Integration of QbD for optimization of Chitosan - Banana (Musa Species) nanoparticles using pH-time dependent polymer

Integration of QbD for optimization of Chitosan - Banana (Musa Species) nanoparticles using pH-time dependent polymer | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Integration of QbD for optimization of Chitosan - Banana (Musa Species) nanoparticles using pH-time dependent polymer shashi verma, abhinav trivedi, lalit singh, ritesh kumar tiwari This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9366007/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 6 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The anionic, pH-responsive Banana (Musa Sp.) polymer and cationic Chitosan form stable nanoparticles via electrostatic interaction, highlighting their potential as a novel, cost-effective system for controlled drug delivery applications. The goal was to create a controlled-release nano-formulation of Diclofenac drug-loaded nanoparticles utilizing a natural polymer. The Solvent evaporation approach was used to create the nanoparticles by using 3 2 factorial design. The formulation was made in different ratios using natural polymers viz. Chitosan and Banana (Musa Sp.) polymer (Musa Species). Using a factorial design, the impact of important formulation parameters on the drug release and entrapment efficiency of nanoparticles was investigated. Nanoparticles were evaluated for drug release in relation to pH and time at 1.2, 6.8, and 7.4 to mimic the conditions of the stomach, small intestine, and colon, respectively. Formulated nanoparticles release profiles for all nine batches. For up to 8 hours, all batches were tested for drug release characteristics. The medication release rate for all prepared batches ranged from 64.32% to 97.13%. The Banana (Musa Sp.) polymer, which has a pH-dependent property because of its anionic nature, while Chitosan is a cationic charged polymer with time-dependent functionality. The cumulative drug release in the in vitro investigation highest ranged from 96 percent in 8 hours at pH 6.8 in phosphate buffer, respectively. Diclofenac-loaded Chitosan-Banana (Musa Sp.) polymer nanoparticles were successfully formulated using a 3² factorial design and Solvent evaporation method, achieving high entrapment efficiency and minimal particle size. Characterization confirmed drug-polymer interactions, with sustained release following the Higuchi diffusion model. Nanoparticles Chitosan - Banana Polymer Solvent Evaporation Factorial Design Entrapment Efficiency Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviews received at journal 22 May, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 08 May, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 08 May, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 10 Apr, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 10 Apr, 2026 First submitted to journal 09 Apr, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9366007","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":641428002,"identity":"b8900ee6-829e-4686-b0af-000a60a69785","order_by":0,"name":"shashi verma","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"shri ram murti smarak college of engineering and technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"shashi","middleName":"","lastName":"verma","suffix":""},{"id":641428003,"identity":"2ea97369-f938-424e-b559-31f7b9db210f","order_by":1,"name":"abhinav trivedi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"shri ram murti smarak college of engineering and technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"abhinav","middleName":"","lastName":"trivedi","suffix":""},{"id":641428004,"identity":"9a634e77-fb4f-42f6-b82f-313cbf98fbd2","order_by":2,"name":"lalit singh","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"jpm college of pharmacy","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"lalit","middleName":"","lastName":"singh","suffix":""},{"id":641428005,"identity":"0680391b-e196-4224-96ee-598c25ad8678","order_by":3,"name":"ritesh kumar tiwari","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA5ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACZiBmbEgAMpgPPgCyefgIa2GGamFnSzYAaWEjyhqwFn4eMwkQn6AW83b+gw9/7kiLNm/mMav8mmMnw8bA/PDRDTxaZA4zMxvznsnJnXOYrey27LZkoMPYjI1z8GiRYGZmk2Zsq8idwcy87bbkNmagFh42aQJa2H/+BGthMCuW3FZPlBY2Bt62HKAWFjPGj9sOE6XFWJq3LQ2ohS1ZmnHbcR42ZkJ+AQbYx59tybkz+A8f/PhzW7U9P3vzw8f4tKAAZh4wSaxyEGD8QYrqUTAKRsEoGDEAAAuaPTZQMAylAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"shri ram murti smarak college of engineering and technology","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"ritesh","middleName":"kumar","lastName":"tiwari","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-04-09 09:10:22","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9366007/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9366007/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":109799751,"identity":"2c79bc0a-4936-4708-ac21-47825fa6b397","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-05-22 15:33:45","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1049080,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript....pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9366007/v1_covered_26bb9f7c-4e2e-439a-baa6-80031595e740.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Integration of QbD for optimization of Chitosan - 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The formulation was made in different ratios using natural polymers viz. Chitosan and Banana (Musa Sp.) polymer (Musa Species). Using a factorial design, the impact of important formulation parameters on the drug release and entrapment efficiency of nanoparticles was investigated.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNanoparticles were evaluated for drug release in relation to pH and time at 1.2, 6.8, and 7.4 to mimic the conditions of the stomach, small intestine, and colon, respectively. Formulated nanoparticles release profiles for all nine batches. For up to 8 hours, all batches were tested for drug release characteristics. The medication release rate for all prepared batches ranged from 64.32% to 97.13%.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Banana (Musa Sp.) polymer, which has a pH-dependent property because of its anionic nature, while Chitosan is a cationic charged polymer with time-dependent functionality. The cumulative drug release in the \u003cem\u003ein vitro\u003c/em\u003e investigation highest ranged from 96 percent in 8 hours at pH 6.8 in phosphate buffer, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiclofenac-loaded Chitosan-Banana (Musa Sp.) polymer nanoparticles were successfully formulated using a 3\u0026sup2; factorial design and Solvent evaporation method, achieving high entrapment efficiency and minimal particle size. 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