Black Berry as a Natural Dye Dyeability of Proteinic Fabrics Using Some Post-Treatments

Black Berry as a Natural Dye Dyeability of Proteinic Fabrics Using Some Post-Treatments | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Black Berry as a Natural Dye Dyeability of Proteinic Fabrics Using Some Post-Treatments W. M. Raslan, Fatma A. Mohamed, H. Helmy, H. M. Ahmed This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6697739/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The quest for sustainable textile practices has driven research towards the enhancement of dye fastness properties in natural fibers such as silk and wool. This study investigates the use of blackberries as a natural dye source, alongside the application of innovative post-dyeing treatments, including thermo-fixation, microwave irradiation, and plasma treatment. The color y ield and fastness properties—specifically light, wash, and rubbing fastness—of dyed silk and wool fabrics using blackberry extracts were systematically evaluated. Following the dyeing process, each treatment method was assessed for its ability to improve the stability and resistance of the dye. Results indicated that blackberry dyeing yielded rich, vibrant colors while demonstrating an inherent variation in fastness properties. Notably, thermo-fixation significantly enhanced the light and wash fastness of dyed specimens, while microwave irradiation exhibited promising results in reducing dye migration and enhancing color retention. Plasma treatment further advanced the performance by promoting dye-fiber interaction through surface modification. This study explores the improvement of fastness properties and functional characteristics of dyed silk and wool fabrics through natural blackberry dye and subsequent treatments to enhance antimicrobial activity and UV protection factor (UPF). Natural fibers like silk and wool are often subjected to degradation from microbial activity and UV radiation, leading to reduced durability and aesthetic appeal. The effect of utilizing blackberries as a natural dye source and the influence of various post-dyeing treatments on enhancing the antimicrobial efficacy and UV protection of the dyed fabrics were investigated. Antimicrobial activity was assessed against common pathogens, revealing that treatments significantly improved resistance compared to untreated fabrics. The incorporation of blackberry-based dye also demonstrated inherent antimicrobial properties, which were further augmented by plasma treatment through the introduction of reactive functional groups. The UV protection factor (UPF) was determined, indicating that the treatments not only retained but also enhanced the natural UV-blocking capabilities of the fabrics. To study the structural and chemical modifications resulting from the treatments, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) imaging was conducted to analyze surface morphology, highlighting significant changes in the fiber structure after plasma treatment, including increased roughness that promotes dye holding and functional property enhancement. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) was employed to investigate the chemical bonding between the dye and fabric fibers, confirming the effective adhesion and improved interaction due to the post-treatment methodologies. Our findings suggest that the combination of natural dyeing with innovative post-treatment techniques not only improves the fastness properties of silk and wool fabrics but also aligns with environmental sustainability goals by utilizing eco-friendly materials and processes. The findings also demonstrate that the synergistic application of blackberry dye with advanced post-treatment techniques can yield silk and wool fabrics antimicrobial activity, and UV protection. This research underscores the potential of utilizing natural dyes in conjunction with innovative treatments to create high-performance textile products that prioritize sustainability alongside functional efficacy, catering to modern consumer demands in the textile market and contributes to the development of superior textile products for both quality and sustainability in the fashion and textile industries. Biological sciences/Biochemistry Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences Physical sciences/Chemistry Physical sciences/Energy science and technology Physical sciences/Materials science silk wool blackberry fastness plasma microwave treatment Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 1. Introduction Natural dyeing refers to using colors derived from plants, minerals or insects to dye textiles. The benefits of natural dyes are not only in their environmentally friendly nature but also in the distinct hues and unique quality which have not been attained by synthetic dyeing processes. Black berry could provide a range of colors according to many factors such as plant ҆ s maturity, extraction methodology and the nature of dyed fabric. There is more than a method to get dye from berries such as cold extraction, hot extraction and fermentation. Every method produces different colors and depends on its application. Natural dyeing is an ancient process that has been renewed and gained an interest recently due to sustainability and producing rich and vibrant colors. Black berries are one of the various plants used for dyeing due to their availability and beautiful hues. They yield a range of colors from deep purple to lavender shades or soft pink according to pH, mordant categories and dyeing concentration. Adding vinegar can create brighter and more dense colors while alkaline medium can turn the color to green because Anthocyanins react differentially in acidic or alkaline medium. In many countries, all of berries were among the main sources of colors, black berry is the most one. The revival of interest in natural dyes is mainly attributed to a growing awareness of environmental concerns and a shift towards sustainable practices in textile production [ 1 ]. Black berry contains anthocyanins, a type of flavonoid responsible for red, purple and blue colors which are found in different fruits, vegetables and flowers. The dyeing process involves extracting these pigments through boiling the plants or using fermentation process. The produced dye is then applied to the fibers with different mordants such as alum or iron [ 2 ]. Wool and silk can absorb natural dyes in different ways. Wool is more porous than silk, so it absorbs more colors while silk can create a soft luster appearance. When dyeing wool and silk, scouring of wool is necessary to remove any natural fats that may distract penetration of dye into wool fabric. Silk may be pre mordanted with alum to attain bright hues [ 2 ]. Mordants are substances that fix dyes on the fibers affecting the color shade and its fastness properties. Selection of the appropriate mordant is necessary. Alum is widely used and provide good fastness properties. It produces bright colors [ 3 – 6 ]. utilizing iron as mordant can darken the black berries hues and improve color fastness. Also, pretreatment of wool and silk as well as post dyeing treatments could improve the fastness properties. Controlling the pH of the dyeing bath [ 4 – 6 ] and dyeing temperature (60–70 º C) enhances the dye up take and fastness properties [ 7 ]. Fastness refers to the ability of dye to maintain its color against various factors, such as washing, light exposure, and rubbing. Enhancing the fastness performance of blackberry natural dye on fibers like wool and silk is crucial for ensuring the longevity and usability of dyed textiles. Various methods are applied to improve the fastness of black berry natural dye such as use of mordants, pretreatment processes, and post-dyeing treatment. Recent advancements in textile processing introduced plasma treatment, UV irradiation and microwaves to enhance fastness properties of natural dyes including black berry. This could be achieved by modification of textile surface promoting better dye bonds and consequently fastness properties [ 8 – 14 ]. Generally improving the fastness performance of black berry natural dye on wool and silk requires good understanding of mordant, pre- and post-treatments processes and controlling dyeing conditions. Optimizing these factors could produce textiles with richer colors, longer durability and sustainable dyeing processes. This overview serves as a foundation for deeper understanding of the techniques, benefits and history of natural dyeing using black berry as a step for sustainable textile dying [ 15 – 23 ]. The primary aim of this research paper is to investigate the efficiency of blackberries as a natural dye for wool and silk fibers. This study will explore the dyeing process, focusing on the extraction methods of natural dye from blackberries, the optimal dyeing conditions (such as temperature, time, and pH), and the resulting colorfastness of the dyed materials. By examining the relationship between the concentration of blackberry dye and the depth of color achieved on both wool and silk, this research aims to contribute to the understanding of sustainable dyeing practices. Additionally, the paper will evaluate the environmental impact and potential benefits of using natural dyes over synthetic alternatives, thereby promoting the use of eco-friendly approaches in textile dyeing and supporting the growing interest in sustainable fashion. 