Source analysis and human health risk assessment of heavy metal in farmland soil-rice system in Nandu River Basin, Zhanjiang City, Guangdong Province, China

Source analysis and human health risk assessment of heavy metal in farmland soil-rice system in Nandu River Basin, Zhanjiang City, Guangdong Province, China | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Source analysis and human health risk assessment of heavy metal in farmland soil-rice system in Nandu River Basin, Zhanjiang City, Guangdong Province, China Songying Luo, Peixin Liang, Xiaoxin Li, Zengcai Li, Tailin Zou, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7843338/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 06 Jan, 2026 Read the published version in Environmental Monitoring and Assessment → Version 1 posted 12 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study aims to characterize heavy metal contamination in rice fields of the Nandu River Basin (subtropical red soil zone) and elucidate its risk mechanisms. Key objectives include assessing pollution levels/ecological risks, identifying contamination sources, and evaluating human health risks from soil-rice systems. Forty paired soil-rice samples were collected. Concentrations of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Hg, and As were quantified using ICP-MS and ICP-AES. Contamination status was evaluated via the Nemerow integrated pollution index and Hakanson’s potential ecological risk index. Health risks were assessed using an exposure model. Source apportionment employed a multivariate framework combining correlation analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), and the absolute principal component score–multiple linear regression (APCS-MLR) receptor model. Soil metals generally met screening thresholds, but Hg was significantly enriched (6.44× background), indicating heavy pollution and high ecological risk. Cr exceeded limits in 12% of rice samples; As carcinogenic risk neared thresholds. Hg and Pb in rice showed high spatial variability (CV > 140%), suggesting anthropogenic influence. Source analysis revealed: PC1 (47.3%)—volcanic weathering + traffic/agriculture (Pb-Zn-Ni); PC2 (25.66%)—geogenic + agricultural (As-Cu-Cr); PC3 (10.86%)—electronics/traffic (Hg); PC4 (7.32%)—fertilizers (Cd). Children’s oral intake risk for As/Cr was 78–123% higher than adults; dermal Cr exposure posed notable noncarcinogenic risk ( HQ = 0.709). Contamination in the basin stems from composite natural-anthropogenic sources, with Hg posing significant ecological risk and Cr/As presenting key health concerns, especially for children via ingestion and dermal pathways. These findings provide a scientific basis for targeted risk management of heavy metals in high-background red soil agricultural regions. heavy metal pollution source analysis potential ecological risk health risk assessment Nandu River basin Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 06 Jan, 2026 Read the published version in Environmental Monitoring and Assessment → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 08 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 07 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 28 Oct, 2025 Reviews received at journal 26 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 24 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 23 Oct, 2025 Reviews received at journal 22 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 22 Oct, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 22 Oct, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 15 Oct, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 15 Oct, 2025 First submitted to journal 12 Oct, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7843338","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":538490705,"identity":"f28674c2-31dd-4873-bca5-1dcd8b137c65","order_by":0,"name":"Songying Luo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Lingnan Normal University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Songying","middleName":"","lastName":"Luo","suffix":""},{"id":538490706,"identity":"9f364a90-3953-4a14-a043-f7051caf3ade","order_by":1,"name":"Peixin Liang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Southwest Forestry 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China","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"environmental-monitoring-and-assessment","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"emas","sideBox":"Learn more about [Environmental Monitoring and Assessment](http://link.springer.com/journal/10661)","snPcode":"10661","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10661/3","title":"Environmental Monitoring and 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Key objectives include assessing pollution levels/ecological risks, identifying contamination sources, and evaluating human health risks from soil-rice systems. Forty paired soil-rice samples were collected. Concentrations of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Hg, and As were quantified using ICP-MS and ICP-AES. Contamination status was evaluated via the Nemerow integrated pollution index and Hakanson\u0026rsquo;s potential ecological risk index. Health risks were assessed using an exposure model. Source apportionment employed a multivariate framework combining correlation analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), and the absolute principal component score\u0026ndash;multiple linear regression (APCS-MLR) receptor model. Soil metals generally met screening thresholds, but Hg was significantly enriched (6.44\u0026times; background), indicating heavy pollution and high ecological risk. Cr exceeded limits in 12% of rice samples; As carcinogenic risk neared thresholds. Hg and Pb in rice showed high spatial variability (CV\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;140%), suggesting anthropogenic influence. Source analysis revealed: PC1 (47.3%)\u0026mdash;volcanic weathering\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;traffic/agriculture (Pb-Zn-Ni); PC2 (25.66%)\u0026mdash;geogenic\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;agricultural (As-Cu-Cr); PC3 (10.86%)\u0026mdash;electronics/traffic (Hg); PC4 (7.32%)\u0026mdash;fertilizers (Cd). Children\u0026rsquo;s oral intake risk for As/Cr was 78\u0026ndash;123% higher than adults; dermal Cr exposure posed notable noncarcinogenic risk (\u003cem\u003eHQ\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.709). Contamination in the basin stems from composite natural-anthropogenic sources, with Hg posing significant ecological risk and Cr/As presenting key health concerns, especially for children via ingestion and dermal pathways. These findings provide a scientific basis for targeted risk management of heavy metals in high-background red soil agricultural regions.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Source analysis and human health risk assessment of heavy metal in farmland soil-rice system in Nandu River Basin, Zhanjiang City, Guangdong Province, China","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-03 08:06:46","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7843338/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-11-08T13:48:40+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-07T17:00:34+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"25122186224809642928384666546922280292","date":"2025-10-28T07:21:08+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-26T07:09:08+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"188956426860452439738353921401877010780","date":"2025-10-24T16:26:01+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"329910055915605487632076062905916408175","date":"2025-10-23T20:56:10+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-22T17:07:51+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"9723924651365735225066969728166445368","date":"2025-10-22T16:48:33+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-10-22T15:13:15+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-10-16T02:52:11+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-10-16T02:52:06+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","date":"2025-10-13T00:45:03+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"environmental-monitoring-and-assessment","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"emas","sideBox":"Learn more about [Environmental Monitoring and Assessment](http://link.springer.com/journal/10661)","snPcode":"10661","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10661/3","title":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"e557706e-acbb-4866-9cf3-216fa5237da2","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 3rd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-01-08T06:08:28+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7843338","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-025-14959-7","journal":{"identity":"environmental-monitoring-and-assessment","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment"},"publishedOn":"2026-01-07 00:00:00","publishedOnDateReadable":"January 7th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-03 08:06:46","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s10661-025-14959-7","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-025-14959-7","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7843338","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7843338","identity":"rs-7843338","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}