79 1.30±0.25 1.70±0.82* 1.30±0.29 1.31±0.62 0.010* VM/VL 0.71±0.14 0.72±0.15 0.68±0.17 0.73±0.12 0.62±0.13 0.74±0.14 0.56±0.30* 0.70±0.16 0.72±0.20 <0.001* LH+MH/ LH+MH 0.13±0.06 0.10±0.05 0.15±0.07 0.12±0.06 0.18±0.10* 0.13±0.05 0.23±0.17* 0.16±0.07 0.11±0.04 0.021* VM+VL/ VM+VL 0.17±0.09 0.15±0.08 0.20±0.11 0.17±0.07 0.23±0.12* 0.18±0.10 0.26±0.19* 0.21±0.10 0.16±0.06 <0.001* Late stance phase LH/VL 0.81±0.36 0.86±0.30 0.91±0.41 0.88±0.36 1.17±0.53* 0.96±0.29 1.28±0.66* 1.02±0.50 0.82±0.31 0.027* MH/VM 0.53±0.27 0.55±0.25 0.60±0.30 0.57±0.27 0.70±0.34 0.61±0.26 0.76±0.39* 0.60±0.28 0.53±0.24 0.025* LH/MH 2.01±0.96 2.14±0.88 2.26±1.17 2.10±0.91 2.44±1.36 2.22±1.05 2.65±1.35* 2.25±1.24 2.11±0.75 0.021* VM/VL 0.70±0.25 0.71±0.30 0.73±0.32 0.70±0.25 0.76±0.35 0.75±0.28 0.81±0.42* 0.76±0.34 0.72±0.27 0.002* LH+MH/ LH+MH 0.07±0.03 0.09±0.05 0.12±0.07 0.10±0.04 0.19±0.11* 0.15±0.09 0.31±0.19* 0.18±0.10 0.05±0.03 <0.001* VM+VL/ VM+VL 0.10±0.07 0.11±0.05 0.13±0.08 0.10±0.05 0.18±0.10* 0.13±0.09 0.26±0.17* 0.18±0.12 0.08±0.05 <0.001* Late swing phase LH/VL 0.24±0.13 0.20±0.15 0.25±0.15 0.22±0.08 0.30±0.17* 0.25±0.11 0.38±0.19* 0.28±0.16 0.22±0.07 0.002* MH/VM 0.20±0.09 0.16±0.05 0.21±0.11 0.18±0.10 0.23±0.14 0.20±0.11 0.25±0.18 0.17±0.09 0.17±0.14 0.521 LH/MH 1.63±0.76 1.58±0.73 1.70±0.95 1.64±0.86 1.88±1.04 1.71±0.85 2.20±1.12* 1.80±0.97 1.64±0.70 0.009* VM/VL 0.75±0.30 0.72±0.25 0.71±0.36 0.70±0.28 0.65±0.31 0.68±0.33 0.59±0.30* 0.73±0.35 0.78±0.26 0.023* LH+MH/ LH+MH 0.11±0.07 0.09±0.06 0.13±0.09 0.12±0.07 0.19±0.12* 0.17±0.10 0.25±0.17* 0.18±0.13 0.10±0.06 <0.001* VM+VL/ VM+VL 0.25±0.15 0.24±0.17 0.30±0.19 0.25±0.20 0.36±0.20* 0.27±0.17 0.40±0.22* 0.31±0.16 0.22±0.10 <0.001* Data are presented as mean±standard deviation. K-L, Kellgren-Lawrence grade. LH, lateral hamstring. VL,vastus lateralis. VM, vastus medialis. MH, medial hamstring. LH+MH , the sum of the maximum surface electromyography amplitudes of the medial and lateral hamstrings during knee flexion in isokinetic muscle strength testing. VM+VL , the sum of the maximum surface electromyography amplitudes of the vastus medialis and vastus lateralis during knee extension in isokinetic muscle strength testing. Statistical value refers to ANOVA or the independent Student's t-test. The comparisons between KOA groups and the control group in males and females were represented by p1 and p2, respectively. * indicates significant difference between KOA groups and control group, ɑ indicates significant difference between males and females (p < 0.05). Table 5. sEMG data of KOA patients and healthy controls synchronized with isokinetic muscle strength test Knee OA group (n=165) Control(n=32) p1 K-L Ⅰ (n=39) K-L Ⅱ (n=38) K-L Ⅲ (n=41) K-L Ⅳ (n=47) Affected side Contralateral side Affected side Contralateral side Affected side Contralateral side Affected side Contralateral side Extension at 60°/s VM/VL 1.31±0.70 1.30±0.65 1.21±0.66 1.26±0.56 1.01±0.52 1.19±0.58 0.83±0.47* 1.08±0.56 1.36±0.66 0.007* MH/LH 0.66±0.29 0.54±0.20 0.65±0.33 0.51±0.22 0.61±0.35 0.52±0.22 0.62±0.37 0.47±0.20 0.67±0.23 0.320 MH+LH/VM+VL 0.11±0.07 0.09±0.05 0.13±0.07 0.11±0.06 0.17±0.10* 0.11±0.07 0.21±0.12* 0.13±0.09 0.10±0.06 0.002* MH/ MH 0.18±0.08 0.15±0.07 0.20±0.13 0.18±0.10 0.23±0.13* 0.18±0.08 0.24±0.15* 0.20±0.11 0.17±0.10 0.012* LH/ LH 0.15±0.09 0.11±0.06 0.18±0.10 0.13±0.06 0.22±0.14* 0.15±0.10 0.27±0.19* 0.15±0.12 0.13±0.08 0.022* Flexion at 60°/s VM/VL 0.59±0.24 0.62±0.28 0.51±0.25 0.63±0.30 0.45±0.24 0.57±0.26 0.36±0.21* 0.55±0.29 0.63±0.27 0.017* MH/LH 0.72±0.45 0.78±0.41 0.65±0.35 0.75±0.42 0.59±0.30 0.68±0.35 0.49±0.35* 0.69±0.37 0.76±0.40 0.026* VM+VL/MH+LH 0.32±0.20 0.27±0.15 0.34±0.22 0.30±0.16 0.36±0.20 0.29±0.19 0.38±0.22* 0.33±0.15 0.28±0.13 0.032* VM/ VM 0.09±0.07 0.10±0.06 0.11±0.08 0.07±0.07 0.10±0.07 0.05±0.06 0.10±0.11 0.09±0.07 0.08±0.06 0.286 VL/ VL 0.20±0.13 0.15±0.07 0.23±0.15 0.20±0.14 0.25±0.15 0.21±0.10 0.28±0.17* 0.20±0.13 0.18±0.10 0.018* Data are presented as mean±standard deviation. K-L, Kellgren-Lawrence grade. LH, lateral hamstring. VL,vastus lateralis. VM, vastus medialis. MH, medial hamstring. MH and LH, the maximum surface electromyography amplitudes of the medial and lateral hamstrings during knee flexion in isokinetic muscle strength testing. VM and VL , the maximum surface electromyography amplitudes of the vastus medialis and vastus lateralis during knee extension in isokinetic muscle strength testing. Statistical value refers to ANOVA or the independent Student's t-test. The comparisons between KOA groups and the control group in males and females were represented by p1 and p2, respectively. * indicates significant difference between KOA groups and control group, ɑ indicates significant difference between males and females (p < 0.05). Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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guo","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA60lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYHACxgMJDDZybOzNB6ACCYT1ALWkGfPxHEtsIF4LA8OhxHkSOYbEaZGPSD5w4OGOA4xtDDnfH93MOczAz55jwPBzB24thjfSEg4knrnDzMZwdmNz7rbDDJI9bwwYe8/g0TIjx+BAYtszNjbGXogWgxs5BsxASwlpOczDxszzEKzFnpAWeQmIFgk2Nh5GiC0SBLQY8DwD+qUtzYCNh81wdu62dB6JM88KDvbis6U9+eDDn2029fPnP37wOXebtRx/e/LGBz/x2XIATYAHRKALotrSgE92FIyCUTAKRgEIAADN9Vg5Xb3uAwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"First Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"lin","middleName":"","lastName":"guo","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-02-01 11:09:03","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8755689/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8755689/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":102898382,"identity":"8ac0e3fb-ca7f-43cc-b0a7-20496753fb91","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-18 07:25:44","extension":"jpeg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":142994,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSee image above for figure legend\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8755689/v1/9f6f2d3c287c72b42695fd84.jpeg"},{"id":102898416,"identity":"a834916d-c692-4f06-86d5-57b6ab105cfd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-18 07:26:00","extension":"jpeg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":173065,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSee image above for figure legend\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8755689/v1/76231729fefe2c8894f2b66c.jpeg"},{"id":102898429,"identity":"1cfe92cf-0f9f-40e3-aa60-17fe68777c64","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-18 07:26:15","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1762329,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8755689/v1/db7fb4b0-2aba-4cad-8670-220656660aaa.pdf"},{"id":102898424,"identity":"cd6def28-09ca-46f2-97a6-1e97ed74a572","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-18 07:26:09","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":48493,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SupplementaryDocumentTable.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8755689/v1/330e7cfbf0c40cb56383df69.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eThe effects of muscle coactivation patterns on gait, muscle strength and symptoms in different stages of knee osteoarthritis\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"1.Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eKnee osteoarthritis (KOA) involves chronic pain, disability, and muscle weakness [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Quadriceps weakness, stemming from both atrophy and neural activation deficits, impairs lower limb function [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Since activation deficits may occur early and influence disease progression, their detection is crucial [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. As KOA advances, declining quadriceps activation is often accompanied by increased hamstring coactivation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. Investigating this evolving balance between muscle activation and coactivation across disease stages can inform targeted exercise prescriptions to better hinder progression.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReduced knee flexion during stance is a hallmark gait alteration in KOA, potentially stemming from quadriceps weakness [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR7 CR8\" citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. This diminished flexion compromises the joint's shock-absorbing capacity, increasing vertical loading and potentially accelerating disease progression [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Quadriceps activation deficits, which can occur early in the disease, impair force generation and contribute to weakness, creating a worsening cycle [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. Muscle coactivation, the simultaneous activation of agonist and antagonist muscles, is a normal stabilizing mechanism during gait, primarily occurring in early stance and late swing [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. The hamstrings play a pivotal role in controlling knee flexion, preventing hyperextension [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. However, in KOA, particularly in moderate to severe stages, coactivation of the hamstrings becomes excessive [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR16\" citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. While initially a compensatory strategy to counter joint instability and adopt a \"stiff-knee\" gait pattern, this heightened coactivation is inefficient [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR19 CR20\" citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. It is associated with reduced knee extensor strength and substantially increased joint loading, ultimately proving counterproductive to joint health [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMost previous studies on quadriceps alterations in KOA have focused on advanced stages (K-L Ⅲ and Ⅳ), leaving early-stage changes unclear [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. To address this, we enrolled patients across all K-L grades. We recorded surface electromyographic (sEMG) during walking to investigate gait-related muscle activation. Since gait biomechanics can be confounded by speed, pain, and obesity, which may mask the relationship with structural changes [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR27\" citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e], we also recorded sEMG during standardized isokinetic strength testing. Activation during controlled force assessment can serve as a reproducible and standardized means for evaluating neuromuscular control between individuals [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. Therefore, this dual-modality approach, assessing activation during both functional gait and controlled, reproducible force generation, provides a comprehensive evaluation of neuromuscular control across disease stages, which is crucial for developing effective early rehabilitation strategies.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2.Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1. Trial design and participants\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis cross-sectional study recruited 197 subjects with unilateral symptomatic KOA from the outpatient department of the affiliated hospital from April 2025 to December 2025. The inclusion and exclusion criteria are detailed in the supplementary document [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]. Additionally, 32 healthy adults without radiographic or symptomatic KOA were recruited from the community as healthy controls. KOA patients were divided into four groups based on the K-L criteria scale, including K-L I (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;39), K-L II (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;38), K-L III (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;41), and K-L IV (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;47). All participants signed written informed consent forms. The study adhered to the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the local ethics review committee.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2. Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe WOMAC index, developed in 1988, assesses pain and function in hip and knee osteoarthritis [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e]. The scale consists of twenty-four questions, each evaluated as a 5-point Likert. The pain subscale is scored between 0 and 20. The stiffness subscale is scored between 0 and 8. And the function subscale possesses seventeen items and is scored between 0 and 68. A high score indicates poor function, pain, or stiffness [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3. Gait analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter familiarization with the protocol, participants walked barefoot at a self-selected speed along a 12-meter walkway. Reflective markers were placed on the pelvis and lower limbs [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e]. Data were collected using a 6-channel Bertec force plate (AMTI, BMS-400600-2K, USA, 1000 Hz) and a 10-camera motion capture system (Qualisys ArqusA5, Sweden, 100 Hz). Following a static standing trial, three walking trials were performed, and then the average of these was used for analysis (Fig.\u0026nbsp;1). Visual 3D\u0026trade; software (C-Motion, Germantown, MD, USA) was used to obtain spatiotemporal parameters, kinematic and kinetic data [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR33 CR34\" citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e]. In addition, the asymmetry index (ASI) and dynamic margins of stability (MoS) were also calculated. The former is used to assess the asymmetry of various parameters (formula 1) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e]. According to the method of Hof and Ramanujam et al [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e], dynamic MoS is used to assess the stability of limbs during dynamic activities (formula 2\u0026ndash;4). The following are all the formulas that need to be used :\u003cdiv id=\"Equ1\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ1\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:\\text{ASI}=\\frac{\\text{100\u0026lowast;}\\left|{\\text{V}}_{\\text{affected}}\\text{\u0026minus;}{\\text{V}}_{\\text{contralateral}}\\right|}{\\text{0.5\u0026lowast;}\\left|{\\text{V}}_{\\text{affected}}\\text{+}{\\text{V}}_{\\text{contralateral}}\\right|}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e1\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eX\u003csub\u003eCoM\u003c/sub\u003e = X + V/ω (2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eω = \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\sqrt{\\text{g}/\\text{l}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e (3)\u003cdiv id=\"Equ2\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ2\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:\\text{M}\\text{O}\\text{S}=\\text{X}\\text{c}\\text{o}\\text{M}-\\text{B}\\text{o}\\text{S}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e4\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4. Measures of muscle strength\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticipants completed isokinetic strength test using a dynamometer (Isomed 2000, D\u0026amp;R Ferstl GmbH, Germany) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e]. The patients were instructed to sit with their hips and knees at 90\u0026deg;, the trunk, pelvis, and thighs were stabilized. The device's laser locator was aligned with the knee's flexion-extension axis for measurement. Following a warm-up with gravity correction, participants performed 5 maximal concentric knee flexion/extension repetitions at 60\u0026deg;/s, arms crossed (Fig.