Prevalence and Associated Factors of Person-Centred Maternity Care Among Women Who Gave Birth in Public Hospitals of West Arsi Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia, 2023

Prevalence and Associated Factors of Person-Centred Maternity Care Among Women Who Gave Birth in Public Hospitals of West Arsi Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia, 2023 | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Prevalence and Associated Factors of Person-Centred Maternity Care Among Women Who Gave Birth in Public Hospitals of West Arsi Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia, 2023 Bonso Bonso Ami Morke, Aman Dekamo, Negeso Gebeyehu This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6535872/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 14 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background : Person-centered maternity care (PCMC) is critical for improving maternal and neonatal outcomes, yet its prevalence and determinants in Ethiopia remain underexplored. This study assessed the prevalence of PCMC and associated factors among women who gave birth in public hospitals in West Arsi Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia, in 2023. Methods : A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted from July to September 2023, involving 381 women who gave birth in four public hospitals (Shashamene Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Melka Oda General Hospital, Nagelle Arsi Primary Hospital, and Dodola General Hospital). Systematic sampling was used to select participants. Data were collected using a validated PCMC scale adapted from prior studies, entered into COBO software, and analyzed using SPSS version 25. Descriptive statistics summarized prevalence, while bivariate and multivariable logistic regression identified factors associated with PCMC, with significance set at p<0.05. Results : The prevalence of PCMC was 47% (95% CI: 41.9–52.1%). Communication and autonomy scored highest (57.2%), followed by dignity and respect (56.4%), and supportive care (45.4%). Significant predictors of lower PCMC included lack of formal education (AOR=0.236, 95% CI: 0.058–0.960), primary education (AOR=0.228, 95% CI: 0.062–0.836), antenatal care (ANC) at private clinics (AOR=0.314, 95% CI: 0.144–0.688), fewer than four ANC visits (AOR=0.436, 95% CI: 0.259–0.735), complications during delivery (AOR=0.518, 95% CI: 0.295–0.907), neonatal death (AOR=0.170, 95% CI: 0.057–0.510), and lower monthly income (<2500 birr: AOR=0.266, 95% CI: 0.110–0.645; 5001–10000 birr: AOR=0.387, 95% CI: 0.158–0.947). Conclusions : PCMC in West Arsi Zone public hospitals is low, particularly in supportive care. Interventions targeting education, ANC access, and income disparities, alongside improved provider training, are needed to enhance PCMC and maternal health outcomes. Person-centered maternity care Maternal health Childbirth West Arsi Zone Ethiopia Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Introduction Person-centred maternity care (PCMC) is defined as care that is respectful, responsive to women’s preferences, and ensures their values guide clinical decisions during childbirth ( 1 ). PCMC encompasses three key domains: dignity and respect, communication and autonomy, and supportive care, as outlined by the World Health Organization (WHO) ( 2 ). These domains are critical for improving maternal and neonatal outcomes, increasing facility-based deliveries, and reducing maternal mortality, which remains a global challenge, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICS) ( 3 , 4 ). In Ethiopia, the maternal mortality ratio was 412 per 100,000 live births in 2016, far from the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) target of less than 70 by 2030 ( 5 ). Despite global progress in reducing maternal mortality, disrespect and abuse during childbirth persist, undermining trust in healthcare systems and deterring women from seeking facility-based care ( 6 ). In Ethiopia, studies report varying PCMC prevalence, ranging from 35.8% in West Shewa to 66% across multiple regions ( 7 , 8 ). Factors such as education, income, antenatal care (ANC) attendance, and delivery complications influence PCMC, but findings are inconsistent, necessitating region-specific research ( 9 , 10 ). The Ethiopian Health Sector Transformation Plan (2015–2019) emphasizes compassionate and respectful care, yet robust data on PCMC in regions like West Arsi Zone are lacking ( 11 ). This study aimed to assess the prevalence of PCMC and identify associated factors among women who gave birth in public hospitals in West Arsi Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia, in 2023. The findings will inform targeted interventions to improve maternity care quality and contribute to national efforts to reduce maternal mortality. Methods Study Design and Setting: A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted from July to September 2023 in four public hospitals in West Arsi Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia: Shashamene Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Melka Oda General Hospital, Nagelle Arsi Primary Hospital, and Dodola General Hospital. These hospitals were purposively selected due to their high postnatal patient flow (average 290–450 mothers per month). West Arsi Zone, located 250 km from Addis Ababa, has a projected population of 2,938,139, with 101,953 women of reproductive age ( 12 ). Population and Sampling: The source population included all women who gave birth in West Arsi Zone public hospitals during the study period. The study population comprised 381 systematically selected women who delivered in the selected hospitals. Inclusion criteria were women who gave birth in these hospitals and consented to participate. Women referred from other facilities post-delivery were excluded. The sample size was calculated using the single population proportion formula, based on a 65.8% PCMC prevalence from a prior study in Addis Ababa ( 13 ), with a 95% confidence level and 5% margin of error, yielding 346 participants. Adding a 10% non-response rate, the final sample was 381. Systematic random sampling was used, with proportional allocation to each hospital based on average postnatal attendance (Shashamene: 88, Melka Oda: 136, Nagelle Arsi: 60, Dodola: 97). The sampling interval (k = 3) was applied to select every third woman in postnatal wards. Data Collection: Data were collected using a structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire adapted from validated PCMC scales ( 14 ). The questionnaire included socio-demographic, obstetric, and health facility characteristics, and a 30-item PCMC scale covering dignity and respect (6 items), communication and autonomy (9 items), and supportive care (15 items). Each item used a four-point scale (0=“no, never” to 3=“yes, all the time”), with negative items reverse-coded. The questionnaire was translated into Afan Oromo and back-translated into English for consistency. Data were collected via COBO software by four trained BSc midwives, supervised by two BSc midwives, during daytime hours, including weekends. Data Quality Assurance: A pretest was conducted on 5% of the sample (n = 20) at Batu General Hospital to ensure questionnaire clarity and tool reliability. Data collectors and supervisors received one-day training on study objectives, confidentiality, and data collection procedures. Questionnaires were checked daily for completeness, and double data entry was performed to minimize errors. Data Analysis: Data were exported from COBO to SPSS version 25 for analysis. Descriptive statistics (frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations) summarized socio-demographic, obstetric, and PCMC characteristics. PCMC was dichotomized as “good” (above the mean score) or “poor” (below the mean). Bivariate logistic regression identified variables with p<0.25 for inclusion in multivariable logistic regression. Multivariable analysis used adjusted odds ratios (AOR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) to identify significant predictors (p<0.05). Model fitness was assessed using the Hosmer-Lemeshow test (p = 0.827), and multicollinearity was checked using variance inflation factors (Vif<10). Ethical Considerations: Ethical approval was obtained from the Research Committee of Madda Walabu University Shashamene Campus. The study was conducted following the Declaration of Helsinki, ensuring ethical principles for research involving human participants were upheld. Permissions were secured from the Oromia Health Bureau and hospital administrations. Verbal informed consent was obtained from participants after explaining the study’s purpose, risks, benefits, and confidentiality measures. Participants’ anonymity was ensured, and they were informed of their right to withdraw at any time. Results Socio-Demographic Characteristics: All 381 sampled mothers participated (100% response rate). The mean age was 28.77 years (SD = 6.79, range 16–48). Most participants were aged 25–34 years (57.5%), married (80.3%), and rural residents (55.5%). Educational levels included primary (26.5%) and secondary (28.3%), with 43.3% being housewives. The majority had a monthly income of 2501–5000 ETB (Table 1 ). Table 1 Socio demographic characteristic in public hospitals in West Arsi, Oromia Ethiopia, 2023 (n = 381) Variable Categories Frequency Percentage Age of mothers 15–24 years 121 31.8 25–34 years 219 57.5 35–49 years 41 10.8 Marital status Single 25 6.6 Married 306 80.3 Widowed 18 4.7 Divorced 32 8.4 Residence Urban 170 44. 