2. Experimental 2.1 Material 2.1.1 Fabric Grey silk was offered by a private company. The fabric was degummed using 15% (o. w. f) aqueous solution of ASP icon 1030 soap at a temperature of 95–100°C for 1–2 hours. The fabric was thoroughly washed with warm water, followed by cold water, then squeezed and air dried. Wool fabrics of densities, up to 0.7 g/cm 3 , 70–150 g/m 2 and fiber length ranges from 5 to 12 cm had been obtained from Misr-Helwan Company for Spin and Weave, Egypt. The wool substrate underwent scouring in an aqueous medium, with a ratio of 1:50 and included non-ionic detergent (2 g /l; Hostapal, Clariant, Swiss) and Na 2 CO 3 (2 g/l). The scouring was conducted at 50°C for 30 minutes to remove wax-based substances and other impurities. After that, the wool fabric was washed with tap water and air-dried. 2.1.2 Chemicals Potassium Aluminum Sulphate (Alum) and Acetic acid were purchased from a local market. 2.1.3 Dyes Blackberry plants were collected and extracted using water at room temperature. 2.2 Methods 2.2.1 Fabric After Dyeing Treatment The dyed fabrics samples were treated with plasma at 4.7 K Volt and 1100 watts for 45, 90 and 135 s. The dyed proteinic fabric samples were treated in continuous mode using an atmospheric pressure glow discharge (APGD) equipment, model PLATEX 600-LAB VERSION, from Italian Grinp company Ser.1(cited in pilot plant of industrial textile research division). The two-planar electrode equipment operates at low frequency (20–45 K Hz) to partially ionized gases and/ or vapors of precursors, power of discharge (1–2 K W) and treatment speed (5m/min) have ben varied while keeping constant the electrode temperature (160º C) and distance between electrodes (3 mm). Other dyed samples were thermos-fixed at 105º C for 30,60 and 90 s and some were subjected to microwave irradiation at 100% power and for the same periods of thermos-fixation. 2.2.2 Dyeing Method The dyeing of silk and wool fabrics was carried out in water bath using l. r. of 1:50 and 12.5 g/l (o.w.f) of blackberry after extraction with water for 1h at 60º C, then silk and wool samples (10*10 cm) were put in cups with extract and alum in the water bath. The temperature was raised from 35 to 60 ºC and the dyeing process was continued at this temperature for about 45 min. After dyeing, the samples were soaped in a bath containing 2% nonionic detergent (Sera Fast C-RD) at 60 ºC, then rinsed with water and dried at room temperature. 2.2.3 Simultaneous – Mordanting Method The simultaneous mordanting method was adopted during dyeing. Potash alum, Al 2 K 2 (SO 4 ) 4 . 24 H 2 O was used as a mordant. 2.3 Measurements 2.3.1 Color Assessment (K/S) Color strength of the printed samples was evaluated by Hunter Lab Ultra scan PRO. The color strength (K/S) of each dyed sample was measured using a Data Color SF 600 plus Colorimeter. 2.3.2 Fastness Properties The color fastness of the dyed fabrics was assessed by the AATCC Test Method 16-2001 (color fastness to light), AATCC Test Method 612001 (color fastness to laundering), and AATCC Test Method 82001(color fastness to rubbing and color fastness to perspiration). 2.3.3 Tensile Strength Tensile strength and elongation at break were measured using the ASTM examination method (D 5034), specifically the Grab test. Reported values were the average of three readings. 2.3.4 UV Protection The UV protection factor (UPF) of treated and untreated samples was determined according to the Australian/New Zealand standard (AS/NZS 4366 − 1996). UPF was rated as providing good (UPF: 15–24), very good (UPF: 25–39), and excellent protection (UPF > 40). 2.3.5 Antibacterial Activity The antimicrobial activities of treated fabrics have been studied using colony forming technique (CFU) against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538-P was used as the gram-positive bacteria, Escherichia coli ATCC 25933 as the gram-negative bacteria, Candida albicans ATCC 10231 as yeast, and the filamentous fungus Aspergillus Niger NRRL-A326. Bacterial stocks (10µl) of stock of CFU value of about 10 8 were inoculated into a 10 ml freshly prepared liquid nutrient broth containing 5g/l peptone; 3g/l beef extract at pH 6.8 in 100 ml-volume of Erlenmeyer flasks and incubated for 24 h but for the fungus potato dextrose broth was used. Fabrics (1cm 2 /250mg) were added to the inoculated flasks (with 10 µl of inoculums) leaving the control (inoculated flasks without samples). After 24 h incubation at 28 and 37 o C (for the fungus and bacteria, respectively), the reduction (R%) in growth was measured by detecting the reduction in the absorbance of the inoculated flasks related to the untreated controls. The growth reduction was calculated from the following equation: R (%) = A-B/A x100 Where A is the no. of colonies of the culture control but B is the no. colonies of treated sample. The absorbance of treated samples was measured (at 600nm) compared to the textile treated samples [ 10 – 11 ]. 2.3.6 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) The SEM micrographs were taken by a Quanta/FEG/250 microscope in the Czech Republic at 10–20 kV. 2.3.7 Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR) Transmittance of the infrared in the film between 400 and 4000 cm − 1 was examined using a JASCO FT-IR spectrometer (ATR) to analyze the spectrum of both untreated and treated samples. 3. Results and Discussion Natural dyes derived from plants, like blackberries, offer a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative to synthetic dyes [ 12 ]. However, natural dyes often exhibit poor colorfastness, necessitating the use of mordants and effective fixation methods [ 13 ]. This study investigates the dyeing of wool and silk fabrics with blackberry juice, employing alum as a mordant and comparing three different fixation techniques: thermal, microwave, and plasma treatment. UPF values were measured for each fabric sample using a UV spectrophotometer. 3.1. UV Protection The UV protection factor (UPF) measures the effectiveness of fabric blocking ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Both untreated wool and silk offer varying levels of protection. The UPF of dyed wool and silk samples with blackberry natural dye either unfixed or fixed thermally or by subjecting to microwave irradiation and atmospheric air plasma. Table 1 shows the UPF values for unfixed and fixed dyed silk and wool fabrics. Both wool and silk fabrics achieved a successful dye uptake with the blackberry juice, indicating the effectiveness of alum as a mordant. All fixation methods resulted in a significant increase in UPF values compared to unfixed dyed fabrics, demonstrating improved UV protection. The UPF value of unfixed dyed silk sample is 3.6 compared to 13.3, 10.3 and 9.4 for thermos fixed samples for 30, 60 and 90 seconds respectively. These values differ when using fixation via microwave irradiation or air plasma. They are 14.0, 14.5 and 15.7 for samples fixed with microwave at 30, 60 and 90 seconds respectively compared to 15.5, 15.8 and 16.5 for fixed samples via air plasma exposure for 45, 90 and 135 seconds respectively. Generally provided moderate UPF enhancement, particularly for wool, is the best. Microwave fixation shows higher UPF values compared to thermal fixation, but plasma fixation consistently yielded the highest UPF values for both silk and wool, suggesting superior colorfastness and UV protection. The high energy of plasma likely interacts with the dye molecules and fabric fibers, promoting stronger dye-fiber bonds and enhancing colorfastness. This could contribute to the superior UV protection observed in plasma-fixed dyed fabrics. Microwaves can generate heat within the fabric, potentially accelerating dye diffusion and improving fixation. While effective thermal treatment may be less efficient than microwave or plasma in achieving optimal dye-fiber interactions. Investigating the effects of varying treatment parameters (e.g., temperature, time and plasma voltage) on UPF and colorfastness are shown in Table 1 . This study demonstrates the feasibility of using blackberry as a natural dye for wool and silk fabrics, with alum as an effective mordant. Plasma treatment emerged as the most promising fixation method, yielding the highest UPF values. Further research is warranted to optimize treatment parameters and gain a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms involved. Table 1 Effect of different fixation methods on UPF of both silk and wool fabrics Type of fabrics