The Moderating Role of Psychological Flexibility in the Relationship Between Intolerance of Uncertainty and Flourishing

The Moderating Role of Psychological Flexibility in the Relationship Between Intolerance of Uncertainty and Flourishing | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article The Moderating Role of Psychological Flexibility in the Relationship Between Intolerance of Uncertainty and Flourishing Mobina Salimian, Abbas Abdollahi, Soolmaz Dehghanidowlatabadi This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8729287/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 14 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Introduction: This study investigates the moderating role of psychological flexibility in the relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and flourishing among counseling and psychology students. Intolerance of uncertainty creates educational challenges, particularly affecting students' mental health during practical training. Previous research has linked intolerance of uncertainty to various psychological outcomes, while psychological flexibility serves as a protective factor. Method A descriptive-correlational design with structural equation modeling was employed to examine 300 students through convenience sampling in 2024. Data collection utilized the Prosperity Scale(Weziak-Bialowolska et al., 2021 ), Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (Vadivel et al., 2022 ), and Psychological Flexibility Scale (Tabrizi et al., 2023 ). Analysis was conducted using SPSS 26 and Amos 24. Results Analysis revealed a significant negative correlation between intolerance of uncertainty and flourishing (β=-0.10, p < 0.001), and a positive correlation between psychological flexibility and flourishing (β = 0.53, p < 0.001). The moderating role of psychological flexibility was confirmed in the relationship between uncertainty intolerance and student flourishing. Conclusion Results confirm the moderating role of psychological flexibility, highlighting its importance for educational consultants and administrators in enhancing the effectiveness of student guidance programs. These findings suggest that promoting psychological flexibility may buffer the negative effects of uncertainty intolerance on student well-being. Psychological flexibility Intolerance of Uncertainty Flourishing Introduction Mental health concerns among psychology and counseling students have emerged as a critical issue in higher education, with research consistently documenting elevated rates of psychological distress within this population (Dyrbye et al., 2014 ) .These students face distinctive challenges including intensive academic pressures, rigorous clinical training demands, and exposure to clients' traumatic experiences(Barnett et al., 2009 ). Understanding factors that promote optimal functioning is paramount for both individual student welfare and the broader mental health field. Flourishing has emerged as a crucial construct for understanding optimal psychological functioning. Seligman (2011) flourishing as "a dynamic state of optimal human functioning characterized by positive emotions, engagement, positive relationships, meaning, and accomplishment," while Keyes ( 2007 ) defines it as "high levels of emotional, psychological, and social well-being." Contemporary frameworks emphasize that flourishing extends beyond the absence of mental illness, encompassing positive psychological resources and optimal functioning across multiple life domains(Huppert & So, 2013 ; VanderWeele et al., 2022 ). For psychology students specifically, flourishing predicts not only superior academic performance but also enhanced professional competencies, including greater empathy and therapeutic presence(Bentwich & Gilbey, 2017 ). Among factors influencing student mental health, Intolerance of Uncertainty (IU) has emerged as a significant predictor of psychological distress. Carleton ( 2016 ) defines IU as an individual's dispositional incapacity to endure the aversive response triggered by the perceived absence of salient, key, or sufficient information, affecting how individuals perceive, interpret, and respond to uncertain situations on cognitive, emotional, and behavioral levels(Bottesi et al., 2019 ). This characteristic is particularly problematic for psychology and counseling students, who must navigate ambiguous clinical situations, uncertain academic outcomes, and the inherent unpredictability of therapeutic work. Elevated IU correlates with increased stress and diminished clinical effectiveness (Anderson et al., 2019 ; Peace & Smith-Adcock, 2020 ) especially concerning given that uncertainty is inherent in both therapeutic practice and professional development. Psychological Flexibility (PF), defined as the ability to contact the present moment fully as a conscious human being and to change or persist in behavior when doing so serves valued ends (Hayes et al., 2012 ) may serve as a crucial protective factor in this relationship. This construct, fundamental to Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), encompasses six core processes: acceptance, cognitive defusion, present-moment awareness, self-as-context, values clarification, and committed action(Hofmann & Hayes, 2024 ). These processes hold particular relevance for counseling training contexts. Acceptance enables students to acknowledge difficult emotions arising from clinical work (anxiety about client outcomes, uncertainty about competence) without defensive avoidance. Cognitive defusion helps students observe self-critical thoughts (" I'm not competent enough," "I'll harm this client ") as mental events rather than literal truths, reducing imposter syndrome's impact. Present-moment awareness facilitates therapeutic presence and attunement to clients' immediate experiences rather than rumination about past sessions or worry about future outcomes. Values clarification maintains connection to core professional motivations (desires to alleviate suffering, promote growth) despite training challenges, while committed action translates these values into persistent engagement with difficult learning experiences. Research demonstrates that PF shields students against adverse effects of professional challenges and uncertainties(Bamber & Kraenzle Schneider, 2016 ; Dvořáková et al., 2017 ), enabling them to maintain well-being and professional effectiveness despite inevitable uncertainties in training and practice. Despite extensive research examining IU and well-being among qualified mental health professionals(Johnson et al., 2018 ; Peek et al., 2025 ), a significant gap exists in understanding how PF might moderate the IU-flourishing relationship specifically among psychology and counseling students. Previous investigations have predominantly focused on practicing professionals, overlooking the unique developmental needs and challenges faced by students in training(Anderson et al., 2019 ). This oversight is problematic given that student experiences may differ substantially from those of established practitioners, warranting targeted investigation of this population. This study investigates the moderating role of PF in the relationship between IU and flourishing among psychology and counseling students. We hypothesize that PF will significantly moderate the negative association between IU and flourishing, such that higher levels of flexibility will attenuate this detrimental relationship. These findings have important implications for psychology education and student support services, potentially informing evidence-based interventions to enhance student well-being and professional competence during training. Methods Participants This study employed a cross-sectional survey design with 300 psychology and counseling students (female = 89%, n = 268; male = 11%, n = 32) recruited through convenience sampling from three universities in Tehran, Iran: Alzahra University, Allameh Tabatabai University, and Tehran University. Participants' mean age was 29.86 years (SD = 9.19; range: 18–54). The sample comprised undergraduate students (43.7%, n = 131), master's students (49.3%, n = 148), and doctoral students (7%, n = 21). All participants were Iranian nationals and identified as Muslim. Sample Characteristics and Representativeness The pronounced gender imbalance in our sample (89% female) reflects the demographic reality of psychology and counseling programs in Iran, where female students constitute the overwhelming majority of enrollments in these disciplines. While this distribution limits generalizability to male counseling students, it provides ecologically valid representation of the actual student population in Iranian counseling training programs. The gender skew may influence our findings in several ways: research indicates that women and men may differ in uncertainty tolerance(Bottesi et al., 2019 ) emotional regulation strategies(Sahib et al., 2024 ), and help-seeking behaviors. However, given that the vast majority of future counselors in this context will be female, our findings remain highly relevant for informing training programs serving this demographic. Future research should intentionally oversample male participants to examine potential gender differences in the PF-uncertainty-flourishing relationship. The cultural homogeneity of our sample (Iranian, Muslim students from Tehran) similarly constrains cross-cultural generalizability but enables culturally grounded interpretation. Cultural values regarding uncertainty, collectivism-individualism orientations, and conceptions of well-being vary substantially across societies Carleton ( 2016 ). Iranian cultural contexts, characterized by relatively high uncertainty avoidance and collectivist values, may shape how students experience and respond to uncertainty in clinical training. Our findings should therefore be interpreted within this cultural framework, and replication in diverse cultural contexts is needed to establish cross-cultural validity. Procedure Amid the COVID-19 pandemic, data was collected from students at all three levels, and permission to publish the questionnaire was granted to Psychology and Counseling students via the virtual networks of participating universities. Data collection took place from mid-December 2022 to the end of May 2023. Before distributing the questionnaire, participants were informed of the study's purpose, their voluntary participation, and the confidentiality of their responses. Data Collection Context: COVID-19 Pandemic Considerations Data collection occurred from mid-December 2022 to late May 2023, during the endemic phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran. This temporal context warrants explicit consideration, as the pandemic created unprecedented levels of uncertainty across educational, health, and social domains. Research consistently demonstrates that pandemic-related uncertainty significantly impacted mental health, particularly among university students(Pakenham et al., 2020 ; Satici et al., 2022 ). The pandemic context may have influenced our findings in several ways. First, baseline levels of IU may have been elevated relative to pre-pandemic norms, as students navigated ongoing uncertainties regarding health risks, educational delivery formats, and clinical training opportunities. Second, the salience of uncertainty may have intensified the relationship between IU and flourishing, potentially amplifying effect sizes relative to typical circumstances. Third, students may have developed enhanced PF as an adaptive response to prolonged uncertainty exposure, though this remains speculative. Importantly, the pandemic context may also enhance the ecological validity of our findings for understanding how counseling students manage uncertainty during crisis periods situations they will inevitably encounter in professional practice. The pandemic created conditions analogous to the ambiguous, high-stakes clinical situations that characterize much of counseling work. Students' experiences navigating pandemic uncertainty may therefore parallel the professional uncertainties they will face regarding client outcomes, diagnostic ambiguity, and treatment planning. Nevertheless, caution is warranted in generalizing these findings to non-pandemic contexts. The unique combination of health threat, social disruption, and institutional instability during COVID-19 may not fully represent typical uncertainty experiences in counseling training. Longitudinal research examining these relationships across varied environmental contexts would strengthen confidence in the stability and generalizability of our findings. Measures Flourishing Scales from a Comprehensive Well-Being Assessment (WBA, Białowska et al., 2021) This self-report measure consists of 40 items across six subscales: emotional health, physical health, meaning and purpose, character strengths, social connectedness, and financial security. Responses are rated on a ten-point scale from 0 (strongly disagree) to 10 (strongly agree). The questionnaire's designers reported a Cronbach's alpha of 0.95, indicating high internal consistency, while the current research shows a Cronbach's alpha of 0.85, confirming the scale's reliability. Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale-12 (IU Vadivel et al., 2022 ) This self-report measure consists of 12 items. Responses are rated on a five-point Likert scale from 1 (Not at all characteristic of me) to 5 (Very Characteristic of me). The questionnaire's designers reported a Cronbach's alpha of 0.93, indicating high internal consistency, while the current research shows a Cronbach's alpha of 0.8, confirming the scale's reliability. The Flourishing scale was translated from English to Persian, then back-translated into English(Brislin, 1980). Three experts compared the three versions of the questionnaire, to ensure the accuracy of items for each version. Multidimensional Psychological Flexibility Inventory (MPFI Tabrizi et al., 2023 ) This self-report measure consists of 60 items across six subscales. This tool consists of 60 items divided into two sections: PF and psychological inflexibility. The flexibility section includes six items: acceptance, present-moment awareness, self as background, defusion, values, and committed action. The inflexibility section contains six items: avoidance of experience, lack of present-moment contact, self as content, fusion, lack of contact with values, and passivity. Responses are scored on a Six-point Likert from (1 never) to (6 always). The designers of this Questionnaire checked internal consistency, AVE, and CR coefficient for flexibility subscales psychological (AVE = 0.62) and (CR = 0.76) sub-scales of psychological inflexibility (AVE = 0.65) and reported (CR = 0.74). Cronbach's alpha coefficient in the PF section for this Research is 0.9. Also, Cronbach's alpha coefficient in the psychological inflexibility section this research is 0.9. which indicates the high reliability of this scale. Results Preliminary Analysis Before testing the research hypotheses in AMOS 24(Arbuckle, 2006) preliminary analyses were conducted to identify missing data, and outliers, and assess normality. This study's data were gathered via online questionnaires. Participants must answer all items to proceed to the next page, ensuring no missing data. So, there was no missing data. To identify outliers in the research dataset, the Mahalanobis distance was calculated for the research variables, indicating the distance of each individual's scores from the data center (Irmer et al., 2024 ; Kristopher j. preacher et al., 2016) If the Mahalanobis statistic score for any individual exceeds 0.001, that individual is considered an outlier. Notably, since there were no participants with a score of 0.001, it was concluded that there were no outliers in the data set (final sample size = 300). Two indices are used to assess the normality of research data: skewness and kurtosis. Skewness measures the asymmetry of the data relative to a normal distribution, while kurtosis evaluates the density and width of the distribution. According to the reference table, skewness values between ± 2 and kurtosis values between ± 3 indicate that the research data is normally distributed(Tabachnick et al., 2019 ). To assess the multicollinearity between the predictor variables, VIF (Variance Inflation Factor) and tolerance values ​​were calculated. The results showed that all VIFs were less than 3 (1.235–1.483) and all tolerance values ​​were above 0.33 (0.674–0.810), which are within the acceptable range(Hair et al., 2013 ). These findings indicate that there is no problematic multicollinearity and that the predictor variables were sufficiently distinct. Descriptive Statistics Table 1 presents the means, standard deviations, actual range, real range, skewness, and kurtosis for all measured variables. Table 1 Descriptive analysis Variable lowest score highest score average Standard deviation skewness kurtosis Flourishing 109 356 251.49 37.66 -0.69 1.07 Emotional health 5 56 37.98 6.55 -0.59 2.03 Physical health 10 65 46.45 10.25 -0.87 0.52 Purpose and meaning in life 10 60 47.47 10.40 -1.09 1.05 Personality strengths 15 70 52.17 10.14 -0.72 0.77 Social communication 10 70 44.60 10.80 -0.39 -0.13 Financial security 1 53 22.82 8.40 0.13 -0.11 Intolerance of uncertainty 12 50 29.51 7.28 0.34 -0.21 Psychological flexibility 56 180 128.91 19.08 -0.41 1.21 Acceptance 6 30 19.81 3.92 -0.35 0.47 Present-moment awareness 10 30 22.50 3.61 -0.43 0.81 Self as content 5 30 20.50 4.37 -0.43 0.85 Defusion 9 30 21.02 3.97 -0.42 0.35 Values 9 30 23.62 3.82 -0.70 1.05 Committed action 5 30 21.46 3.90 -0.27 0.93 Psychological inflexibility 36 30 91.22 26.28 0.19 -0.26 Experiential Avoidance 5 180 17.44 4.11 -0.01 0.59 Lack of Contact with the Present Moment 5 30 14.68 5.04 0.23 -0.32 Self as Content 5 30 15.84 6.00 0.08 -0.68 Fusion 5 30 15.08 5.44 0.16 -0.44 Lack of Contact with Values 5 30 13.41 5.47 0.23 -0.58 Inaction 5 30 14.77 6.26 0.14 -0.82 [Insert Table 1 here] Measurement Model for Each Scale A confirmatory factor analysis was conducted on PF, psychological inflexibility (60 items), IU (12 items), and flourishing (40 items). Items with factor loadings less than 0.4 were removed, and the remaining items were retained. Confirmatory factor analysis results indicated that the factor loadings of the items ranged from .41 to .84 (see Table 2 ), which exceeded the minimum cut-off score of .4.(Byrne, 2011 ). As a result, the measures used in this study were deemed appropriate. Table 2 Factor Loadings for the Items Items Factor Loadings Items Factor Loadings Items Factor Loadings Items Factor Loadings Flourishing Scales Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale Multidimensional Psychological Flexibility Inventory Fl b 1 .72 Iu1 .66 Pf.a2 .70 Pi.a2 .72 Fl b 2 .58 Iu2 .66 Pf.a3 .48 Pi.a3 .40 Fl b3 .67 Iu3 .54 Pf.a4 .45 Pi.a4 .44 Fl b4 .46 Iu4 .50 Pf.a5 .62 Pi.a5 .66 Fl b6 .69 Iu5 .72 Pf.p1 .62 Pi.p1 .68 Fl b7 .40 Iu6 .65 Pf.p2 .63 Pi.p2 .68 Fl m1 .84 Iu7 .56 Pf.p3 .76 Pi.p3 .77 Fl m2 .82 Iu8 .55 Pf.p5 .59 Pi.p4 .64 Fl m3 .84 Iu9 .62 Pf.s1 .62 Pi.p5 .59 Fl m4 .83 Iu10 .46 Pf.s2 .75 Pi.s1 .64 Fl m5 .76 Iu11 .64 Pf.s3 .72 Pi.s2 .73 Fl m6 .65 Pf.s4 .69 Pi.s3 .72 Fl p1 .71 Pf.s5 .68 Pi.s4 .69 Fl p2 .56 Pf.d1 .65 Pi.s5 .71 Fl p3 .48 Pf.d2 .69 Pi.d1 .68 Fl p4 .78 Pf.d3 .63 Pi.d2 .69 Fl p5 .83 Pf.d4 .65 Pi.d3 .63 Fl p6 .83 Pf.d5 .58 Pi.d4 .67 Fl p7 .69 Pf.v1 .63 Pi.d5 .58 Fl r1 .78 Pf.v2 .81 Pi.v1 .63 Fl r3 .83 Pf.v3 .71 Pi.v2 .82 Fl r4 .83 Pf.v4 .83 Pi.v3 .72 Fl r5 .74 Pf.v5 .77 Pi.v4 .83 Fl r6 .65 Pf.c1 .82 Pi.v5 .77 Fl r7 .43 Pf.c2 .83 Pi.c1 .81 Pf.c3 .79 Pi.c2 .82 Pi.c3 .84 Pi.c4 .47 Pi.c5 .49 [Insert Table 2 here] The following measurement fit indices were preferred for assessing of model fit: Comparative Fit Index (CFI) > .90; Tucker–Lewis index (TLI) > .90; Goodness of Fit Index (GFI) > .90; Root Mean Squared Error of Approximation (RMSEA) < .08; and CMIN/df < 5(Byrne, 2011 ). The results indicated that for the flourishing scale, values were obtained as CMIN/DF = 3.14, GFI = 0.91, CFI = 0.91, NFI = 0.91, and RMSEA = 0.08. For the IU scale, fit indices were reported as CMIN/DF = 2.4, GFI = 0.93, CFI = 0.94, NFI = 0.90, and RMSEA = 0.06. Additionally, the PF scale showed values of CMIN/DF = 2.83, GFI = 0.83, CFI = 0.91, NFI = 0.87, and RMSEA = 0.076. Finally, for the psychological inflexibility scale, indices were found to be CMIN/DF = 4.2, GFI = 0.92, CFI = 0.91, NFI = 0.88, and RMSEA = 0.07 (P = 0.001). These findings indicate an acceptable fit for all measurement models. In the factor analysis, 15 items from the flourishing variable with low factor loadings were removed. These items mainly belonged to the social connectedness and Purpose subscales. However, not all items of a subscale were removed, and the remaining items cover the conceptual core of each subscale and the overall flourishing construct, thus maintaining the conceptual representation of the construct. In addition to statistical logic that mentioned, the removal of these items is also justified given the specific characteristics of the COVID-19 pandemic and social restrictions in Iran. For example, some items related to in-person social connectedness or group activities may have been less experienced and responded to during the social distancing period, and therefore had low factor loadings. Also, the cultural characteristics of Iranian society, including the emphasis on close family relationships, differences in social participation patterns, and the lack of experience with some collective group activities compared to the pre- or post-COVID-19 period, have made some items less consistent with the actual experience of respondents. As a result, the removal of these 15 items were justified both statistically and substantively, and the conceptual core coverage of the subscales and the overall construct of prosperity has been maintained. These modifications allow for improvements in model fit and construct reliability while also maintaining comparability with previous studies. Also, four items from this PF scale with low factor loading were removed, mostly belonging to the acceptance and defusion subscales. However, other items from the same subscales remained, and the conceptual core of the construct and subscales were preserved. Theoretically, the removed items had minor semantic loading or overlapped with other items from the same subscale, and therefore their removal did not reduce the coverage of the construct. In addition, the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic and the cultural and social constraints of Iranian society may explain why some items were less frequently answered or their understanding was challenging; for example, items related to performing purposeful activities or facing unpleasant thoughts in the confined space of the home and reduced social interaction may have been less experienced or reportable. Therefore, removing these items were in line with the theoretical, content, and practical logic of the constructs and increases the reliability and fit of the model without reducing the conceptual coverage or validity of the construct. Measurement Model for All Scales The results showed that the CMIN/DF index was 3.72, indicating a good fit (below the critical threshold of 5.0), while the CFI was 0.91, higher than the recommended criterion of 0.90. The RMSEA value was 0.06, within the acceptable range (< 0.08), indicating a good fit of the model. Regarding the GFI (0.83) and NFI (0.79), it should be noted that these indices are sensitive to sample size, large number of parameters and model complexity, and values ​​less than 0.9 do not necessarily mean poor fit (Hayes et al., 2012 ). Discriminant Validity Assessment Given the negative correlation observed between PF and psychological inflexibility (r = − 0.43, p < 0.001), formal discriminant validity tests were conducted to ensure that these two constructs represent distinct dimensions and are not simply opposite poles of a single continuum (Hayes et al., 2012 ). To assess discriminant validity, two well-established criteria in the structural equation modeling literature were used: First, the Fornell-Larcker criterion, according to which the root mean square of the extracted variance (√AVE) of each construct should be greater than the correlation of that construct with other constructs(Fornell & Larcker, 1981 ). The results showed that the √AVE of PF was 0.79 and the √AVE of psychological inflexibility was 0.81, while the absolute correlation between the two constructs was 0.43; therefore, the Fornell-Larcker criterion was met, supporting the discriminant validity of the constructs. Second, the Heterotrite-Monotrite Ratio (HTMT) was calculated as complementary and conservative evidence for discriminant validity, with a value of 0.51, which was significantly lower than the recommended thresholds of 0.85 as conservative and 0.90 as more liberal (Henseler et al., 2015 ), providing further strong evidence for the separation of the constructs. Overall, the results of these analyses suggest that PF and inflexibility are distinct constructs, alleviating concerns about construct overlap and parameter estimates being inflated or unstable. In addition, confirmatory factor analysis was conducted and the results showed that the univariate model (adding all items of PF and psychological inflexibility) showed weaken fi indices in comparison of measurement fit indices of each construct of PF and psychological inflexibility (χ² (1290) = 3124.56, CFI = 0.73, TLI = 0.70, RMSEA = 0.12 [90% CI: 0.115–0.125]). Therefore, findings showed PF and inflexibility are distinct and empirically distinguishable variables and not a single bipolar dimension. Harman's Single-Factor Test In order to investigate the possibility of common method bias due to the use of self-report instruments, Harman's univariate test was conducted. In this test, all items of the research variables were entered simultaneously and without rotation into an exploratory factor analysis. The results showed that the first factor explains 30.61% of the total variance, which is less than the conventional threshold of 50% (Podsakoff et al., 2003 ). Accordingly, it can be concluded that common method bias is not a serious issue in the data of this study. Structural Model The structural model includes uncertainty intolerance, PF, and psychological inflexibility as exogenous predictor variables while flourishing serves as the endogenous criterion variable. Table 3 presents the beta values and significance levels. Table 3 Structural model of flourishing Research hypothesis p.value β IU ---> 0.001 -0.10 PF ---> Flourishing 0.001 0.53 Psychological Inflexibility ---> 0.03 -0.18 Psychological Inflexibility PF 0.001 -0.43 Psychological Inflexibility IU 0.001 0.47 PF IU 0.001 -0.25 [Insert Table 3 here] The structural model is described in Table 3 and shows IU and Psychological In Flexibility negatively predicted Flourishing (β = -0.10, p < 0.001), (β = -0.18, p = 0.03). Also, PF positively and significantly predicts flourishing. (β = 0.53, p < 0.001). The R 2 coefficient indicates the extent to which the independent variable explains the dependent variable. According to the structural model findings above, uncertainty intolerance, PF, and psychological inflexibility account for 44% of the variance in the flourishing variable. Moderation Test of PF (Latent Interaction Approach) To investigate the moderating role of psychological resilience, structural equation modelling in AMOS software with the latent interaction approach (Latent Interaction SEM) was used (Marsh et al., 2004 ). In this model, IU and PF were defined as latent constructs, and a latent interaction term between these two constructs was created to predict flourishing. The maximum likelihood method with robustness correction (MLR) was used to estimate the model. The significance of the latent interaction effect was considered as the main indicator of the existence of moderation. The results showed that the latent interaction term between IU and PF had a significant effect on psychological flourishing (β = .11, p < 0.001), indicating the moderating role of PF. Specifically, as PF increased, the magnitude of the negative relationship between IU and flourishing (in a direct relationship) changed to a positive relationship from the interaction of PF and IU with flourishing. Moderation Test of Psychological Inflexibility (Latent Interaction Approach) The results showed that the latent interaction effect between IU and psychological inflexibility on psychological flourishing was not significant (β = −0.09, p = .11). This finding indicated that psychological inflexibility did not significantly moderate the relationship between IU and flourishing. In other words, the magnitude and direction of the relationship between iteration of IU and psychological inflexibility with flourishing did not different; therefore, based on the continuous latent interaction approach, the moderation role of psychological inflexibility in the proposed model was not confirmed. Discussion The findings of the present study, which demonstrate