Evaluating the effects of Hostel Accommodation on Students’ Health and Academic Performance at Bayero University, Kano,Kano State, Nigeria

Evaluating the effects of Hostel Accommodation on Students’ Health and Academic Performance at Bayero University, Kano,Kano State, Nigeria | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Evaluating the effects of Hostel Accommodation on Students’ Health and Academic Performance at Bayero University, Kano,Kano State, Nigeria Abdullahi A. Bello, Abdulmalik O. Abdulwasiu This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8001956/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Accommodation in hostels plays a vital role in the well-being of university students. This research assessed the hostel amenities and environment at Bayero University, Kano, and their impact on students' health and academic achievement. Methods A cross-sectional survey was carried out involving 100 students chosen through simple random sampling from different hostels across the University's campuses. Data were gathered using a structured questionnaire and analyzed through descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentages). Results The findings highlighted significant issues regarding security, with 35% of participants rating it as Poor, and 30% rating water supply similarly. Students expressed considerable dissatisfaction with cleanliness (34% Poor), electricity supply (47% Poor), internet connectivity (55% Poor), and the state of toilet and bathroom facilities (68% Poor). Conclusion These problems were associated with health issues such as typhoid, skin infections, and malaria, and were found to significantly hinder students' ability to access academic resources and maintain their study habits. The study concludes that the inadequate conditions of hostel facilities at Bayero University, Kano, negatively affect students' health and academic performance. University officials are encouraged to prioritize enhancements in these facilities to improve student welfare and academic results. Hostel Student Health Academic performance Accommodation Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 1. INTRODUCTION Housing as a fundamental component of the human environment, significantly influences community's health, social interactions, level of satisfaction, and overall well-being (Aluko, 2010 ) According to Duyile (2022), he stressed that a hostel provides residential accommodation for students within educational institutions, supporting both their academic and social development. However, accommodating and maintaining the hostel facility at Nigeria institutions remain a persistent challenge due to increasing student enrolment. Abramson (2022). Each year, the higher education industry sees a substantial growth in the number of students enrolled. Therefore, the significance of hostel amenities for university fresh men and women have expanded dramatically. Since it is considered that the amenities supplied to students in their dormitories have an effect on their academic performance. There are several expectations from hostel accommodation in tertiary institutions which is supposed enhance students’ life. This include promoting social communication, prospect for communal living and enhance their level of comfort (Osei-Poku et al., 2020 ) Student academic performance capacity has acknowledged extensive attention in preceding study, it is challenging facets of academic writings, student performance are pretentious due to societal, mental, monetary, ecological and personal features. These features strongly impress the student performance, but these features vary from separate to individual and state to state. For instance, students’ satisfaction and academic performance can be tangled to delivery of socio-economic features like presence in the class, household income, mommy’s and daddy’s schooling, teacher-student proportion, company of qualified lecturer in school, masculinity of student and remoteness of school also affected the performance of the students (H. Rheda, 2018) 2. LITERATURE REVIEW Research shown that housing satisfaction is influenced by the level of maintenance in such student housing. In 2017, study reveals how satisfied students are with the facilities at Kano University of Science and Technology in Wudil. The findings suggest that students were satisfied with waste collection, internet services, fence, kitchenette, recreation areas, toilets, laundry, and drainage systems among others. While the students were dissatisfied with electricity supply, water supply, standby generator, security services, bathrooms, firefighting equipment, and cost of bed space in the hostel In Ghana, many literatures and studies have looked at user satisfaction in other buildings but not university owned halls. Tannor (2020) made a study on end user satisfaction with facility in office buildings and shopping malls in Accra. Subsequently, Tannor, Attakora – Amaniampong and Appau (2021) also made a study on user satisfaction with outsourced facility management service in multi – tenanted shopping malls in Ghana. Human health and the environment impact one another; thus, they must be addressed simultaneously. A clean and well-maintained environment can have a positive impact on mental health. Studies have shown that living or working in a clean and organized environment can reduce stress, anxiety, and depression, and promote a sense of calmness and well-being. A growing body of research supports the notion that walkable environments contribute to an increase in the number of people who engage in active modes of transport and lifestyles, with consequential benefits including reduced NCDs and related health costs. Along with morbidity and premature mortality, the economic burden of PA is substantial .31,69 The significant health cost associated with