Exposure time (sec) UPF of dyed fabric fixed with different methods Thermo-fixation microwave Air plasma Unfixed dyed silk fabric - 3.6 Fixed dyed silk fabric 30 13.3 14.0 - 45 - - 15.5 60 10.3 14.5 - 90 9.4 15.7 15.8 135 - - 16.5 Unfixed dyed wool fabric - 21.9 Fixed dyed wool fabric 30 417.2 478.3 - 45 - - 575.3 60 409.1 492.0 - 90 364.3 493.7 632.7 135 - - 671.2 Thermo-fixation temperature: 120˚ C 3.2 Color Assessment (K/S) The provided data presents the K/S (likely Kubellka-Munk reflectance) values for plasma, microwave, and thermal dye fixation methodology applied to both silk and wool fabrics across varying fixation times. The K/S values are related to the color strength or depth of shade of a dyed fabric. A higher K/S value generally indicates a deeper color. Let's analyze the trends observed for each method. Plasma fixation method of silk and wool is shown in Table 2 . The K/S value increases with fixation time up to 90 seconds, suggesting an improvement in color depth. However, in 135 seconds, the K/S value slightly decreased. This suggests an optimal treatment time of around 90 seconds for plasma fixation of dye on silk samples. Prolonged exposure might lead to degradation or other surface changes that negatively impact dye uptake or color development. This is possibly by creating reactive sites on the fabric's surface. A similar trend is observed for wool, the color strength (K/S) increased with time up to 90 seconds and then showed a slight decrease at 135 seconds. The K/S values for wool are consistently higher than those for silk across all fixation times, indicating that wool might be more receptive to plasma technology for color enhancement. The K/S values for microwave treatment on silk also increase with treatment time, peaking at 60 seconds. Further increases in time to 90 seconds seem to slightly decrease the K/S value. This is like the trend observed in plasma treatment, suggesting an optimal treatment time for microwave as well. The K/S values for wool treated with microwaves follow a similar pattern to that of silk, increasing with time up to 60 seconds and then showing a slight decrease at 90 seconds. Also, the K/S values for wool are higher than those for silk at the corresponding time intervals as shown in Table 2 . For thermo-fixation, the K/S values for silk seem to slightly increase after 60 seconds (Table 2 ). The changes in K/S are much smaller compared to plasma and microwave treatments, suggesting that thermalization might not be as effective in enhancing the color fastness of silk. Thermo-fixation on wool shows an increase in K/S up to 60 seconds, followed by a slight increase at 90 seconds. However, the magnitude of the K/S values and the changes are much smaller compared to the other two fixation methods. This suggests that thermalization has a limited effect on the color fixation of wool as well. General observations wool consistently exhibits higher K/S values than silk, indicating that wool is more receptive to these techniques for color fastness. This could be due to differences in the fiber structure, chemical composition, or surface properties of silk and wool. Plasma and microwave methods appear to be significantly more effective in enhancing the depth of both silk and wool compared to thermalization. The K/S values achieved with plasma and microwave are substantially higher. For both plasma and microwave blackberry dye fixation methods, there seems to be an optimal time. Prolonged exposure beyond this point might lead to a decrease in K/S, suggesting potential fiber damage or other detrimental effects. Further investigation is needed to determine the cause of this decrease and to pinpoint the exact optimal time for each method. The data as shown in Table 2 suggests that plasma and microwave treatments offer promising avenues for enhancing the dye fixation of textiles. Table 2 Effect of different methods of fixation on K/S for silk and wool fabrics Type of fabrics Exposure time (sec) K/S of dyed fabric fixed with different methods Thermo-fixation microwave Air plasma Unfixed dyed silk fabric - 0.98 Fixed dyed silk fabric 30 1.71 1.84 - 45 - - 1.73 60 1.66 2.16 - 90 1.69 2 2.25 135 - - 2.01 Unfixed dyed wool fabric - 4.17 Fixed dyed wool fabric 30 5.61 5.83 - 45 - - 6.53 60 5.73 6.48 - 90 5.79 6.37 7.08 135 - - 6.63 Thermo-fixation temperature: 120˚ C, microwave power 100%, air plasma at 4.7 K Volt and 1100 watts 3.3 Colorimetric Properties (L*, a*, b*, ΔE, h, C) of Silk and Wool Fabrics Table 3 Effects of thermo-fixation on K/S values and colorimetric properties of silk and wool fabrics Type of fabrics Time of thermos-fixation (s) K/S L* a* b* Δ E h C Silk 0 0.98 60.28 -0.51 0.11 24.02 167.95 0.52 30 1.71 60.35 -0.31 0.73 23.82 113.07 0.79 60 1.66 60.53 -0.33 0.61 23.68 118.31 0.69 90 1.69 60.44 -0.45 0.28 23.66 147.43 0.53 Wool 0 4.17 55.01 7.60 24.69 32.82 73.03 26.03 30 5.83 55.39 6.76 24.71 30.87 74.69 25.62 60 6.48 55.92 7.35 25.10 31.78 73.69 26.16 90 6.37 56.37 6.90 24.58 31.05 74.31 25.53 Table 4 Effect of microwave fixation on K/S values and colorimetric properties of silk and wool fabrics Type of fabrics Time of thermos-fixation (s) K/S L* a* b* Δ E h C Silk 0 0.98 60.28 -0.51 0.11 24.02 167.95 0.52 30 1.84 59.31 -0.63 -0.20 25.36 197.44 0.66 60 2.16 55.46 0.74 -0.15 29.08 191.24 0.76 90 2 58.65 -0.65 -0.41 25.85 147.60 0.77 Wool 0 4.17 55.01 7.60 24.69 32.82 73.03 26.03 30 5.61 55.63 7.43 25.15 32.52 73.54 26.22 60 6.48 52.86 7.51 23.68 34.42 72.41 24.84 90 6.37 54.67 7.68 24.64 33.21 72.69 25.81 Table 5 Effect of plasma fixation on K/S values and colorimetric properties of silk and wool fabrics Type of fabrics Time of thermos-fixation (s) K/S L* a* b* Δ E h C Silk 0 0.98 60.28 -0.51 0.11 24.02 167.95 0.52 45 1.73 61.38 0.01 0.53 23.08 90.05 0.53 90 2.25 59.28 2.46 2.99 24.73 50.62 3.87 135 2.01 60.67 3.22 4.48 23.26 45.28 5.53 Wool 0 4.17 55.01 7.60 24.69 32.82 73.03 26.03 45 6.53 55.71 5.81 22.51 30.17 75.53 23.24 90 7.08 54.32 6.91 23.96 32.23 73.91 24.94 135 6.63 65.96 6.09 23.54 24.53 75.49 24.32 Colorimetric Values : Tables 3 – 5 presents the values of color strength and colorimetric values in relation to the after dyeing treatment time via thermos-fixation, microwave irradiation and air plasma techniques respectively. Some changes were observed for the treated samples after dyeing with blackberry natural dye compared to the untreated dyed silk and wool samples. The results ( Table 3 – 5 ) were summarized as follows: L * (Lightness) : Across all treatments, L* generally increases slightly with fixation time for both silk and wool, indicating a slight lightning of the fabric. The changes are relatively small. a * (Redness/Greenness) : Changes in a* are relatively small and vary across after dyeing treatments and fabrics. Silk shows a slight shift towards green, while wool shows a slight shift towards red. b * (Yellowness/Blueness) Changes in b* are relatively small for all after dyeing treatments and fabrics. ΔE values increase with after dyeing treatments time for all methods, indicating a greater overall color difference from the untreated control. Plasma and microwave treatments generally result in slightly higher ΔE values than thermos-fixation. h (Hue Angle) Changes in hue angle are relatively small across all treatments. C (Chroma) Changes in chroma are relatively small and vary depending on the treatment and fabric. General the treatment offers the most significant improvement in color strength (K/S) for both silk and wool. It also results in the largest overall color difference (ΔE). Microwave treatment provides a substantial improvement in K/S, close to plasma treatment's performance, making it a potentially attractive alternative. Thermalization, while improving K/S, is less effective than plasma and microwave treatments. Wool demonstrates better receptivity to all three treatments compared to silk, consistently exhibiting higher K/S and ΔE values. 