a negative association between IU and flourishing, are consistent with a broad theoretical and empirical literature that conceptualizes IU as a pervasive vulnerability in the experience of psychological well-being. According to Carleto’s (2016) conceptual model, IU is not simply a fear of the future, but rather a persistent tendency to interpret ambiguity as an intolerable threat. This cognitive–emotional pattern causes individuals, when faced with uncertain situations, to devote attentional and emotional resources to monitoring threat, chronic worry, and attempts to rapidly reduce ambiguity, even when such efforts conflict with goals of growth, meaning, and learning. In the flourishing framework, these processes could specifically undermine key dimensions of well-being. First, IU is associated with a reduced sense of meaning and purpose, as an excessive focus on predicting and controlling uncertain outcomes limits the ability to freely engage in valuable but uncertain activities. Second, IU is more likely associated with reduced social engagement and a sense of belonging, as human interactions are inherently unpredictable and individuals with high IU may prefer interpersonal withdrawal to avoid emotional ambiguity. Third, chronic worry and persistent arousal resulting from IU is more likely lead to the depletion of self-regulatory resources, a process that is consistent with a reduction in the psychological energy required to experience pleasure, hope, and life satisfaction(Qiang et al., 2024 ). This pattern is exacerbated in the context of counseling education. Clinical education requires the ongoing tolerance of diagnostic, therapeutic, and relational ambiguity. Students who interpret uncertainty as a sign of threat or personal inadequacy may perceive their educational experience less as a path to growth and more as a source of threat. Previous research has shown that IU is associated with performance anxiety, avoidance of complex issues, and reduced active engagement with the learning process(Peace & Smith-Adcock, 2020 ). Such patterns could cumulatively limit the experience of flourishing, not because of a lack of ability, but because of the pattern of one’s relationship with ambiguity. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, where levels of structural uncertainty in education, career prospects, and social interactions may have increased to unprecedented levels, these processes are likely to have become more salient. Evidence suggests that in conditions of chronic uncertainty, IU is particularly associated with reduced well-being and increased academic burnout (Abdollahi et al., 2022 ). In this perspective, the findings of the present study suggest that IU could act as a structural barrier to flourishing in conditions of high environmental stress. The positive association between PF and flourishing could be explained within the framework of ACT as reflecting the deep overlap between the processes of flexibility and the fundamental components of psychological well-being. PF refers to the ability to consciously engage with present-moment experience and choose value-consistent behaviors, despite the presence of unpleasant thoughts and emotions(Hayes et al., 2012 ). This definition is conceptually aligned with the central elements of flourishing, including meaning, active engagement, connection, and personal growth. From a process perspective, acceptance and cognitive disengagement may allow individuals to experience unavoidable negative emotions—such as anxiety, doubt, or frustration—without behavioral breakdown. This is particularly important in clinical education, where emotional distress is not a sign of failure but rather part of the professionalization process. Rather than trying to eliminate these experiences, resilient students are able to direct their psychological energy toward learning, therapeutic engagement, and professional growth, a pattern that is associated with higher levels of well-being and career satisfaction. Present-moment awareness also allows for a deeper experience of human connection and therapeutic presence by reducing rumination and future-oriented worry. Previous research has shown that this type of presence not only increases clinical effectiveness, but is also associated with reduced burnout and an increased sense of meaning(Kashdan et al., 2020 ). Furthermore, clarifying values ​​helps students maintain their connection to their fundamental reasons for entering the profession, even under pressure, a process that could foster a sense of purpose and identity coherence, both of which are key components of flourishing. This explanation is supported by the findings of Choi et al. ( 2025 ) who showed that PF remained predictive of well-being even after controlling for meaning and existential variables. This evidence suggests that PF processes themselves—and not simply their cognitive consequences—plays an independent role in the experience of flourishing. The evidence for the moderating role of PF could be explained within the framework of models of emotion regulation and meaning-making. PF appears to alter how an individual relates to uncertainty, not necessarily the level of exposure to it. In this framework, individuals with high levels of PF may experience uncertainty as a natural part of human and professional affairs, rather than as a threat to personal worth or competence. This experiential reframing may reduce the magnitude of the effect of IU on well-being. Furthermore, PF is associated with behavioral persistence toward values. Even when uncertainty is anxiety-provoking, individuals with high levels of PF are less likely to resort to situational avoidance and more likely to continue to actively engage in meaningful activities. This behavioral persistence may prevent the formation of avoidance-anxiety cycles, which are identified in the IU literature as a key mechanism for reducing well-being. Collectively, these findings suggest that PF may act as a high-level regulatory resource that attenuates the negative effects of IU on the experience of flourishing. This explanation is consistent with studies that have shown the role of flexibility in academic adjustment, reducing future anxiety, and increasing life satisfaction(Daşcı et al., 2023 ; Öztekin et al., 2025 ). The lack of observation a moderating role for psychological inflexibility in the relationship between IU and flourishing is consistent with theoretical considerations and empirical evidence within the framework of ACT. Although psychological inflexibility and flexibility are conceptually related, ACT does not view them as two perfectly symmetrical constructs or simply opposite poles of a single continuum, but rather as representing distinct functional patterns of engagement with internal experience(Hayes et al., 2012 ). According to the six-pronged model of ACT, psychological inflexibility is formed by the combination of six maladaptive processes: experiential avoidance, cognitive fusion, loss of contact with the present moment, conceptualized self, dissociation from values, and dysfunctional or avoidant action. These processes are primarily associated with the intensification and persistence of psychological distress, but do not necessarily operate to alter the direction or magnitude of the effect of a specific stressor (such as IU) on well-being outcomes at the interactional level. In other words, inflexibility may function as a general vulnerability factor that is directly associated with reduced flourishing, rather than as a variable that moderates the relationship between IU and flourishing. From a theoretical perspective, IU itself has functional overlap with many of the core processes of inflexibility, particularly experiential avoidance and cognitive fusion. Individuals with high IU tend to perceive thoughts and feelings associated with ambiguity as threatening and resort to avoidance, excessive reassurance seeking, or cognitive control to immediately reduce this distress(Carleton, 2016 ). These patterns are implicit in the construct of psychological inflexibility. Thus, when inflexibility is tested as a moderator, a significant portion of its shared variance with IU may be captured at the main effects level, leaving limited conceptual space for a distinct interaction effect to emerge. From an empirical perspective, research has also shown that psychological inflexibility often serves as a strong direct predictor of negative mental health outcomes—including depression, anxiety, burnout, and reduced well-being—but its role as a moderator has been less consistently observed(Hayes et al., 2012 ; Kashdan & Rottenberg, 2010 ). Implication of Findings The findings indicate that PF has a positive and significant relationship with flourishing and moderates the negative effect of IU on flourishing. The results also indicate that by measuring the level of inflexibility and IU, it could be predicted that university students may experience a lower level of flourishing. These implications indicate that PF could be an important factor for understanding individual differences in responding to challenges in the educational environment. These findings implicitly emphasize the importance of paying attention to PF as a functional construct in educational and preventive programs, without providing causal implications or direct intervention recommendations. From a theoretical perspective, the present results are consistent with the ACT theory framework, suggesting that PF is more likely to modify the relationship between the experience of uncertainty and psychological flourishing. Limitations and Recommendation for Further Studies Several limitations should be noted in interpreting the findings of this study. First, due to the cross-sectional nature of the research design, it is not possible to infer causal relationships between IU, PF, and flourishing; therefore, future research could examine the temporal dynamics and direction of relationships using longitudinal or interventional designs. Second, the study’s reliance on self-report instruments may have been affected by response biases; therefore, the use of multi-source methods is recommended in future research. In addition, the gender imbalance of the sample (89% female) and the cultural homogeneity of the participants (Iranian students living in Tehran) limit the generalizability of the findings, although these characteristics reflect the actual structure of the counseling and psychology student population in Iran. Accordingly, it is suggested that future studies with more diverse samples in terms of gender and cultural background examine the external and cross-cultural validity of the results. Online data collection during the COVID-19 pandemic may have influenced participants' responses, as the pandemic created unprecedented levels of uncertainty and stress that could have affected the relationships examined. Therefore, the generalizability of findings to non-pandemic environments requires verification and cautious interpretation. Conclusion The results of this study indicate that PF has a positive and significant relationship with flourishing and moderate the negative effect of IU on flourishing. Also, measuring the level of flexibility and IU could be useful for predicting individual differences in the experience of flourishing. Abbreviations ACT Acceptance and Commitment Therapy AVE Average Variance Extracted CFI Comparative Fit Index CMIN/DF Chi-square/Degrees of Freedom CR Composite Reliability GFI Goodness of Fit Index IFI Incremental Fit Index IU Intolerance of Uncertainty MPFI Multidimensional Psychological Flexibility Inventory NFI Normed Fit Index PERMA Positive emotions, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning, and Accomplishment RMSEA Root Mean Squared Error of Approximation TLI Tucker-Lewis Index WBA Well-Being Assessment Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Psychology, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran. Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to completing the questionnaires. Participation was voluntary and anonymous. This article is based on a thesis registered in the Iranian Research Institute for Information Science and Technology (IranDoc) with registration number: 2988934. Consent for publication Not applicable. Availability of data and materials The datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Competing Interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Authors' contributions Mobina Salimian conceptualized and designed the study, developed the research methodology, conducted data collection through online questionnaires, performed statistical analyses using SPSS and AMOS software, interpreted the results, and drafted the initial manuscript. Abbas Abdollahi supervised the entire research project, provided guidance on theoretical framework and research design, contributed to the interpretation of statistical findings, critically reviewed and revised the manuscript for important intellectual content, and approved the final version for submission. Soolmaz Dehghanidowlatabadi reanalyzed the data, making corrections, and rewriting the text of the manuscript. Acknowledgements Not applicable. Clinical trial number Not applicable. References Abdollahi A, Vadivel B, Huy DTN, Opulencia MJC, Van Tuan P, Abbood AAA, Nasirova Z, Chupradit S, Allen KA, Bykanova O. Psychometric Assessment of the Persian Translation of the Interpersonal Mindfulness Scale With Undergraduate Students. Front Psychiatry. 2022;13(5):632. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.866816 . Anderson EC, Carleton RN, Diefenbach M, Han PKJ. (2019). The Relationship Between Uncertainty and Affect. 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Blackwell Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12416 Kashdan TB, Disabato DJ, Goodman FR, Doorley JD, Mcknight. p. e. (2020). Understanding psychological flexibility:A multimethod explorationof pursuing valued goals despite the presence of distress. PsychologicalAssessment . Kashdan TB, Rottenberg J. Psychological flexibility as a fundamental aspect of health. Clin Psychol Rev. 2010;30(4):865–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.03.001 . Keyes CLM. Promoting and protecting mental health as flourishing: a complementary strategy for improving national mental health. Am Psychol. 2007;62:95–108. Kristopher j. preacher, Zhen zhang, &, Zyphur MJ. (2016). Supplemental Material for Multilevel Structural Equation Models for Assessing Moderation Within and Across Levels of Analysis. Psychological Methods . https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000052.supp Marsh HW, Wen Z, Hau K-T. 