Secondary Species Investigation of Low Energy Electrospray Plume Impacts

Secondary Species Investigation of Low Energy Electrospray Plume Impacts | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Secondary Species Investigation of Low Energy Electrospray Plume Impacts Carl Geiger, Giuliana Hofheins, Elaine Petro This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5742257/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This work examines the emission of secondary charged species from a gold-plated target electrode when exposed to an ion-mode electrospray plume of EMI-BF 4 from a single externally wetted tungsten emitter. A decelerating electrode is used with the electrospray source to probe ion energies from 30-1800 eV in the positive and negative mode. Next, the ion plume was fully suppressed using the decelerating electrode, allowing only neutral constituents of the plume to travel to the target and the emission of secondary charged species is observed. Time of flight mass spectrometry is used to confirm ion mode emission and proper deceleration of electrospray plume and was also used to detect the creation of secondary charged species created by decelerating the plume. Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15 Figure 16 I. Introduction The ion plume of an electrospray thruster is known to contain multiple species, individual ions, and clusters of ions with one or more neutral molecules attached [1]. These larger species fragment throughout the plume, leaving behind a population of neutrals that are unaffected by the accelerating electric field. As a result, the ions and the neutrals in the plume are not mono-energetic, and the neutrals have a wide angular distribution, resulting in unwanted overspray onto key operating surfaces of the thruster and spacecraft, which can limit the lifetime of the system. The nature of the surface interactions of these impinging neutrals is expected to be dependent on the impact energy, outlined in Fig 1. Studies have probed low energy ions and large pseudo-neutral droplets from electrospray sources using a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), relying on the deposition of incident particles to calculate mass flux [6][3], making this a promising technique to measure low energy neutrals. It is not expected that high energy neutrals will directly deposit onto a substrate, making this population more problematic to probe. Secondary species emission (SSE) from surfaces, upon high energy impacts events, can arise from different processes and result in a range of secondary species, depending on the conditions [7]. The production of these secondary products does not necessarily require that the impacting particle is charged, making this a possible diagnostic to detect high energy neutrals. In this work we explore the SSE induced by a decelerated electrospray plume, with V plume from 30 eV to 1.8 keV in the positive and negative mode. We also investigate the SSE induced from a fully decelerated electrospray plume, leaving a neutral plume to intercept the target. Let us first consider three potential secondary species: electrons emitted from the target, ions sputtered from target surface, and propellant impact fragmentation products. An illustration of each of these processes is shown in Fig. 2. A. Secondary Electrons Secondary electron emission (SEE) can occur through either potential emission, or kinetic emission. Potential emission occurs from impacts of positive charged species, the incident ion can be neutralized at the surface by an electron in the gold target, if and only if the neutralization energy of the ion exceeds twice the work function of the gold surface (5.3 eV [8]). When an inner orbital electron leaves the atom to neutralize the incident ion, a higher orbital electron fills its place. When this electron falls into a higher energy state to fill the electron hole, the difference in binding energy of the two orbitals is released as either a photon, or kinetic energy is imparted onto a higher orbital electron and it is ejected from the atom as an Auger electron [9]. This process does not depend on the kinetic energy of the incident ion. Kinetic emission is known to occur when the impact energy of an incident particle exceeds the kinetic energy threshold, which is defined by the distance of closest approach between the collision partners which will allow an electron promotion. In this case, the impacting particle directly ionizes one or more atoms on the target surface, causing the emission of electrons. The yield of secondary electrons is known to be linear with impact energy and does not require that the incident particle be charged [10]. It is also possible for kinetic emission to occur below the energy threshold, which has been shown experimentally [10][11]. There is currently no model describing below threshold kinetic emission of electrons, though some have proposed that grazing incident angles will have a lower effective kinetic threshold due to a lower local electron density in the surface [10]. Another possible explanation is the excitation of subsurface electrons, which can be left in an “autoionizing” state upon impact. This energetic electron will subsequently release its energy in the form of an Auger electron, similar to potential electron emission. B. Sputter Products When an energetic ion impacts a surface, collisions within the solid-surface target produce secondary species including secondary ions and neutrals [12]. The formation of a secondary ion is most basically modeled as a two-step process, where first, the impact of a primary ion ejects a target atom or molecule from the surface from transfer of energy given that the impact energy exceeds the targets surface binding energy (typically∼ 10’s of eV) and the energy is transferred in the direction normal to the surface [13]. The second step involves an electron transfer to or from the secondary species, resulting in the formation of secondary ions. This ejection of atoms, molecules, and ions from a surface is known as sputtering [12]. Secondary ions generally make up less than 10% of the sputtered population, with neutrals being the most probable sputtered species. After the deposition of all or a fraction of its incoming kinetic energy, the primary ion is then either scattered, evaporated, fragmented, or implanted within the sample. In the case of an energetic atomic ion impacting surface, the process is modeled as a billiard ball isotropic linear collision cascade known as kinetic sputtering [12]. For molecular impacting ions, the process becomes more complicated. For small molecular ion impacts (SF 5 + , Bi n + , etc), the process is usually modeled kinetically-assisted potential sputtering where there are many overlapping collision events aid in electron excitation and thus vaporization, producing a thermal spike [12]. Through a surface analytic technique called secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), these secondary ions formed from sputtering can be quantitatively analyzed through detection of species at given mass-to-charge ratios. This technique employs high energy ion beams (Cs+, Ga+, Ar n + , Bi n + , etc) on the order of 1 – 50 keV to impact a surface of interest to generate and detect secondary ions, generally for surface composition analysis [12]. The formation of secondary ions and their chemical structure is important for ionic liquid electrospray facility effects and lifetime considerations. Impacts of the plume with thruster surfaces like the extractor grids or with facility surfaces will induce sputtering, a fraction of which existing in a charged secondary ion state. These charged species will interact with the electric fields present and backstream towards the source and interfere with diagnostic measurements. Knowing that the neutral population in an electrospray plume contributes to the highest divergence angle from plume centerline and that some neutrals are formed via fragmentation in the plume and thus possess high energy, impacts of these neutrals with surfaces will still likely contribute to charged secondary emission from a target surface. C. Fragmentation Products In addition, electrospray plumes are molecular polydisperse plumes with large organic cations and anions. These species are known to fragment at high impact energies, with these fragments also contributing to the charged secondary population. Numerical molecular dynamics simulations of EMI-BF4 impacting a potential wall at energies up to 1 keV show various covalent fragmentation products, including hydrocarbons from the alkyl functional groups on the primary cation, organic fragments from the imidazolium ring, as well as ionic fragmentation of the primary molecule [14]. While the study did not track charge exchange due to impact, it is likely that at least a portion of the impacts would result in ions of either polarity. Experimental effort to characterize ionic liquid electrospray plume impacts include works by Shaik, et. Al [15] to characterize the secondary species of a plume impacting stainless steel through a residual gas analyzer. This work showed m/z products indicative of covalent fragmentation of the cation and anion. In addition, work by Bundaleski et al. [16] utilized commercial time-of-flight secondary mass spectrometry to analyze a thin film of EMI-Im with a 10 kV gallium ion beam, showing secondary ion products related to covalent fragmentation products mostly related to one or two bond scissions of the imidazolium ring. Hofheins, et al [17] recently has proven the viability of utilizing secondary ion mass spectrometry as a technique to identify electrospray secondary ion products, with preliminary identification also pointing to ionic and covalent fragmentation of the primary plume. This work is important to show that a portion of the secondary ions formed via impact of ionic liquid electrospray plumes with surfaces arise due to primary ion fragmentation. D. SSE Studies with Electrosprays Experimental work by Klosterman at the Electric Propulsion Lab at UIUC has investigated secondary charge yields from an impacting electrospray plume, presumably firing in the pure ion