3.4 Color Fastness Properties The fastness properties of silk and wool fabrics were evaluated after treatment with plasma, microwave, and thermos-fixation. The main fastness properties tested include washing fastness, rubbing fastness (dry and wet), perspiration fastness (both acidic and alkaline), and light fastness. Each method was applied at various time intervals. The results. The effect of the various methods of treatments after dyeing on silk and wool fabrics performance are shown in Tables (6–8). Table 6 The fastness properties of thermos-fixed dyed silk and wool fabrics with blackberry natural dye Fabric samples Time of thermos- fixation (s) Washing fastness Rubbing fastness Perspiration fastness Light fastness Acidic Alkaline St. Alt. Dry Wet St. Alt. St. Alt. Silk 0 3–4 3–4 3–4 3 3–4 3–4 4 4 2–3 30 4–5 4–5 4–5 4 4 4 4–5 4–5 3 60 4–5 4–5 4–5 4 4–5 4–5 4–5 4–5 2–3 90 4–5 4–5 4–5 4 4–5 4–5 5 5 3 Wool 0 4 3–4 3 2–3 3 3 3–4 3–4 2–3 30 4–5 4–5 4–5 4 4 4 4–5 4–5 3–4 60 4–5 4–5 4–5 4 4 4 4–5 4–5 3 90 4–5 4–5 4–5 4 4–5 4–5 4–5 4–5 3 Table 7 The fastness properties of microwave treated dyed silk and wool fabrics with blackberry natural dye Fabric samples Time of exposure to microwave (s) Washing fastness Rubbing fastness Perspiration fastness Light fastness Acidic Alkaline St. Alt. Dry Wet St. Alt. St. Alt. Silk 0 3–4 3–4 3–4 3 3–4 3–4 4 4 2–3 30 4–5 4–5 4 4 4–5 4–5 4–5 4–5 4 60 5 5 4–5 4–5 5 5 4–5 4–5 3–4 90 4–5 4–5 4–5 4–5 4–5 4–5 5 5 3–4 Wool 0 4 3–4 3 2–3 3 3 3–4 3–4 2–3 30 4–5 4–5 4 4 4–5 4–5 4–5 4–5 3–4 60 5 5 4–5 4–5 5 4–5 5 5 4 90 5 4–5 4–5 4–5 4–5 4–5 5 5 3–4 It is observed from Tables (6–8) that all three treatments—plasma, microwave, and thermos-fixation can improve the fastness properties of both silk and wool fabrics. Plasma post-dyeing treatment shows the most substantial improvements across the board, especially in light fastness. The improvements are notable even at shorter treatment times (45 seconds) and further increases in time (up to 135 seconds) generally lead to further enhancements (Table 8 ). Microwave treatment also significantly improves fastness properties, often achieving ratings very close to those of plasma treatment (Table 7 ). This indicates that microwave treatment is a viable and efficient alternative to plasma treatment for enhancing fastness. Thermo-fixation treatments also enhance fabric durability but may have slightly less impact compared to plasma (Table 6 ). Each treatment type offers distinct benefits depending on the desired outcome in terms of specific fastness properties. Table 8 The fastness properties of plasma treated dyed silk and wool fabrics with blackberry natural dye Fabric samples Time of exposure plasma (s) Washing fastness Rubbing fastness Perspiration fastness Light fastness Acidic Alkaline St. Alt. Dry Wet St. Alt. St. Alt. Silk 0 3–4 3–4 3–4 3 3–4 3–4 4 4 2–3 45 4–5 4–5 4–5 4–5 4–5 4–5 5 5 3–4 90 4–5 5 5 5 4–5 4–5 5 5 4 135 5 5 4–5 5 4–5 4–5 5 5 4 Wool 0 4 3–4 3 2–3 3 3 3–4 3–4 2–3 45 4–5 4–5 4–5 5 4–5 4–5 5 5 3–4 90 5 4–5 5 5 4–5 4 5 4–5 3–4 135 5 5 5 5 4–5 4–5 4–5 4–5 4 The improvement in washing fastness may be due to increase dye-fiber bonding through plasma and microwave treatments that result in reduced dye bleeding during washing. This is particularly important for natural dyes like blackberry dye, which may traditionally exhibit weaker wash fastness. Also, the introduction of functional groups through these post-treatments can help stabilize the dye molecules against fading when exposed to UV light while enhanced surface roughness can improve resistance to abrasion, maintaining color vibrancy through physical wear. Certainly, the color fastness of dyes refers to the resistance of the dyed material to fading or running when exposed to various environmental factors, including washing, light, and abrasion. When dyeing textiles, especially natural fibers like silk and wool with blackberry dye, post-treatment processes can significantly enhance the overall color fastness. Here’s a breakdown of why this is the case: Post-treatment processes often involve the application of fixatives or mordants, which can form strong chemical bonds between the dye and the fiber. In the case of blackberry dye, the natural pigments are anthocyanins, which might not have a strong affinity for silk and wool on their own. By utilizing mordants such as alum, the dyeing process can create more stable bonds, enhancing the color's retention during washing or exposure to light. Mordants can also increase the surface area of the fiber that the dye can bond with, allowing for better penetration of the dye into the fabric. This enhances the dye’s affinity for the fiber, leading to higher levels of absorption and, consequently, increased color fastness. In some cases, post-treatments by physical meanings such as microwave irradiation, plasma, as well as thermal technology may involve affixing a layer of a protective substance onto the fiber's surface. This can create a barrier against environmental stressors such as moisture, sunlight, and abrasion, further enhancing the dye's longevity. Natural dyes can be susceptible to fading when exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light. Some of such applied post-treatment in this work may increase UPV that helps to maintain the vibrancy of the dyed fibers when exposed to sunlight as shown in Table (1). Post-treatment can also reduce the solubility of the dye in water, meaning that when the dyed fabric is washed, less dye is released compared to untreated dyed textiles. This can significantly reduce color bleeding and fading during laundering. In the case of blackberry dyes, post-treatment methods may also enhance the concentration of the colorants deposited onto the fibers. Processes such as steaming or heat-setting (Table 6 ) can further enhance the fixation of the dye, assisting in solidifying its adherence to the textiles. 3.5 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) The post-dyeing treatment of silk and wool using advanced techniques such as plasma and microwave irradiation has gained attention for the ability to modify fiber surfaces, thereby enhancing dye properties such as color fastness. The SEM images likely show the surface morphology of wool and silk fabrics before and after post-treatment with microwave and plasma processes (Fig. 1 ). SEM allows for a close-up view of the fabric's surface and shows the structural changes. The SEM image of untreated wool shows its natural fiber structure, typically characterized by scaly, overlapping surface layers (the cuticle) that provide wool with its characteristic texture and ability to hold dye (Fig. 1 a). Wool fibers naturally have a more porous, rough surface that can easily absorb dye, which is why untreated wool often shows high dye uptake in terms of K/S values. The SEM of control wool indicates that its rough surface is well-suited for dye adhesion, but no changes in surface morphology are induced by the dyeing process itself. Microwave post-treatment of dyed wool would likely show changes to its surface, such as slightly roughening. The rough, scaly structure of wool may become more pronounced, enhancing its dye retention capacity and improved fastness properties. The SEM image would show slightly increased surface irregularities compared to untreated wool (Fig. 1 b). Also, plasma would likely cause a more significant change in wool’s surface compared to microwave treatment (Fig. 1 c). The SEM might show a more intense alteration of the wool scales, perhaps with more visible damage or disruption, and the creation of new surface functional groups [ 18 – 21 ]. This enhanced surface roughness and increased porosity would further improve fastness and increasing dye fixation. SEM of untreated silk fibers (Fig 1 d) shows a smooth surface due to the natural smoothness of silk's fibroin structure. This smoothness can limit dye uptake, leading to relatively lower K/S values in comparison to wool. Silk fibers tend to absorb less dye because of their smooth, non-porous surface. The dyeing process may be less efficient without the aid of surface treatments that alter fiber structure. The SEM image of dyed silk post treated via microwave irradiation (Fig 1 e) would likely occur with some changes to the fiber surface, such as slight roughening. The higher the roughness of the surface, the more dye uptake is, which may be reflected in the higher K/S value (Table 4 ). Microwave radiation employs electromagnetic waves to heat materials through dielectric heating. This method can be used to enhance interaction between dye molecules and fiber. The formed pores on fiber surface increases deep penetration of dye and migration within the inter fiber structure, leading to deeper hues and improved fastness. Plasma treatment involves the exposure of textiles to ionized gas (plasma), which is rich in reactive species (ions, electrons, and neutral particles). This process can modify the fiber surface at a microscopic level. Plasma normally causes more pronounced changes in fiber morphology, oxidation, or functional group changes that make the surface more hydrophilic (water-attracting). The SEM of plasma-post treated silk would likely show visible surface etching (Fig 1 f). The SEM would correlate with the enhanced dye uptake seen in the K/S values (Table 5 ). The functional groups formed by plasma post-treatment would enhance the adhesion of dye onto the fiber surface reflecting on increasing fastness properties. So, both plasma and microwave methods can affect the surface energy of silk and wool by increasing hydrophilicity and can facilitate better dye bonding, which is crucial for achieving maximum color fastness properties. 