\u0026nbsp;2). Testing order was healthy limb first, then affected limb.All outcome measures were calculated using the data processing software package. The results included average peak torque (APT), joint angle at peak torque (PTA), the time to peak torque (TPT) and average power (AP, total work divided by the time). The maximum strength of antagonists relative to the maximum strength of agonists is frequently considered as an index of muscle strength balance. For the knee joint, muscle balance was assessed via the concentric Hamstrings/Quadriceps (H/Q) ratio [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e]. As previously described [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e], the raw data were converted to torque (Nm), normalized to body weight (Nm/kg), and averaged to determine maximal isokinetic strength. Finally, the limb symmetry index (LSI) was also calculated for each patient. The following formula is used [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e]:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLSI= [affected limb/contralateral limb]*100\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGiven that LSI may underestimate quadriceps weakness [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e], strength was expressed using two dependent variables, namely LSI and peak torque normalized to body weight, as described by Kuenze et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5. Surface electromyography (sEMG)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003esEMG was concurrently recorded during gait and isokinetic strength tests using a 16-channel wireless system (Noraxon Ultium, Noraxon, USA). Following the Surface Electromyography for Non-Invasive Assessment of Muscles (SENIAM) guidelines [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e], the skin was prepared and electrodes were placed in a straight line aligned with the vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, and medial/lateral hamstrings to measure muscle activation. The differential bar electrodes had a fixed 2 cm spacing and included a preamplifier with a gain of 10. sEMG signals were bandpass-filtered (20\u0026ndash;250 Hz) and sampled at 2000 Hz using a 24-bit acquisition card (Noraxon Ultium, Noraxon, USA). Signals were rectified within a 200 ms moving window and normalized to maximal voluntary activation, accounting for inter-subject differences in impedance [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. In addition, the vastus medialis (VM) to vastus lateralis (VL) activation ratio was calculated to assess quadriceps balance relevant to patellar stability [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e]. The ratios of medial hamstrings to VM (MH/VM) and lateral hamstrings to VL (LH/VL) were computed to evaluate functional antagonistic muscle pairs, providing insight into medial-lateral force balance and patellofemoral joint stress distribution [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.6.Statistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eStatistical analysis was performed using SPSS 26.0 ( IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Data normality and variance were assessed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Levene's tests. Inter-group differences (across five groups) were analyzed with ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis tests, followed by appropriate post-hoc tests. Gender differences within groups were examined using t-tests or Mann-Whitney U tests. Correlations among gait, strength, and sEMG parameters, as well as with WOMAC scores, were evaluated using Spearman's analysis. Multiple linear regression models with stepwise selection were constructed to simulate relationships between muscle coactivation, gait, strength, and to identify key factors associated with WOMAC subscales. A p-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 was considered statistically significant.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3.Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eTable 1 presents the demographic characteristics of the subjects. There was no significant inter-group\u0026nbsp;difference in age. Although significant differences in height (p \u0026lt; 0.001) and weight (p = 0.011-0.037) were observed between males and females, no significant gender difference was found in BMI. Compared with the mild KOA groups (K-L Ⅰ and Ⅱ), the WOMAC scores of the moderate and severe groups (K-L Ⅲ and Ⅳ) were significantly higher\u0026nbsp;(p\u0026nbsp;\u0026lt;\u0026nbsp;0.001)\u0026nbsp;.\u0026nbsp;The scores of females were always higher than those of males, especially in the K-L grade Ⅲ and above\u0026nbsp;(p\u0026nbsp;=\u0026nbsp;0.005-0.090) (Table 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.1. Gait analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe spatiotemporal and kinematic data indicated that significant differences exist in speed, cadence, stride length, and step length between males and females (p= \u0026lt;0.001-0.043), as well as between patients and healthy controls\u0026nbsp;(p \u0026lt; 0.001). Specifically, the KOA group showed a reduction in speed and step lengths, as well as a bilateral reduction in cadence and stride length (p \u0026lt; 0.001)\u0026nbsp;(Table 2). Furthermore,\u0026nbsp;although no notable gender differences were observed,\u0026nbsp;significant differences were found in stance time and ROM between patients and healthy controls\u0026nbsp;(p= \u0026lt;0.001-0.003)\u0026nbsp;(Table 2).\u0026nbsp;The stance time on the affected side was prolonged,\u0026nbsp;but the healthy side was further prolonged compared to the affected side. The ROM of the hip, knee, and ankle was reduced in KOA patients\u0026nbsp;(p \u0026lt; 0.001) (Table 2). Except for the stance phase time, most\u0026nbsp;parameters deteriorated with the progression of K-L grade, and this change was more pronounced in K-L III and above. Contralateral limbs showed consistent but attenuated trends compared to the affected side.\u0026nbsp;Kinetic analysis revealed no obvious\u0026nbsp;gender difference but significant inter-group effects (p= \u0026lt;0.001-0.007) (Table 2).\u0026nbsp;The kinetic data demonstrated that KFM was significantly reduced (p=0.001-0.007), while both KAM and KAM impulse were increased in patients (p=\u0026lt;0.001-0.007).\u0026nbsp;These changes were more pronounced in females and in K-L Ⅲ or higher groups (p\u0026lt;0.001). Contralateral limbs showed consistent but attenuated trends compared to the affected side.\u0026nbsp;The dynamic MoS, especially in the medial-lateral direction (p=\u0026lt;0.001), progressively diminished with disease severity (p=\u0026lt;0.001-0.006) (Table 2).\u0026nbsp;In addition,\u0026nbsp;ASI values were larger in all KOA groups than healthy controls.\u0026nbsp;The values recorded in K-L Ⅲ and Ⅳ groups also exhibited significantly greater increases than those of K-L Ⅰ and Ⅱ groups. Within each patient group, males consistently exhibited higher ASI values than females (Table 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.2.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMeasures of muscle strength\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStrength test revealed significant differences in APT, PTA, TPT, AP, and the H/Q ratio across groups and K-L grades during both knee extension and flexion (p= \u0026lt;0.001-0.046). Specifically, compared with the healthy group, patients showed reduced APT, PTA, and AP (p= \u0026lt;0.001-0.043), but increased TPT and H/Q ratio (p= \u0026lt;0.001-0.046) (Table 3). And this pattern was more pronounced in K-L III and above (p\u0026lt;0.001). This change is also similar on the contralateral side, but to a lesser extent. Except for the APT, which showed significant gender differences in K-L III and above (p=0.012-0.046), no significant gender difference was observed in other parameters. In addition, all KOA groups exhibited a larger LSI than controls, and the moderate to severe groups (K-L Ⅲ and Ⅳ) also had significantly larger LSI values than the mild groups (K-L Ⅰ and Ⅱ). In each KOA group, the LSI in males was typically larger than that in females (Table 3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.3. sEMG combined with gait analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003esEMG demonstrated significant coactivation of agonist and antagonist muscles, primarily during the early, middle, and late stance phases, as well as the late swing phase (Table 4). No significant coactivation was observed in the other phases. This pattern differed significantly between patients and healthy controls (p= \u0026lt;0.001-0.048), but not between genders.\u0026nbsp;The most pronounced hamstrings coactivation occurred in early stance, late stance and late swing phases (p\u0026lt;0.001) (Table 4). Notably, the lateral muscles coactivation ratio (LH/VL) was consistently elevated in KOA patients across all gait phases, increasing with disease severity (p=0.002-0.048). Similarly, the lateral to medial hamstring activation ratio (LH/MH) was also higher in patients (p=0.001-0.021).\u0026nbsp;In contrast, the\u0026nbsp;medial coactivation ratio (MH/VM) showed only a slight increase in late stance (p=0.025),\u0026nbsp;with no significant difference observed in other phases (Table 4).\u0026nbsp;Quadriceps balance (VM/VL) increased during early and late stance (p=0.002) but decreased in mid-stance and late swing phases (p\u0026lt;0.001, p=0.023).\u0026nbsp;Overall activation of the normalized anterior (VM+VL/\u003cem\u003eVM+VL\u003c/em\u003e) and posterior (LH+MH/\u003cem\u003eLH+MH\u003c/em\u003e) muscle groups trended upward with disease progression across all the phases. Analysis indicated that increased VM activation predominated in early and late stance, while increased VL activation was more prominent in mid-stance and late swing phases. Among posterior muscles, increased lateral hamstring coactivation was predominant throughout the gait phases.\u0026nbsp;All observed alterations were also present, though less pronounced, on the contralateral side\u0026nbsp;(Table 4).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.4. sEMG combined with strength test\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuring knee extension, sEMG indicated that\u0026nbsp;VM activation exceeded VL activation.\u0026nbsp;The VM/VL ratio was significantly lower in KOA patients and decreased with the increase of K-L grades\u0026nbsp;(p=0.007) (Table 5). While LH activation exceeded MH activation, there was no difference in the MH/LH ratio between groups.\u0026nbsp;The posterior-to-anterior muscle activation ratio (MH+LH/VM+VL) was significantly higher in patients and increased with K-L grades\u0026nbsp;(p=0.002), in contrast to the only 10% ratio observed in healthy controls. The normalized activation ratio of MH and LH (MH/\u003cem\u003eMH\u003c/em\u003e and LH/\u003cem\u003eLH\u003c/em\u003e) in patients was also significantly higher, and increased with K-L grades\u0026nbsp;(p=0.012 and 0.022).\u0026nbsp;On the contralateral limb, these changes persisted but were less pronounced\u0026nbsp;(Table 5). During knee flexion, activation of both the VM and MH was lower than their lateral counterparts (VL and LH) in all participants. Additionally, the VM/VL and MH/LH ratios were significantly reduced in KOA patients, and both decreased with increasing K-L grades (p=0.017 and 0.026). Conversely, the anterior-to-posterior ratio (VM+VL/MH+LH) was elevated in patients and increased with disease severity (p=0.032). Normalized VL activation (VL/\u003cem\u003eVL\u003c/em\u003e) was also significantly higher in patients and increased with K-L grade (p=0.018). Again, these alterations were observed bilaterally but were attenuated on the contralateral side (Table 5).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.5. Correlation analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCorrelation analyses revealed significant associations between biomechanical parameters and WOMAC scores (Table S1).\u0026nbsp;Pain scores showed strong positive correlations with Peak KAM, KAM impulse, and the LH/VL ratio in early stance (r=0.532-0.584,\u0026nbsp;p\u0026lt;0.05), and had a moderate correlation with the other sixteen\u0026nbsp;parameters (|r|=0.365-0.463,\u0026nbsp;p\u0026lt;0.05). Stiffness scores indicated a substantial negative association with ROM-knee and peak KFM (r=-0.542 and -0.565,\u0026nbsp;p\u0026lt;0.05), and showed a moderate correlation with the other nine\u0026nbsp;parameters (|r|=0.361-0.488,\u0026nbsp;p\u0026lt;0.05).\u0026nbsp;Function scores exhibited high positive correlations with speed and\u0026nbsp;ROM-knee (r=-0.580 and -0.557, p\u0026lt;0.05),\u0026nbsp;with seven additional parameters that showed moderate associations (|r|=0.368-0.451, p\u0026lt;0.05). Moreover, The LH/VL ratio in early stance was positively correlated with peak KAM and KAM impulse\u0026nbsp;(r=0.598 and 0.615, p\u0026lt;0.05)\u0026nbsp;(Table S3). VM+VL/\u003cem\u003eVM+VL\u003c/em\u003e showed a strong negative correlation with step length in the late swing phase\u0026nbsp;(r=-0.551, p\u0026lt;0.05). Approximately twenty pairs of parameters indicate moderate correlations between gait and sEMG\u0026nbsp;parameters (|r|=0.365-0.492, p\u0026lt;0.05)\u0026nbsp;(Table S3).\u0026nbsp;Only MH+LH/VM+VLe\u0026nbsp;exhibited a strong negative correlation with APTe\u0026nbsp;(r=-0.575, p\u0026lt;0.05),\u0026nbsp;while ten additional parameter pairs demonstrated moderate\u0026nbsp;associations\u0026nbsp;between\u0026nbsp;muscle strength\u0026nbsp;and sEMG\u0026nbsp;parameters\u0026nbsp;(|r|=0.360-0.484, p\u0026lt;0.05) (Table S5).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.6.Multivariate linear regression\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMultiple linear regression models for WOMAC pain, stiffness, and function scores were constructed using parameters significant in Spearman correlation analyses. Given the significant impact of BMI on the KOA severity, we explored it in the model, although there was no significant correlation between BMI and WOMAC scores. In the WOMAC-pain model, a total of ten parameters, including speed, peak KAM, and ROM-knee, were found to be significant (p=\u0026lt;0.001-0.043). Meanwhile, in the WOMAC-stiffness and WOMAC-function models, six and eight parameters were statistically significant, respectively (p=\u0026lt;0.001-0.031 and p=0.003-0.046) (Table S2). We also conducted regression analyses on the sEMG, gait and muscle strength parameters respectively. Table S4 summarized fifteen models for gait and muscle strength tests, with 1 to 4 sEMG parameters exhibiting statistical significance (p=0.004-0.047).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4.Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study demonstrates that unilateral KOA is associated with significant bilateral alterations in muscle activation, gait kinematics, and strength, with marked asymmetry between limbs. These deficits progressed with disease severity. This comprehensive, multi-modal assessment revealed significant inter-relationships among the measured parameters, providing novel insights into the intrinsic mechanisms linking neuromuscular function and disease progression in KOA.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsistent with previous studies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR51 CR52 CR53\" citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e], pain, stiffness, and functional limitation progressed with K-L grades. Females in our cohort reported greater symptom severity. As disease severity increased, most gait and isokinetic strength parameters deteriorated progressively, with more pronounced deficits in females. sEMG parameters demonstrated specific trends with disease progression but showed no significant gender differences. Indeed, this aligns with literature suggesting that while neuromuscular activation (reflected by sEMG) may be similar between sexes, the resultant biomechanical output in strength and gait differs, likely due to morphological and physiological variances in the musculoskeletal system (i.e., \"executor\") rather than neural drive (i.e., \"commander\") [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR56 CR57 CR58\" citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e55\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e59\u003c/span\u003e]. This underscores that rehabilitation should target both neuromuscular control and the muscular \"executors.\" The functional decline and inter-limb asymmetry were markedly greater in patients with K-L III or above. The transition from grade II to III may therefore represent a critical threshold for accelerated functional deterioration. This highlights the importance of early, targeted prehabilitation before this stage to potentially improve outcomes and cost-effectiveness in KOA management [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e60\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e61\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt is noteworthy that patients shorten the stance phase of affected limbs to alleviate pain; however, compromised stability and function of the affected limb also shorten the swing phase, ultimately increasing the proportion of the stance phase, which was consistent with Mo and Shen et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e]. Furthermore, the observed reduction in KFM alongside increases in peak KAM and KAM impulse during early stance are established gait manifestations in KOA [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR63 CR64\" citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e62\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e65\u003c/span\u003e]. The positive correlation between peak KAM and K-L grades suggests its role as a key biomechanical factor in disease progression, with a more pronounced increase in females potentially contributing to their greater pain scores [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR63 CR64\" citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e62\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e65\u003c/span\u003e]. The significant reduction in the MoS indicates substantially increased fall risk during walking [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR48\" citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e]. Integrated sEMG and gait analysis revealed enhanced coactivation of quadriceps and hamstring muscle groups during these four gait phases in patients. This compensatory activation, particularly prominent in the lateral hamstring (LH) and the lateral muscle group (LH \u0026amp; VL) during early stance and late swing, is interpreted as a critical strategy to maintain joint stability. This supports previous research [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e66\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e67\u003c/span\u003e], although the intensity and timing of the observed antagonistic coactivation vary slightly among different studies. However, our findings demonstrate that this neuromuscular adaptation correlates with compromised kinematics, including reduced KFM and ROM-knee, and elevated joint loading. This reflects a trade-off strategy in which joint efficiency is sacrificed to achieve greater stability and safety [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e68\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e69\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe ratio of antagonist to agonist strength, such as the H/Q ratio, is a key indicator of peri-articular muscle balance. The increased H/Q ratio in patients indicates an enhanced stabilizing role of the hamstrings during knee extension [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR70\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e70\u003c/span\u003e]. This was further confirmed by sEMG, which showed progressively elevated activation of the MH, LH, and their combined activity relative to the quadriceps. In addition to corroborating previous studies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR70\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e70\u003c/span\u003e], a novel finding was the observation of a similar compensatory mechanism during knee flexion, where the VL and VM acted as antagonists. To our knowledge, this finding has not been reported before. Furthermore, a shift in quadriceps balance was observed. While healthy controls exhibited greater VM than VL activation during extension, this pattern reversed with KOA progression, with VL activation becoming predominant. This altered VL-dominant pattern persisted during knee flexion, indicating that the balance pattern of the patellofemoral joint has changed or even reversed. Our results contrast with Patsika et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR70\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e70\u003c/span\u003e], who suggested that female patients increase VM activation to stabilize the patella. We observed the increased VL activation occurs throughout all K-L grades to reduce the pressure on the medial patellofemoral joint. This difference indicates that, besides the reasons mentioned by Patsika et al., stratifying patients according to K-L grades is essential for dynamically capturing muscle activation patterns. The functional objective of these coactivation patterns may differ. Increased hamstrings activity during extension likely aims to enhance sagittal stability. In contrast, the heightened anterior muscle coactivation during flexion may represent a pain-avoidance strategy, reflecting a trade-off where joint efficiency is sacrificed for stability and symptom mitigation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR71\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e71\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis comprehensive study elucidated neural regulatory associations between pathological symptoms, gait reorganization, and muscle activation in KOA. Gait parameters were significantly influenced by altered neuromuscular patterns. Multiple regression revealed increased peak KAM during early stance strongly correlated with enhanced hamstrings coactivation, particularly of the LH. Heiden et al. and Lewek et al. have demonstrated that increased LH activation is sensitive to K-L grades and significantly associated with higher peak KAM [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e64\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR72\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e72\u003c/span\u003e]. Based on previous findings[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e64\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e67\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR72\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e72\u003c/span\u003e], we believe that excessive LH activation may induce external tibial rotation, elevating medial compartment stress quantified by peak KAM. Conversely, the reduced KFM was linked to synchronous coactivation of anterior and posterior muscle groups in early stance, which likely impairs the net force generation required for gravity buffering [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e64\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e65\u003c/span\u003e]. Heightened coactivation during mid-stance was associated with reduced speed, cadence, ROM-knee, and prolonged stance time, contributing to a typical \"stiff-knee\" gait pattern that delays stress unloading, which is consistent with Hatfield et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR73\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e73\u003c/span\u003e]. Similarly, enhanced coactivation in late stance correlated with compromised speed, cadence, and prolonged stance time, possibly due to weakened net propulsion and joint stiffness during push-off [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. In the late swing phase, excessive muscle activation was related to shorter step length, reduced knee ROM, and a narrower MoS-AP. This pre-heel-strike stabilization strategy increases joint stiffness to cope with the gravitational load, but limiting limb advancement and ROM[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e64\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e65\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR73\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e73\u003c/span\u003e]. Clinically, this often triggers compensatory forward trunk leaning, which may further destabilize posture and elevate fall risk [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e65\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR75 CR76 CR77 CR78\" citationid=\"CR74\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e74\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR79\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e79\u003c/span\u003e]. Regression analysis further demonstrated that isokinetic strength parameters\u0026mdash;including APT, PTA, TPT, and AP during flexion and extension\u0026mdash;were significantly associated with elevated antagonist coactivation. These findings are partially consistent with previous research [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR5\" citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. Mechanistically, during dynamic knee flexion and extension, excessive antagonist coactivation may impede the force generation of agonists, thereby reducing the mechanical output capacity of the joints.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegression analysis confirmed that pain, stiffness, and function were strongly associated with gait speed, APT, and ROM-knee, consistent with previous literature [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e52\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR80\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e80\u003c/span\u003e]. We found that that excessive hamstrings coactivation during early stance, especially the lateral muscle groups (LH and VL), was directly associated with pain. This relationship is likely mediated by an increase in the KAM. As mentioned above, we believe that the excessive LH activation may induce external tibial rotation, concentrating stress in the medial tibiofemoral compartment (elevated peak KAM) and thereby exacerbating pain [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e64\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e67\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR72\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e72\u003c/span\u003e]. The strong inter-correlations between WOMAC-pain, peak KAM, and K-L grades suggest a vicious cycle linking medial compartment loading, pain, and disease progression [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR63 CR64\" citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e62\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e65\u003c/span\u003e]. Similarly, an increased VM/VL ratio in early stance correlated with pain, potentially due to its crucial role in patellofemoral joint stability; an imbalance here may cause abnormal stress distribution and anterior knee pain [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR70\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e70\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR81\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e81\u003c/span\u003e]. Increased quadriceps activation during mid-stancewas significantly associated with both pain and stiffness. This pattern, often accompanied by concurrent hamstrings coactivation, contributes to a \"stiff-knee\" gait [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR73\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e73\u003c/span\u003e]. This pathological adaptation correlates with detrimental alterations in speed, cadence, stance time, and ROM-knee, and delays stress unloading, thereby worsening symptoms [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e66\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e67\u003c/span\u003e]. Pain linked to increased hamstring activation in late stance may be associated with the second peak KAM, although previous studies have reported this peak is significantly lower than the first peak during early stance [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR63 CR64\" citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e62\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e65\u003c/span\u003e]. Furthermore, stiffness was also associated with hamstring coactivation in early stance and late swing, likely representing a compensatory stabilization strategy that inadvertently restricts joint mobility [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e64\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR73\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e73\u003c/span\u003e]. In severe cases, this limitation can precipitate a forward trunk lean to advance the center of gravity in late swing phase, reducing the MoS-AP and increasing fall risk [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR75 CR76 CR77 CR78\" citationid=\"CR74\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e74\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR79\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e79\u003c/span\u003e]. Regression analysis for the WOMAC-function highlighted that, beyond the above mechanisms, reduced knee extension torque is a key factor. Finally, while agonist muscle activation increases in phases like late stance (hamstrings) and late swing (quadriceps), a concurrent rise in antagonist coactivation creates an inefficient activation pattern. This neuromuscular inefficiency ultimately contributes to the progressive decline in functional performance observed with advancing KOA [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR83\" citationid=\"CR82\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e82\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR84\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e84\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study also has several limitations. Firstly, its cross-sectional design establishes associations, not absolute causality, between neuromuscular parameters and KOA severity. By including the full K-L grade spectrum, we provide indirect evidence of progression; but longitudinal studies are still needed to confirm causal pathways. Moreover, laboratory-based testing may reduce ecological validity despite ensuring high data precision and comparability. Future work should incorporate wearable sensors in free-living environments. Finally, sEMG reflects neural drive, not direct mechanical output, as force generation is modulated by factors like muscle-tendon stiffness and fatigue. The observed discordance between sEMG and strength metrics, captured via synchronous multimodal assessment, itself highlights the role of peripheral muscle-tendon properties in KOA pathology.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn summary, this study delineated associations between muscle activation patterns, gait alterations, and strength deficits in KOA. Disease progression is characterized by elevated medial compartment stress (increased KAM), worsening pain, declining quadriceps/hamstrings strength (reduced APT), and impaired joint stability. The progressively intensifying coactivation of the quadriceps and hamstrings serves as a primary compensatory stabilization strategy, yet it is also a central mechanism driving symptom deterioration, gait abnormalities, and reduced muscle performance. Future interventions should target this abnormal neuromuscular coordination, alongside strength and gait retraining, to validate its role in functional rehabilitation [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR86 CR87 CR88\" citationid=\"CR85\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e85\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR89\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e89\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5.Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eKOA progression involves a maladaptive neuromuscular strategy dominated by excessive coactivation of the hamstrings, especially the lateral hamstring, and vastus lateralis. This CNS-mediated response to instability and proprioceptive deficits initially aims to stabilize the joint but incurs a high metabolic cost, ultimately creating a vicious cycle of inefficient gait, impaired strength, and exacerbated symptoms. Our findings highlight that KOA dysfunction arises from both structural degeneration and faulty neuromuscular control. Consequently, rehabilitation must evolve to include interventions like biofeedback and gait retraining to normalize these abnormal patterns. Dynamic muscle coactivation may serve as a valuable biomarker, and future research should develop neuromodulation therapies to test if correcting these patterns can alter disease trajectory.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp skip=\"true\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding information\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e：\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp skip=\"true\"\u003eClinical Research Cultivation Project of Hospital Discipline Talent Cultivation Fund (2025IITZD0, 2024IITZDB16), Chongqing Natural Science Foundation (CSTC2021JCYJ-MSXMX0703, CSTD2024NSCQ-KJFZMSX0095), National Natural Science Foundation of China (82572836)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The Medical Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University (KY2025070)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eWriting - original draft: Zhang L, Liang P, Yu H.Writing - review \u0026amp; editing: Xu S, Xing X, Guo L.Substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work; or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the work: Qu S, Liu L,Xiao L, Tong S, Li D.Lihang Zhang, Peiyao Liang and Hang Yu contributed equally to this work and share first authorshipCorrespondence to: Shibo Xu, email: [email protected], Xing Xing, email: [email protected] and Lin Guo, email: [email protected] authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements:This task is challenging for us, especially when it comes to conducting biomechanical examinations on patients. The authors would like to express their gratitude to Dr. Ni Qiankun, Dr. Yuanqing Cai, Mr. Levi Agniwo and Dr. Ma Lin for assisting in the data collection. Also, we would like to thank Ms. Huang Pan and Ms. Zhao Yingqi for providing support in the data analysis. We are also grateful to Dr. Chen Molong and Dr. Wen Shikun for supervising the patient management process. Finally, they would like to thank Dr. Wang Yunjiao and Dr. Liang Taotao for their critically reviewing the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe data that support the findings of this study are not openly available due to reasons of sensitivity and are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. The data are located in a controlled-access data storage at the Army Medical University of the People's Liberation Army of China. The original data of this study can be provided upon reasonable request, and such requests must be approved by the relevant institutions.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAagaard P, Simonsen EB, Trolle M, Bangsbo J, Klausen K. Isokinetic hamstring/quadriceps strength ratio: influence from joint angular velocity, gravity correction and contraction mode. Acta Physiol Scand. 1995 1995/8/1;154(4):421-7. PMID: 7484168. DOI: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1111/j.1748-1716.1995.tb09927.x\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1111/j.1748-1716.1995.tb09927.x\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAlghamdi W, Preece SJ. How does normal variability in trunk flexion affect lower limb muscle activity during walking? HUM MOVEMENT SCI. 2020;72:102630. 