regime, using EMI-BF 4 [5]. This study investigated a range of firing potentials, with plume currents between about 150 nA and 500 nA, and found an approximately linear relationship between electron yield and emitter firing potential. Secondary charged species were detected as low as 1.5 kV, the lowest plume energy interrogated in the study. Semi empirical modeling of secondary electron emission (SEE) from an electrospray plume of EMI+ cations developed by Magnusson in the Wirz group at UCLA found a linear relationship between SEE yield and ion velocity with onset beginning around 10 km/s [18]. The study presented here builds on previous efforts by experimentally measuring SSE from ion impacts at much lower energies than Klosterman [5], and even lower than were simulated by Magnusson [18]. Further, this study uniquely examines SSE produced from neutral species impacts. II. Methodology This work uses a target electrode with a variable suppression grid bias, Vsup, applied to capture the SSE signal from a single emitter electrospray source equipped with a decelerating electrode. This decelerating electrode is used to probe ion energies from ±30-1800 eV. The species emission of the source is characterized using time of flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS). Tests are performed inside a 24”x 20” cylindrical vacuum chamber operated by a rotary vane backing pump and a turbo molecular pump. Pressures remained in the 10−5 Torr range for all tests. A diagram of the experimental setup is shown in Fig. 3. Due to instrumentation limitations, only current at the target is being recorded. Emitted current is monitored but not recorded. A. The Electrospray Source The electrospray source uses an externally wetted tungsten emitter, made from a tungsten rod that is electrochemically sharpened and with channels chemically etched along the needle’s length, using Murakami’s etchant to promote fluid transport to the sharpened tip. The electrospray source, loaded with EMI-BF4, is mounted to a goniometer which is mounted to rotational stage enabling pitch and yaw control of plume angle, respectively. The extractor and decelerator electrode are mounted onto a precision three axis stage, allowing for precise alignment between emitter and electrode apertures. A CAD of the electrospray setup can be seen in Fig. 4. To control the energy of the ions in the plume, the desired Vplume is applied to the emitter, an appropriate potential Vext is applied to the extractor such that the electric field strength is strong enough to emit ions in the desired polarity, and the decelerator electrode is held at ground, along with the target electrode. Using this scheme, a positive or negative electrospray plume can be decelerated without changing the firing potential, therefore maintaining consistent species emission throughout energies regimes. Similarly, a negative or positive plume can be completely suppressed, allowing only the neutral species through; this can be done by applying the same polarity potential to the emitter and extractor, with a sufficient firing potential maintained between the two, and keeping the decelerator at ground. For example, to completely decelerate the charged species of a positive plume that requires a 2 kV firing potential, one could apply -200 V to the emitter, -2.2 kV to the extractor, and ground the decelerator. For this work, the firing potential in the positive mode is +2.7 kV and in the negative mode is -3.4 kV. B. Time of Flight TOF-MS is used characterize the mass of the species in the electrospray plume, according to Equation 1. Since mass calculations depend on Vplume, and there are distinct mass lines that are expected, namely the monomer (EMI+ at 111 Da) and dimer ([EMI-BF4]EMI+ at 309 Da), TOF-MS doubles as a verification of proper plume deceleration. All TOF spectra are collected using a flight tube length of about 1 meter with a microchannel plate (MCP) at the end coupled with an ARI CORP TDC-30V4 transimpedance amplifier. The ion gate consists of two parallel electrodes oppositely biased at high voltage and controlled with a Keysight EDU33212A waveform generator. Figure 5 shows the TOF curve from a 2 keV ion plume, and its derivative, smoothed using a Savitzky–Golay filter. The data show a mixed plume of ions and droplets, with roughly 60% monomers, 30% dimers, 6% trimers, and 4% larger species. Next the electrospray source was configured to produce a 1 keV ion plume by decelerating the 2 keV plume, the TOF spectrum curve, and it’s derivative are shown in Fig. 6. Since this plume is decelerated after the extractor electrode, fragmentation in the decelerating region will cause the suppression of some of the charged fragmentation products, secondary monomers, dimers, etc. Plume deceleration will also exasperate plume spreading, causing an increase in plume interception at the extractor and deceleration electrode, further suppressing off axis species. This suppression is evident in Fig. 6, with primary monomers contributing a greater share of the collected current. The composition is roughly 80% monomers, 17% dimers, a small trimer population, and 2.5% larger species. In this study, the positive mode ion plume had a firing potential of +2.7 kV in all tests, regardless of plume energy. A TOF spectrum of the +2.7 keV ion plume, and it’s derivative are shown in Fig. 7. To confirm ion mode emission, the target of this study, it is necessary to increase the sample window to capture larger masses in the spectrum. Figure 8 shows the mass spectrum beyond 12,000 Da, with no apparent signal from high mass species larger than 1000 Da. C. Target This work employs a gold coated target electrode with a high transparency stainless steel suppression grid in front illustrated in Fig. 9. The target is a 100 mm diameter silicon wafer deposited with a 100 nm of gold with a 10 nm Ti binding layer. These wafers were created via e-beam evaporation with a CVC4500 evaporator at the Cornell NanoScale Facility. Current is read at the target using a Keithley 6485 picoammeter, while Vsup swept between ±100 V. This configuration causes the measured current at the target to change as secondary species, produced from the high energy impacts on the target surface, are able to overcome the variable potential and escape. To confirm that the bias sweep at the suppression grid does not affect the signal read at the target, a sweep is done while the electrospray source was not firing, shown in Fig. 10. There is no clear signal and the two electrodes are considered to be sufficiently isolated from one another. III. Results and Discussion A. Target SSE: Current Measurements SSE curves are produced by plotting the current read at the target as a function of Vsup, while the target is bombarded by an electrospray plume. The current on the high-voltage extractor could not be read or recorded due to instrument limitations. The absence of this current measurement makes it impossible to quantify the total plume current leaving the electrospray source, making the incident current on the target from the primary electrospray plume also not possible to establish. Therefore, analysis for this work is limited to qualitative characteristics of the captured SSE curves, SSE yields can be determined in future work with additional testing. Broadly speaking, there are four contributors to the current change at the target, changes in emitted and incoming charges, both positive and negative. The effect of these charged species on the target current is outlined in Table I. An example SSE curve from a +100 eV plume is shown in Fig. 11, with three apparent regions highlighted in the curve, not all of which appear in every test. Looking at Fig. 11, the left most region (red), where Vsup is between about -100 V and -50 V, is either flat, or has a slight downward trend. A decreasing current indicates an increase in incoming negative charges, a decrease in incoming positive charges, a decrease in secondary negative charges emitted from the target, or an increase in secondary positive charges emitted from the target. Since the Vplume is positive and Vsup is negative, the accelerating effect of the suppression grid on the primary plume is assumed to have no effect on the current reading. Since Vsup is negative, positive secondaries will not be suppressed in this region, and because Vsup is becoming more positive, the secondary negative species emission is expected to increase, not decrease. This leaves the possibility of an increase in incoming negative charges. Secondary electrons will be produced from impacts on the extractor and decelerator electrodes, these will be suppressed while Vsup is sufficiently negative, but as Vsup becomes more positive these electrons will be let in. The center region (yellow), where Vsup is between -50 V and 0 V, shows a steep increase in current. By applying the same logic as the previous region, this is either an increase in positive incoming charge, a decrease in incoming negative charge, a decrease in positive secondary emission, or an increase in negative secondary emission. Again, the positive plume is assumed to be negligibly affected by the negative Vsup bias, and positive secondaries should not be suppressed. Any secondary electrons produced upstream should more likely to reach the target as Vsup approaches 0 V, which would lead to a decreasing current. That leaves only the increased emission of secondary species from the target as the driver for this increase in current. This region is seen in all tests, indicating some population of negative species are produced regardless of plume deceleration. In the right most region, where Vsup is between 0 V and roughly 30 V, there is another sharp increase in current. While Vsup is positive, no negative secondaries are expected to be suppressed. While Vsup becomes more positive, it is possible that the positive plume could be partially deflected or suppressed, but this would lead to a decrease in current. Therefore the cause of this increase in current is the suppression of positive secondary species. Table I can be useful for interpreting results For example, Fig. 12a shows a decreasing current while 0 < Vsup →+100 