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Peek R, Arnold R, Moore L. Greater tolerance of uncertainty facilitates thriving in doctors entering postgraduate training. BMC Med Educ. 2025;25(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-025-07645-2 . Podsakoff PM, MacKenzie SB, Lee JY, Podsakoff NP. (2003). Common Method Biases in Behavioral Research: A Critical Review of the Literature and Recommended Remedies. In Journal of Applied Psychology (Vol. 88, Issue 5, pp. 879–903). American Psychological Association Inc. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879 Qiang J, He X, Xia Z, Huang J, Xu C. (2024). The association between intolerance of uncertainty and academic burnout among university students: the role of self-regulatory fatigue and self-compassion. Frontiers in Public Health , 12 . https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1441465 Sahib A, Chen J, Cárdenas D, Calear AL, Wilson C. Emotion regulation mediates the relation between intolerance of uncertainty and emotion difficulties: A longitudinal investigation. J Affect Disord. 2024;364:194–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2024.08.056 . Satici B, Saricali M, Satici SA, Griffiths MD. Intolerance of Uncertainty and Mental Wellbeing: Serial Mediation by Rumination and Fear of COVID-19. Int J Mental Health Addict. 2022;20(5):2731–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00305-0 . Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS, Ullman JB. (2019). Using multivariate statistics . Pearson. Tabrizi FF, Larsson AB, Grönvall H, Söderstrand L, Hallén E, Champoux-Larsson MF, Lundgren T, Sundström F, Lavefjord A, Buhrman M, Sundin Ö, McCracken L, Åhs F, Jansson B. Psychometric evaluation of the Swedish Multidimensional Psychological Flexibility Inventory (MPFI). Cogn Behav Ther. 2023;52(4):295–316. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2022.2153077 . Vadivel B, Azadfar Z, Talib MA, Mutlak DA, Suksatan W, Abbood AAA, Sultan MQ, Allen KA, Patra I, Hammid AT. Intolerance of uncertainty scale-12: psychometric properties of this construct among Iranian undergraduate students. Front Psychol. 2022;13:894316. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1339783 . VanderWeele TJ, Case BW, Chen Y, Cowden RG, Johnson B, Lee MT, Lomas T, Long KG. Flourishing in critical dialogue. SSM - Mental Health. 2022;100172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmmh.2022.100172 . Weziak-Bialowolska D, Bialowolski P, Lee MT, Chen Y, VanderWeele TJ, McNeely E. (2021). Psychometric Properties of Flourishing Scales From a Comprehensive Well-Being Assessment. Frontiers in Psychology , 12 . https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.652209 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8729287","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":595071109,"identity":"f21565a1-2f1d-4736-bddd-d06ad9b1f91a","order_by":0,"name":"Mobina Salimian","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABCElEQVRIie3PsUoDMRgH8C8c2CWla6Gir/BJIVQ47h7EJSVwLgq6degQl+srVHwG184fHOhyeGvgHK70BW6zoIO54CTmiptg/lMS/j/+BCAk5A8GadBAg8ABRm/ve4ztG7ujPnJOHEE6AjiBRdYR3UtSsmX5tTiBsnCnXiKIs1bebI5HD1pOb/MqeVwVdmUZX/jJYDeWWPPxK5G6z2u1KeeWPGXX2ksAHQFjm0NLBNkD04WXIMF035FTo5ge5i9KVNuDRLgVNFkU8ZISYQ6tFFzMOnJmro7YeqGkMHZF9vwFn1c7037U6Ykl0GKSiupy27TL2Esg+nafu6b01X9K+ptySEhIyP/IJ9SRaOxom04JAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Alzahra University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mobina","middleName":"","lastName":"Salimian","suffix":""},{"id":595071110,"identity":"eedc651b-189d-44b1-b8b1-a548bedbd90f","order_by":1,"name":"Abbas Abdollahi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Wellbeing Research Center, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Abbas","middleName":"","lastName":"Abdollahi","suffix":""},{"id":595071111,"identity":"d2e498c3-5327-4dfa-bdf1-3bcd06ed875c","order_by":2,"name":"Soolmaz Dehghanidowlatabadi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Alzahra University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Soolmaz","middleName":"","lastName":"Dehghanidowlatabadi","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-01-29 08:55:13","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8729287/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8729287/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":103221471,"identity":"a31148b5-bd1f-4773-b146-95235710a3f2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-23 10:26:26","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1267489,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8729287/v1/7f45aa61-8638-4163-8abf-0479ddcd4957.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eThe Moderating Role of Psychological Flexibility in the Relationship Between Intolerance of Uncertainty and Flourishing\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eMental health concerns among psychology and counseling students have emerged as a critical issue in higher education, with research consistently documenting elevated rates of psychological distress within this population (Dyrbye et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e) .These students face distinctive challenges including intensive academic pressures, rigorous clinical training demands, and exposure to clients' traumatic experiences(Barnett et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). Understanding factors that promote optimal functioning is paramount for both individual student welfare and the broader mental health field.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlourishing has emerged as a crucial construct for understanding optimal psychological functioning. Seligman (2011) flourishing as \"a dynamic state of optimal human functioning characterized by positive emotions, engagement, positive relationships, meaning, and accomplishment,\" while Keyes (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e) defines it as \"high levels of emotional, psychological, and social well-being.\" Contemporary frameworks emphasize that flourishing extends beyond the absence of mental illness, encompassing positive psychological resources and optimal functioning across multiple life domains(Huppert \u0026amp; So, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; VanderWeele et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). For psychology students specifically, flourishing predicts not only superior academic performance but also enhanced professional competencies, including greater empathy and therapeutic presence(Bentwich \u0026amp; Gilbey, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong factors influencing student mental health, Intolerance of Uncertainty (IU) has emerged as a significant predictor of psychological distress. Carleton (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e) defines IU as an individual's dispositional incapacity to endure the aversive response triggered by the perceived absence of salient, key, or sufficient information, affecting how individuals perceive, interpret, and respond to uncertain situations on cognitive, emotional, and behavioral levels(Bottesi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). This characteristic is particularly problematic for psychology and counseling students, who must navigate ambiguous clinical situations, uncertain academic outcomes, and the inherent unpredictability of therapeutic work. Elevated IU correlates with increased stress and diminished clinical effectiveness (Anderson et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Peace \u0026amp; Smith-Adcock, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) especially concerning given that uncertainty is inherent in both therapeutic practice and professional development.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePsychological Flexibility (PF), defined as the ability to contact the present moment fully as a conscious human being and to change or persist in behavior when doing so serves valued ends (Hayes et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e) may serve as a crucial protective factor in this relationship. This construct, fundamental to Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), encompasses six core processes: acceptance, cognitive defusion, present-moment awareness, self-as-context, values clarification, and committed action(Hofmann \u0026amp; Hayes, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese processes hold particular relevance for counseling training contexts. Acceptance enables students to acknowledge difficult emotions arising from clinical work (anxiety about client outcomes, uncertainty about competence) without defensive avoidance. Cognitive defusion helps students observe self-critical thoughts (\"\u003cem\u003eI'm not competent enough,\" \"I'll harm this client\u003c/em\u003e\") as mental events rather than literal truths, reducing imposter syndrome's impact. Present-moment awareness facilitates therapeutic presence and attunement to clients' immediate experiences rather than rumination about past sessions or worry about future outcomes. Values clarification maintains connection to core professional motivations (desires to alleviate suffering, promote growth) despite training challenges, while committed action translates these values into persistent engagement with difficult learning experiences.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResearch demonstrates that PF shields students against adverse effects of professional challenges and uncertainties(Bamber \u0026amp; Kraenzle Schneider, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Dvoř\u0026aacute;kov\u0026aacute; et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e), enabling them to maintain well-being and professional effectiveness despite inevitable uncertainties in training and practice.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDespite extensive research examining IU and well-being among qualified mental health professionals(Johnson et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Peek et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e), a significant gap exists in understanding how PF might moderate the IU-flourishing relationship specifically among psychology and counseling students. Previous investigations have predominantly focused on practicing professionals, overlooking the unique developmental needs and challenges faced by students in training(Anderson et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). This oversight is problematic given that student experiences may differ substantially from those of established practitioners, warranting targeted investigation of this population.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study investigates the moderating role of PF in the relationship between IU and flourishing among psychology and counseling students. We hypothesize that PF will significantly moderate the negative association between IU and flourishing, such that higher levels of flexibility will attenuate this detrimental relationship. These findings have important implications for psychology education and student support services, potentially informing evidence-based interventions to enhance student well-being and professional competence during training.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eParticipants\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study employed a cross-sectional survey design with 300 psychology and counseling students (female\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;89%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;268; male\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;11%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;32) recruited through convenience sampling from three universities in Tehran, Iran: Alzahra University, Allameh Tabatabai University, and Tehran University. Participants' mean age was 29.86 years (SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;9.19; range: 18\u0026ndash;54). The sample comprised undergraduate students (43.7%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;131), master's students (49.3%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;148), and doctoral students (7%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;21). All participants were Iranian nationals and identified as Muslim.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSample Characteristics and Representativeness\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe pronounced gender imbalance in our sample (89% female) reflects the demographic reality of psychology and counseling programs in Iran, where female students constitute the overwhelming majority of enrollments in these disciplines. While this distribution limits generalizability to male counseling students, it provides ecologically valid representation of the actual student population in Iranian counseling training programs. The gender skew may influence our findings in several ways: research indicates that women and men may differ in uncertainty tolerance(Bottesi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) emotional regulation strategies(Sahib et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e), and help-seeking behaviors. However, given that the vast majority of future counselors in this context will be female, our findings remain highly relevant for informing training programs serving this demographic. Future research should intentionally oversample male participants to examine potential gender differences in the PF-uncertainty-flourishing relationship.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe cultural homogeneity of our sample (Iranian, Muslim students from Tehran) similarly constrains cross-cultural generalizability but enables culturally grounded interpretation. Cultural values regarding uncertainty, collectivism-individualism orientations, and conceptions of well-being vary substantially across societies Carleton (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Iranian cultural contexts, characterized by relatively high uncertainty avoidance and collectivist values, may shape how students experience and respond to uncertainty in clinical training. Our findings should therefore be interpreted within this cultural framework, and replication in diverse cultural contexts is needed to establish cross-cultural validity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eProcedure\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAmid the COVID-19 pandemic, data was collected from students at all three levels, and permission to publish the questionnaire was granted to Psychology and Counseling students via the virtual networks of participating universities. Data collection took place from mid-December 2022 to the end of May 2023. Before distributing the questionnaire, participants were informed of the study's purpose, their voluntary participation, and the confidentiality of their responses.