3.6 Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR) Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) is a powerful analytical technique used to characterize the chemical composition, and functional groups present in materials, including dyed textiles. When analyzing dyed silk and wool treated with blackberry dye and subsequently post-treated with plasma and microwaves, FTIR can provide valuable insights into the molecular changes occurring at the fiber surface and how these changes relate to dye uptake and color fastness. FTIR spectra of dyed silk and wool fabrics post-treated with plasma, microwave, and thermalization, along with an untreated control are shown in Figs. (2 and 3). The FTIR spectra of silk typically shows amide I (around 1650 cm⁻¹) strong peak from C = O stretching in the peptide bond and amide II (around 1540 cm⁻¹) peak resulting from N-H bending and C-N stretching vibrations in the peptide bond (Fig. 2 ), while wool spectra include similar amide functionalities along with some unique protein side chains (Fig. 3 ). At 3400 − 3200 cm⁻¹ (N-H Stretching), broad peak due to N-H stretching vibrations in the amide groups of silk fibroin. Changes in this region can indicate alterations in hydrogen bonding or amid group accessibility. At 3000 − 2800 cm⁻¹ (C-H Stretching) peaks was found due to C-H stretching in the aliphatic side chains of amino acids. Also sensitive to protein conformation. At 300–1200 cm⁻¹ (Amide III, a complex band from C-N stretching and N-H bending appeared. In untreated silk fabric, shows characteristic peaks N-H stretching around 3300 cm⁻¹, C-H stretching around 2900 cm⁻¹, amide I around 1640 cm⁻¹, amide II around 1530 cm⁻¹, and amide III around 1260 cm⁻¹. but silk treated with microwave appears change in amide I and II. There appears to be a slight shift in the amide I peak and a possible change in the amide II peak's shape or intensity. This suggests that microwave treatment might induce changes in the secondary structure of silk fibroin. Possible changes in N-H stretching region around 3300 cm⁻¹ might show slight differences compared to the untreated silk, potentially indicating changes in hydrogen bonding. Silk treated with plasma, more pronounced changes in amide bands, where the amide I and II regions show more noticeable differences compared to the untreated silk and the microwave-treated sample. This indicates that plasma treatment has a more significant impact on the protein structure. Possible surface oxidation, depending on the specific plasma conditions, might be small peaks appearing in the carbonyl region (1800 − 1700 cm⁻¹) suggesting some oxidation of the silk surface. The thermalization treatment seems to induce changes in the amide I and II regions like, but perhaps less pronounced than, the microwave treatment. This suggests that heat treatment can also affect the protein structure, though the magnitude of change is different. Ultimately, the FTIR spectra suggest that all three treatments (microwave, plasma, and thermalization) alter the molecular structure of silk fibroin, with the most noticeable changes observed in the amide I and II regions. Plasma treatment appears to have the most significant impact, followed by microwave, then thermalization. It is observed from Fig. 3 that there are bands such as N-H stretching around 3300 cm⁻¹, C-H stretching around 2900 cm⁻¹, amide I around 1640 cm⁻¹, amide II around 1530 cm⁻¹, amide III around 1260 cm⁻¹, and S-O stretching around 1040 cm⁻¹ in untreated wool fabrics. Changes in amide I and II are noted for wool fabrics treated with microwave. This suggests microwave treatment might induce delicate changes in the secondary structure of wool keratin. The N-H stretching region around 3300 cm⁻¹ might show slight differences compared to the untreated wool, potentially indicating changes in hydrogen bonding. Plasma post-treatment also occurs more changes in amide peaks of wool. This indicates plasma treatment has a more significant impact on protein structure due to forming small peaks of carbonyl region (1800 − 1700 cm⁻¹) because of some oxidation of the wool surface by plasma. Thermalization treatment induces changes in amide I and II regions, but less than microwave treatment which may be due to heat treatment effect on protein structure. Correlating observed FTIR changes with wool is crucial to understanding how treatments modify wool at a molecular level and how these changes affect macroscopic properties. Also, Blackberry dye primarily consists of anthocyanins, which have specific functional groups such as hydroxyl (–OH) and carbonyl (C = O) groups. The presence of these groups can be detected in the FTIR spectra of dyed silk and wool, appearing as strong absorption bands in the range of 3200–3400 cm⁻¹ for –OH stretching and around 1600–1700 cm⁻¹ for C = C stretching or C = O bonds. The interaction between the dye and the fibers may cause shifts in these peaks due to complex formation and bonding, indicating successful dye uptake. Finally, FTIR might show broader bands or increased intensity in the regions associated with the hydroxyl functional groups, indicating successful incorporation of more dye molecules due to increased surface reactivity. Microwave treatment alters the crystallinity and accessibility of dye sites in fibers, resulting in improved dye absorption. Enhanced dye-fiber interactions could lead to improved color retention, as observed in better fastness properties. The detected functional groups and changes in intensity following these treatments can be directly correlated with improved dye fastness. For example, enhancements in peak intensities related to hydroxyl groups could indicate stronger interaction sites for molecular bonding, which are crucial for retention against washing and light exposure as well as rubbing fastness. 3.7 Antibacterial Activity The antimicrobial properties of textiles have become increasingly important, especially in the context of health, hygiene, and comfort. The use of natural fibers such as silk and wool in conjunction with natural dyes and post-treatment methods (like plasma and microwave radiation) can significantly enhance their resistance to microbial growth, particularly against both Gram-positive (Gram + ve) and Gram-negative (Gram -ve) bacteria. The results presented in Tables (9 and 10) assess the antimicrobial properties of wool and silk fabrics dyed with blackberry extract, following treatments with microwave, plasma, and thermo-fixation. The antimicrobial performance was tested against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Escherichia coli (E. coli), Candida albicans (C. albicans), and Aspergillus Niger (A. Niger) using two methods, absorbance at 600 nm (to measure the extent of microbial growth) and colony counting (to count the number of viable colonies on the fabric surfaces). Plasma treatment at 135s showed the highest antimicrobial efficacy against all tested microorganisms on wool and silk fabrics (Tables 9 , 10 ). The values of reduction % in microbial colonies for wool samples were noticed to be higher than that observed for silk fabric against all applied bacteria and fungi. Plasma treatment can introduce various functional groups (such as -OH, -COOH, and -NH 2 ) on the surface of silk and wool that may change the chemical environment and can be inhospitable to microbial growth [ 20 – 23 ]. Microwave treatment at 60 s was also effective in reducing microbial growth on wool. While less effective than plasma in some cases, microwave treatment still exhibited significant antimicrobial activity. Thermo-fixation at 30 seconds led to noticeable reductions in S. aureus (~ 96%) and E. coli (~ 100%) for wool samples via counting method (Table 10 ) compared to 23 and 12% for silk samples. The blackberry dye itself may contribute to the antimicrobial properties of the fabrics Table (9,10). Natural dyes with intrinsic antimicrobial properties (such as blackberry dye) contain compounds that may have direct bactericidal effects, especially against Gram + ve bacteria, which are generally more sensitive to natural compounds. Gram + ve bacteria (S. aureus) have a thick peptidoglycan layer in their cell wall. This layer is susceptible to disruption by certain agents, making them more vulnerable to antimicrobial actions. Functional groups resulting from plasma treatment can interact with the peptidoglycan layer, leading to structural damage. Modified surface characteristics of post-treated silk and wool may enhance their binding affinity with various antimicrobial agents. This can lead to increased disruption of the Gram + ve bacterial cell wall, inhibiting their growth and reproduction. Gram -ve bacteria (E. coli) possess a thinner peptidoglycan layer, surrounded by an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides, which provides a barrier against certain antimicrobial agents. Post-treatment methods can help to modify the structure of silk and wool, increasing their potential to penetrate the outer membrane of Gram –ve bacteria, thereby improving antimicrobial efficacy. The changes in surface characteristics can enhance the leaching of active agents or reactive species that compromise the outer membrane integrity, leading to increased susceptibility to antimicrobial action. Table 9 The effects