physical inactivity is projected to account for 1.5–3.0% of total direct healthcare costs in high-income. (Andrew et al.2019) Poor sanitation reduces human well-being, social and economic development due to impacts such as anxiety, risk of sexual assault, and lost opportunities for education and work. Poor sanitation is linked to transmission of diarrheal diseases such as cholera and dysentery, as well as typhoid, intestinal worm infections and polio. It exacerbates stunting and contributes to the spread of antimicrobial resistance. (WHO, 2024) UN Habitat and WHO, 2021. Progress on wastewater treatment – Global status and acceleration needs for SDG indicator 6.3.1. United Nations Human Settlements Program (UN-Habitat) and World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva. Contaminated water and poor sanitation are linked to transmission of diseases such as cholera, diarrhoea, dysentery, hepatitis A, typhoid and polio. Absent, inadequate, or inappropriately managed water and sanitation services expose individuals to preventable health risks. This is particularly the case in health care facilities where both patients and staff are placed at additional risk of infection and disease when water, sanitation and hygiene services are lacking (WHO, 2023). 3. METHODOLOGY The impact of living conditions and hostel amenities on the academic performance and health of Bayero University, Kano students were examined in this study using a quantitative research approach. A simple random of sampling technique was used to 100 students living in university hostels across the Old Site, New Site, School of Continuing Education (SCE) and College of Health (AKTH) campuses. A standardized questionnaire was used to gather information about how students felt about the academic experiences, environmental circumstances, health issues, and hostel amenities.. Descriptive Statistics, Tables, frequencies, and percentages were used to examine the collected data. This approach enabled the identification of patterns and the prevalence of specific issues such as water scarcity, insecurity, environmental cleanliness, internet access, and availability of hostel amenities. 4. RESULTS The findings of the survey on student satisfaction with hostel facilities are presented below. The students' level of satisfaction with various hostel facilities is summarized in Table 1 . Table 1 Level of Satisfaction of students with Hostel Facilities FACILITIES Frequency (%) Poor Fair Good Very good Excellent Security 35 40 15 8 2 Cleanliness 34 37 23 5 1 Electricity 47 40 12 1 0 Water Supply 30 41 25 2 2 Internet Facilities 55 25 18 2 0 Toilet and Bathroom 68 24 3 1 0 Source: Authors’ work (2025) A graphical representation of the satisfaction levels for individual facilities is shown in Fig. 1 . From the result in Table 1 , there is high level of insecurity within the hostel and entire school environment. Students expressed concerns about theft, lack of visible security personnel around the school hostel and poor lighting in and around the hostel vicinity. The rate of stealing of students’ gadgets, household tools, textbooks and other essential material is alarming. These safety issues contribute to disrupted study routines and general discomfort which may impair academic performance. The overall satisfaction level of students with the available facilities is presented in Table 2 Table 2 Overall Satisfaction of students with the Available facilities Facilities Poor (%) Fair (%) Good (%) Very Good (%) Excellent (%) Rating 17 26 13 2 1 Source: Authors’ work (2025) The overall satisfaction is visualized in Fig. 2 . 5. DISCUSSION This study aimed to evaluate the effects of hostel accommodation on students' health and academic performance at Bayero University, Kano. The findings indicate that the poor state of facilities has a profound negative impact. The study found that students were extremely unsatisfied with hostel environment which was linked to several health problems including typhoid, skin infection, malaria among other diseases related to untidy environment. Poor waste management, Insufficient cleaning practice, crowded rooms, poorly maintained bathroom were frequently mentioned. According to WHO (2024), unsanitary environments lead to increased vulnerability to both physical and psychological stressors. Furthermore, this result reveals the low of level at which students can access Internet facilities within the hostel and on campus. In this 21st century where much of the students learning require timely access to internet, this gap severely limits students’ ability to access resources, conduct research and learn widely other than what’s been taught at their lecture room. Tannor et al. (2021) emphasized that modern facilities (including digital connectivity) are central to user satisfaction in institutional housing. Collectively, the issues raise (insecurity, poor hygiene, and lack of internet access) have a direct bearing on academic achievement. When students face daily challenges in satisfying their basic needs and ensuring a safe environment, their mental and physical energy is diverted from academic pursuits. This finding aligns with the premise that living conditions are a key predictor of academic achievement, as shown in previous research on student housing satisfaction (Osei-Poku et al., 2020 ). 6. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION This study contains review of students of Bayero University Kano on the hostel facilities and its effect on their health and academic performance. The high demanding facilities by the students are inadequate in most of the hostels. Due to the poor service of these facilities, students decide to reside off campus. The results of the survey carried out shows that students were totally dissatisfied with poor level of hostel facilities range from unstable electricity, inadequate water supply, significant insecurity, unhygienic environment amongst other. The school management should be urged to equip the hostel with necessary facilities needed by the students to improve the mental wellbeing and to enhance the academic performance of the students. Finally, the managements should provide a means of having feedback from the student on the state of the available facilities, so as to keep high level of satisfaction of the facilities by the students. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate Ethical approval was not required for this study as per the guidelines of Bayero University, Kano. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Consent for publication Not applicable. Availability of data and materials The datasets used during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Authors' contributions A.A.B. conceived the study, designed the methodology, and wrote the main manuscript. A.O.A. contributed to data collection, analysis, and manuscript preparation. All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript. Acknowledgements The authors thank the students of Bayero University, Kano, who participated in this study. Authors' information Abdullahi A. Bello is a student of the Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Health Science Abdulmalik O. Abdulwasiu is a student of the Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science. References Aluko OE. (2010). The impact of urbanization on housing development: The Lagos experience, Nigeria. Ethiop J Environ Stud Manage, 3 (3). Andrew M, et al. Precision medicine and healthy living: The importance of the built environment. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2018.12.013 . Osei-Poku G, Brainnah A, Clegg R. (2020). Comparative Assessment of User-Satisfaction with On-campus Residential Accommodationat Takoradi Technical University, Ghana. Journal . Of. building performance 11(1)2180 – 2106. Reda H, Mulugeta G. Investigating the causes of students’ less academic performance in Engineering College of Debre Berhan University. Am J Theoretical Appl Stat. 2018;7(3):126. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajtas.20180703.15 . Tannor O, Attakora-Amaniampong E, Appau WM. User satisfaction with outsourced facility management (FM) services in multi-tenanted shopping malls in Ghana. Facilities. 2022;40(3/4):198–213. https://doi.org/10.1108/F-12-2020-0134 . World Health Organization. (2023). Drinking-water: Key facts. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/drinking-water World Health Organization. (2024). Sanitation: Key facts. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/sanitation Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8001956","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":589561598,"identity":"04f7a332-ef2b-4c95-ae23-7bdff041e572","order_by":0,"name":"Abdullahi A. Bello","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA+0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACAwYeBgmGAgsGA2bmg4//VACFmJkbiNBiAETMbMkGPGdAWhiJ1cLAYybA2wYSI6DFnP3swds8BhLy5uxsaQyS82qj+duBWn5UbMOpxbInL9kaqMVwZzPzsQeG247nzjjM2MDYc+Y2bocdyDGTBmph3HCYLd0gcdux3AagFmbGNjxazr8Ba7HfcJjHTOLgnGO58wlquQGxJRGkRbKxoSZ3AyEtljPeJVvOMZBIBjos2Zjh2IHcjUAtB/H5xZw/9+CNNxU2thvOHz74mKGmLncekPHgRwVuLejgMJg8QLR6IKgjRfEoGAWjYBSMEAAAmVhZYfVi6+EAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Bayero University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Abdullahi","middleName":"A.","lastName":"Bello","suffix":""},{"id":589561599,"identity":"bd02a435-5ed6-4c26-b85c-c5cffef47a3e","order_by":1,"name":"Abdulmalik O. Abdulwasiu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Bayero University Kano","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Abdulmalik","middleName":"O.","lastName":"Abdulwasiu","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-10-31 23:08:12","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8001956/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8001956/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":102515889,"identity":"55f50fde-c3c7-4158-a394-5668f489517c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-12 13:44:35","extension":"jpeg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":509004,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOverall Satisfaction of the Students with Hostel Facilities\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8001956/v1/4905d160a2560dff94844bec.jpeg"},{"id":102515888,"identity":"225a6f6d-91f5-4047-8af0-e8003d6f304a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-12 13:44:35","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":8999,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOverall Satisfaction of the Students with Hostel Facilities\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8001956/v1/923bd65549d3f00bbfc421fd.png"},{"id":102746264,"identity":"cd21a9a7-bd57-4455-a2d8-ece164e41724","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-16 08:56:20","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1088554,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8001956/v1/27fd0472-53d8-4123-9acb-6b1226d1950b.