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Effect of Tai Chi on knee pain and muscle strength in middle-aged and older adults with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial protocol. BMC COMPLEMENT MED. 2023 2023/7/20;23(1):256. DOI: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1186/s12906-023-04070-0\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1186/s12906-023-04070-0\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003eTable 1. Participant Characteristics\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"99%\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"9\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKnee OA group (n=165)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eControl (n=32)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eK-L\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eⅠ\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;(n=39)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eK-L\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eⅡ\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;(n=38)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eK-L\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eⅢ\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;(n=41)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eK-L\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eⅣ\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;(n=47)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMale(n=18)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFemale(n=21)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMale(n=18)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFemale(n=20)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMale(n=17)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFemale(n=24)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMale(n=21)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFemale(n=26)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMale(n=13)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFemale(n=19)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge (yr)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.6\u0026plusmn;7.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.3\u0026plusmn;9.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.5\u0026plusmn;9.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.4\u0026plusmn;10.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.1\u0026plusmn;7.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.1\u0026plusmn;7.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.0\u0026plusmn;9.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.5\u0026plusmn;10.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.0\u0026plusmn;8.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.3\u0026plusmn;7.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.159\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.301\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHeight (cm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170.3\u0026plusmn;6.8\u003csup\u003eɑ\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e157.3\u0026plusmn;5.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e168.6\u0026plusmn;7.3\u003csup\u003eɑ\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e157.1\u0026plusmn;7.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e169.8\u0026plusmn;7.7\u003csup\u003eɑ\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e156.7\u0026plusmn;6.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e167.9\u0026plusmn;6.7\u003csup\u003eɑ\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e156.5\u0026plusmn;4.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170.6\u0026plusmn;7.3\u003csup\u003eɑ\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e157.2\u0026plusmn;4.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.463\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.707\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWeight (kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.7\u0026plusmn;7.7\u003csup\u003eɑ\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.1\u0026plusmn;8.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.1\u0026plusmn;6.9\u003csup\u003eɑ\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.8\u0026plusmn;7.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.7\u0026plusmn;7.4\u003csup\u003eɑ\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.7\u0026plusmn;7.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.9\u0026plusmn;8.2\u003csup\u003eɑ\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.3\u0026plusmn;6.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.8\u0026plusmn;8.7\u003csup\u003eɑ\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.3\u0026plusmn;7.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.765\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.941\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBMI (kg/m\u0026sup2;)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.9\u0026plusmn;3.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.3\u0026plusmn;4.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.3\u0026plusmn;3.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.0\u0026plusmn;3.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.7\u0026plusmn;3.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.6\u0026plusmn;4.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.5\u0026plusmn;4.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.2\u0026plusmn;3.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.6\u0026plusmn;3.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.2\u0026plusmn;3.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.163\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.470\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWOMAC-pain\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.31\u0026plusmn;3.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.74\u0026plusmn;4.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.83\u0026plusmn;4.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.03\u0026plusmn;4.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.87\u0026plusmn;5.62\u003csup\u003eɑ\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.98\u0026plusmn;4.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.01\u0026plusmn;5.31\u003csup\u003eɑ\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.43\u0026plusmn;6.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.008*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWOMAC-stiffness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.07\u0026plusmn;1.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.19\u0026plusmn;1.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.21\u0026plusmn;2.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.65\u0026plusmn;1.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.07\u0026plusmn;2.18\u003csup\u003eɑ\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.33\u0026plusmn;2.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.21\u0026plusmn;3.06\u003csup\u003eɑ\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.97\u0026plusmn;3.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWOMAC-physical function\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.71\u0026plusmn;11.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.63\u0026plusmn;12.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.61\u0026plusmn;13.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.97\u0026plusmn;12.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.37\u0026plusmn;14.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.96\u0026plusmn;13.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.73\u0026plusmn;13.88\u003csup\u003eɑ\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.94\u0026plusmn;13.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData are presented as mean\u0026plusmn;standard deviation. K-L, Kellgren-Lawrence grade. BMI, body mass index. WOMAC, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index. Statistical value refers to ANOVA or the independent Student\u0026apos;s t-test. The comparisons between KOA groups and the control group in males and females were represented by p1 and p2, respectively. * indicates significant difference between KOA groups and control group,\u0026nbsp;ɑ\u0026nbsp;indicates significant difference between males and females (p \u0026lt; 0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2. Spatiotemporal, kinematic and kinetic data of gait analysis in KOA\u0026nbsp;patients and healthy controls\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"99%\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"9\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKnee OA group (n=165)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl(n=32)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eK-L\u0026nbsp;Ⅰ\u0026nbsp;(n=39)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eK-L\u0026nbsp;Ⅱ\u0026nbsp;(n=38)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eK-L\u0026nbsp;Ⅲ\u0026nbsp;(n=41)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eK-L\u0026nbsp;Ⅳ\u0026nbsp;(n=47)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAffected side\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eContralateral side\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAffected side\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eContralateral side\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAffected side\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eContralateral side\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAffected side\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eContralateral side\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpeed (m/s)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Male\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Female\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.20\u0026plusmn;0.22\u003csup\u003eɑ\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.97\u0026plusmn;0.15*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.03\u0026plusmn;0.25\u003csup\u003eɑ\u003c/sup\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.82\u0026plusmn;0.19*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.88\u0026plusmn;0.23\u003csup\u003eɑ\u003c/sup\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.69\u0026plusmn;0.17*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.68\u0026plusmn;0.26\u003csup\u003eɑ\u003c/sup\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.49\u0026plusmn;0.14*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.29\u0026plusmn;0.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.19\u0026plusmn;0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCadence (steps/min)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Male\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Female\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e120.01\u0026plusmn;5.31\u003csup\u003eɑ\u003c/sup\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e111.23\u0026plusmn;5.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e112.34\u0026plusmn;6.01\u003csup\u003eɑ\u003c/sup\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e104.72\u0026plusmn;5.11*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e103.51\u0026plusmn;6.34\u003csup\u003eɑ\u003c/sup\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93.08\u0026plusmn;5.73*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91.27\u0026plusmn;5.37\u003csup\u003eɑ\u003c/sup\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.76\u0026plusmn;4.97*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e124.22\u0026plusmn;6.11\u003csup\u003eɑ\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116.17\u0026plusmn;5.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStride length (m)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Male\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Female\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.19\u0026plusmn;0.15\u003csup\u003eɑ\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.01\u0026plusmn;0.16*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.11\u0026plusmn;0.13\u003csup\u003eɑ\u003c/sup\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.91\u0026plusmn;0.16*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u0026plusmn;0.15\u003csup\u003eɑ\u003c/sup\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.87\u0026plusmn;0.19*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.86\u0026plusmn;0.17\u003csup\u003eɑ\u003c/sup\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.70\u0026plusmn;0.20*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.29\u0026plusmn;0.11\u003csup\u003eɑ\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.20\u0026plusmn;0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStep length (m)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Male\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Female\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.61\u0026plusmn;0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.54\u0026plusmn;0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.63\u0026plusmn;0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.57\u0026plusmn;0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.57\u0026plusmn;0.16\u003csup\u003eɑ\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.47\u0026plusmn;0.10*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.60\u0026plusmn;0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.48\u0026plusmn;0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.47\u0026plusmn;0.15*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.39\u0026plusmn;0.11*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.54\u0026plusmn;0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.44\u0026plusmn;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.40\u0026plusmn;0.12\u003csup\u003eɑ\u003c/sup\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.33\u0026plusmn;0.10*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.47\u0026plusmn;0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.38\u0026plusmn;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.65\u0026plusmn;0.10\u003csup\u003eɑ\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.57\u0026plusmn;0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eASI\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e/ASI\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.87\u0026plusmn;2.24/2.73\u0026plusmn;2.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.10\u0026plusmn;2.39/2.83\u0026plusmn;2.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.39\u0026plusmn;2.52/3.08\u0026plusmn;2.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.06\u0026plusmn;2.80/3.80\u0026plusmn;2.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStance time (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Male\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Female\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.11\u0026plusmn;6.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.72\u0026plusmn;6.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.07\u0026plusmn;3.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.08\u0026plusmn;4.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.51\u0026plusmn;5.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.56\u0026plusmn;5.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.62\u0026plusmn;4.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.51\u0026plusmn;4.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.65\u0026plusmn;6.02*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.41\u0026plusmn;5.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.17\u0026plusmn;4.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.38\u0026plusmn;4.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.34\u0026plusmn;5.73*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.77\u0026plusmn;3.93*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.04\u0026plusmn;4.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.89\u0026plusmn;3.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.56\u0026plusmn;5.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.38\u0026plusmn;4.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eASI\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e/ASI\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.11\u0026plusmn;1.58/1.72\u0026plusmn;1.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.77\u0026plusmn;1.32/1.72\u0026plusmn;1.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.27\u0026plusmn;1.67/1.90\u0026plusmn;1.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.55\u0026plusmn;1.79/2.28\u0026plusmn;1.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eROM-hip (\u0026deg;)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Male\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Female\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.08\u0026plusmn;9.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.93\u0026plusmn;8.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.91\u0026plusmn;9.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.22\u0026plusmn;7.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.71\u0026plusmn;10.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.82\u0026plusmn;9.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.21\u0026plusmn;7.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.63\u0026plusmn;8.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.84\u0026plusmn;11.22*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.27\u0026plusmn;9.86*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.71\u0026plusmn;8.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.51\u0026plusmn;8.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.66\u0026plusmn;10.71*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.54\u0026plusmn;12.24*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.29\u0026plusmn;9.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.39\u0026plusmn;10.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.01\u0026plusmn;10.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.21\u0026plusmn;11.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eASI\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e/ASI\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.25\u0026plusmn;3.37/4.06\u0026plusmn;3.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.60\u0026plusmn;3.58/4.13\u0026plusmn;3.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.87\u0026plusmn;3.70/4.53\u0026plusmn;3.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.42\u0026plusmn;3.93/5.12\u0026plusmn;3.