6 Rural 211 55.5 Educational status Illiterate 76 19.9 Primary 101 26.5 Secondary 108 28.3 Certificate/diploma 68 17.8 Degree and above 28 7.3 Occupation Housewife 165 43.3 Private employee 78 20.5 Government employee 55 14.4 Merchant 54 14.2 Student 29 7.6 Monthly income 10000 ETB 58 15.2 Obstetric Characteristics: Of the participants, 88.2% had ANC follow-up, with 44.9% attending four or more visits. ANC was primarily at hospitals (36.2%) or health centers (35.2%), with 16.8% at private clinics. Nearly half (49.9%) had 3–5 previous live births, 50.7% had spontaneous deliveries, and 29.1% had C-sections. Deliveries mostly occurred at night (57.5%), with 49.3% experiencing complications. Neonatal outcomes included 86.9% live births and 13.1% deaths (Table 2 ). Table 2 Obstetrics Characteristics in Public Hospitals in West Arsi, Oromia Ethiopia, 2023 (n = 381) Variables Category Frequency Percentage ANC follow up in last pregnancy Yes 336 88.2 No 45 11.8 Number of ANC follow up < 4 times 185 55.1 \(\:\ge\:\:\) 4 times 151 44.9 Place of ANC follow up Hospital 138 36.2 Health center 134 35.2 Private clinic 64 16.8 Previous Live birth No live birth 7 1.8 1–2 live birth 140 36.7 3–5 live birth 190 49.9 > 5 live birth 44 11.5 Mode of delivery Spontaneous 193 50.7 Instrumental 77 20.2 C/S 111 29.1 Time of delivery Daytime 162 42.5 Nighttime 219 57.5 Complications Yes 188 49.3 No 193 50.7 Neonatal outcome Alive 331 86.9 Dead 50 13.1 Health Facility and Professional Characteristics: Most participants (79.8%) stayed in the hospital for two or fewer days, with 20.2% staying longer. Midwives attended 61.4% of deliveries, and 41.7% of providers were male (Table 3 ). Table 3 Health Facility and Professional characterizes in Public Hospitals in West Arsi, Oromia Ethiopia, 2023 (n = 381) Variables Category Frequency Percentage Duration of health facility stay One day 147 38.6 Two days 136 35.7 > two days 77 20.2 More than 7 day 21 5.5 Sex of professionals undertake delivery Male 159 41.7 Female 99 26.0 Both 123 32.3 Profession undertake delivery Doctor 91 23.9 Midwife 234 61.4 Others 56 14.7 PCMC Prevalence: The mean PCMC score was 35.03 (SD = 7.93, range 8–61) out of 90. The prevalence of good PCMC was 47% (95% CI: 41.9–52.1%). Subscale percentage mean scores were 56.4% for dignity and respect (mean = 6.75, SD = 2.46), 57.2% for communication and autonomy (mean = 10.99, SD = 4.18), and 45.4% for supportive care (mean = 24.04, SD = 4.54). Key findings included 52.5% reporting friendly treatment, 64.8% noting providers rarely introduced themselves, and 76.4% lacking delivery companions (Tables 4 – 6 ). Table 4 Distribution of dignity and respect items in Public Hospitals in West Arsi, Oromia, Ethiopia, 2023 (n = 381) Dignity and Respect No, Never (%) Yes, A few time (%) Yes, most of the time (%) Yes, All the time (%) The health care provider treat me with respect 23( 6 ) 162(42.5) 181(47.5) 15(3.9) Health care provider treat me with a friendly manner 14(3.7) 158(41.5) 200(52.5) 9(2.4) Health care providers shouted, scolded, insulted, threatened, or talked to me rudely 176(46.2) 157(41.2) 46(12.1) 2(.5) Health care providers pushed, beaten, slapped, pinched, or physically restrained 174(45.7) 138(36.2) 68(17.8) 1(.3) Other people not involved in the care could hear the discussion with the health care provider 65(17.1) 138(36.2) 173(45.4) 5(1.3) Health information was or will be kept confidential in this facility 104(27.3) 175(45.9) 91(23.9) 11(2.9) Table 5 Distribution of dignity and respect items in Public Hospitals in West Arsi, Oromia Ethiopia, 2023 (n = 381) Communication and Autonomy No, Never (%) Yes, A few time (%) Yes, most of the time (%) Yes, All the time (%) The health care providers introduce themselves 247(64.8) 77(20.2) 52(13.6) 5(1.3) The health care providers call me by my name 133(34.9) 159(41.7) 62(16.3) 27(7.1) The health care providers involved me in decisions about my care 22(5.8) 161(42.3) 194(50.9) 4(1.0) The health care providers ask me permission/ consent before doing procedures and examinations 188(49.3) 137(36.0) 49(12.9) 7(1.8) Allowed position of choice during delivery 35(9.2) 110(28.9) 226(59.3) 10(2.6) The health care providers speak to me in a language that I understand 3(.8) 31(8.1) 164(43.0) 183(48) The health care providers explain to me the purpose of examinations or procedures 102(26.8) 188(49.3) 85(22.3) 6(1.6) The health care providers explain to me the purpose of a medicine given for me 106(27.8) 200(52.5) 55(14.4) 20(5.2) I could ask the health care providers in the hospital any question 13(3.4) 179(47.0) 181(47.5) 8(2.1) Table 6 Distribution of dignity and respect items in Public Hospitals in West Arsi, Oromia Ethiopia, 2023 (n = 381) Supportive Care No, Never (%) Yes, A few time (%) Yes, most of the time (%) Yes, All the time (%) Allowed to have someone with me to stay during labor 39(10.2) 72(18.9) 227(59.6) 43(11.3) Allowed to have someone with me to stay during delivery 291(76.4) 60(15.7) 28(7.3) 2(.5) Health care providers in the facility talk to me about my feeling 11(2.9) 209(54.9) 160(42.0) 1(.3) Providers supported anxieties and fears 5(1.3) 166(43.6) 203(53.3) 7(1.8) Providers try to control when I have a pain 4(1.0) 169(44.4) 200(52.5) 8(2.1) Providers paid attention when I need help 4(1.0) 134(35.2) 233(61.2) 10(2.6) Providers took the best care for me 19(5.0) 166(43.6) 184(48.3) 12(3.1) I trust providers regards to care 10(2.6) 127(33.3) 237(62.2) 7(1.8) There was enough providers 162(42.5) 111(29.1) 89(23.4) 19(5.0) Feel like the facility was crowded 14(3.7) 50(13.1) 253(66.4) 64(16.8) Was there water in the hospital 22(5.8) 67(17.6) 231(60.6) 61(16.0) Was there electricity in the hospital 0 25(6.6) 236(61.9) 120(31.5) Feel safe in the facility 57(15.0) 104(27.3) 177(46.5) 43(11.3) Feeling about waiting time 71(18.6) 93(24.4) 152(39.9) 65(17.1) The general environment of the facility 8(2.1) 151(39.6) 197(51.7) 25(6.6) Factors Associated with PCMC: Multivariable logistic regression identified significant predictors of lower PCMC: - Lack of formal education (AOR = 0.236, 95% CI: 0.058–0.960) and primary education (AOR = 0.228, 95% CI: 0.062–0.836) compared to degree holders. - ANC at private clinics (AOR = 0.314, 95% CI: 0.144–0.688) versus public institutions. - Fewer than four ANC visits (AOR = 0.436, 95% CI: 0.259–0.735) versus four or more. - Complications during delivery (AOR = 0.518, 95% CI: 0.295–0.907) versus none. - Neonatal death (AOR = 0.170, 95% CI: 0.057–0.510) versus live birth. - Monthly income 10000 ETB (Table 7 ). Table 7 Bivariate and Multivariable logistic regression analysis of factors associated with person-centered maternity care among women who gave birth at public hospitals in West Arsi, Oromia Ethiopia, 2023 (n = 381) Variables Category PCMC COR(95%CI) AOR(95%CI) Good Poor Mother education Illiterate 28(36.8) 48(63.2) .276(.110, .693) .236(.058,.960)* Primary 45(44.6) 56(55.4) .381(.157, .922) .228(.062,.836)* Secondary 54(50.0) 54(50.0) .474(.197, 1.14) .306(.087,1.08) Certificate/diploid 33(48.5) 35(51.5) .447(.177, 1.13) .542(.175,1.67) Degree and above 19(67.9) 9(32.1) 1 Mothers occupations Housewife 73(44.2) 92(55.8) .765(.415, 1.41) 1.17(.405,3.37) Private employee 31(39.7) 47(60.3) .636(.317, 1.28) .819(.316,2.13) Merchant 34(63.0) 20(37.0) 1.64(.763, 3.52) 2.83(.908,8.84) Student 13(44.8) 16(55.2) .783(.318, 1.93) 1.08(.136,8.54) Government employee 28(50.9) 27(49.1) 1 Duration of stay at health facility two days 55(40.4) 81(59.6) .584(.365, .937) .979(.502,1.91) > two days 41(53.2) 36(46.8) .980(.564, 1.70) 1.12(.449,2.77) more than 7 days 4(19.0) 17(81.0) .203(.065, .631) .218(.046,1.02) one day 79(53.7) 68(46.3) 1 Number of ANC follow up \(\:<4\:Times\) 72(38.9) 113(61.1) .432(.278, .670) .436(.259,.735)* \(\:\ge\:4\:times\) 90(59.6) 61(40.4) 1 Place of ANC follow up Health center 62(46.3) 72(53.7) .662(.411, 1.08) .879(.493,1.57) Private clinic 22(34.4) 42(65.6) .403(.218, .746) .314(.144,.688)* Hospital 78(56.5) 60(43.5) 1 Profession undertake delivery Midwife 109(46.6) 125(53.4) .816(.503, 1.33) .565(.247,1.29) Others 23(41.1) 33(58.9) .652(.333, 1.28) .687(.279,1.69) Doctor 47(51.6) 44(48.4) 1 Complication during delivery Yes 62(33.0) 126(67.0) .320(.210, .486) .518(.295,.907)* No 117(60.6) 76(39.4) 1 New neonatal birth outcome Dead 7(14.0) 43(86.0) .150(.066, .344) .170(.057,.510)* Alive 172(52.0) 159(48.0) 1 Monthly Income 10000 ETB 36(62.1) 22(37.9) 1 * indicates significant variables (P-value < 0.05), COR: Crude odd ratio, AOR: Adjusted odd ratio, 1: reference categories, CI: Confidence interval Discussion This study found a PCMC prevalence of 47% in West Arsi Zone public hospitals, consistent with studies in Ilubabor Zone, Ethiopia (47.3%) and Western Kenya (48%) (15,16). However, it is lower than reports from Addis Ababa (65.8%) and Dessie (64.5%), possibly due to socio-economic disparities, limited