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eData Collection Context: COVID-19 Pandemic Considerations\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData collection occurred from mid-December 2022 to late May 2023, during the endemic phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran. This temporal context warrants explicit consideration, as the pandemic created unprecedented levels of uncertainty across educational, health, and social domains. Research consistently demonstrates that pandemic-related uncertainty significantly impacted mental health, particularly among university students(Pakenham et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Satici et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe pandemic context may have influenced our findings in several ways. First, baseline levels of IU may have been elevated relative to pre-pandemic norms, as students navigated ongoing uncertainties regarding health risks, educational delivery formats, and clinical training opportunities. Second, the salience of uncertainty may have intensified the relationship between IU and flourishing, potentially amplifying effect sizes relative to typical circumstances. Third, students may have developed enhanced PF as an adaptive response to prolonged uncertainty exposure, though this remains speculative.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportantly, the pandemic context may also enhance the ecological validity of our findings for understanding how counseling students manage uncertainty during crisis periods situations they will inevitably encounter in professional practice. The pandemic created conditions analogous to the ambiguous, high-stakes clinical situations that characterize much of counseling work. Students' experiences navigating pandemic uncertainty may therefore parallel the professional uncertainties they will face regarding client outcomes, diagnostic ambiguity, and treatment planning.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNevertheless, caution is warranted in generalizing these findings to non-pandemic contexts. The unique combination of health threat, social disruption, and institutional instability during COVID-19 may not fully represent typical uncertainty experiences in counseling training. Longitudinal research examining these relationships across varied environmental contexts would strengthen confidence in the stability and generalizability of our findings.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eMeasures\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eFlourishing Scales from a Comprehensive Well-Being Assessment (WBA, Białowska et al., 2021)\u003c/b\u003e This self-report measure consists of 40 items across six subscales: emotional health, physical health, meaning and purpose, character strengths, social connectedness, and financial security. Responses are rated on a ten-point scale from 0 (strongly disagree) to 10 (strongly agree). The questionnaire's designers reported a Cronbach's alpha of 0.95, indicating high internal consistency, while the current research shows a Cronbach's alpha of 0.85, confirming the scale's reliability.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eIntolerance of Uncertainty Scale-12 (IU\u003c/b\u003e Vadivel et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) This self-report measure consists of 12 items. Responses are rated on a five-point Likert scale from 1 (Not at all characteristic of me) to 5 (Very Characteristic of me). The questionnaire's designers reported a Cronbach's alpha of 0.93, indicating high internal consistency, while the current research shows a Cronbach's alpha of 0.8, confirming the scale's reliability. The Flourishing scale was translated from English to Persian, then back-translated into English(Brislin, 1980). Three experts compared the three versions of the questionnaire, to ensure the accuracy of items for each version.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMultidimensional Psychological Flexibility Inventory (MPFI Tabrizi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis self-report measure consists of 60 items across six subscales. This tool consists of 60 items divided into two sections: PF and psychological inflexibility. The flexibility section includes six items: acceptance, present-moment awareness, self as background, defusion, values, and committed action. The inflexibility section contains six items: avoidance of experience, lack of present-moment contact, self as content, fusion, lack of contact with values, and passivity. Responses are scored on a Six-point Likert from (1 never) to (6 always). The designers of this Questionnaire checked internal consistency, AVE, and CR coefficient for flexibility subscales psychological (AVE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.62) and (CR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.76) sub-scales of psychological inflexibility (AVE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.65) and reported (CR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.74). Cronbach's alpha coefficient in the PF section for this Research is 0.9. Also, Cronbach's alpha coefficient in the psychological inflexibility section this research is 0.9. which indicates the high reliability of this scale.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePreliminary Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBefore testing the research hypotheses in AMOS 24(Arbuckle, 2006) preliminary analyses were conducted to identify missing data, and outliers, and assess normality. This study's data were gathered via online questionnaires. Participants must answer all items to proceed to the next page, ensuring no missing data. So, there was no missing data. To identify outliers in the research dataset, the Mahalanobis distance was calculated for the research variables, indicating the distance of each individual's scores from the data center (Irmer et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Kristopher j. preacher et al., 2016) If the Mahalanobis statistic score for any individual exceeds 0.001, that individual is considered an outlier. Notably, since there were no participants with a score of 0.001, it was concluded that there were no outliers in the data set (final sample size\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;300). Two indices are used to assess the normality of research data: skewness and kurtosis. Skewness measures the asymmetry of the data relative to a normal distribution, while kurtosis evaluates the density and width of the distribution. According to the reference table, skewness values between \u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2 and kurtosis values between \u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3 indicate that the research data is normally distributed(Tabachnick et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). To assess the multicollinearity between the predictor variables, VIF (Variance Inflation Factor) and tolerance values ​​were calculated. The results showed that all VIFs were less than 3 (1.235\u0026ndash;1.483) and all tolerance values ​​were above 0.33 (0.674\u0026ndash;0.810), which are within the acceptable range(Hair et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). These findings indicate that there is no problematic multicollinearity and that the predictor variables were sufficiently distinct.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDescriptive Statistics\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e presents the means, standard deviations, actual range, real range, skewness, and kurtosis for all measured variables.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescriptive analysis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003elowest score\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ehighest score\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eaverage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStandard deviation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eskewness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ekurtosis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlourishing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e109\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e356\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e251.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmotional health\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical health\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePurpose and meaning in life\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePersonality strengths\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial communication\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinancial security\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntolerance of uncertainty\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePsychological flexibility\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e180\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e128.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcceptance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePresent-moment awareness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf as content\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDefusion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eValues\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommitted action\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePsychological inflexibility\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExperiential Avoidance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e180\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLack of Contact with the\u0026nbsp;Present Moment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf as Content\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFusion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLack of Contact with Values\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInaction\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003e[Insert\u003c/b\u003e Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e \u003cb\u003ehere]\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMeasurement Model for Each Scale\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA confirmatory factor analysis was conducted on PF, psychological inflexibility (60 items), IU (12 items), and flourishing (40 items). Items with factor loadings less than 0.4 were removed, and the remaining items were retained. Confirmatory factor analysis results indicated that the factor loadings of the items ranged from .41 to .84 (see Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e), which exceeded the minimum cut-off score of .4.(Byrne, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). As a result, the measures used in this study were deemed appropriate.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFactor Loadings for the Items\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"13\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItems\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFactor\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLoadings\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItems\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFactor\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLoadings\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItems\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFactor\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLoadings\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItems\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFactor\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLoadings\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFlourishing Scales\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eIntolerance of Uncertainty Scale\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMultidimensional Psychological Flexibility Inventory\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFl b 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.72\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIu1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.66\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePf.a2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.70\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePi.a2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.72\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFl b 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.58\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIu2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.66\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePf.a3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.48\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePi.a3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.40\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFl b3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.67\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIu3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.54\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePf.a4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.45\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePi.a4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.44\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFl b4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.46\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIu4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.50\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePf.a5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.62\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePi.a5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.66\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFl b6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.69\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIu5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.72\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePf.p1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.62\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePi.p1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.68\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFl b7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.40\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIu6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.65\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePf.p2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.63\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePi.p2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.68\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFl m1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.84\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIu7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.56\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePf.p3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.76\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePi.p3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.77\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFl m2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.82\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIu8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.55\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePf.p5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.59\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePi.p4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.64\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFl m3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.84\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIu9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.62\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePf.s1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.62\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePi.p5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.59\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFl m4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.83\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIu10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.46\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePf.s2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.75\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePi.s1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.64\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFl m5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.76\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIu11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.64\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePf.s3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.72\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePi.s2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.73\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFl m6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.65\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePf.s4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.69\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePi.s3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.72\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFl p1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.71\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePf.s5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.68\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePi.s4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.69\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFl p2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.56\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePf.d1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.65\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePi.s5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.71\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFl p3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.48\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePf.d2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.69\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePi.d1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.68\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFl p4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.78\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePf.d3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.63\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePi.d2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.69\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFl p5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.83\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePf.d4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.65\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePi.d3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.63\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFl p6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.83\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePf.d5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.58\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePi.d4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.67\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFl p7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.69\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePf.v1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.63\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePi.d5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.58\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFl r1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.78\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePf.v2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.81\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePi.v1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.63\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFl r3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.83\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePf.v3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.71\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePi.v2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.82\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFl r4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.83\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePf.v4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.83\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePi.v3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.72\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFl r5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.74\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePf.v5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.77\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePi.v4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.83\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFl r6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.65\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePf.c1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.82\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePi.v5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.77\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFl r7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.43\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePf.c2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.83\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePi.c1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.81\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePf.c3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.79\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePi.c2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.82\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePi.c3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.84\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePi.c4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.47\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePi.c5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e.49\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003e[Insert\u003c/b\u003e Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e \u003cb\u003ehere]\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe following measurement fit indices were preferred for assessing of model fit:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparative Fit Index (CFI) \u0026gt; .90; Tucker\u0026ndash;Lewis index (TLI) \u0026gt; .90; Goodness of Fit\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex (GFI) \u0026gt; .90; Root Mean Squared Error of Approximation (RMSEA) \u0026lt; .08; and\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCMIN/df\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;5(Byrne, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results indicated that for the flourishing scale, values were obtained as CMIN/DF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.14, GFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.91, CFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.91, NFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.91, and RMSEA\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.08. For the IU scale, fit indices were reported as CMIN/DF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.4, GFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.93, CFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.94, NFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.90, and RMSEA\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.06. Additionally, the PF scale showed values of CMIN/DF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.83, GFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.83, CFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.91, NFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.87, and RMSEA\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.076. Finally, for the psychological inflexibility scale, indices were found to be CMIN/DF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.2, GFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.92, CFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.91, NFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.88, and RMSEA\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.07 (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001). These findings indicate an acceptable fit for all measurement models.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the factor analysis, 15 items from the flourishing variable with low factor loadings were removed. These items mainly belonged to the social connectedness and Purpose subscales.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, not all items of a subscale were removed, and the remaining items cover the conceptual core of each subscale and the overall flourishing construct, thus maintaining the conceptual representation of the construct. In addition to statistical logic that mentioned, the removal of these items is also justified given the specific characteristics of the COVID-19 pandemic and social restrictions in Iran. For example, some items related to in-person social connectedness or group activities may have been less experienced and responded to during the social distancing period, and therefore had low factor loadings. Also, the cultural characteristics of Iranian society, including the emphasis on close family relationships, differences in social participation patterns, and the lack of experience with some collective group activities compared to the pre- or post-COVID-19 period, have made some items less consistent with the actual experience of respondents. As a result, the removal of these 15 items were justified both statistically and substantively, and the conceptual core coverage of the subscales and the overall construct of prosperity has been maintained. These modifications allow for improvements in model fit and construct reliability while also maintaining comparability with previous studies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlso, four items from this PF scale with low factor loading were removed, mostly belonging to the acceptance and defusion subscales. However, other items from the same subscales remained, and the conceptual core of the construct and subscales were preserved. Theoretically, the removed items had minor semantic loading or overlapped with other items from the same subscale, and therefore their removal did not reduce the coverage of the construct. In addition, the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic and the cultural and social constraints of Iranian society may explain why some items were less frequently answered or their understanding was challenging; for example, items related to performing purposeful activities or facing unpleasant thoughts in the confined space of the home and reduced social interaction may have been less experienced or reportable. Therefore, removing these items were in line with the theoretical, content, and practical logic of the constructs and increases the reliability and fit of the model without reducing the conceptual coverage or validity of the construct.