of thermalization, microwave, and plasma post-treatments on the antimicrobial of dyed silk and wool fabrics with blackberry natural dye by absorption method. Type of fabrics Exposure time (sec) % Reduction by absorbance method S. aureus E. coli C. albicans A. Niger Unfixed dyed silk fabric - 3.84 2.36 6.5 5.09 Thermo-fixed dyed silk 30 4.57 - 7.37 18.06 Microwave fixed dyed silk 90 23.07 20.11 19.32 24.58 Plasma fixed dyed silk 135 34.64 26.31 25.67 33.71 Unfixed dyed wool fabric - 92.12 93.36 97.0 92.28 Thermos-fixed dyed wool 30 93.58 95.38 97.06 92.56 Microwave fixed dyed wool 90 99.32 96.06 97.35 92.99 Plasma fixed dyed wool 135 99.17 99.47 97.49 94.69 Table 10 The effect of thermalization, microwave, and plasma post-treatments on the antimicrobial of dyed silk and wool fabrics with blackberry natural dye by account method. Type of fabrics Exposure time (sec) % Reduction by counting method S. aureus E. coli C. albicans A. Niger Unfixed dyed silk fabric - 21.20 9.71 2.00 7.88 Thermo-fixed dyed silk 30 22.58 11.71 10.60 29.88 Microwave fixed dyed silk 90 44.70 34.29 14.65 37.76 Plasma fixed dyed silk 135 53.46 44.7 19.92 55.60 Unfixed dyed wool fabric - 95.85 94.86 94.27 92.94 Thermos-fixed dyed wool 30 96.31 100.0 100.0 92.94 Microwave fixed dyed wool 90 98.62 100.0 100.0 94.19 Plasma fixed dyed wool 135 100.0 100.0 100.0 95.43 3.8 Tensile Strength The mechanical properties typically evaluated in textiles include tensile strength, elongation at break, etc. The mechanical properties of textiles can be significantly influenced by post-treatment processes such as plasma and microwave irradiation, particularly when applied to natural fibers like silk and wool that have been dyed with blackberry dye. Examining these effects is imperative for understanding the durability, strength, and overall quality of the finished products. Table 11 The tensile strength and elongation of post-treated silk and wool fabrics via different methods Type of fabrics Exposure time (sec) Thermal Microwave plasma T. S. E% T. S. E % T. S. E% Unfixed dyed silk fabric - 24.78 6.17 24.78 6.17 24.78 6.17 Fixed dyed silk fabric 30 34.03 7.17 31.65 7.25 - - 45 - - - - 33.45 7.0 60 43.07 7.58 43.11 7.83 - - 90 40.2 6.58 41.64 7.17 33.51 7.0 135 - - - - 32.46 6.83 Unfixed dyed wool fabric - 16.09 10.92 16.09 10.92 16.09 10.92 Fixed dyed wool fabric 30 17.91 10.67 16.60 11.0 - - 45 - - - - 19.33 10.67 60 17.67 12.33 16.63 13.33 - - 90 17.32 12.42 14.6 12.67 19.77 12.17 135 - - - - 19.37 10.83 Thermo-fixation temperature: 120˚ C, microwave power 100%, air plasma at 4.7 K Volt and 1100 watts, T.S. = tensile strength (N/mm²), E %= elongation % The data in Table 11 , explores how different treatments (thermalization, plasma, and microwave) affect the tensile strength (N/mm²) and elongation (%) of wool and silk fabrics dyed with blackberry as a natural dye. Thermalization treatment appears to have a positive effect on the tensile strength of wool at 30 s and slightly decreases with increasing time up to 90 s. This suggests that while short thermal treatment might not harm the wool, longer durations could weaken the fibers. But for silk fabrics, thermalization significantly increases the tensile strength of silk, especially at 60 s. Microwave treatment may affect the crystallinity of the fibers. Increased crystallinity can contribute to tensile strength by reorganizing the polymeric structure. However, if overheating occurs, it may lead to thermal degradation, adversely impacting tensile strength as shown in Table (11). Also, Microwave radiation may have contrasting effects. It can increase the flexibility of the fibers by causing minor relaxed states or expanding the molecular chain structure. However, if the treatment induces significant thermal degradation, elongation can decrease. Plasma treatment can lead to an increase in tensile strength due to the introduction of functional polar groups on the fiber surface (Table 11 ). These functional groups can enhance the bonding between dye and fiber, minimizing the risk of dye washout that may weaken the material. However, if excessively high plasma power is used, it can also degrade the fiber integrity, potentially leading to reduced strength. The mechanical properties of dyed silk and wool subjected to plasma and microwave post-treatments are influenced by several factors, including treatment parameters, the nature of the fibers, and the inherent properties of the dye used. While plasma treatment tends to enhance tensile strength due to increased functionalization and surface roughness, excessive treatment can degrade fiber integrity. Similarly, microwave and thermal treatment can enhance tensile properties but must be carefully controlled to prevent thermal degradation. The goal is to balance preserving and enhancing mechanical properties with the desired color and fastness achieved through natural dyeing processes. The presence of natural blackberry dye can also play a role in modifying the mechanical properties of silk and wool as the dye could partially occupy voids yielding a denser fiber structure. 4. Conclusion Post-treatment of dyed silk and wool significantly enhances the color fastness of blackberry natural dyes. The application of post-dyeing treatments using plasma and microwave radiation can significantly modify the surface morphology of silk and wool, leading to enhanced dye interaction and improved fastness properties. Plasma treatments augment dye-fiber bonds through the introduction of reactive functional groups, while microwave radiation allows for improved dye absorption through structural modifications. The post-treatment of silk and wool through plasma and microwave irradiation significantly enhances their antimicrobial effectiveness against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The modifications in surface morphology and chemistry lead to improved physical and chemical barriers against microbial adhesion and growth. FTIR analysis serves as an essential tool in understanding the molecular interactions between blackberry dye, silk, and wool, particularly after post-treatment with plasma and microwave radiation. Through the examination of functional groups and changes in spectral characteristics, enhancements in dye bonding leading to improved color fastness. The post treated dyed wool and silk have UV protection as well as good mechanical properties. Together, these techniques provide textile industries with novel approaches to enhance the performance of naturally dyed textiles, ensuring longevity and vibrancy in the final products. Also, understanding these processes allows artisans, dyers, and textile manufacturers to optimize the quality of their dyeing practices, ensuring a longer lasting and more beautiful, finished product. The capacity of post-treated dyed wool and silk to enhance antimicrobial properties makes treated silk and wool suitable for applications in medical textiles, active wear, and other domains where hygiene is critical. Declarations Conflict of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. Data Availability Statement Data is provided within the manuscript. Author Contributions Statement "All authors( W. M. Raslan, Fatma A. Mohamed ∗ , H. Helmy and H. M. Ahmed) contributed to writing the main manuscript text and preparing the figures. All authors reviewed the manuscript." Funding The authors didn’t receive any funding References Abdel Raoof, G. F. Anti-Obesity Potential of Natural Products. Egypt. J. Chem. 65 (10), 329–358 (2022). Das, S. & Roy Maulik, S. Recent Approaches and Advancements in Natural Dyes, In: (ed Muthu, S. S.) Natural Dyes and Sustainability. Sustainable Textiles: Production, Processing, Manufacturing & Chemistry. 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Arumugam, A., Babu, V., Sundaresan, S. & Durai, T. Sustainable dyeing techniques: Advancements and innovations in the textile industry. Melliand Int. 30 (1), 40–42 (2024). Gupta, D., Khare, S. K. & Laha, A. Antimicrobial properties of natural dyes against Gram-negative bacteria. Color. Technol. 120 (4), 1197–1200 (2004). Mohamed, F. A., Shaban, E. & Ibrahim, H. M. Synthesis and antibacterial activity of some novel nucleus N-aminorhodanine based bis monofunctional and bifunctional reactive dyes and their application on wool and cotton fabrics. Egypt. J. Chem. 65 (2), 597–608 (2022). Ibrahim, H. M. et al. Production of antibacterial cotton fabrics via green treatment with nontoxic natural biopolymer gelatin. Egypt. J. Chem. 63 , 655–696 (2020). Pizzicato, B., Pacifico, S., Cayuela, D., Mijas, G. & Riba-Moliner, M. Advancements in Sustainable Natural Dyes for Textile Applications: A Review. Molecules, 28 (16),:p.5954 (2023). Zhuang, F. G., Wang, X. H., Wu, H. J., Smolinski, J. A. & Wu, S. M. The improvement of dyeing properties of silk fabrics by low-temperature plasma treatment. Text. Res. J. 88 (2), 241–251 (2018). Khamrai, T. M., Mukherjee, R., Saha, G., Chakraborty, M. & K Effect of microwave irradiation on mechanical properties and thermal stability of cotton fabrics. J. Text. Inst. 106 (12), 1294–1301 (2015). Gupta, V. K. & Sharma, A. Natural dyes and their applications in textile industry: A review. Nat. Prod. Res. 27 (11), 995–1005 (2013). Yu, T. H. M., Barry, Y. T., Wong, C. K. & Wong, W. H. The potential of utilizing microbial strains for the degradation of natural dye waste. Bioresour. Technol. 