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Evaluating the effects of Hostel Accommodation on Students’ Health and Academic Performance at Bayero University, Kano,Kano State, Nigeria","fulltext":[{"header":"1. INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eHousing as a fundamental component of the human environment, significantly influences community's health, social interactions, level of satisfaction, and overall well-being (Aluko, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccording to Duyile (2022), he stressed that a hostel provides residential accommodation for students within educational institutions, supporting both their academic and social development. However, accommodating and maintaining the hostel facility at Nigeria institutions remain a persistent challenge due to increasing student enrolment. Abramson (2022). Each year, the higher education industry sees a substantial growth in the number of students enrolled. Therefore, the significance of hostel amenities for university fresh men and women have expanded dramatically. Since it is considered that the amenities supplied to students in their dormitories have an effect on their academic performance. There are several expectations from hostel accommodation in tertiary institutions which is supposed enhance students\u0026rsquo; life. This include promoting social communication, prospect for communal living and enhance their level of comfort (Osei-Poku et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eStudent academic performance capacity has acknowledged extensive attention in preceding study, it is challenging facets of academic writings, student performance are pretentious due to societal, mental, monetary, ecological and personal features. These features strongly impress the student performance, but these features vary from separate to individual and state to state. For instance, students\u0026rsquo; satisfaction and academic performance can be tangled to delivery of socio-economic features like presence in the class, household income, mommy\u0026rsquo;s and daddy\u0026rsquo;s schooling, teacher-student proportion, company of qualified lecturer in school, masculinity of student and remoteness of school also affected the performance of the students (H. Rheda, 2018)\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. LITERATURE REVIEW","content":"\u003cp\u003eResearch shown that housing satisfaction is influenced by the level of maintenance in such student housing. In 2017, study reveals how satisfied students are with the facilities at Kano University of Science and Technology in Wudil. The findings suggest that students were satisfied with waste collection, internet services, fence, kitchenette, recreation areas, toilets, laundry, and drainage systems among others. While the students were dissatisfied with electricity supply, water supply, standby generator, security services, bathrooms, firefighting equipment, and cost of bed space in the hostel\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn Ghana, many literatures and studies have looked at user satisfaction in other buildings but not university owned halls. Tannor (2020) made a study on end user satisfaction with facility in office buildings and shopping malls in Accra. Subsequently, Tannor, Attakora \u0026ndash; Amaniampong and Appau (2021) also made a study on user satisfaction with outsourced facility management service in multi \u0026ndash; tenanted shopping malls in Ghana.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHuman health and the environment impact one another; thus, they must be addressed simultaneously. A clean and well-maintained environment can have a positive impact on mental health. Studies have shown that living or working in a clean and organized environment can reduce stress, anxiety, and depression, and promote a sense of calmness and well-being.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA growing body of research supports the notion that walkable environments contribute to an increase in the number of people who engage in active modes of transport and lifestyles, with consequential benefits including reduced NCDs and related health costs. Along with morbidity and premature mortality, the economic burden of PA is substantial .31,69 The significant health cost associated with physical inactivity is projected to account for 1.5\u0026ndash;3.0% of total direct healthcare costs in high-income. (Andrew et al.2019)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePoor sanitation reduces human well-being, social and economic development due to impacts such as anxiety, risk of sexual assault, and lost opportunities for education and work. Poor sanitation is linked to transmission of diarrheal diseases such as cholera and dysentery, as well as typhoid, intestinal worm infections and polio. It exacerbates stunting and contributes to the spread of antimicrobial resistance. (WHO, 2024)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eUN Habitat and WHO, 2021. Progress on wastewater treatment \u0026ndash; Global status and acceleration needs for SDG indicator 6.3.1. United Nations Human Settlements Program (UN-Habitat) and World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eContaminated water and poor sanitation are linked to transmission of diseases such as cholera, diarrhoea, dysentery, hepatitis A, typhoid and polio. Absent, inadequate, or inappropriately managed water and sanitation services expose individuals to preventable health risks. This is particularly the case in health care facilities where both patients and staff are placed at additional risk of infection and disease when water, sanitation and hygiene services are lacking (WHO, 2023).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. METHODOLOGY","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe impact of living conditions and hostel amenities on the academic performance and health of Bayero University, Kano students were examined in this study using a quantitative research approach. A simple random of sampling technique was used to 100 students living in university hostels across the Old Site, New Site, School of Continuing Education (SCE) and College of Health (AKTH) campuses.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA standardized questionnaire was used to gather information about how students felt about the academic experiences, environmental circumstances, health issues, and hostel amenities..