under bombardment from a +1.8 keV plume, which means either a negative current contributor is increasing, or a positive current contributor is decreasing. By looking at Table I, a decrease in the incoming positive charges is the most likely explanation for this feature. It is possible the suppression grid partially deflects and suppresses the incoming positive plume as Vsup approaches +100 V. Table I: Current contributing species at the target along with their expected behavior as Vsup is swept from -100 V to +100 V. *Change is expected to be small since Vsup will only have a slight accelerating effect on these species in this region. **Change is expected to be small since these species should be accelerated away for all Vsup in this region. Figure 12 shows the SSE curves from ±30, 800, 1300, and 1800 eV. Note that much of the noise present in these curves can be attributed to relatively unsteady firing, especially in the negative mode. All plots reveal a population of negative secondary species, though only some appear to have significant positive secondary emission. Only in a test configuration where the target is experiencing a net negative current when Vsup is 0 V, does there appear to be a sharp rise in current as Vsup increases from 0 V. It is important to note that charged species from various sources are impacting the target. For example, some positive ions fired from the emitter will have a lower energy than the firing potential upon entering the deceleration region due to cluster fragmentation. Ions of sufficiently low energy will be stopped by the decelerator and accelerated back into the extractor, which may cause SEE on impact. These electrons are accelerated from the extractor to the decelerator, and if they pass through the decelerator aperture then they will mix with the rest of the plume. Because of these effects, highly decelerated positive ion plumes can lead to a net negative current at the target, as seen in Fig. 12e and 12g. Similar reasoning can be applied to a decelerated negative plume, positive secondary species from extractor impacts will be accelerated and mix with the negative plume, in fact a net positive current is seen at the target when exposed to a -30 eV plume as seen in Fig. 12h. Figure 13 shows the SSE curve from a fully decelerated positive and negative ion plume, leaving only the neutrals constituents of the electrospray plume to pass to the target. We see a somewhat similar result from the previous tests, a clear negative secondary population being emitted from the target in both tests, though it appears the plume produced in the positive mode leads to a more significant population of positive secondaries, evident by the steep increase in current as the suppression potential increases from 0 V. The net current at the target when exposed to the suppressed positive plume is negative, as was seen with other highly decelerated positive plumes. The net current from the suppressed negative plume is also negative at first, this could indicate a small population of positive secondaries emitted from the target, since no incoming negative species are expected. The curve shown in 13b does not definitively reveal secondary positive species however. B. Extractor SSE: TOF-MS TOF-MS is used to further investigate unexpected species originating from the ion source electrodes. Normally in TOF-MS analysis mass is found using Equation 1 where Vplume is the net potential used to extract and accelerate the species emitted from the Taylor cone. Instead, Vext−0V is used as the accelerating potential for oppositely charged secondary species produced at the extracting electrode (decelerator is always grounded). Figure 14 shows the mass spectrum of of secondaries produced from the positive 500, 300, 100, 30 eV and fully suppressed positive plume (-200 V applied to emitter for full deceleration). Because the extracting potential (Vplume−Vext) is always +2.7 kV the accelerating potentials used are -2.2, -2.4, -2.6, -2.67, and -2.9 kV respectively. When decelerated ions are accelerated back to the extractor, they will impact with a maximum energy equal to the potential between the extractor and decelerator, which is equal to the acceleration potential of any negative secondaries generated from impact. Using this logic, it appears that impacts from a 2.2 keV electrospray plume generate only very light secondaries close to 1 Da, thought to be either H−, electrons, other light species, or a combination thereof. At higher impact energies more products begin to appear. Several of the species seen in the spectra appear in a SIMS study of a gold surface using an electrospray plume of EMI-BF4 as the primary beam conducted by Hofheins et al.17. Using a positive mode plume to extract negative secondaries from the gold target, Hofheins et al. found mass lines at 0.8, 12, 18, 24, and 34 Dalton, and using a negative mode plume to extract positive secondaries found 28 and 41 Dalton. All of these masses are estimated to be accurate to ±1.4 Da and are marked in Fig. 14, though there may be additional masses near 14, 21, and 32 Da. As the energy increases from 2.4 to 2.67 kV, an increase in the share of species centered near 18 Da is seen, while the opposite trend is seen around 24 Da. The signal seen near 18 Da is could be a combination of OH− (17 Da), a likely adsorbate on the extractor surface, and F− (19 Da), a fragmentation product of the anion BF4. 24 Da is likely C 2 - , which could either be an adsorbate on the extractor or fragmentation products from the cation EMI+. It could be possible that ions emitted from the Taylor cone are intercepted at the extractor before entering the deceleration region, secondaries produced by this mechanism would be accelerated through the same Vext−0V potential, mixing with the rest of the plume. If this were the case, these impacts would occur at a maximum of 2.7 keV, the extraction potential used in all tests, and this contribution would be seen in all tests. In Fig. 14 additional break-up products larger than roughly 1 Da appear in the spectrum starting at 2.4 kV, but not so when the presumed impacting energy is only 2.2 kV. Given this absence of larger breakup products, it is likely that the primary source of secondary species originate from impacts of back streaming ions in the deceleration region. The presence of these additional secondary species generated by the ion source confounds the results of the secondary species detected at the target, since these high energy species could drown out the signal from incoming neutral EMI-BF4. To account for this, an additional ion optics stack, comprised of two outer grounded grids, and a middle grid with a potential in excess of Vext, is added so that no secondaries generated from the source reach the target. This configuration is shown in Fig. 15. With the additional grids in place, the electrospray source is once again fired in the positive mode, while fully suppressing the primary ion plume. The new center suppression grid is held at a negative bias to suppress negative secondaries accelerated between the extractor and the deceleration electrode. The grid in front of the gold-plated target is swept between ±80 V, since there were no apparent secondaries suppressed at voltages greater than 80 V. The resulting SSE curve is shown in Fig. 16. During this test, the emitted current was about 50 nA. Current readings at the target are significantly diminished, this is due to the lack of charged species generated by the electrospray source impacting the target. The removal of these charged species means the raw current read at the target can be assumed to be secondaries resulting from impacting neutrals. Using this assumption, Fig. 16 shows roughly equal parts positive and negative secondaries at about 200 pA each. Ionic dissociation of a neutral molecule on impact would result in one positive and one negative charge, indicating this could be a driving process behind secondary species production at the target. IV. Conclusion This work presents preliminary measurements of secondary species emission (SSE) from a gold plated target exposed to an electrospray plume from 30 eV to 1800 eV in both the positive and negative polarity, as well as a fully suppressed ion plume in the positive and negative polarity. All tests revealed emission of negative secondary species, while only plumes resulting in a net negative current at the target while Vsup = 0 V show positive secondary species emission, regardless of the polarity of the ion plume. At a first glance there appears to be little change in SSE as the energy of the plume is reduced below thresholds seen in previous studies, and a strong SSE signal is seen at energies far below that of typical SEE and sputtering experiments of incident atomic ion beams. This could mean the primary source of SSE at the target is from fragmentation of incident molecular ions and neutrals, which are not seen in atomic ion beams. It is also possible that SSE arises from the liberation of adsorbates on the target surface, either from ambient background gas in the chamber or deposited ionic liquid from the incident electrospray plume. The introduction of oppositely charged secondary species generated from impacts in the deceleration region of the plume complicates the interpretation of the results presented here. Additional electrode grids were placed in front of the target to filter out these incoming secondaries. A much smaller, but still present SSE signal is seen, indicating the detection of high energy neutral species in the electrospray plume. Abbreviations m = mass q = charge Lf light = Time-of-flight length tf light = Time-of-flight time Vsup = Suppression grid bias Vplume = Plume potential Vext = Extractor electrode potential Declarations Author Contribution C. G. designed and conducted the experiments, wrote code to interpret collected data, analyzed all data, generatedall plots, and wrote the manuscript. G.H. contributed to the manuscript and aided in time of flight analysis. E.P. advised this work, providing regular guidance throughout, and reviewed the manuscript. Acknowledgement This work was supported by the NASA Space Technology Graduate Research Opportunity.This work made use of the Cornell Center for Materials Research Shared Facilities which are supported through the NSF MRSEC program (DMR-1719875), and assistance from Christopher Alpha. Data Availability ToF and SSE probe data can be made available upon reasonable request. References Miller. “Characterization of ion cluster fragmentation in ionic liquid ion sources”. PhD thesis. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2019. Elaine M. Petro et al. “Multiscale Modeling of Electrospray Ion Emission”. 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In: AIAA SCITECH 2024 Forum. AIAA SciTech Forum. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Jan. 4, 2024. doi: 10.2514/6.2024-1541. Nenad Bundaleski et al. “Ion-induced fragmentation of imidazolium ionic liquids: TOF-SIMS study”. In: International Journal of Mass Spectrometry 353 (Nov. 1, 2013), pp. 19–25. issn: 1387-3806. doi: 10.1016/j.ijms.2013.05.029. G.C. Hofheins, Z Ulibarri, and E.M. Petro. “Electrospray Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry Diagnostic– Design and Preliminary Result”. In: International Electric Propulsion Conference. Toulouse, France: Electric Rocket Propulsion Society, 2024. J. Magnusson, A. Collins, and R. Wirz. “Polyatomic Ion-Induced Electron Emission (IIEE) in Electro- spray Thrusters”. In: Aerospace 7(11).153 (2020). doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace7110153. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5742257","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":400560673,"identity":"90e30eca-2401-415e-9800-1e1dedbe6ffc","order_by":0,"name":"Carl Geiger","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA0UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFCCA4yP//6xgbAfFIAECGthNuBtSIOwEwyI0sLAJsHbcJgELfyNxy9ISO44L88vffbgA6AWOb4bCfi1SBw4U2BgeOa24cy+vGQDoBZjSUJaDBjOJCQksN1OMDjDYyYB1JK4gRgtBw6wnQNpMf8B1FJPhJbjBxsb2w6AbQF5P8GACL8wMzOcSTac2cNjDHSYhOHMMw/wa+Gfcfz5b4YKO3l+Hh7DDx8qbOT5jhOwhUHijAEKl4BysDXtBNwxCkbBKBgFowAAJttIXDDY5vwAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Cornell University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Carl","middleName":"","lastName":"Geiger","suffix":""},{"id":400560674,"identity":"cefcf668-7e62-46c9-bee9-d5df996e9ee5","order_by":1,"name":"Giuliana Hofheins","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Cornell University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Giuliana","middleName":"","lastName":"Hofheins","suffix":""},{"id":400560675,"identity":"3a7452c7-1bb8-4804-b59a-0e414bef1e3c","order_by":2,"name":"Elaine Petro","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Cornell University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Elaine","middleName":"","lastName":"Petro","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-12-31 13:38:10","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5742257/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5742257/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":73693499,"identity":"12db23e5-596d-49b1-90f5-9979cb160c71","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-13 15:54:59","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":64697,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eIllustration of energy dependent surface impact processes of incident ion mode electrospray plume compared to the modeled kinetic energy of ions and neutrals in the plume [2]. Deposition and erosion can be measured by the changing resonant frequency of the quartz crystal in a QCM exposed to the electrospray plume [3]. Ionic and covalent dissociation has been directly measured using an inert gas collision cell in a commercial electrospray ionization mass spectrometer (ESI-MS) [4]. The emission of charged secondary species from a surface upon impact of ionic liquid molecular ions has been measured from 1.5 keV to 2.9 keV by Klosterman et al.5 and by using a similar methodology, this study will extend the search for charged secondary species from impacts at lower energies.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5742257/v1/eff4afebcd5b41051c6113ed.png"},{"id":73693744,"identity":"ba678f55-bb85-488a-a81b-2a03fd1e490c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-13 16:03:00","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":119762,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSecondary species that arise due to ion-surface impacts\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5742257/v1/e8ea742bd22b2cd9358edd56.png"},{"id":73693488,"identity":"1f73676d-2889-4ed1-8fba-9c7cbd0b6725","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-13 15:54:59","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":45414,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eIllustration of experimental setup: 1) tungsten emitter externally wetted with EMI-BF4, positively biased to fire in the positive mode, 2) extractor electrode, negatively biased, 3) decelerator electrode, grounded, 4) goniometer controlling plume pitch within ±15◦, 5) rotational stage controlling yaw, 6) suppression grid, swept between ±100 V, 7) gold plated target electrode, 8) ion gate for TOF-MS, 9) MCP at\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ethe end of the flight tube.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5742257/v1/cb409cc6adff464eb78f31e8.png"},{"id":73693486,"identity":"897707c1-f822-4311-b6b0-c86942b84ce9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-13 15:54:58","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":85040,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCAD of the electrospray ion source used in this work\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5742257/v1/d784f99903ad85b13500693e.png"},{"id":73694103,"identity":"e232433e-d942-4857-a441-8e1f7fbaefd2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-13 16:11:00","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":39388,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTime of flight curve of single emitter electrospray source firing a 2 keV plume of EMI-BF4. The plume consists of roughly 60% monomers, 30% dimers, 6% trimers, and 4% larger species.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5742257/v1/cf7979a991277fe5f7f5a2a5.png"},{"id":73693532,"identity":"c6d3a91b-ac50-4e26-99be-dac31ac8f425","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-13 15:55:00","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":42183,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTime of flight curve of single emitter electrospray source firing a 2 keV ion plume that is decelerated to 1 keV. The plume consists of roughly 80% monomers, 17% dimers, a small trimer population, and 2.5% larger species.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5742257/v1/ba55affc79727241eaf62b1c.png"},{"id":73693497,"identity":"631da212-80c0-425a-a9c7-2fa29810eeff","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-13 15:54:59","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":41481,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTime of flight curve of single emitter electrospray source firing a +2.7 keV ion plume. The plume\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003econsists of roughly 80% primary monomers, 10% secondary monomers, and 10% primary dimers, with only a small population of larger species.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5742257/v1/1bc2ead03317ffc8cd6b94aa.png"},{"id":73693489,"identity":"7a11628a-f4df-40d7-ba0f-7768b89045d3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-13 15:54:59","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":32097,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTime of flight curve of single emitter electrospray source firing a +2.7 keV ion plume, extended\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003epast 12,000 Da. No apparent significant signal from larger species seen.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5742257/v1/c1fbda31a58b0fa3cc261b1e.png"},{"id":73693523,"identity":"8a782f77-3da2-4bfa-993d-99d62da75988","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-13 15:55:00","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":35246,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eIllustration of secondary ion suppression. At -100 V, negative secondaries are suppressed, while positive secondaries are accelerated away from the target, both of which lead to a negative current read at the target. As the suppression bias is continuously changed to +100 V, the opposite behavior of the secondaries will occur, leading to a positive current. Therefore an increase in target current along this bias sweep should occur.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5742257/v1/e2df27e52c96c2f2f4c8a8d7.png"},{"id":73693492,"identity":"651fdf1f-eb17-4261-b43b-3d20dd745dcf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-13 15:54:59","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":18751,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTarget signal across suppression bias sweep while no plume is being emitted from the ion source\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5742257/v1/ecc1757f7db5d0928b22d5ae.png"},{"id":73693537,"identity":"bbf54f0a-4caf-4ccb-a0b6-fe10768b0f07","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-13 15:55:00","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":156442,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSSE curve produced from a +100 eV electrospray plume, different regions of the curve are highlighted. Note the net negative current stems from upstream electrons produced from impacts at the extractor and deceleration electrodes. In this deceleration configuration, electrons produced between these electrodes are accelerated through the decelerator and mix with the ion plume.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5742257/v1/ae6cfcb6aa58f9bcb25c1b15.png"},{"id":73693513,"identity":"396526a1-9f0e-4e4f-a130-42f543be7cf2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-13 15:54:59","extension":"png","order_by":12,"title":"Figure 12","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":217702,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSSE response of a gold plated target to positive and negative ion plumes of various energies.