136 , 132–137 (2013). Silva, J. M., Pacheco, P. G., Expósito, F., Pvoyol, E. & Saavedra, J. A. Photodegradation of natural dyes: An overview. Molecules 25 (11), 2540 (2020). Gharehdaghi, A. T. & Shabani, A. Changes in mechanical properties of silk fibers treated with Nano silver solutions. Fibers Polym. 16 (9), 1889–1894 (2015). Espinosa, R. H., B, López-Cerezo, J. M. & García-Campayo, J. P. Effect of natural dye concentration on the mechanical properties of dyed wool fabrics. Color. Technol. 136 (4), 314–320 (2020). Ahmed, H. M., Elsayad, H., Raslan, W. M., Rashed, U. M. & El-Halwagy, A. A. Natural Dye Printability of Modified Silk Fabric with Plasma/Nano Particles of Metal Oxides. Egypt. J. Chem. 65 (12), 385–396 (2022). Ahmed, H. M., Raslan, W. M., El-Halwagy, A. A. & Khalil, H. M. Cu NPs Loaded Silk Fabric: Characterization and Dyeability. Egypt. J. Chem. 67 (9), 427–438 (2024). Khalil, H. M., El-Halwagy, A. A., Rashed, U. M., Raslan, W. M. & Ahmed, H. M. Effect of Plasma /Copper Oxide Nanoparticles on Silk Fabric Printability with Some Natural Dyes Using Ultraviolet Fixation. Egypt. J. Chem. 67 (9), 415–426 (2024). Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6697739","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":465109309,"identity":"58ad7a26-ebbb-4efb-8b54-ec75e417f108","order_by":0,"name":"W. M. Raslan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Research Centre, Textile Research and Technology Institute","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"W.","middleName":"M.","lastName":"Raslan","suffix":""},{"id":465109312,"identity":"e1b2e0de-b329-4047-b7e6-10bd9907ab44","order_by":1,"name":"Fatma A. 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Ahmed","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Research Centre, Textile Research and Technology Institute","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"H.","middleName":"M.","lastName":"Ahmed","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-05-19 10:08:11","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6697739/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6697739/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":84185782,"identity":"21872d6f-1d91-4e0f-93fc-083f4190e79e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-09 05:29:58","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1854034,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSEM of silk and wool fabrics treated with plasma and microwave, a) untreated wool fabrics, b) treated wool fabric with microwave at 60 sec, c) treated wool fabric with plasma at 90 sec, d) untreated silk fabric, e) treated silk fabric with microwave at 60 sec, and f) treated silk fabric with plasma at 90 sec.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6697739/v1/1800a46fbba7a590265bf9ce.png"},{"id":84185780,"identity":"fea0878f-bd07-4ed6-a01e-e7d9a2968112","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-09 05:29:58","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":444277,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFTIR of silk fabrics treated with plasma, microwave, and thermalization.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6697739/v1/5f384e143465d60fb5ed13ec.png"},{"id":91484131,"identity":"d03bd546-5dd0-4378-8311-fbe9e5548b5c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-17 04:16:51","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":4506766,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6697739/v1/03a5845b-f3a0-4bac-a9f4-dd442fd18138.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Black Berry as a Natural Dye Dyeability of Proteinic Fabrics Using Some Post-Treatments","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eNatural dyeing refers to using colors derived from plants, minerals or insects to dye textiles. The benefits of natural dyes are not only in their environmentally friendly nature but also in the distinct hues and unique quality which have not been attained by synthetic dyeing processes. Black berry could provide a range of colors according to many factors such as plant ҆ s maturity, extraction methodology and the nature of dyed fabric. There is more than a method to get dye from berries such as cold extraction, hot extraction and fermentation. Every method produces different colors and depends on its application.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNatural dyeing is an ancient process that has been renewed and gained an interest recently due to sustainability and producing rich and vibrant colors. Black berries are one of the various plants used for dyeing due to their availability and beautiful hues. They yield a range of colors from deep purple to lavender shades or soft pink according to pH, mordant categories and dyeing concentration. Adding vinegar can create brighter and more dense colors while alkaline medium can turn the color to green because Anthocyanins react differentially in acidic or alkaline medium. In many countries, all of berries were among the main sources of colors, black berry is the most one. The revival of interest in natural dyes is mainly attributed to a growing awareness of environmental concerns and a shift towards sustainable practices in textile production [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Black berry contains anthocyanins, a type of flavonoid responsible for red, purple and blue colors which are found in different fruits, vegetables and flowers. The dyeing process involves extracting these pigments through boiling the plants or using fermentation process. The produced dye is then applied to the fibers with different mordants such as alum or iron [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWool and silk can absorb natural dyes in different ways. Wool is more porous than silk, so it absorbs more colors while silk can create a soft luster appearance. When dyeing wool and silk, scouring of wool is necessary to remove any natural fats that may distract penetration of dye into wool fabric. Silk may be pre mordanted with alum to attain bright hues [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Mordants are substances that fix dyes on the fibers affecting the color shade and its fastness properties. Selection of the appropriate mordant is necessary. Alum is widely used and provide good fastness properties. It produces bright colors [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR4 CR5\" citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. utilizing iron as mordant can darken the black berries hues and improve color fastness. Also, pretreatment of wool and silk as well as post dyeing treatments could improve the fastness properties. Controlling the pH of the dyeing bath [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR5\" citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e] and dyeing temperature (60\u0026ndash;70 \u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e C) enhances the dye up take and fastness properties [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFastness refers to the ability of dye to maintain its color against various factors, such as washing, light exposure, and rubbing. Enhancing the fastness performance of blackberry natural dye on fibers like wool and silk is crucial for ensuring the longevity and usability of dyed textiles. Various methods are applied to improve the fastness of black berry natural dye such as use of mordants, pretreatment processes, and post-dyeing treatment. Recent advancements in textile processing introduced plasma treatment, UV irradiation and microwaves to enhance fastness properties of natural dyes including black berry. This could be achieved by modification of textile surface promoting better dye bonds and consequently fastness properties [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR9 CR10 CR11 CR12 CR13\" citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. Generally improving the fastness performance of black berry natural dye on wool and silk requires good understanding of mordant, pre- and post-treatments processes and controlling dyeing conditions. Optimizing these factors could produce textiles with richer colors, longer durability and sustainable dyeing processes. This overview serves as a foundation for deeper understanding of the techniques, benefits and history of natural dyeing using black berry as a step for sustainable textile dying [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR16 CR17 CR18 CR19 CR20 CR21 CR22\" citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe primary aim of this research paper is to investigate the efficiency of blackberries as a natural dye for wool and silk fibers. This study will explore the dyeing process, focusing on the extraction methods of natural dye from blackberries, the optimal dyeing conditions (such as temperature, time, and pH), and the resulting colorfastness of the dyed materials. By examining the relationship between the concentration of blackberry dye and the depth of color achieved on both wool and silk, this research aims to contribute to the understanding of sustainable dyeing practices. Additionally, the paper will evaluate the environmental impact and potential benefits of using natural dyes over synthetic alternatives, thereby promoting the use of eco-friendly approaches in textile dyeing and supporting the growing interest in sustainable fashion.