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMeasurement Model for All Scales\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results showed that the CMIN/DF index was 3.72, indicating a good fit (below the critical threshold of 5.0), while the CFI was 0.91, higher than the recommended criterion of 0.90. The RMSEA value was 0.06, within the acceptable range (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.08), indicating a good fit of the model. Regarding the GFI (0.83) and NFI (0.79), it should be noted that these indices are sensitive to sample size, large number of parameters and model complexity, and values ​​less than 0.9 do not necessarily mean poor fit (Hayes et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDiscriminant Validity Assessment\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eGiven the negative correlation observed between PF and psychological inflexibility (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.43, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), formal discriminant validity tests were conducted to ensure that these two constructs represent distinct dimensions and are not simply opposite poles of a single continuum (Hayes et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). To assess discriminant validity, two well-established criteria in the structural equation modeling literature were used: First, the Fornell-Larcker criterion, according to which the root mean square of the extracted variance (\u0026radic;AVE) of each construct should be greater than the correlation of that construct with other constructs(Fornell \u0026amp; Larcker, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1981\u003c/span\u003e). The results showed that the \u0026radic;AVE of PF was 0.79 and the \u0026radic;AVE of psychological inflexibility was 0.81, while the absolute correlation between the two constructs was 0.43; therefore, the Fornell-Larcker criterion was met, supporting the discriminant validity of the constructs. Second, the Heterotrite-Monotrite Ratio (HTMT) was calculated as complementary and conservative evidence for discriminant validity, with a value of 0.51, which was significantly lower than the recommended thresholds of 0.85 as conservative and 0.90 as more liberal (Henseler et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e), providing further strong evidence for the separation of the constructs. Overall, the results of these analyses suggest that PF and inflexibility are distinct constructs, alleviating concerns about construct overlap and parameter estimates being inflated or unstable.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn addition, confirmatory factor analysis was conducted and the results showed that the univariate model (adding all items of PF and psychological inflexibility) showed weaken fi indices in comparison of measurement fit indices of each construct of PF and psychological inflexibility (χ\u0026sup2; (1290)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3124.56, CFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.73, TLI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.70, RMSEA\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.12 [90% CI: 0.115\u0026ndash;0.125]). Therefore, findings showed PF and inflexibility are distinct and empirically distinguishable variables and not a single bipolar dimension.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eHarman's Single-Factor Test\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn order to investigate the possibility of common method bias due to the use of self-report instruments, Harman's univariate test was conducted. In this test, all items of the research variables were entered simultaneously and without rotation into an exploratory factor analysis. The results showed that the first factor explains 30.61% of the total variance, which is less than the conventional threshold of 50% (Podsakoff et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e). Accordingly, it can be concluded that common method bias is not a serious issue in the data of this study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStructural Model\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe structural model includes uncertainty intolerance, PF, and psychological inflexibility as exogenous predictor variables while flourishing serves as the endogenous criterion variable. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e presents the beta values and significance levels.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStructural model of flourishing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResearch hypothesis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep.value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eβ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u0026gt;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u0026gt;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFlourishing\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePsychological Inflexibility\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u0026gt;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePsychological Inflexibility\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;---\u0026gt;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePsychological Inflexibility\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;---\u0026gt;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;---\u0026gt;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003e[Insert\u003c/b\u003e Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e \u003cb\u003ehere]\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe structural model is described in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e and shows IU and Psychological In Flexibility negatively predicted Flourishing (β = -0.10, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), (β = -0.18, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.03). Also, PF positively and significantly predicts flourishing. (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.53, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). The R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e coefficient indicates the extent to which the independent variable explains the dependent variable. According to the structural model findings above, uncertainty intolerance, PF, and psychological inflexibility account for 44% of the variance in the flourishing variable.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eModeration Test of PF (Latent Interaction Approach)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo investigate the moderating role of psychological resilience, structural equation modelling in AMOS software with the latent interaction approach (Latent Interaction SEM) was used (Marsh et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e). In this model, IU and PF were defined as latent constructs, and a latent interaction term between these two constructs was created to predict flourishing. The maximum likelihood method with robustness correction (MLR) was used to estimate the model. The significance of the latent interaction effect was considered as the main indicator of the existence of moderation. The results showed that the latent interaction term between IU and PF had a significant effect on psychological flourishing (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.11, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), indicating the moderating role of PF. Specifically, as PF increased, the magnitude of the negative relationship between IU and flourishing (in a direct relationship) changed to a positive relationship from the interaction of PF and IU with flourishing.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eModeration Test of Psychological Inflexibility (Latent Interaction Approach)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results showed that the latent interaction effect between IU and psychological inflexibility on psychological flourishing was not significant (β = \u0026minus;0.09, p =\u0026thinsp;.11). This finding indicated that psychological inflexibility did not significantly moderate the relationship between IU and flourishing. In other words, the magnitude and direction of the relationship between iteration of IU and psychological inflexibility with flourishing did not different; therefore, based on the continuous latent interaction approach, the moderation role of psychological inflexibility in the proposed model was not confirmed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe findings of the present study, which demonstrate a negative association between IU and flourishing, are consistent with a broad theoretical and empirical literature that conceptualizes IU as a pervasive vulnerability in the experience of psychological well-being. According to Carleto\u0026rsquo;s (2016) conceptual model, IU is not simply a fear of the future, but rather a persistent tendency to interpret ambiguity as an intolerable threat. This cognitive\u0026ndash;emotional pattern causes individuals, when faced with uncertain situations, to devote attentional and emotional resources to monitoring threat, chronic worry, and attempts to rapidly reduce ambiguity, even when such efforts conflict with goals of growth, meaning, and learning.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the flourishing framework, these processes could specifically undermine key dimensions of well-being. First, IU is associated with a reduced sense of meaning and purpose, as an excessive focus on predicting and controlling uncertain outcomes limits the ability to freely engage in valuable but uncertain activities. Second, IU is more likely associated with reduced social engagement and a sense of belonging, as human interactions are inherently unpredictable and individuals with high IU may prefer interpersonal withdrawal to avoid emotional ambiguity. Third, chronic worry and persistent arousal resulting from IU is more likely lead to the depletion of self-regulatory resources, a process that is consistent with a reduction in the psychological energy required to experience pleasure, hope, and life satisfaction(Qiang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). This pattern is exacerbated in the context of counseling education. Clinical education requires the ongoing tolerance of diagnostic, therapeutic, and relational ambiguity. Students who interpret uncertainty as a sign of threat or personal inadequacy may perceive their educational experience less as a path to growth and more as a source of threat. Previous research has shown that IU is associated with performance anxiety, avoidance of complex issues, and reduced active engagement with the learning process(Peace \u0026amp; Smith-Adcock, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Such patterns could cumulatively limit the experience of flourishing, not because of a lack of ability, but because of the pattern of one\u0026rsquo;s relationship with ambiguity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, where levels of structural uncertainty in education, career prospects, and social interactions may have increased to unprecedented levels, these processes are likely to have become more salient. Evidence suggests that in conditions of chronic uncertainty, IU is particularly associated with reduced well-being and increased academic burnout (Abdollahi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). In this perspective, the findings of the present study suggest that IU could act as a structural barrier to flourishing in conditions of high environmental stress.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe positive association between PF and flourishing could be explained within the framework of ACT as reflecting the deep overlap between the processes of flexibility and the fundamental components of psychological well-being. PF refers to the ability to consciously engage with present-moment experience and choose value-consistent behaviors, despite the presence of unpleasant thoughts and emotions(Hayes et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). This definition is conceptually aligned with the central elements of flourishing, including meaning, active engagement, connection, and personal growth. From a process perspective, acceptance and cognitive disengagement may allow individuals to experience unavoidable negative emotions\u0026mdash;such as anxiety, doubt, or frustration\u0026mdash;without behavioral breakdown. This is particularly important in clinical education, where emotional distress is not a sign of failure but rather part of the professionalization process. Rather than trying to eliminate these experiences, resilient students are able to direct their psychological energy toward learning, therapeutic engagement, and professional growth, a pattern that is associated with higher levels of well-being and career satisfaction. Present-moment awareness also allows for a deeper experience of human connection and therapeutic presence by reducing rumination and future-oriented worry. Previous research has shown that this type of presence not only increases clinical effectiveness, but is also associated with reduced burnout and an increased sense of meaning(Kashdan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, clarifying values ​​helps students maintain their connection to their fundamental reasons for entering the profession, even under pressure, a process that could foster a sense of purpose and identity coherence, both of which are key components of flourishing. This explanation is supported by the findings of Choi et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e) who showed that PF remained predictive of well-being even after controlling for meaning and existential variables. This evidence suggests that PF processes themselves\u0026mdash;and not simply their cognitive consequences\u0026mdash;plays an independent role in the experience of flourishing.