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5742257/v1/3a91a2540a86a22e682cad6b.png"},{"id":73693494,"identity":"8ed9d5e8-34cd-4b7f-80ad-cc4ad9bf2776","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-13 15:54:59","extension":"png","order_by":13,"title":"Figure 13","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":58278,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSSE response to fully suppressed positive and negative ion plumes\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5742257/v1/96ca8222251965655bfa00bc.png"},{"id":73693520,"identity":"2ce2e4b0-5ce9-4cd6-9eb4-7b3d658cd32b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-13 15:54:59","extension":"png","order_by":14,"title":"Figure 14","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":79550,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTOF spectrum of negatively charged secondary species produced from impacts of positive primary ions at the ion source electrodes. Marked mass lines indicate species that were detected in Hofheins et al who performed similar tests in the same vacuum chamber17. All tests show low mass near 1 Da. Additional species may be present, namely near masses 14, 21, and 32 Da.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"14.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5742257/v1/437f1d14763ee7fdff35d067.png"},{"id":73693500,"identity":"62e588c8-e081-4fbb-9057-20f3079315d3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-13 15:54:59","extension":"png","order_by":15,"title":"Figure 15","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":48521,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eIllustration of experimental setup utilizing an additional ion optics stack. The outer two grids are held at ground while the center grid is held at a high potential, in excess of the extractor voltage, Vext.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"15.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5742257/v1/7944c0c493555b214a7a5834.png"},{"id":73693740,"identity":"b62d5efa-3872-44ab-b620-10ce1c1c4e83","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-13 16:03:00","extension":"png","order_by":16,"title":"Figure 16","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":56877,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFully suppressed positive ion plume with additional suppression of negative secondaries generated by the electrospray source\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"16.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5742257/v1/6f7a23bd49c8e1cd3da67df1.png"},{"id":73695939,"identity":"1e84da13-9517-43cc-a03d-a804123d2a3d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-13 16:19:00","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1571212,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5742257/v1/188465cd-a91f-4d76-8d4d-b226705d5965.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Secondary Species Investigation of Low Energy Electrospray Plume Impacts","fulltext":[{"header":"I. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe ion plume of an electrospray thruster is known to contain multiple species, individual ions, and clusters of ions with one or more neutral molecules attached [1]. These larger species fragment throughout the plume, leaving behind a population of neutrals that are unaffected by the accelerating electric field. As a result, the ions and the neutrals in the plume are not mono-energetic, and the neutrals have a wide angular distribution, resulting in unwanted overspray onto key operating surfaces of the thruster and spacecraft, which can limit the lifetime of the system. The nature of the surface interactions of these impinging neutrals is expected to be dependent on the impact energy, outlined in Fig 1.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStudies have probed low energy ions and large pseudo-neutral droplets from electrospray sources using a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), relying on the deposition of incident particles to calculate mass flux [6][3], making this a promising technique to measure low energy neutrals. It is not expected that high energy neutrals will directly deposit onto a substrate, making this population more problematic to probe.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSecondary species emission (SSE) from surfaces, upon high energy impacts events, can arise from different processes and result in a range of secondary species, depending on the conditions [7]. The production of these secondary products does not necessarily require that the impacting particle is charged, making this a possible diagnostic to detect high energy neutrals. In this work we explore the SSE induced by a decelerated electrospray plume, with V\u003csub\u003eplume\u003c/sub\u003e from 30 eV to 1.8 keV in the positive and negative mode. We also investigate the SSE induced from a fully decelerated electrospray plume, leaving a neutral plume to intercept the target. Let us first consider three potential secondary species: electrons emitted from the target, ions sputtered from target surface, and propellant impact fragmentation products. An illustration of each of these processes is shown in Fig. 2.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA.\u0026nbsp;Secondary Electrons\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSecondary electron emission (SEE) can occur through either potential emission, or kinetic emission. Potential emission occurs from impacts of positive charged species, the incident ion can be neutralized at the surface by an electron in the gold target, if and only if the neutralization energy of the ion exceeds twice the work function of the gold surface (5.3 eV [8]). When an inner orbital electron leaves the atom to neutralize the incident ion, a higher orbital electron fills its place. When this electron falls into a higher energy state to fill the electron hole, the difference in binding energy of the two orbitals is released as either a photon, or kinetic energy is imparted onto a higher orbital electron and it is ejected from the atom as an Auger electron [9]. This process does not depend on the kinetic energy of the incident ion.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKinetic emission is known to occur when the impact energy of an incident particle exceeds the kinetic energy threshold, which is defined by the distance of closest approach between the collision partners which will allow an electron promotion. In this case, the impacting particle directly ionizes one or more atoms on the target surface, causing the emission of electrons. The yield of secondary electrons is known to be linear with impact energy and does not require that the incident particle be charged [10]. It is also possible for kinetic emission to occur below the energy threshold, which has been shown experimentally [10][11]. There is currently no model describing below threshold kinetic emission of electrons, though some have proposed that grazing incident angles will have a lower effective kinetic threshold due to a lower local electron density in the surface [10]. Another possible explanation is the excitation of subsurface electrons, which can be left in an “autoionizing” state upon impact. This energetic electron will subsequently release its energy in the form of an Auger electron, similar to potential electron emission.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB.\u0026nbsp;Sputter Products\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen an energetic ion impacts a surface, collisions within the solid-surface target produce secondary species including secondary ions and neutrals [12]. The formation of a secondary ion is most basically modeled as a two-step process, where first, the impact of a primary ion ejects a target atom or molecule from the surface from transfer of energy given that the impact energy exceeds the targets surface binding energy (typically∼\u0026nbsp;10’s of eV) and the energy is transferred in the direction normal to the surface [13]. The second step involves an electron transfer to or from the secondary species, resulting in the formation of secondary ions. This ejection of atoms, molecules, and ions from a surface is known as sputtering [12]. Secondary ions generally make up less than 10% of the sputtered population, with neutrals being the most probable sputtered species. After the deposition of all or a fraction of its incoming kinetic energy, the primary ion is then either scattered, evaporated, fragmented, or implanted within the sample. In the case of an energetic atomic ion impacting \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;surface, the process is modeled as a billiard ball isotropic linear collision cascade known as kinetic sputtering [12]. For molecular impacting ions, the process becomes more complicated. For small molecular ion impacts (SF\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e , Bi\u003csub\u003en\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e , etc), the process is usually modeled kinetically-assisted potential sputtering where there are many overlapping collision events aid in electron excitation and thus vaporization, producing a thermal spike [12]. Through a surface analytic technique called secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), these secondary ions formed from sputtering can be quantitatively analyzed through detection of species at given mass-to-charge ratios. This technique employs high energy ion beams (Cs+, Ga+, Ar\u003csub\u003en\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e , Bi\u003csub\u003en\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e , etc) on the order of 1 – 50 keV to impact a surface of interest to generate and detect secondary ions, generally for surface composition analysis [12].