provider training, or differences in hospital resources (13,17). The higher prevalence compared to Harar (38.4%) and Sri Lanka (42.3%) may reflect improved awareness of respectful care in Oromia (18,19). Supportive care scored lowest, with 76.4% of women lacking delivery companions, aligning with WHO recommendations for companionship to enhance PCMC [2]. Communication and autonomy scored highest, yet 64.8% reported providers not introducing themselves, indicating gaps in patient-provider interaction. These findings underscore the need for training in compassionate care, as emphasized by Ethiopia’s Health Sector Transformation Plan (11). Significant predictors of lower PCMC included lower education, consistent with studies in Kenya and India, where educated women reported better care due to improved health literacy and communication (20,21). Fewer ANC visits and private clinic ANC were associated with lower PCMC, likely due to reduced familiarity with providers or variable care quality in private settings (13). Complications and neonatal deaths reduced PCMC scores, possibly reflecting dissatisfaction with care during adverse outcomes, as seen in Dessie and Bahir Dar (17,22). Lower income was a strong predictor, aligning with prior research linking socio-economic status to care quality (23). Limitations include potential social desirability bias, as women may hesitate to report negative experiences, and the lack of qualitative data to explore perceptions. Future research should incorporate qualitative methods and assess provider perspectives to design targeted interventions. Conclusions PCMC in West Arsi Zone public hospitals is suboptimal, with only 47% of women receiving good care, particularly in supportive care. Modifiable factors such as education, ANC access, income, and management of complications significantly influence PCMC. Health facilities should prioritize midwife-led care, ensure at least four ANC visits, and train providers in compassionate communication. Zonal health authorities should implement policies to address disparities and invest in quality improvement initiatives. These findings provide a baseline for stakeholders to enhance maternity care and reduce maternal mortality in Ethiopia. Declarations Acknowledgements: We thank Madda Walabu University Shashamene Campus for sponsoring this study, the Oromia Health Bureau, and the participating hospitals for their support. We are grateful to the data collectors, supervisors, and participants for their contributions. Funding: This study was funded by Madda Walabu University Shashamene Campus. Availability of Data and Materials: The datasets used in this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. 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Supplementary Files AnnexIIQuetionEnglish.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 06 Mar, 2026 Reviews received at journal 12 Jun, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 12 Jun, 2025 Reviews received at journal 09 Jun, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 09 Jun, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 08 Jun, 2025 Reviews received at journal 07 Jun, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 02 Jun, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 30 May, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 28 May, 2025 Editor invited by journal 30 Apr, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 30 Apr, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 30 Apr, 2025 First submitted to journal 26 Apr, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6535872","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":463062323,"identity":"6f1c9a16-510d-4cf2-93bc-72537510abad","order_by":0,"name":"Bonso Bonso Ami Morke","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA80lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACAyjNw8/M2PjgA5DFxk6sFsn25sOGM0BamInUwmBw5liaNA+IRUiLOXvv4Q8farbJMNzIMTa2+bVNno+ZgfHDxxzcWix7zqVJzjh2m4dxRo7h49y+24ZtzAzMkjO34XHYjRwzZh622zzMEkBbcntuMwK1sDHz4tdi/Jnn320eNokcM2nLntv2xGgxkOZtu83DwwP0PsOP24kEtVj2nDGTnNl3m0eCHRjIvQ23k9uYGZvx+sWcvcf4w4dvt+3tDwOj8sef27bz25sPfviIRwsqYGwDkw3EqgeBP6QoHgWjYBSMgpECAElGUH1RJOBiAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Madda Walabu University Shashamene Campus","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Bonso","middleName":"Bonso Ami","lastName":"Morke","suffix":""},{"id":463062324,"identity":"cfe1914a-48d5-47ec-a97e-8d7f3e75fc8e","order_by":1,"name":"Aman Dekamo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Madda Walabu University Shashamene Campus","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Aman","middleName":"","lastName":"Dekamo","suffix":""},{"id":463062325,"identity":"4904886c-20e4-4cf5-ac7f-2464d703fffd","order_by":2,"name":"Negeso Gebeyehu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Madda Walabu University Shashamene Campus","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Negeso","middleName":"","lastName":"Gebeyehu","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-04-26 15:23:10","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6535872/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6535872/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":83784514,"identity":"c2296e02-b5a6-4b79-85b3-5c11216dd538","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-02 16:25:30","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":15234,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDistribution of percentage means score of PCMC scale and subscales in public hospitals of in West Arsi Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia, 2023\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6535872/v1/dbf4aa00564775241aad725f.png"},{"id":83783933,"identity":"b9f3c21c-677c-4652-a1a8-ed9dd9b56886","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-02 16:17:30","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":17685,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePrevalence of person-centered maternity care among mothers at public hospitals West Arsi, Zone, Ethiopia, 2023 (n=381)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6535872/v1/809d565a3e04ecff341d09cb.png"},{"id":83785513,"identity":"98226260-e107-4ded-82cc-920116d0c6e3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-02 16:41:31","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":851592,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6535872/v1/61079f6d-b2c0-4427-b07f-e4506b4cc8c8.pdf"},{"id":83783941,"identity":"3ea8420a-5071-4e3e-b725-e147bc6f3ac5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-02 16:17:30","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":24258,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"AnnexIIQuetionEnglish.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6535872/v1/4ca5b64c227295c22d9d0cb2.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Prevalence and Associated Factors of Person-Centred Maternity Care Among Women Who Gave Birth in Public Hospitals of West Arsi Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia, 2023","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003ePerson-centred maternity care (PCMC) is defined as care that is respectful, responsive to women\u0026rsquo;s preferences, and ensures their values guide clinical decisions during childbirth (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). PCMC encompasses three key domains: dignity and respect, communication and autonomy, and supportive care, as outlined by the World Health Organization (WHO) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). These domains are critical for improving maternal and neonatal outcomes, increasing facility-based deliveries, and reducing maternal mortality, which remains a global challenge, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICS) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). In Ethiopia, the maternal mortality ratio was 412 per 100,000 live births in 2016, far from the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) target of less than 70 by 2030 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDespite global progress in reducing maternal mortality, disrespect and abuse during childbirth persist, undermining trust in healthcare systems and deterring women from seeking facility-based care (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). In Ethiopia, studies report varying PCMC prevalence, ranging from 35.8% in West Shewa to 66% across multiple regions (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e). Factors such as education, income, antenatal care (ANC) attendance, and delivery complications influence PCMC, but findings are inconsistent, necessitating region-specific research (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e). The Ethiopian Health Sector Transformation Plan (2015\u0026ndash;2019) emphasizes compassionate and respectful care, yet robust data on PCMC in regions like West Arsi Zone are lacking (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study aimed to assess the prevalence of PCMC and identify associated factors among women who gave birth in public hospitals in West Arsi Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia, in 2023. The findings will inform targeted interventions to improve maternity care quality and contribute to national efforts to reduce maternal mortality.