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe evidence for the moderating role of PF could be explained within the framework of models of emotion regulation and meaning-making. PF appears to alter how an individual relates to uncertainty, not necessarily the level of exposure to it. In this framework, individuals with high levels of PF may experience uncertainty as a natural part of human and professional affairs, rather than as a threat to personal worth or competence. This experiential reframing may reduce the magnitude of the effect of IU on well-being. Furthermore, PF is associated with behavioral persistence toward values. Even when uncertainty is anxiety-provoking, individuals with high levels of PF are less likely to resort to situational avoidance and more likely to continue to actively engage in meaningful activities. This behavioral persistence may prevent the formation of avoidance-anxiety cycles, which are identified in the IU literature as a key mechanism for reducing well-being. Collectively, these findings suggest that PF may act as a high-level regulatory resource that attenuates the negative effects of IU on the experience of flourishing. This explanation is consistent with studies that have shown the role of flexibility in academic adjustment, reducing future anxiety, and increasing life satisfaction(Daşcı et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; \u0026Ouml;ztekin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe lack of observation a moderating role for psychological inflexibility in the relationship between IU and flourishing is consistent with theoretical considerations and empirical evidence within the framework of ACT. Although psychological inflexibility and flexibility are conceptually related, ACT does not view them as two perfectly symmetrical constructs or simply opposite poles of a single continuum, but rather as representing distinct functional patterns of engagement with internal experience(Hayes et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). According to the six-pronged model of ACT, psychological inflexibility is formed by the combination of six maladaptive processes: experiential avoidance, cognitive fusion, loss of contact with the present moment, conceptualized self, dissociation from values, and dysfunctional or avoidant action. These processes are primarily associated with the intensification and persistence of psychological distress, but do not necessarily operate to alter the direction or magnitude of the effect of a specific stressor (such as IU) on well-being outcomes at the interactional level. In other words, inflexibility may function as a general vulnerability factor that is directly associated with reduced flourishing, rather than as a variable that moderates the relationship between IU and flourishing. From a theoretical perspective, IU itself has functional overlap with many of the core processes of inflexibility, particularly experiential avoidance and cognitive fusion. Individuals with high IU tend to perceive thoughts and feelings associated with ambiguity as threatening and resort to avoidance, excessive reassurance seeking, or cognitive control to immediately reduce this distress(Carleton, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). These patterns are implicit in the construct of psychological inflexibility. Thus, when inflexibility is tested as a moderator, a significant portion of its shared variance with IU may be captured at the main effects level, leaving limited conceptual space for a distinct interaction effect to emerge. From an empirical perspective, research has also shown that psychological inflexibility often serves as a strong direct predictor of negative mental health outcomes\u0026mdash;including depression, anxiety, burnout, and reduced well-being\u0026mdash;but its role as a moderator has been less consistently observed(Hayes et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Kashdan \u0026amp; Rottenberg, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eImplication of Findings\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe findings indicate that PF has a positive and significant relationship with flourishing and moderates the negative effect of IU on flourishing. The results also indicate that by measuring the level of inflexibility and IU, it could be predicted that university students may experience a lower level of flourishing. These implications indicate that PF could be an important factor for understanding individual differences in responding to challenges in the educational environment. These findings implicitly emphasize the importance of paying attention to PF as a functional construct in educational and preventive programs, without providing causal implications or direct intervention recommendations. From a theoretical perspective, the present results are consistent with the ACT theory framework, suggesting that PF is more likely to modify the relationship between the experience of uncertainty and psychological flourishing.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eLimitations and Recommendation for Further Studies\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeveral limitations should be noted in interpreting the findings of this study. First, due to the cross-sectional nature of the research design, it is not possible to infer causal relationships between IU, PF, and flourishing; therefore, future research could examine the temporal dynamics and direction of relationships using longitudinal or interventional designs. Second, the study\u0026rsquo;s reliance on self-report instruments may have been affected by response biases; therefore, the use of multi-source methods is recommended in future research. In addition, the gender imbalance of the sample (89% female) and the cultural homogeneity of the participants (Iranian students living in Tehran) limit the generalizability of the findings, although these characteristics reflect the actual structure of the counseling and psychology student population in Iran. Accordingly, it is suggested that future studies with more diverse samples in terms of gender and cultural background examine the external and cross-cultural validity of the results. Online data collection during the COVID-19 pandemic may have influenced participants' responses, as the pandemic created unprecedented levels of uncertainty and stress that could have affected the relationships examined. Therefore, the generalizability of findings to non-pandemic environments requires verification and cautious interpretation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe results of this study indicate that PF has a positive and significant relationship with flourishing and moderate the negative effect of IU on flourishing. Also, measuring the level of flexibility and IU could be useful for predicting individual differences in the experience of flourishing.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionList\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eACT\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcceptance and Commitment Therapy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eAVE\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage Variance Extracted\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eCFI\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparative Fit Index\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eCMIN/DF\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChi-square/Degrees of Freedom\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eCR\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComposite Reliability\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eGFI\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGoodness of Fit Index\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eIFI\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncremental Fit Index\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eIU\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntolerance of Uncertainty\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eMPFI\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultidimensional Psychological Flexibility Inventory\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eNFI\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNormed Fit Index\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003ePERMA\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive emotions, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning, and Accomplishment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eRMSEA\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRoot Mean Squared Error of Approximation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eTLI\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTucker-Lewis Index\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eWBA\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWell-Being Assessment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Psychology, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran. Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to completing the questionnaires. Participation was voluntary and anonymous. This article is based on a thesis registered in the Iranian Research Institute for Information Science and Technology (IranDoc) with registration number: 2988934.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors' contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMobina Salimian\u003c/strong\u003e conceptualized and designed the study, developed the research methodology, conducted data collection through online questionnaires, performed statistical analyses using SPSS and AMOS software, interpreted the results, and drafted the initial manuscript.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbbas Abdollahi\u003c/strong\u003e supervised the entire research project, provided guidance on theoretical framework and research design, contributed to the interpretation of statistical findings, critically reviewed and revised the manuscript for important intellectual content, and approved the final version for submission.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSoolmaz Dehghanidowlatabadi\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ereanalyzed the data, making corrections, and rewriting the text of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClinical trial number\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAbdollahi A, Vadivel B, Huy DTN, Opulencia MJC, Van Tuan P, Abbood AAA, Nasirova Z, Chupradit S, Allen KA, Bykanova O. 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SSM - Mental Health. 2022;100172. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmmh.2022.100172\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.ssmmh.2022.100172\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWeziak-Bialowolska D, Bialowolski P, Lee MT, Chen Y, VanderWeele TJ, McNeely E. (2021). Psychometric Properties of Flourishing Scales From a Comprehensive Well-Being Assessment. \u003cem\u003eFrontiers in Psychology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e12\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.652209\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3389/fpsyg.2021.652209\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-psychology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"discpsy","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Psychology](https://www.springer.com/44202)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Discover Psychology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Psychological flexibility, Intolerance of Uncertainty, Flourishing","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8729287/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8729287/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eIntroduction:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study investigates the moderating role of psychological flexibility in the relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and flourishing among counseling and psychology students. Intolerance of uncertainty creates educational challenges, particularly affecting students' mental health during practical training. Previous research has linked intolerance of uncertainty to various psychological outcomes, while psychological flexibility serves as a protective factor.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethod\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA descriptive-correlational design with structural equation modeling was employed to examine 300 students through convenience sampling in 2024. Data collection utilized the Prosperity Scale(Weziak-Bialowolska et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (Vadivel et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), and Psychological Flexibility Scale (Tabrizi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Analysis was conducted using SPSS 26 and Amos 24.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalysis revealed a significant negative correlation between intolerance of uncertainty and flourishing (β=-0.10, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), and a positive correlation between psychological flexibility and flourishing (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.53, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). The moderating role of psychological flexibility was confirmed in the relationship between uncertainty intolerance and student flourishing.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eResults confirm the moderating role of psychological flexibility, highlighting its importance for educational consultants and administrators in enhancing the effectiveness of student guidance programs. These findings suggest that promoting psychological flexibility may buffer the negative effects of uncertainty intolerance on student well-being.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The Moderating Role of Psychological Flexibility in the Relationship Between Intolerance of Uncertainty and Flourishing","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-02-23 10:23:10","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8729287/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-04-29T21:02:33+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-04-06T10:04:18+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-04-03T07:27:32+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"254861756632343078670445160428696258125","date":"2026-04-03T07:17:04+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"318565314830408160283863083134193585137","date":"2026-04-01T05:46:44+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"310066137538317527320714604563081752623","date":"2026-02-24T12:34:10+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"216941240186225984743212285829521797211","date":"2026-02-24T11:23:38+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-02-19T14:29:47+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"205249473809544719495060713932630496624","date":"2026-02-19T13:40:04+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-02-18T18:23:40+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2026-02-11T06:53:24+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-02-03T07:30:30+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-02-03T07:27:35+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Discover Psychology","date":"2026-01-29T08:16:22+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-psychology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"discpsy","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Psychology](https://www.springer.com/44202)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Discover Psychology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"d0a01968-e41f-4c57-b73b-de305136b769","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 23rd, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-04-29T21:02:33+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-11T20:53:11+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-02-23 10:23:10","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8729287","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8729287","identity":"rs-8729287","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}