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe formation of secondary ions and their chemical structure is important for ionic liquid electrospray facility effects and lifetime considerations. Impacts of the plume with thruster surfaces like the extractor grids or with facility surfaces will induce sputtering, a fraction of which existing in a charged secondary ion state. These charged species will interact with the electric fields present and backstream towards the source and interfere with diagnostic measurements. Knowing that the neutral population in an electrospray plume contributes to the highest divergence angle from plume centerline and that some neutrals are formed via fragmentation in the plume and thus possess high energy, impacts of these neutrals with surfaces will still likely contribute to charged secondary emission from a target surface.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eC.\u0026nbsp;Fragmentation Products\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn addition, electrospray plumes are molecular polydisperse plumes with large organic cations and anions. These species are known to fragment at high impact energies, with these fragments also contributing to the charged secondary population. Numerical molecular dynamics simulations of EMI-BF4\u0026nbsp;impacting a potential wall at energies up to 1 keV show various covalent fragmentation products, including hydrocarbons from the alkyl functional groups on the primary cation, organic fragments from the imidazolium ring, as well as ionic fragmentation of the primary molecule [14]. While the study did not track charge exchange due to impact, it is likely that at least a portion of the impacts would result in ions of either polarity. Experimental effort to characterize ionic liquid electrospray plume impacts include works by Shaik, et. Al [15]\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;to characterize the secondary species of a plume impacting stainless steel through a residual gas analyzer. This work showed m/z products indicative of covalent fragmentation of the cation and anion. In addition, work by Bundaleski et al. [16]\u0026nbsp;utilized commercial time-of-flight secondary mass spectrometry to analyze a thin film of EMI-Im with a 10 kV gallium ion beam, showing secondary ion products related to covalent fragmentation products mostly related to one or two bond scissions of the imidazolium ring. Hofheins, et al [17]\u0026nbsp;recently has proven the viability of utilizing secondary ion mass spectrometry as a technique to identify electrospray secondary ion products, with preliminary identification also pointing to ionic and covalent fragmentation of the primary plume. This work is important to show that a portion of the secondary ions formed via impact of ionic liquid electrospray plumes with surfaces arise due to primary ion fragmentation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eD.\u0026nbsp;SSE Studies with Electrosprays\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExperimental work by Klosterman at the Electric Propulsion Lab at UIUC has investigated secondary charge yields from an impacting electrospray plume, presumably firing in the pure ion regime, using EMI-BF\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e [5]. This study investigated a range of firing potentials, with plume currents between about 150 nA and 500 nA, and found an approximately linear relationship between electron yield and emitter firing potential. Secondary charged species were detected as low as 1.5 kV, the lowest plume energy interrogated in the study. Semi empirical modeling of secondary electron emission (SEE) from an electrospray plume of EMI+\u0026nbsp;cations developed by Magnusson in the Wirz group at UCLA found a linear relationship between SEE yield and ion velocity with onset beginning around 10 km/s [18].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study presented here builds on previous efforts by experimentally measuring SSE from ion impacts at much lower energies than Klosterman [5], and even lower than were simulated by Magnusson [18]. Further, this study uniquely examines SSE produced from neutral species impacts.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"II. Methodology","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis work uses a target electrode with a variable suppression grid bias, Vsup, applied to capture the SSE signal from a single emitter electrospray source equipped with a decelerating electrode. This decelerating electrode is used to probe ion energies from ±30-1800 eV. The species emission of the source is characterized using time of flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS). Tests are performed inside a 24”x 20” cylindrical vacuum chamber operated by a rotary vane backing pump and a turbo molecular pump. Pressures remained in the 10−5 Torr range for all tests. A diagram of the experimental setup is shown in Fig. 3. Due to instrumentation limitations, only current at the target is being recorded. Emitted current is monitored but not recorded.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA.\u0026nbsp;The Electrospray Source\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe electrospray source uses an externally wetted tungsten emitter, made from a tungsten rod that is electrochemically sharpened and with channels chemically etched along the needle’s length, using Murakami’s etchant to promote fluid transport to the sharpened tip. The electrospray source, loaded with EMI-BF4, is mounted to a goniometer which is mounted to rotational stage enabling pitch and yaw control of plume angle, respectively. The extractor and decelerator electrode are mounted onto a precision three axis stage, allowing for precise alignment between emitter and electrode apertures. A CAD of the electrospray setup can be seen in Fig. 4.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo control the energy of the ions in the plume, the desired Vplume\u0026nbsp;is applied to the emitter, an appropriate potential Vext\u0026nbsp;is applied to the extractor such that the electric field strength is strong enough to emit ions in the desired polarity, and the decelerator electrode is held at ground, along with the target electrode. Using this scheme, a positive or negative electrospray plume can be decelerated without changing the firing potential, therefore maintaining consistent species emission throughout energies regimes. Similarly, a negative or positive plume can be completely suppressed, allowing only the neutral species through; this can be done by applying the same polarity potential to the emitter and extractor, with a sufficient firing potential maintained between the two, and keeping the decelerator at ground. For example, to completely decelerate the charged species of a positive plume that requires a 2 kV firing potential, one could apply -200 V to the emitter, -2.2 kV to the extractor, and ground the decelerator. For this work, the firing potential in the positive mode is +2.7 kV and in the negative mode is -3.4 kV.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB.\u0026nbsp;Time of Flight\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTOF-MS is used characterize the mass of the species in the electrospray plume, according to Equation 1.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg 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\" width=\"477\" height=\"44\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSince mass calculations depend on Vplume, and there are distinct mass lines that are expected, namely the monomer (EMI+\u0026nbsp;at 111 Da) and dimer ([EMI-BF4]EMI+\u0026nbsp;at 309 Da), TOF-MS doubles as a verification of proper plume deceleration. All TOF spectra are collected using a flight tube length of about 1 meter with a microchannel plate (MCP) at the end coupled with an ARI CORP TDC-30V4 transimpedance amplifier. The ion gate consists of two parallel electrodes oppositely biased at high voltage and controlled with a Keysight EDU33212A waveform generator. Figure 5 shows the TOF curve from a 2 keV ion plume, and its derivative, smoothed using a Savitzky–Golay filter. The data show a mixed plume of ions and droplets, with roughly 60% monomers, 30% dimers, 6% trimers, and 4% larger species.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNext the electrospray source was configured to produce a 1 keV ion plume by decelerating the 2 keV plume, the TOF spectrum curve, and it’s derivative are shown in Fig. 6. Since this plume is decelerated after the extractor electrode, fragmentation in the decelerating region will cause the suppression of some of the charged fragmentation products, secondary monomers, dimers, etc.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePlume deceleration will also exasperate plume spreading, causing an increase in plume interception at the extractor and deceleration electrode, further suppressing off axis species. This suppression is evident in Fig. 6, with primary monomers contributing a greater share of the collected current. The composition is roughly 80% monomers, 17% dimers, a small trimer population, and 2.5% larger species.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this study, the positive mode ion plume had a firing potential of +2.7 kV in all tests, regardless of plume energy. A TOF spectrum of the +2.7 keV ion plume, and it’s derivative are shown in Fig. 7.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo confirm ion mode emission, the target of this study, it is necessary to increase the sample window to capture larger masses in the spectrum. Figure 8 shows the mass spectrum beyond 12,000 Da, with no apparent signal from high mass species larger than 1000 Da.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eC.\u0026nbsp;Target\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis work employs a gold coated target electrode with a high transparency stainless steel suppression grid in front illustrated in Fig. 9. The target is a 100 mm diameter silicon wafer deposited with a 100 nm of gold with a 10 nm Ti binding layer. These wafers were created via e-beam evaporation with a CVC4500 evaporator at the Cornell NanoScale Facility. Current is read at the target using a Keithley 6485 picoammeter, while Vsup swept between ±100 V. This configuration causes the measured current at the target to change as secondary species, produced from the high energy impacts on the target surface, are able to overcome the variable potential and escape.