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eStudy Design and Setting: A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted from July to September 2023 in four public hospitals in West Arsi Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia: Shashamene Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Melka Oda General Hospital, Nagelle Arsi Primary Hospital, and Dodola General Hospital. These hospitals were purposively selected due to their high postnatal patient flow (average 290\u0026ndash;450 mothers per month). West Arsi Zone, located 250 km from Addis Ababa, has a projected population of 2,938,139, with 101,953 women of reproductive age (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePopulation and Sampling: The source population included all women who gave birth in West Arsi Zone public hospitals during the study period. The study population comprised 381 systematically selected women who delivered in the selected hospitals. Inclusion criteria were women who gave birth in these hospitals and consented to participate. Women referred from other facilities post-delivery were excluded.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe sample size was calculated using the single population proportion formula, based on a 65.8% PCMC prevalence from a prior study in Addis Ababa (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e), with a 95% confidence level and 5% margin of error, yielding 346 participants. Adding a 10% non-response rate, the final sample was 381. Systematic random sampling was used, with proportional allocation to each hospital based on average postnatal attendance (Shashamene: 88, Melka Oda: 136, Nagelle Arsi: 60, Dodola: 97). The sampling interval (k\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3) was applied to select every third woman in postnatal wards.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eData Collection: Data were collected using a structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire adapted from validated PCMC scales (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e). The questionnaire included socio-demographic, obstetric, and health facility characteristics, and a 30-item PCMC scale covering dignity and respect (6 items), communication and autonomy (9 items), and supportive care (15 items). Each item used a four-point scale (0=\u0026ldquo;no, never\u0026rdquo; to 3=\u0026ldquo;yes, all the time\u0026rdquo;), with negative items reverse-coded. The questionnaire was translated into Afan Oromo and back-translated into English for consistency. Data were collected via COBO software by four trained BSc midwives, supervised by two BSc midwives, during daytime hours, including weekends.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eData Quality Assurance: A pretest was conducted on 5% of the sample (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;20) at Batu General Hospital to ensure questionnaire clarity and tool reliability. Data collectors and supervisors received one-day training on study objectives, confidentiality, and data collection procedures. Questionnaires were checked daily for completeness, and double data entry was performed to minimize errors.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eData Analysis: Data were exported from COBO to SPSS version 25 for analysis. Descriptive statistics (frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations) summarized socio-demographic, obstetric, and PCMC characteristics. PCMC was dichotomized as \u0026ldquo;good\u0026rdquo; (above the mean score) or \u0026ldquo;poor\u0026rdquo; (below the mean). Bivariate logistic regression identified variables with p\u0026amp;lt;0.25 for inclusion in multivariable logistic regression. Multivariable analysis used adjusted odds ratios (AOR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) to identify significant predictors (p\u0026amp;lt;0.05). Model fitness was assessed using the Hosmer-Lemeshow test (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.827), and multicollinearity was checked using variance inflation factors (Vif\u0026amp;lt;10).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e Ethical Considerations: Ethical approval was obtained from the Research Committee of Madda Walabu University Shashamene Campus. The study was conducted following the Declaration of Helsinki, ensuring ethical principles for research involving human participants were upheld. Permissions were secured from the Oromia Health Bureau and hospital administrations. Verbal informed consent was obtained from participants after explaining the study\u0026rsquo;s purpose, risks, benefits, and confidentiality measures. Participants\u0026rsquo; anonymity was ensured, and they were informed of their right to withdraw at any time.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eSocio-Demographic Characteristics: All 381 sampled mothers participated (100% response rate). The mean age was 28.77 years (SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6.79, range 16\u0026ndash;48). Most participants were aged 25\u0026ndash;34 years (57.5%), married (80.3%), and rural residents (55.5%). Educational levels included primary (26.5%) and secondary (28.3%), with 43.3% being housewives. The majority had a monthly income of 2501\u0026ndash;5000 ETB (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocio demographic characteristic in public hospitals in West Arsi, Oromia Ethiopia, 2023 (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;381)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategories\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge of mothers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u0026ndash;24 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e121\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u0026ndash;34 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e219\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u0026ndash;49 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarital status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e306\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWidowed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDivorced\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e 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colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducational status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIlliterate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e101\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e108\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCertificate/diploma\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDegree and above\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOccupation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHousewife\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e165\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrivate employee\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGovernment employee\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMerchant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMonthly income\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;2500 ETB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e110\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2501\u0026ndash;5000 ETB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e114\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29. 9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5001\u0026ndash;10,000 ETB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;10000 ETB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eObstetric Characteristics: Of the participants, 88.2% had ANC follow-up, with 44.9% attending four or more visits. ANC was primarily at hospitals (36.2%) or health centers (35.2%), with 16.8% at private clinics. Nearly half (49.9%) had 3\u0026ndash;5 previous live births, 50.7% had spontaneous deliveries, and 29.1% had C-sections. Deliveries mostly occurred at night (57.5%), with 49.3% experiencing complications. Neonatal outcomes included 86.9% live births and 13.1% deaths (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eObstetrics Characteristics in Public Hospitals in West Arsi, Oromia Ethiopia, 2023 (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;381)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eANC follow up in last pregnancy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e336\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of ANC follow up\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;4 times\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e185\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\ge\\:\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e4 times\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e151\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlace of ANC follow up\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHospital\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e138\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHealth center\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e134\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrivate clinic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrevious Live birth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo live birth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;2 live birth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e140\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;5 live birth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e190\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;5 live birth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMode of delivery\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpontaneous\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e193\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInstrumental\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC/S\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e111\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTime of delivery\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDaytime\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e162\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNighttime\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e219\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComplications\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e188\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e193\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeonatal outcome\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlive\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e331\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDead\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHealth Facility and Professional Characteristics: Most participants (79.8%) stayed in the hospital for two or fewer days, with 20.2% staying longer. Midwives attended 61.4% of deliveries, and 41.7% of providers were male (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHealth Facility and Professional characterizes in Public Hospitals in West Arsi, Oromia Ethiopia, 2023 (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;381)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuration of health facility stay\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne day\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e147\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwo days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e136\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt; two days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMore than 7 day\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex of professionals undertake delivery\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e159\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e123\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProfession undertake delivery\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDoctor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMidwife\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e234\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePCMC Prevalence: The mean PCMC score was 35.03 (SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7.93, range 8\u0026ndash;61) out of 90. The prevalence of good PCMC was 47% (95% CI: 41.9\u0026ndash;52.1%). Subscale percentage mean scores were 56.4% for dignity and respect (mean\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6.75, SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.46), 57.2% for communication and autonomy (mean\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10.99, SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.18), and 45.4% for supportive care (mean\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;24.04, SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.54). Key findings included 52.5% reporting friendly treatment, 64.8% noting providers rarely introduced themselves, and 76.4% lacking delivery companions (Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistribution of dignity and respect items in Public Hospitals in West Arsi, Oromia, Ethiopia, 2023 (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;381)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDignity and Respect\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo, Never (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes, A few time (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes, most of the time (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes, All the time (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe health care provider treat me with respect\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e162(42.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e181(47.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15(3.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHealth care provider treat me with a friendly manner\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14(3.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e158(41.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e200(52.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9(2.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHealth care providers shouted, scolded, insulted, threatened, or talked to me rudely\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e176(46.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e157(41.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46(12.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2(.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHealth care providers pushed, beaten, slapped, pinched, or physically restrained\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e174(45.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e138(36.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68(17.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1(.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther people not involved in the care could hear the discussion with the health care provider\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65(17.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e138(36.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e173(45.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5(1.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHealth information was or will be kept confidential in this facility\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e104(27.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e175(45.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91(23.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11(2.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistribution of dignity and respect items in Public Hospitals in West Arsi, Oromia Ethiopia, 2023 (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;381)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommunication and Autonomy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo, Never (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes, A few time (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes, most of the time (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes, All the time (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe health care providers introduce themselves\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e247(64.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77(20.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52(13.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5(1.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe health care providers call me by my name\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e133(34.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e159(41.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62(16.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27(7.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe health care providers involved me in decisions about my care\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22(5.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e161(42.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e194(50.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4(1.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe health care providers ask me permission/ consent before doing procedures and examinations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e188(49.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e137(36.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49(12.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7(1.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAllowed position of choice during delivery\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35(9.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e110(28.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e226(59.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10(2.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe health care providers speak to me in a language that I understand\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3(.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31(8.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e164(43.