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eROM-knee (\u0026deg;)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Male\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Female\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.33\u0026plusmn;13.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.93\u0026plusmn;14.68*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.07\u0026plusmn;11.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.07\u0026plusmn;12.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.87\u0026plusmn;15.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.74\u0026plusmn;12.96*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.56\u0026plusmn;9.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.20\u0026plusmn;10.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.60\u0026plusmn;12.36*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.39\u0026plusmn;9.48*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.77\u0026plusmn;8.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.83\u0026plusmn;9.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.71\u0026plusmn;18.79*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.08\u0026plusmn;16.17*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.77\u0026plusmn;11.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.70\u0026plusmn;13.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.51\u0026plusmn;12.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.71\u0026plusmn;10.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eASI\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e/ASI\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.24\u0026plusmn;2.49/3.03\u0026plusmn;2.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.27\u0026plusmn;2.50/3.15\u0026plusmn;2.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.69\u0026plusmn;2.74/3.53\u0026plusmn;2.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.34\u0026plusmn;2.99/4.03\u0026plusmn;2.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eROM-ankle (\u0026deg;)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Male\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Female\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.61\u0026plusmn;5.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.07\u0026plusmn;6.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.26\u0026plusmn;5.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.15\u0026plusmn;6.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.38\u0026plusmn;7.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.11\u0026plusmn;8.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.94\u0026plusmn;6.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.72\u0026plusmn;5.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.05\u0026plusmn;9.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.12\u0026plusmn;11.36*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.13\u0026plusmn;9.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.85\u0026plusmn;8.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.75\u0026plusmn;11.29*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.29\u0026plusmn;13.21*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.81\u0026plusmn;8.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.77\u0026plusmn;7.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.64\u0026plusmn;6.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.81\u0026plusmn;7.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eASI\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e/ASI\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.04\u0026plusmn;3.17/3.92\u0026plusmn;3.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.17\u0026plusmn;3.25/3.79\u0026plusmn;2.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.57\u0026plusmn;3.44/4.14\u0026plusmn;3.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.30\u0026plusmn;3.73/4.82\u0026plusmn;3.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePeak KFM\u0026nbsp;(Nm/(BW\u0026times;HT)%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Male\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Female\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.49\u0026plusmn;1.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.17\u0026plusmn;1.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.55\u0026plusmn;1.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.42\u0026plusmn;1.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.21\u0026plusmn;1.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.96\u0026plusmn;1.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.37\u0026plusmn;1.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.19\u0026plusmn;1.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.73\u0026plusmn;1.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.41\u0026plusmn;1.26*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.09\u0026plusmn;1.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.98\u0026plusmn;0.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.18\u0026plusmn;1.22*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.94\u0026plusmn;1.04*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.76\u0026plusmn;0.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.35\u0026plusmn;0.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.76\u0026plusmn;1.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.41\u0026plusmn;1.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.007*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eASI\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e/ASI\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.47\u0026plusmn;4.32/5.36\u0026plusmn;4.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.33\u0026plusmn;5.04/7.16\u0026plusmn;4.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.88\u0026plusmn;5.47/9.45\u0026plusmn;5.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.77\u0026plusmn;5.79/13.84\u0026plusmn;5.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePeak KAM\u0026nbsp;(Nm/(BW\u0026times;HT)%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Male\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Female\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.35\u0026plusmn;0.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.73\u0026plusmn;0.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.74\u0026plusmn;0.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.76\u0026plusmn;0.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.72\u0026plusmn;0.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.96\u0026plusmn;1.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.79\u0026plusmn;0.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.23\u0026plusmn;0.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.22\u0026plusmn;1.38*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.56\u0026plusmn;1.47*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.41\u0026plusmn;1.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.78\u0026plusmn;1.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.86\u0026plusmn;1.66*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.33\u0026plusmn;1.96*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.01\u0026plusmn;1.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.41\u0026plusmn;1.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.02\u0026plusmn;0.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.61\u0026plusmn;0.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.005*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eASI\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e/ASI\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.69\u0026plusmn;3.58/4.36\u0026plusmn;3.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.32\u0026plusmn;3.30/4.13\u0026plusmn;3.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.73\u0026plusmn;3.59/4.54\u0026plusmn;3.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.04\u0026plusmn;3.83/4.97\u0026plusmn;3.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKAM impulse\u0026nbsp;(Nm.s/(BW\u0026times;HT)%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Male\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Female\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.02\u0026plusmn;0.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.17\u0026plusmn;0.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.06\u0026plusmn;0.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.19\u0026plusmn;0.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.19\u0026plusmn;0.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.25\u0026plusmn;0.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.22\u0026plusmn;0.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.31\u0026plusmn;0.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.43\u0026plusmn;0.67*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.52\u0026plusmn;0.75*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.55\u0026plusmn;0.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.60\u0026plusmn;0.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.62\u0026plusmn;0.89*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.86\u0026plusmn;0.96*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.71\u0026plusmn;0.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.93\u0026plusmn;0.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.87\u0026plusmn;0.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.10\u0026plusmn;0.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.007*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eASI\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e/ASI\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.24\u0026plusmn;4.06/4.85\u0026plusmn;3.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.98\u0026plusmn;3.78/4.59\u0026plusmn;3.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.52\u0026plusmn;4.16/5.17\u0026plusmn;3.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.95\u0026plusmn;4.49/5.81\u0026plusmn;4.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMoS-AP (m)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Male\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Female\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.32\u0026plusmn;0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.31\u0026plusmn;0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.27\u0026plusmn;0.14*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u0026plusmn;0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u0026plusmn;0.11*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.19\u0026plusmn;0.08*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.14\u0026plusmn;0.08*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u0026plusmn;0.08*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.36\u0026plusmn;0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.34\u0026plusmn;0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.006*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.004*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMoS-ML (m)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Male\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Female\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u0026plusmn;0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15\u0026plusmn;0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15\u0026plusmn;0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u0026plusmn;0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u0026plusmn;0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u0026plusmn;0.06*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u0026plusmn;0.06*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u0026plusmn;0.04*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u0026plusmn;0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u0026plusmn;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData are presented as mean\u0026plusmn;standard deviation. K-L, Kellgren-Lawrence grade. RoM, range of motion in the sagittal plane. KFM, knee flexion moment. KAM, knee adduction moment. MoS, margins of stability. AP, Anterior-posterior. ML, Medial-lateral. ASI, Asymmetry index. ASI\u003csub\u003e1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003eand\u003csub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003eASI\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e represent the lower limb symmetry of males and females, respectively. ASI, Asymmetry index. ASI\u003csub\u003e1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003eand\u003csub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003eASI\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e represent the lower limb symmetry of males and females, respectively. An ASI value of \u0026quot;0\u0026quot; indicates absolute symmetry between the two lower limbs, while a larger ASI value indicates a higher degree of asymmetry. Statistical value refers to ANOVA or the independent Student\u0026apos;s t-test. The comparisons between KOA groups and the control group in males and females were represented by p1 and p2, respectively. * indicates significant difference between KOA groups and control group,\u0026nbsp;ɑ\u0026nbsp;indicates significant difference between males and females (p \u0026lt; 0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 3. Data of isokinetic muscle strength test in in KOA patients and healthy controls (at 60\u0026deg;/s)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"99%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"12\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKnee OA group (n=165)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl(n=32)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eK-L Ⅰ (n=39)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eK-L Ⅱ (n=38)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eK-L Ⅲ (n=41)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eK-L Ⅳ (n=47)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAffected side\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eContralateral side\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAffected side\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eContralateral side\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAffected side\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eContralateral side\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAffected side\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eContralateral side\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"15\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExtension/Quadriceps\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAPT\u0026nbsp;(Nm/kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Male\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Female\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.31\u0026plusmn;0.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.17\u0026plusmn;0.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.36\u0026plusmn;0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.20\u0026plusmn;0.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.21\u0026plusmn;0.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.04\u0026plusmn;0.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.30\u0026plusmn;0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.11\u0026plusmn;0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.09\u0026plusmn;0.50*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.80\u0026plusmn;0.39*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.21\u0026plusmn;0.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.04\u0026plusmn;0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.81\u0026plusmn;0.38*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.55\u0026plusmn;0.27*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.16\u0026plusmn;0.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.96\u0026plusmn;0.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.46\u0026plusmn;0.31\u003csup\u003eɑ\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.21\u0026plusmn;0.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.005*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLSI\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e/LSI\u003csub\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92.4\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;5.5/90.0\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;5.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.9\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;6.2/80.1\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;6.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.1\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;6.5/69.0\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;6.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.2\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;5.4/57.8\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;5.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePTA\u0026nbsp;(\u0026deg;)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Male\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Female\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.73\u0026plusmn;7.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.45\u0026plusmn;8.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.56\u0026plusmn;7.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.33\u0026plusmn;8.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.90\u0026plusmn;10.08*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.45\u0026plusmn;11.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.47\u0026plusmn;9.