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo confirm that the bias sweep at the suppression grid does not affect the signal read at the target, a sweep is done while the electrospray source was not firing, shown in Fig. 10. There is no clear signal and the two electrodes are considered to be sufficiently isolated from one another.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"III. Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA.\u0026nbsp;Target SSE: Current Measurements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSSE curves are produced by plotting the current read at the target as a function of Vsup, while the target is bombarded by an electrospray plume. The current on the high-voltage extractor could not be read or recorded due to instrument limitations. The absence of this current measurement makes it impossible to quantify the total plume current leaving the electrospray source, making the incident current on the target from the primary electrospray plume also not possible to establish. Therefore, analysis for this work is limited to qualitative characteristics of the captured SSE curves, SSE yields can be determined in future work with additional testing. Broadly speaking, there are four contributors to the current change at the target, changes in emitted and incoming charges, both positive and negative. The effect of these charged species on the target current is outlined in Table I. An example SSE curve from a +100 eV plume is shown in Fig. 11, with three apparent regions highlighted in the curve, not all of which appear in every test.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLooking at Fig. 11, the left most region (red), where Vsup is between about -100 V and -50 V, is either flat, or has a slight downward trend. A decreasing current indicates an increase in incoming negative charges, a decrease in incoming positive charges, a decrease in secondary negative charges emitted from the target, or an increase in secondary positive charges emitted from the target. Since the Vplume is positive and Vsup is negative, the accelerating effect of the suppression grid on the primary plume is assumed to have no effect on the current reading. Since Vsup is negative, positive secondaries will not be suppressed in this region, and because Vsup is becoming more positive, the secondary negative species emission is expected to increase, not decrease. This leaves the possibility of an increase in incoming negative charges. Secondary electrons will be produced from impacts on the extractor and decelerator electrodes, these will be suppressed while Vsup is sufficiently negative, but as Vsup becomes more positive these electrons will be let in. The center region (yellow), where Vsup is between -50 V and 0 V, shows a steep increase in current.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBy applying the same logic as the previous region, this is either an increase in positive incoming charge, a decrease in incoming negative charge, a decrease in positive secondary emission, or an increase in negative secondary emission. Again, the positive plume is assumed to be negligibly affected by the negative Vsup bias, and positive secondaries should not be suppressed. Any secondary electrons produced upstream should more likely to reach the target as Vsup approaches 0 V, which would lead to a decreasing current. That leaves only the increased emission of secondary species from the target as the driver for this increase in current. This region is seen in all tests, indicating some population of negative species are produced regardless of plume deceleration.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the right most region, where Vsup is between 0 V and roughly 30 V, there is another sharp increase in current. While Vsup is positive, no negative secondaries are expected to be suppressed. While Vsup becomes more positive, it is possible that the positive plume could be partially deflected or suppressed, but this would lead to a decrease in current. Therefore the cause of this increase in current is the suppression of positive secondary species.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable I can be useful for interpreting results For example, Fig. 12a shows a decreasing current while 0 \u0026lt; Vsup →+100 under bombardment from a +1.8 keV plume, which means either a negative current contributor is increasing, or a positive current contributor is decreasing. By looking at Table I, a decrease in the incoming positive charges is the most likely explanation for this feature. It is possible the suppression grid partially deflects and suppresses the incoming positive plume as Vsup approaches +100 V.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable I: Current contributing species at the target along with their expected behavior as Vsup\u0026nbsp;is swept from -100 V to +100 V. *Change is expected to be small since Vsup\u0026nbsp;will only have a slight accelerating effect on these species in this region. **Change is expected to be small since these species should be accelerated away for all Vsup\u0026nbsp;in this region.\u003cimg width=\"624\" 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\" alt=\"A white rectangular box with black textDescription automatically generated\" height=\"108\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure 12 shows the SSE curves from ±30, 800, 1300, and 1800 eV. Note that much of the noise present in these curves can be attributed to relatively unsteady firing, especially in the negative mode. All plots reveal a population of negative secondary species, though only some appear to have significant positive secondary emission. Only in a test configuration where the target is experiencing a net negative current when Vsup is 0 V, does there appear to be a sharp rise in current as Vsup increases from 0 V.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt is important to note that charged species from various sources are impacting the target. For example, some positive ions fired from the emitter will have a lower energy than the firing potential upon entering the deceleration region due to cluster fragmentation. Ions of sufficiently low energy will be stopped by the decelerator and accelerated back into the extractor, which may cause SEE on impact. These electrons are accelerated from the extractor to the decelerator, and if they pass through the decelerator aperture then they will mix with the rest of the plume. Because of these effects, highly decelerated positive ion plumes can lead to a net negative current at the target, as seen in Fig. 12e and 12g. Similar reasoning can be applied to a decelerated negative plume, positive secondary species from extractor impacts will be accelerated and mix with the negative plume, in fact a net positive current is seen at the target when exposed to a -30 eV plume as seen in Fig. 12h.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure 13 shows the SSE curve from a fully decelerated positive and negative ion plume, leaving only the neutrals constituents of the electrospray plume to pass to the target. We see a somewhat similar result from the previous tests, a clear negative secondary population being emitted from the target in both tests, though it appears the plume produced in the positive mode leads to a more significant population of positive secondaries, evident by the steep increase in current as the suppression potential increases from 0 V.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe net current at the target when exposed to the suppressed positive plume is negative, as was seen with other highly decelerated positive plumes. The net current from the suppressed negative plume is also negative at first, this could indicate a small population of positive secondaries emitted from the target, since no incoming negative species are expected. The curve shown in 13b does not definitively reveal secondary positive species however.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB.\u0026nbsp;Extractor SSE: TOF-MS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTOF-MS is used to further investigate unexpected species originating from the ion source electrodes. Normally in TOF-MS analysis mass is found using Equation 1 where Vplume is the net potential used to extract and accelerate the species emitted from the Taylor cone. Instead, Vext−0V is used as the accelerating potential for oppositely charged secondary species produced at the extracting electrode (decelerator is always grounded). Figure 14 shows the mass spectrum of of secondaries produced from the positive 500, 300, 100, 30 eV and fully suppressed positive plume (-200 V applied to emitter for full deceleration). Because the extracting potential (Vplume−Vext) is always +2.7 kV the accelerating potentials used are -2.2, -2.4, -2.6, -2.67, and -2.9 kV respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen decelerated ions are accelerated back to the extractor, they will impact with a maximum energy equal to the potential between the extractor and decelerator, which is equal to the acceleration potential of any negative secondaries generated from impact. Using this logic, it appears that impacts from a 2.2 keV electrospray plume generate only very light secondaries close to 1 Da, thought to be either H−, electrons, other light species, or a combination thereof. At higher impact energies more products begin to appear.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSeveral of the species seen in the spectra appear in a SIMS study of a gold surface using an electrospray plume of EMI-BF4\u0026nbsp;as the primary beam conducted by Hofheins et al.17. Using a positive mode plume to extract negative secondaries from the gold target, Hofheins et al. found mass lines at 0.8, 12, 18, 24, and 34 Dalton, and using a negative mode plume to extract positive secondaries found 28 and 41 Dalton. All of these masses are estimated to be accurate to ±1.4 Da and are marked in Fig. 14, though there may be additional masses near 14, 21, and 32 Da. As the energy increases from 2.4 to 2.67 kV, an increase in the share of species centered near 18 Da is seen, while the opposite trend is seen around 24 Da. The signal seen near 18 Da is could be a combination of OH−\u0026nbsp;(17 Da), a likely adsorbate on the extractor surface, and F−\u0026nbsp;(19 Da), a fragmentation product of the anion BF4. 