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e183(48)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe health care providers explain to me the purpose of examinations or procedures\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e102(26.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e188(49.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85(22.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6(1.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe health care providers explain to me the purpose of a medicine given for me\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e106(27.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e200(52.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55(14.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20(5.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI could ask the health care providers in the hospital any question\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13(3.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e179(47.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e181(47.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8(2.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistribution of dignity and respect items in Public Hospitals in West Arsi, Oromia Ethiopia, 2023 (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;381)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSupportive Care\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo, Never (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes, A few time (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes, most of the time (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes, All the time (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAllowed to have someone with me to stay during labor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39(10.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72(18.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e227(59.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43(11.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAllowed to have someone with me to stay during delivery\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e291(76.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60(15.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28(7.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2(.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHealth care providers in the facility talk to me about my feeling\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11(2.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e209(54.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e160(42.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1(.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProviders supported anxieties and fears\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5(1.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e166(43.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e203(53.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7(1.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProviders try to control when I have a pain\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4(1.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e169(44.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e200(52.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8(2.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProviders paid attention when I need help\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4(1.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e134(35.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e233(61.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10(2.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProviders took the best care for me\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19(5.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e166(43.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e184(48.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12(3.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI trust providers regards to care\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10(2.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e127(33.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e237(62.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7(1.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere was enough providers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e162(42.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e111(29.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89(23.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19(5.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeel like the facility was crowded\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14(3.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50(13.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e253(66.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64(16.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWas there water in the hospital\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22(5.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67(17.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e231(60.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61(16.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWas there electricity in the hospital\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25(6.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e236(61.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e120(31.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeel safe in the facility\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57(15.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e104(27.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e177(46.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43(11.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeeling about waiting time\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71(18.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93(24.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e152(39.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65(17.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe general environment of the facility\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8(2.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e151(39.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e197(51.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25(6.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFactors Associated with PCMC: Multivariable logistic regression identified significant predictors of lower PCMC:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e- Lack of formal education (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.236, 95% CI: 0.058\u0026ndash;0.960) and primary education (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.228, 95% CI: 0.062\u0026ndash;0.836) compared to degree holders.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e- ANC at private clinics (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.314, 95% CI: 0.144\u0026ndash;0.688) versus public institutions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e- Fewer than four ANC visits (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.436, 95% CI: 0.259\u0026ndash;0.735) versus four or more.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e- Complications during delivery (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.518, 95% CI: 0.295\u0026ndash;0.907) versus none.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e- Neonatal death (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.170, 95% CI: 0.057\u0026ndash;0.510) versus live birth.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e- Monthly income \u0026amp;lt;2500 ETB (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.266, 95% CI: 0.110\u0026ndash;0.645), 2501\u0026ndash;5000 ETB (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.313, 95% CI: 0.135\u0026ndash;0.727), and 5001\u0026ndash;10000 ETB (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.387, 95% CI: 0.158\u0026ndash;0.947) versus \u0026amp;gt;10000 ETB (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBivariate and Multivariable logistic regression analysis of factors associated with person-centered maternity care among women who gave birth at public hospitals in West Arsi, Oromia Ethiopia, 2023 (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;381)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePCMC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCOR(95%CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAOR(95%CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMother education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIlliterate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28(36.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48(63.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.276(.110, .693)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.236(.058,.960)*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45(44.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56(55.