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.17\u0026plusmn;7.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.55\u0026plusmn;14.86*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.04\u0026plusmn;13.26*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.57\u0026plusmn;10.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.29\u0026plusmn;9.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.61\u0026plusmn;17.35*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.82\u0026plusmn;15.56*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.57\u0026plusmn;11.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.36\u0026plusmn;9.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.38\u0026plusmn;12.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.74\u0026plusmn;11.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLSI\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e/LSI\u003csub\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91.6\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;5.5/89.4\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;5.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.1\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;6.2/79.4\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;6.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.5\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;6.4/68.6\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;6.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.6\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;5.5/58.4\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;5.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTPT\u0026nbsp;(s)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Male\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Female\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.73\u0026plusmn;0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.78\u0026plusmn;0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.71\u0026plusmn;0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.79\u0026plusmn;0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.80\u0026plusmn;0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.87\u0026plusmn;0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.75\u0026plusmn;0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.81\u0026plusmn;0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.90\u0026plusmn;0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.92\u0026plusmn;0.25*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.77\u0026plusmn;0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.81\u0026plusmn;0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.99\u0026plusmn;0.35*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.01\u0026plusmn;0.31*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.82\u0026plusmn;0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.83\u0026plusmn;0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.70\u0026plusmn;0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.77\u0026plusmn;0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.026*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLSI\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e/LSI\u003csub\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92.7\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;5.6/90.6\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;5.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83.3\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;6.2/80.7\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;6.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.7\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;6.5/69.8\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;7.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.9\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;5.5/58.7\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;5.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAP (w)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Male\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Female\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91.85\u0026plusmn;14.10\u003csup\u003eɑ\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.43\u0026plusmn;13.71*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96.97\u0026plusmn;10.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89.29\u0026plusmn;9.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.11\u0026plusmn;16.80\u003csup\u003eɑ\u003c/sup\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.33\u0026plusmn;12.60*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90.55\u0026plusmn;9.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87.35\u0026plusmn;8.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.03\u0026plusmn;18.57*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.42\u0026plusmn;17.56*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85.76\u0026plusmn;12.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84.52\u0026plusmn;11.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.41\u0026plusmn;18.64*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.82\u0026plusmn;16.94*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.68\u0026plusmn;13.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77.23\u0026plusmn;11.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.57\u0026plusmn;16.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89.71\u0026plusmn;12.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLSI\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e/LSI\u003csub\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91.8\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;5.5/89.5\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;5.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.4\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;6.2/79.6\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;6.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.8\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;6.5/68.7\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;6.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.1\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;5.4/57.9\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;5.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"13\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFlexion/Hamstring\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAPT\u0026nbsp;(Nm/kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Male\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Female\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.88\u0026plusmn;0.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.79\u0026plusmn;0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.88\u0026plusmn;0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.80\u0026plusmn;0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.84\u0026plusmn;0.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.71\u0026plusmn;0.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.85\u0026plusmn;0.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.75\u0026plusmn;0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.78\u0026plusmn;0.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.56\u0026plusmn;0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.81\u0026plusmn;0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.72\u0026plusmn;0.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.61\u0026plusmn;0.31*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.44\u0026plusmn;0.23*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.80\u0026plusmn;0.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.68\u0026plusmn;0.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.95\u0026plusmn;0.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.80\u0026plusmn;0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.043*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLSI\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e/LSI\u003csub\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91.0\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;5.5/88.4\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;5.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.4\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;6.1/78.4\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;6.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.6\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;6.5/67.4\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;6.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.8\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;5.3/56.3\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;5.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePTA\u0026nbsp;(\u0026deg;)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Male\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Female\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.68\u0026plusmn;7.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.26\u0026plusmn;6.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.77\u0026plusmn;5.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.43\u0026plusmn;6.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.51\u0026plusmn;8.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.41\u0026plusmn;9.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.52\u0026plusmn;6.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.47\u0026plusmn;6.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.33\u0026plusmn;12.38*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.54\u0026plusmn;15.88*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.85\u0026plusmn;9.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.82\u0026plusmn;7.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.07\u0026plusmn;18.81*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.34\u0026plusmn;23.29*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.63\u0026plusmn;5.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.70\u0026plusmn;6.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.03\u0026plusmn;5.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.74\u0026plusmn;6.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.392\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLSI\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e/LSI\u003csub\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91.3\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;5.5/88.9\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;5.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.9\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;6.1/79.0\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;6.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.2\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;6.5/68.1\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;6.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.4\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;5.3/57.1\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;5.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTPT\u0026nbsp;(s)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Male\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Female\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.59\u0026plusmn;0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.62\u0026plusmn;0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.62\u0026plusmn;0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.60\u0026plusmn;0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.64\u0026plusmn;0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.68\u0026plusmn;0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.63\u0026plusmn;0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.62\u0026plusmn;0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.74\u0026plusmn;0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.77\u0026plusmn;0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.66\u0026plusmn;0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.64\u0026plusmn;0.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.83\u0026plusmn;0.30*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.85\u0026plusmn;0.25*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.69\u0026plusmn;0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.69\u0026plusmn;0.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.60\u0026plusmn;0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.59\u0026plusmn;0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.004*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLSI\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e/LSI\u003csub\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91.2\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;5.5/88.7\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;5.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.6\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;6.1/78.7\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;6.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.9\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;6.5/67.8\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;6.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.1\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;5.3/56.8\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;5.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAP (w)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Male\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Female\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.14\u0026plusmn;14.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.39\u0026plusmn;13.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.68\u0026plusmn;14.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.72\u0026plusmn;10.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.68\u0026plusmn;19.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.78\u0026plusmn;16.73*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.88\u0026plusmn;13.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.36\u0026plusmn;12.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.32\u0026plusmn;18.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.99\u0026plusmn;17.87*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.19\u0026plusmn;16.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.05\u0026plusmn;16.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.12\u0026plusmn;19.34*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.83\u0026plusmn;13.27*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.87\u0026plusmn;13.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.33\u0026plusmn;18.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.14\u0026plusmn;13.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.42\u0026plusmn;15.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLSI\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e/LSI\u003csub\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91.5\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;5.5/89.0\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;5.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.1\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;6.2/79.2\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;6.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.4\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;6.5/68.3\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;6.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.6\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;5.4/57.3\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;5.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH/Q (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Male\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Female\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.9\u0026plusmn;13.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.2\u0026plusmn;11.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.6\u0026plusmn;10.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.3\u0026plusmn;10.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.9\u0026plusmn;12.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.3\u0026plusmn;11.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.4\u0026plusmn;13.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.5\u0026plusmn;12.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.1\u0026plusmn;10.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.5\u0026plusmn;11.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.3\u0026plusmn;12.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.7\u0026plusmn;13.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.7\u0026plusmn;10.4*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77.8\u0026plusmn;7.5*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.3\u0026plusmn;10.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.8\u0026plusmn;9.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.4\u0026plusmn;9.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.5\u0026plusmn;9.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.046*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLSI\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e/LSI\u003csub\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91.7\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;5.5/89.2\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;5.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.3\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;6.2/79.4\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;6.