24 Da is likely C\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e-\u003c/sup\u003e , which could either be an adsorbate on the extractor or fragmentation products from the cation EMI+.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt could be possible that ions emitted from the Taylor cone are intercepted at the extractor before entering the deceleration region, secondaries produced by this mechanism would be accelerated through the same Vext−0V potential, mixing with the rest of the plume. If this were the case, these impacts would occur at a maximum of 2.7 keV, the extraction potential used in all tests, and this contribution would be seen in all tests. In Fig. 14 additional break-up products larger than roughly 1 Da appear in the spectrum starting at 2.4 kV, but not so when the presumed impacting energy is only 2.2 kV. Given this absence of larger breakup products, it is likely that the primary source of secondary species originate from impacts of back streaming ions in the deceleration region.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe presence of these additional secondary species generated by the ion source confounds the results of the secondary species detected at the target, since these high energy species could drown out the signal from incoming neutral EMI-BF4. To account for this, an additional ion optics stack, comprised of two outer grounded grids, and a middle grid with a potential in excess of Vext, is added so that no secondaries generated from the source reach the target. This configuration is shown in Fig. 15.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWith the additional grids in place, the electrospray source is once again fired in the positive mode, while fully suppressing the primary ion plume. The new center suppression grid is held at a negative bias to suppress negative secondaries accelerated between the extractor and the deceleration electrode. The grid in front of the gold-plated target is swept between ±80 V, since there were no apparent secondaries suppressed at voltages greater than 80 V. The resulting SSE curve is shown in Fig. 16. During this test, the emitted current was about 50 nA.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCurrent readings at the target are significantly diminished, this is due to the lack of charged species generated by the electrospray source impacting the target. The removal of these charged species means the raw current read at the target can be assumed to be secondaries resulting from impacting neutrals. Using this assumption, Fig. 16 shows roughly equal parts positive and negative secondaries at about 200 pA each. Ionic dissociation of a neutral molecule on impact would result in one positive and one negative charge, indicating this could be a driving process behind secondary species production at the target.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"IV. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis work presents preliminary measurements of secondary species emission (SSE) from a gold plated target exposed to an electrospray plume from 30 eV to 1800 eV in both the positive and negative polarity, as well as a fully suppressed ion plume in the positive and negative polarity. All tests revealed emission of negative secondary species, while only plumes resulting in a net negative current at the target while Vsup\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0 V show positive secondary species emission, regardless of the polarity of the ion plume. At a first glance there appears to be little change in SSE as the energy of the plume is reduced below thresholds seen in previous studies, and a strong SSE signal is seen at energies far below that of typical SEE and sputtering experiments of incident atomic ion beams. This could mean the primary source of SSE at the target is from fragmentation of incident molecular ions and neutrals, which are not seen in atomic ion beams. It is also possible that SSE arises from the liberation of adsorbates on the target surface, either from ambient background gas in the chamber or deposited ionic liquid from the incident electrospray plume.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe introduction of oppositely charged secondary species generated from impacts in the deceleration region of the plume complicates the interpretation of the results presented here. Additional electrode grids were placed in front of the target to filter out these incoming secondaries. A much smaller, but still present SSE signal is seen, indicating the detection of high energy neutral species in the electrospray plume.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003em = mass\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eq = charge\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLf light\u0026nbsp;= Time-of-flight length\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003etf light\u0026nbsp;= Time-of-flight time\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVsup\u0026nbsp;= Suppression grid bias\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVplume\u0026nbsp;= Plume potential\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVext = Extractor electrode potential\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eC. G. designed and conducted the experiments, wrote code to interpret collected data, analyzed all data, generatedall plots, and wrote the manuscript. G.H. contributed to the manuscript and aided in time of flight analysis. E.P. advised this work, providing regular guidance throughout, and reviewed the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis work was supported by the NASA Space Technology Graduate Research Opportunity.This work made use of the Cornell Center for Materials Research Shared Facilities which are supported through the NSF MRSEC program (DMR-1719875), and assistance from Christopher Alpha.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eToF and SSE probe data can be made available upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMiller. \u0026ldquo;Characterization of ion cluster fragmentation in ionic liquid ion sources\u0026rdquo;. PhD thesis. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2019.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eElaine M. Petro et al. \u0026ldquo;Multiscale Modeling of Electrospray Ion Emission\u0026rdquo;. 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In: Aerospace 7(11).153 (2020). doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace7110153.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-electric-propulsion","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"joeprop","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Electric Propulsion](https://www.springer.com/journal/44205)","snPcode":"44205","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/44205/3","title":"Journal of Electric Propulsion","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5742257/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5742257/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis work examines the emission of secondary charged species from a gold-plated target electrode when exposed to an ion-mode electrospray plume of EMI-BF\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e from a single externally wetted tungsten emitter. A decelerating electrode is used with the electrospray source to probe ion energies from 30-1800 eV in the positive and negative mode. Next, the ion plume was fully suppressed using the decelerating electrode, allowing only neutral constituents of the plume to travel to the target and the emission of secondary charged species is observed. Time of flight mass spectrometry is used to confirm ion mode emission and proper deceleration of electrospray plume and was also used to detect the creation of secondary charged species created by decelerating the plume.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Secondary Species Investigation of Low Energy Electrospray Plume Impacts","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-01-13 15:54:53","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5742257/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-04-03T03:11:11+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-03-30T04:19:03+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"316903076903530508039596815873856526095","date":"2025-03-15T05:33:47+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-02-21T17:14:07+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"307307970351363008544261147634038813696","date":"2025-01-29T19:39:29+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-01-17T00:55:12+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-01-10T14:27:15+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-01-10T14:24:38+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Journal of Electric Propulsion","date":"2024-12-31T13:27:58+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-electric-propulsion","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"joeprop","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Electric Propulsion](https://www.springer.com/journal/44205)","snPcode":"44205","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/44205/3","title":"Journal of Electric Propulsion","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"7b093337-fdc5-4f11-9da1-c30c537ea87a","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 13th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-05-16T12:38:25+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-01-13 15:54:53","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5742257","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5742257","identity":"rs-5742257","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}