\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDescriptive Statistics, Tables, frequencies, and percentages were used to examine the collected data. This approach enabled the identification of patterns and the prevalence of specific issues such as water scarcity, insecurity, environmental cleanliness, internet access, and availability of hostel amenities.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. RESULTS","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe findings of the survey on student satisfaction with hostel facilities are presented below. The students' level of satisfaction with various hostel facilities is summarized in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLevel of Satisfaction of students with Hostel Facilities\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFACILITIES\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrequency (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePoor\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFair\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGood\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVery good\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eExcellent\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSecurity\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCleanliness\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eElectricity\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWater Supply\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eInternet Facilities\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eToilet and Bathroom\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003eSource: Authors\u0026rsquo; work (2025)\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA graphical representation of the satisfaction levels for individual facilities is shown in\u003c/b\u003e Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrom the result in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, there is high level of insecurity within the hostel and entire school environment. Students expressed concerns about theft, lack of visible security personnel around the school hostel and poor lighting in and around the hostel vicinity. The rate of stealing of students\u0026rsquo; gadgets, household tools, textbooks and other essential material is alarming. These safety issues contribute to disrupted study routines and general discomfort which may impair academic performance.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe overall satisfaction level of students with the available facilities is presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOverall Satisfaction of students with the Available facilities\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFacilities\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePoor (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFair (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGood (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVery Good (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eExcellent (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRating\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003eSource: Authors\u0026rsquo; work (2025)\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eThe overall satisfaction is visualized in\u003c/b\u003e Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study aimed to evaluate the effects of hostel accommodation on students' health and academic performance at Bayero University, Kano. The findings indicate that the poor state of facilities has a profound negative impact.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study found that students were extremely unsatisfied with hostel environment which was linked to several health problems including typhoid, skin infection, malaria among other diseases related to untidy environment. Poor waste management, Insufficient cleaning practice, crowded rooms, poorly maintained bathroom were frequently mentioned. According to WHO (2024), unsanitary environments lead to increased vulnerability to both physical and psychological stressors.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFurthermore, this result reveals the low of level at which students can access Internet facilities within the hostel and on campus. In this 21st century where much of the students learning require timely access to internet, this gap severely limits students\u0026rsquo; ability to access resources, conduct research and learn widely other than what\u0026rsquo;s been taught at their lecture room. Tannor et al. (2021) emphasized that modern facilities (including digital connectivity) are central to user satisfaction in institutional housing.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCollectively, the issues raise (insecurity, poor hygiene, and lack of internet access) have a direct bearing on academic achievement. When students face daily challenges in satisfying their basic needs and ensuring a safe environment, their mental and physical energy is diverted from academic pursuits. This finding aligns with the premise that living conditions are a key predictor of academic achievement, as shown in previous research on student housing satisfaction (Osei-Poku et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"6. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study contains review of students of Bayero University Kano on the hostel facilities and its effect on their health and academic performance. The high demanding facilities by the students are inadequate in most of the hostels. Due to the poor service of these facilities, students decide to reside off campus. The results of the survey carried out shows that students were totally dissatisfied with poor level of hostel facilities range from unstable electricity, inadequate water supply, significant insecurity, unhygienic environment amongst other. The school management should be urged to equip the hostel with necessary facilities needed by the students to improve the mental wellbeing and to enhance the academic performance of the students. Finally, the managements should provide a means of having feedback from the student on the state of the available facilities, so as to keep high level of satisfaction of the facilities by the students.