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.381(.157, .922)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.228(.062,.836)*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54(50.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54(50.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.474(.197, 1.14)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.306(.087,1.08)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCertificate/diploid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33(48.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35(51.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.447(.177, 1.13)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.542(.175,1.67)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDegree and above\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19(67.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9(32.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMothers occupations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHousewife\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73(44.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92(55.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.765(.415, 1.41)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.17(.405,3.37)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrivate employee\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31(39.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47(60.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.636(.317, 1.28)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.819(.316,2.13)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMerchant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34(63.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20(37.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.64(.763, 3.52)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.83(.908,8.84)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13(44.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16(55.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.783(.318, 1.93)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.08(.136,8.54)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGovernment employee\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28(50.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27(49.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuration of stay at health facility\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003etwo days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55(40.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81(59.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.584(.365, .937)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.979(.502,1.91)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt; two days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41(53.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36(46.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.980(.564, 1.70)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.12(.449,2.77)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emore than 7 days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4(19.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17(81.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.203(.065, .631)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.218(.046,1.02)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eone day\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79(53.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68(46.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of ANC follow up\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\u0026lt;4\\:Times\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72(38.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e113(61.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.432(.278, .670)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.436(.259,.735)*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\ge\\:4\\:times\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90(59.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61(40.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlace of ANC follow up\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHealth center\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62(46.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72(53.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.662(.411, 1.08)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.879(.493,1.57)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrivate clinic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22(34.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42(65.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.403(.218, .746)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.314(.144,.688)*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHospital\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78(56.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60(43.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProfession undertake delivery\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMidwife\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e109(46.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e125(53.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.816(.503, 1.33)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.565(.247,1.29)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23(41.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33(58.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.652(.333, 1.28)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.687(.279,1.69)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDoctor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47(51.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44(48.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComplication\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eduring delivery\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62(33.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e126(67.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.320(.210, .486)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.518(.295,.907)*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e117(60.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76(39.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNew neonatal birth outcome\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDead\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7(14.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43(86.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.150(.066, .344)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.170(.057,.510)*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlive\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e172(52.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e159(48.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMonthly Income\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;2500 ETB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50(45.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60(54.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.444(.233,.849)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.266(.110,.645)*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2501\u0026ndash;5000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48(42.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66(57.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.509(.266,.975)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.313(.135,.727)*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5001\u0026ndash;10,000 ETB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45(45.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54(54.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.510(.263,.987)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.387(.158,.947)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;10000 ETB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36(62.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22(37.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e*\u003c/em\u003eindicates significant variables (P-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), COR: Crude odd ratio, AOR: Adjusted odd ratio, 1: reference categories, CI: Confidence interval\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study found a PCMC prevalence of 47% in West Arsi Zone public hospitals, consistent with studies in Ilubabor Zone, Ethiopia (47.3%) and Western Kenya (48%) (15,16). However, it is lower than reports from Addis Ababa (65.8%) and Dessie (64.5%), possibly due to socio-economic disparities, limited provider training, or differences in hospital resources (13,17). The higher prevalence compared to Harar (38.4%) and Sri Lanka (42.3%) may reflect improved awareness of respectful care in Oromia (18,19).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSupportive care scored lowest, with 76.4% of women lacking delivery companions, aligning with WHO recommendations for companionship to enhance PCMC [2]. Communication and autonomy scored highest, yet 64.8% reported providers not introducing themselves, indicating gaps in patient-provider interaction. These findings underscore the need for training in compassionate care, as emphasized by Ethiopia\u0026rsquo;s Health Sector Transformation Plan (11).