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.6\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;6.5/68.5\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;6.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.8\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;5.4/57.5\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;5.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData are presented as mean\u0026plusmn;standard deviation. K-L, Kellgren-Lawrence grade. APT, average peak torque. PTA, angle at peak torque. TPT, time to peak torque. AP, average power. H/Q, the ratio of hamstring torque to quadriceps torque during concentric contraction. LSI, limb symmetry index. LSI\u003csub\u003e1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003eand\u003csub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003eLSI\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e represent the lower limb symmetry of males and females, respectively. Statistical value refers to ANOVA or the independent Student\u0026apos;s t-test. The comparisons between KOA groups and the control group in males and females were represented by p1 and p2, respectively. * indicates significant difference between KOA groups and control group,\u0026nbsp;ɑ\u0026nbsp;indicates significant difference between males and females (p \u0026lt; 0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 4. sEMG data of KOA\u0026nbsp;patients and healthy controls synchronized with gait analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"99%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"11\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKnee OA group (n=165)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl(n=32)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eK-L Ⅰ (n=39)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eK-L Ⅱ (n=38)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eK-L Ⅲ (n=41)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eK-L Ⅳ (n=47)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAffected side\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eContralateral side\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAffected side\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eContralateral side\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAffected side\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eContralateral side\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAffected side\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eContralateral side\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"13\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEarly stance phase\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLH/VL \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.60\u0026plusmn;0.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.60\u0026plusmn;0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.68\u0026plusmn;0.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.62\u0026plusmn;0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.76\u0026plusmn;0.29*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.65\u0026plusmn;0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.81\u0026plusmn;0.38*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.69\u0026plusmn;0.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.57\u0026plusmn;0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.010*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMH/VM \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.64\u0026plusmn;0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.65\u0026plusmn;0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.69\u0026plusmn;0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.64\u0026plusmn;0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.70\u0026plusmn;0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.68\u0026plusmn;0.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.77\u0026plusmn;0.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.70\u0026plusmn;0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.68\u0026plusmn;0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.301\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLH/MH \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.29\u0026plusmn;0.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.22\u0026plusmn;0.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.43\u0026plusmn;0.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.35\u0026plusmn;0.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.56\u0026plusmn;0.64*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.41\u0026plusmn;0.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.83\u0026plusmn;0.83*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.60\u0026plusmn;0.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.17\u0026plusmn;0.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVM/VL \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.72\u0026plusmn;0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.75\u0026plusmn;0.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.76\u0026plusmn;0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.77\u0026plusmn;0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.82\u0026plusmn;0.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.61\u0026plusmn;0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.91\u0026plusmn;0.35*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.64\u0026plusmn;0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.74\u0026plusmn;0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLH+MH/\u003cem\u003eLH+MH \u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23\u0026plusmn;0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u0026plusmn;0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.27\u0026plusmn;0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u0026plusmn;0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.32\u0026plusmn;0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.24\u0026plusmn;0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.40\u0026plusmn;0.29*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.27\u0026plusmn;0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u0026plusmn;0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVM+VL/\u003cem\u003eVM+VL \u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.37\u0026plusmn;0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.35\u0026plusmn;0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.40\u0026plusmn;0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.36\u0026plusmn;0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.44\u0026plusmn;0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.35\u0026plusmn;0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.51\u0026plusmn;0.24*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.37\u0026plusmn;0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.36\u0026plusmn;0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.012*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"12\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMid-stance phase\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLH/VL \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.72\u0026plusmn;0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.70\u0026plusmn;0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.74\u0026plusmn;0.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.71\u0026plusmn;0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.79\u0026plusmn;0.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.73\u0026plusmn;0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.85\u0026plusmn;0.37*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.77\u0026plusmn;0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.71\u0026plusmn;0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.048*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMH/VM \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.73\u0026plusmn;0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.73\u0026plusmn;0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.77\u0026plusmn;0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.74\u0026plusmn;0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.83\u0026plusmn;0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.77\u0026plusmn;0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.86\u0026plusmn;0.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.82\u0026plusmn;0.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.76\u0026plusmn;0.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.526\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLH/MH \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.30\u0026plusmn;0.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.26\u0026plusmn;0.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.37\u0026plusmn;0.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.28\u0026plusmn;0.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.55\u0026plusmn;0.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.30\u0026plusmn;0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.70\u0026plusmn;0.82*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.30\u0026plusmn;0.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.31\u0026plusmn;0.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.010*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVM/VL \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.71\u0026plusmn;0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.72\u0026plusmn;0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.68\u0026plusmn;0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.73\u0026plusmn;0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.62\u0026plusmn;0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.74\u0026plusmn;0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.56\u0026plusmn;0.30*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.70\u0026plusmn;0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.72\u0026plusmn;0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLH+MH/\u003cem\u003eLH+MH \u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u0026plusmn;0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10\u0026plusmn;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15\u0026plusmn;0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12\u0026plusmn;0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.18\u0026plusmn;0.10*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u0026plusmn;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23\u0026plusmn;0.17*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u0026plusmn;0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u0026plusmn;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.021*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVM+VL/\u003cem\u003eVM+VL \u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u0026plusmn;0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15\u0026plusmn;0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u0026plusmn;0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u0026plusmn;0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23\u0026plusmn;0.12*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.18\u0026plusmn;0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.26\u0026plusmn;0.19*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u0026plusmn;0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u0026plusmn;0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"13\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLate stance phase\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLH/VL \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.81\u0026plusmn;0.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.86\u0026plusmn;0.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.91\u0026plusmn;0.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.88\u0026plusmn;0.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.17\u0026plusmn;0.53*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.96\u0026plusmn;0.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.28\u0026plusmn;0.66*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.02\u0026plusmn;0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.82\u0026plusmn;0.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.027*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMH/VM \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.53\u0026plusmn;0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.55\u0026plusmn;0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.60\u0026plusmn;0.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.57\u0026plusmn;0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.70\u0026plusmn;0.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.61\u0026plusmn;0.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.76\u0026plusmn;0.39*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.60\u0026plusmn;0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.53\u0026plusmn;0.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.025*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLH/MH \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.01\u0026plusmn;0.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.14\u0026plusmn;0.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.26\u0026plusmn;1.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.10\u0026plusmn;0.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.44\u0026plusmn;1.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.22\u0026plusmn;1.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.65\u0026plusmn;1.35*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.25\u0026plusmn;1.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.11\u0026plusmn;0.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.021*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVM/VL \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.70\u0026plusmn;0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.71\u0026plusmn;0.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.73\u0026plusmn;0.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.70\u0026plusmn;0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.76\u0026plusmn;0.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.75\u0026plusmn;0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.81\u0026plusmn;0.42*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.76\u0026plusmn;0.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.72\u0026plusmn;0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLH+MH/\u003cem\u003eLH+MH \u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u0026plusmn;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u0026plusmn;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12\u0026plusmn;0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10\u0026plusmn;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.19\u0026plusmn;0.11*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15\u0026plusmn;0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.31\u0026plusmn;0.19*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.18\u0026plusmn;0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u0026plusmn;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVM+VL/\u003cem\u003eVM+VL \u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10\u0026plusmn;0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u0026plusmn;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u0026plusmn;0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10\u0026plusmn;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.18\u0026plusmn;0.10*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u0026plusmn;0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.26\u0026plusmn;0.17*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.18\u0026plusmn;0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u0026plusmn;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"13\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLate swing phase\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLH/VL \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.24\u0026plusmn;0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u0026plusmn;0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u0026plusmn;0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.22\u0026plusmn;0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.30\u0026plusmn;0.17*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u0026plusmn;0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.38\u0026plusmn;0.19*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u0026plusmn;0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.22\u0026plusmn;0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMH/VM \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u0026plusmn;0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u0026plusmn;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u0026plusmn;0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.18\u0026plusmn;0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23\u0026plusmn;0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u0026plusmn;0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u0026plusmn;0.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u0026plusmn;0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u0026plusmn;0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.521\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLH/MH \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.63\u0026plusmn;0.