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthical approval was not required for this study as per the guidelines of Bayero University, Kano. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026apos; contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA.A.B. conceived the study, designed the methodology, and wrote the main manuscript.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA.O.A. contributed to data collection, analysis, and manuscript preparation. All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors thank the students of Bayero University, Kano, who participated in this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026apos; information\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbdullahi A. Bello is a student of the Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Health Science\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbdulmalik O. Abdulwasiu is a student of the Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAluko OE. (2010). The impact of urbanization on housing development: The Lagos experience, Nigeria. Ethiop J Environ Stud Manage, \u003cem\u003e3\u003c/em\u003e(3).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAndrew M, et al. Precision medicine and healthy living: The importance of the built environment. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2019. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2018.12.013\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOsei-Poku G, Brainnah A, Clegg R. (2020). Comparative Assessment of User-Satisfaction with On-campus Residential Accommodationat Takoradi Technical University, Ghana. \u003cem\u003eJournal\u003c/em\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOf. building performance 11(1)2180\u0026thinsp;\u0026ndash;\u0026thinsp;2106.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eReda H, Mulugeta G. Investigating the causes of students\u0026rsquo; less academic performance in Engineering College of Debre Berhan University. Am J Theoretical Appl Stat. 2018;7(3):126. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajtas.20180703.15\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTannor O, Attakora-Amaniampong E, Appau WM. User satisfaction with outsourced facility management (FM) services in multi-tenanted shopping malls in Ghana. Facilities. 2022;40(3/4):198\u0026ndash;213. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1108/F-12-2020-0134\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWorld Health Organization. (2023). Drinking-water: Key facts. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/drinking-water\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWorld Health Organization. (2024). Sanitation: Key facts. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/sanitation\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Hostel, Student, Health, Academic performance, Accommodation","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8001956/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8001956/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccommodation in hostels plays a vital role in the well-being of university students. This research assessed the hostel amenities and environment at Bayero University, Kano, and their impact on students' health and academic achievement.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eA cross-sectional survey was carried out involving 100 students chosen through simple random sampling from different hostels across the University's campuses. Data were gathered using a structured questionnaire and analyzed through descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentages).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe findings highlighted significant issues regarding security, with 35% of participants rating it as Poor, and 30% rating water supply similarly. Students expressed considerable dissatisfaction with cleanliness (34% Poor), electricity supply (47% Poor), internet connectivity (55% Poor), and the state of toilet and bathroom facilities (68% Poor).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThese problems were associated with health issues such as typhoid, skin infections, and malaria, and were found to significantly hinder students' ability to access academic resources and maintain their study habits. The study concludes that the inadequate conditions of hostel facilities at Bayero University, Kano, negatively affect students' health and academic performance. University officials are encouraged to prioritize enhancements in these facilities to improve student welfare and academic results.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Evaluating the effects of Hostel Accommodation on Students’ Health and Academic Performance at Bayero University, Kano,Kano State, Nigeria","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-02-12 13:44:27","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8001956/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"577dd8ad-e477-43de-b4f1-84590cb0a56b","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 12th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-02-12T13:44:27+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-02-12 13:44:27","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8001956","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8001956","identity":"rs-8001956","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}