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSignificant predictors of lower PCMC included lower education, consistent with studies in Kenya and India, where educated women reported better care due to improved health literacy and communication (20,21). Fewer ANC visits and private clinic ANC were associated with lower PCMC, likely due to reduced familiarity with providers or variable care quality in private settings (13). Complications and neonatal deaths reduced PCMC scores, possibly reflecting dissatisfaction with care during adverse outcomes, as seen in Dessie and Bahir Dar (17,22). Lower income was a strong predictor, aligning with prior research linking socio-economic status to care quality (23).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLimitations include potential social desirability bias, as women may hesitate to report negative experiences, and the lack of qualitative data to explore perceptions. Future research should incorporate qualitative methods and assess provider perspectives to design targeted interventions.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003ePCMC in West Arsi Zone public hospitals is suboptimal, with only 47% of women receiving good care, particularly in supportive care. Modifiable factors such as education, ANC access, income, and management of complications significantly influence PCMC. Health facilities should prioritize midwife-led care, ensure at least four ANC visits, and train providers in compassionate communication. Zonal health authorities should implement policies to address disparities and invest in quality improvement initiatives. These findings provide a baseline for stakeholders to enhance maternity care and reduce maternal mortality in Ethiopia.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements: We thank Madda Walabu University Shashamene Campus for sponsoring this study, the Oromia Health Bureau, and the participating hospitals for their support. We are grateful to the data collectors, supervisors, and participants for their contributions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFunding: This study was funded by Madda Walabu University Shashamene Campus.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAvailability of Data and Materials: The datasets used in this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuthors’ Contributions: AD designed the study, collected and analyzed data, and drafted the manuscript. 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Respectful maternity care and associated factors among women who delivered at Harar hospitals, eastern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2020;20:1\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRishard M, Fahmy FF, Senanayake H, Ranaweera AK, Armocida B, Mariani I, et al. Correlation among experience of person-centered maternity care, provision of care and women\u0026rsquo;s satisfaction: cross-sectional study in Colombo, Sri Lanka. PLoS ONE. 2021;16(4):e0249265. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1371/journal.pone.0249265\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1371/journal.pone.0249265\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOluoch-Aridi J, Smith-Oka V, Milan E, Dowd R. 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BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2018;18(1):1\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAsefa A, Bekele D. Status of respectful and non-abusive care during facility-based childbirth in a hospital and health centers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Reprod Health. 2015;12:1\u0026ndash;9. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1186/s12978-015-0024-9\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1186/s12978-015-0024-9\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-pregnancy-and-childbirth","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"prch","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth](http://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/prch/default.aspx","title":"BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Person-centered maternity care, Maternal health, Childbirth, West Arsi Zone, Ethiopia","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6535872/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6535872/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground\u003c/strong\u003e: Person-centered maternity care (PCMC) is critical for improving maternal and neonatal outcomes, yet its prevalence and determinants in Ethiopia remain underexplored. This study assessed the prevalence of PCMC and associated factors among women who gave birth in public hospitals in West Arsi Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia, in 2023.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods\u003c/strong\u003e: A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted from July to September 2023, involving 381 women who gave birth in four public hospitals (Shashamene Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Melka Oda General Hospital, Nagelle Arsi Primary Hospital, and Dodola General Hospital). Systematic sampling was used to select participants. Data were collected using a validated PCMC scale adapted from prior studies, entered into COBO software, and analyzed using SPSS version 25. Descriptive statistics summarized prevalence, while bivariate and multivariable logistic regression identified factors associated with PCMC, with significance set at p\u0026amp;lt;0.05.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults\u003c/strong\u003e: The prevalence of PCMC was 47% (95% CI: 41.9–52.1%). Communication and autonomy scored highest (57.2%), followed by dignity and respect (56.4%), and supportive care (45.4%). Significant predictors of lower PCMC included lack of formal education (AOR=0.236, 95% CI: 0.058–0.960), primary education (AOR=0.228, 95% CI: 0.062–0.836), antenatal care (ANC) at private clinics (AOR=0.314, 95% CI: 0.144–0.688), fewer than four ANC visits (AOR=0.436, 95% CI: 0.259–0.735), complications during delivery (AOR=0.518, 95% CI: 0.295–0.907), neonatal death (AOR=0.170, 95% CI: 0.057–0.510), and lower monthly income (\u0026amp;lt;2500 birr: AOR=0.266, 95% CI: 0.110–0.645; 5001–10000 birr: AOR=0.387, 95% CI: 0.158–0.947).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusions\u003c/strong\u003e: PCMC in West Arsi Zone public hospitals is low, particularly in supportive care. Interventions targeting education, ANC access, and income disparities, alongside improved provider training, are needed to enhance PCMC and maternal health outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Prevalence and Associated Factors of Person-Centred Maternity Care Among Women Who Gave Birth in Public Hospitals of West Arsi Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia, 2023","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-06-02 16:17:26","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6535872/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-03-06T15:22:37+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-06-12T07:04:23+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"299272586498775604320181979522546084503","date":"2025-06-12T04:16:17+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-06-09T15:49:32+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"51500120647249644941856126895073580664","date":"2025-06-09T14:03:06+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"131545560236032928954317249920093359687","date":"2025-06-08T21:13:04+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-06-07T17:25:09+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"324985991261215555258656382210258101986","date":"2025-06-02T05:33:40+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"240426369147159990951126307513600936335","date":"2025-05-30T12:38:58+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-05-28T11:37:18+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-04-30T10:45:56+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-04-30T09:30:11+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-04-30T09:27:05+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth","date":"2025-04-26T15:12:39+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-pregnancy-and-childbirth","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"prch","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth](http://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/prch/default.aspx","title":"BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"f7128922-78bd-4bce-990b-54600de3937f","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 2nd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-19T19:08:14+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-06-02 16:17:26","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6535872","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6535872","identity":"rs-6535872","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}