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.58\u0026plusmn;0.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.70\u0026plusmn;0.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.64\u0026plusmn;0.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.88\u0026plusmn;1.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.71\u0026plusmn;0.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.20\u0026plusmn;1.12*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.80\u0026plusmn;0.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.64\u0026plusmn;0.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.009*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVM/VL \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.75\u0026plusmn;0.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.72\u0026plusmn;0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.71\u0026plusmn;0.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.70\u0026plusmn;0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.65\u0026plusmn;0.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.68\u0026plusmn;0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.59\u0026plusmn;0.30*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.73\u0026plusmn;0.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.78\u0026plusmn;0.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.023*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLH+MH/\u003cem\u003eLH+MH \u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u0026plusmn;0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u0026plusmn;0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u0026plusmn;0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12\u0026plusmn;0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.19\u0026plusmn;0.12*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u0026plusmn;0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u0026plusmn;0.17*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.18\u0026plusmn;0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10\u0026plusmn;0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVM+VL/\u003cem\u003eVM+VL \u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u0026plusmn;0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.24\u0026plusmn;0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.30\u0026plusmn;0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u0026plusmn;0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.36\u0026plusmn;0.20*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.27\u0026plusmn;0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.40\u0026plusmn;0.22*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.31\u0026plusmn;0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.22\u0026plusmn;0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData are presented as mean\u0026plusmn;standard deviation. K-L, Kellgren-Lawrence grade. LH, lateral hamstring. VL,vastus lateralis. VM, vastus medialis. MH, medial hamstring. \u003cem\u003eLH+MH\u003c/em\u003e, the sum of the maximum surface electromyography amplitudes of the medial and lateral hamstrings during knee flexion in isokinetic muscle strength testing. \u003cem\u003eVM+VL\u003c/em\u003e, the sum of the maximum surface electromyography amplitudes of the vastus medialis and vastus lateralis during knee extension in isokinetic muscle strength testing. Statistical value refers to ANOVA or the independent Student\u0026apos;s t-test. The comparisons between KOA groups and the control group in males and females were represented by p1 and p2, respectively. * indicates significant difference between KOA groups and control group,\u0026nbsp;ɑ\u0026nbsp;indicates significant difference between males and females (p \u0026lt; 0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 5. sEMG data of KOA\u0026nbsp;patients and healthy controls synchronized with isokinetic muscle strength test\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"99%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"10\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKnee OA group (n=165)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl(n=32)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eK-L Ⅰ (n=39)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eK-L Ⅱ (n=38)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eK-L Ⅲ (n=41)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eK-L Ⅳ (n=47)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAffected side\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eContralateral side\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAffected side\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eContralateral side\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAffected side\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eContralateral side\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAffected side\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eContralateral side\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"12\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExtension at 60\u0026deg;/s\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVM/VL \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.31\u0026plusmn;0.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.30\u0026plusmn;0.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.21\u0026plusmn;0.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.26\u0026plusmn;0.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.01\u0026plusmn;0.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.19\u0026plusmn;0.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.83\u0026plusmn;0.47*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.08\u0026plusmn;0.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.36\u0026plusmn;0.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.007*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMH/LH \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.66\u0026plusmn;0.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.54\u0026plusmn;0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.65\u0026plusmn;0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.51\u0026plusmn;0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.61\u0026plusmn;0.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.52\u0026plusmn;0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.62\u0026plusmn;0.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.47\u0026plusmn;0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.67\u0026plusmn;0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.320\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMH+LH/VM+VL \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u0026plusmn;0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u0026plusmn;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u0026plusmn;0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u0026plusmn;0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u0026plusmn;0.10*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u0026plusmn;0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u0026plusmn;0.12*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u0026plusmn;0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10\u0026plusmn;0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMH/\u003cem\u003eMH \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.18\u0026plusmn;0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15\u0026plusmn;0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u0026plusmn;0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.18\u0026plusmn;0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23\u0026plusmn;0.13*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.18\u0026plusmn;0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.24\u0026plusmn;0.15*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u0026plusmn;0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u0026plusmn;0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.012*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLH/\u003cem\u003eLH \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15\u0026plusmn;0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u0026plusmn;0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.18\u0026plusmn;0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u0026plusmn;0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.22\u0026plusmn;0.14*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15\u0026plusmn;0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.27\u0026plusmn;0.19*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15\u0026plusmn;0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u0026plusmn;0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.022*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"12\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFlexion at 60\u0026deg;/s\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVM/VL \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.59\u0026plusmn;0.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.62\u0026plusmn;0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.51\u0026plusmn;0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.63\u0026plusmn;0.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.45\u0026plusmn;0.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.57\u0026plusmn;0.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.36\u0026plusmn;0.21*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.55\u0026plusmn;0.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.63\u0026plusmn;0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.017*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMH/LH \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.72\u0026plusmn;0.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.78\u0026plusmn;0.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.65\u0026plusmn;0.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.75\u0026plusmn;0.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.59\u0026plusmn;0.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.68\u0026plusmn;0.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.49\u0026plusmn;0.35*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.69\u0026plusmn;0.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.76\u0026plusmn;0.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.026*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVM+VL/MH+LH \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.32\u0026plusmn;0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.27\u0026plusmn;0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.34\u0026plusmn;0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.30\u0026plusmn;0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.36\u0026plusmn;0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.29\u0026plusmn;0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.38\u0026plusmn;0.22*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.33\u0026plusmn;0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u0026plusmn;0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.032*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVM/\u003cem\u003eVM \u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u0026plusmn;0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10\u0026plusmn;0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u0026plusmn;0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u0026plusmn;0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10\u0026plusmn;0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u0026plusmn;0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10\u0026plusmn;0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u0026plusmn;0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u0026plusmn;0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.286\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVL/\u003cem\u003eVL \u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u0026plusmn;0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15\u0026plusmn;0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23\u0026plusmn;0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u0026plusmn;0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u0026plusmn;0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u0026plusmn;0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u0026plusmn;0.17*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u0026plusmn;0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.18\u0026plusmn;0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.018*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData are presented as mean\u0026plusmn;standard deviation. K-L, Kellgren-Lawrence grade. LH, lateral hamstring. VL,vastus lateralis. VM, vastus medialis. MH, medial hamstring. \u003cem\u003eMH\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;LH,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ethe maximum surface electromyography amplitudes of the medial and lateral hamstrings during knee flexion in isokinetic muscle strength testing. \u003cem\u003eVM\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;VL\u003c/em\u003e, the maximum surface electromyography amplitudes of the vastus medialis and vastus lateralis during knee extension in isokinetic muscle strength testing. Statistical value refers to ANOVA or the independent Student\u0026apos;s t-test. The comparisons between KOA groups and the control group in males and females were represented by p1 and p2, respectively. * indicates significant difference between KOA groups and control group, ɑ indicates significant difference between males and females (p \u0026lt; 0.05).\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Knee Osteoarthritis, Muscle Activation, Gait Analysis, Muscle strength, Electromyography, Biomechanics, Neuromodulation","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8755689/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8755689/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eObjective\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study aimed to investigate the neuromuscular adaptive mechanisms across different stages of knee osteoarthritis (KOA) by comprehensively evaluating the relationships between symptoms, muscle activation patterns, muscle strength, and gait parameters.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this cross-sectional study, 197 unilateral KOA patients (Kellgren-Lawrence grades I-IV; 55.2% females) and 32 healthy controls underwent synchronized gait analysis, isokinetic strength testing, surface electromyography (sEMG), and knee joint symptoms (WOMAC scores). Spatiotemporal, kinematic, kinetic parameters, muscle strength, and muscle activation cocontraction ratios were measured and compared. Group comparisons were conducted using one-way ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis tests, with post-hoc analyses (Tukey's post-hoc or Bonferroni correction). Spearman correlation and multiple linear regression models​were employed to examine relationships between muscle activation, biomechanical parameters, and WOMAC scores.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompared to controls, KOA patients exhibited progressively deteriorating gait patterns and strength performance with increasing disease severity (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). A distinct compensatory neuromuscular strategy, characterized by excessive coactivation of the hamstrings, particularly the lateral hamstring, and vastus lateralis, was identified (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.002\u0026ndash;0.048). This adaptive pattern was strongly associated with reduced knee flexion moment (KFM), elevated knee adduction moment (KAM) impulse, and increased joint loading (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.004\u0026ndash;0.038). Notably, these changes were evident from early stages (K-L II) and intensified significantly in advanced KOA (K-L\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;III), correlating with higher WOMAC pain, stiffness and functional scores (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u0026ndash;0.046). Significant asymmetry was observed between the affected and contralateral limbs (ASI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.72\u0026ndash;13.84; LSI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;56.3\u0026ndash;92.7%).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe progression of KOA is characterized by a maladaptive neuromuscular compensatory strategy. While aiming to stabilize the joint, this strategy ultimately leads to biomechanical inefficiency, exacerbating symptoms and functional decline. Targeting these abnormal activation patterns through neuromodulatory rehabilitation could be a promising strategy for mitigating disease progression.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The effects of muscle coactivation patterns on gait, muscle strength and symptoms in different stages of knee osteoarthritis","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-02-18 07:23:33","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8755689/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"23c0f3bb-72ae-4b91-934d-1dec252b08b2","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 18th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-06T12:09:29+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-02-18 07:23:33","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8755689","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8755689","identity":"rs-8755689","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}