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Experimental","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Material\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1.1 Fabric\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eGrey silk\u003c/b\u003e was offered by a private company. The fabric was degummed using 15% (o. w. f) aqueous solution of ASP icon 1030 soap at a temperature of 95\u0026ndash;100\u0026deg;C for 1\u0026ndash;2 hours. The fabric was thoroughly washed with warm water, followed by cold water, then squeezed and air dried.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eWool fabrics\u003c/b\u003e of densities, up to 0.7 g/cm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e, 70\u0026ndash;150 g/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e and fiber length ranges from 5 to 12 cm had been obtained from Misr-Helwan Company for Spin and Weave, Egypt. The wool substrate underwent scouring in an aqueous medium, with a ratio of 1:50 and included non-ionic detergent (2 g /l; Hostapal, Clariant, Swiss) and Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (2 g/l). The scouring was conducted at 50\u0026deg;C for 30 minutes to remove wax-based substances and other impurities. After that, the wool fabric was washed with tap water and air-dried.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1.2 Chemicals\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePotassium Aluminum Sulphate (Alum) and Acetic acid were purchased from a local market.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1.3 Dyes\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlackberry plants were collected and extracted using water at room temperature.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Methods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2.1 Fabric After Dyeing Treatment\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe dyed fabrics samples were treated with plasma at 4.7 K Volt and 1100 watts for 45, 90 and 135 s. The dyed proteinic fabric samples were treated in continuous mode using an atmospheric pressure glow discharge (APGD) equipment, model PLATEX 600-LAB VERSION, from Italian Grinp company Ser.1(cited in pilot plant of industrial textile research division). The two-planar electrode equipment operates at low frequency (20\u0026ndash;45 K Hz) to partially ionized gases and/ or vapors of precursors, power of discharge (1\u0026ndash;2 K W) and treatment speed (5m/min) have ben varied while keeping constant the electrode temperature (160\u0026ordm; C) and distance between electrodes (3 mm). Other dyed samples were thermos-fixed at 105\u0026ordm; C for 30,60 and 90 s and some were subjected to microwave irradiation at 100% power and for the same periods of thermos-fixation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2.2 Dyeing Method\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe dyeing of silk and wool fabrics was carried out in water bath using l. r. of 1:50 and 12.5 g/l (o.w.f) of blackberry after extraction with water for 1h at 60\u0026ordm; C, then silk and wool samples (10*10 cm) were put in cups with extract and alum in the water bath. The temperature was raised from 35 to 60 \u0026ordm;C and the dyeing process was continued at this temperature for about 45 min. After dyeing, the samples were soaped in a bath containing 2% nonionic detergent (Sera Fast C-RD) at 60 \u0026ordm;C, then rinsed with water and dried at room temperature.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2.3 Simultaneous \u0026ndash; Mordanting Method\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe simultaneous mordanting method was adopted during dyeing. Potash alum, Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e K\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (SO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e. 24 H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO was used as a mordant.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3 Measurements\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3.1 Color Assessment (K/S)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eColor strength of the printed samples was evaluated by Hunter Lab Ultra scan PRO. The color strength (K/S) of each dyed sample was measured using a Data Color SF 600 plus Colorimeter.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3.2 Fastness Properties\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe color fastness of the dyed fabrics was assessed by the AATCC Test Method 16-2001 (color fastness to light), AATCC Test Method 612001 (color fastness to laundering), and AATCC Test Method 82001(color fastness to rubbing and color fastness to perspiration).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3.3 Tensile Strength\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTensile strength and elongation at break were measured using the ASTM examination method (D 5034), specifically the Grab test. Reported values were the average of three readings.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3.4 UV Protection\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe UV protection factor (UPF) of treated and untreated samples was determined according to the Australian/New Zealand standard (AS/NZS 4366\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1996). UPF was rated as providing good (UPF: 15\u0026ndash;24), very good (UPF: 25\u0026ndash;39), and excellent protection (UPF\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;40).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3.5 Antibacterial Activity\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe antimicrobial activities of treated fabrics have been studied using colony forming technique (CFU) against \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e ATCC 6538-P was used as the gram-positive bacteria, \u003cem\u003eEscherichia coli\u003c/em\u003e ATCC 25933 as the gram-negative bacteria, \u003cem\u003eCandida albicans\u003c/em\u003e ATCC 10231 as yeast, and the filamentous fungus \u003cem\u003eAspergillus Niger\u003c/em\u003e NRRL-A326. Bacterial stocks (10\u0026micro;l) of stock of CFU value of about 10\u003csup\u003e8\u003c/sup\u003e were inoculated into a 10 ml freshly prepared liquid nutrient broth containing 5g/l peptone; 3g/l beef extract at pH 6.8 in 100 ml-volume of Erlenmeyer flasks and incubated for 24 h but for the fungus potato dextrose broth was used. Fabrics (1cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/250mg) were added to the inoculated flasks (with 10 \u0026micro;l of inoculums) leaving the control (inoculated flasks without samples). After 24 h incubation at 28 and 37\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC (for the fungus and bacteria, respectively), the reduction (R%) in growth was measured by detecting the reduction in the absorbance of the inoculated flasks related to the untreated controls. The growth reduction was calculated from the following equation:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eR (%)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;A-B/A x100\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere A is the no. of colonies of the culture control but B is the no. colonies of treated sample. The absorbance of treated samples was measured (at 600nm) compared to the textile treated samples [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3.6 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe SEM micrographs were taken by a Quanta/FEG/250 microscope in the Czech Republic at 10\u0026ndash;20 kV.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3.7 Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransmittance of the infrared in the film between 400 and 4000 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e was examined using a JASCO FT-IR spectrometer (ATR) to analyze the spectrum of both untreated and treated samples.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eNatural dyes derived from plants, like blackberries, offer a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative to synthetic dyes [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. However, natural dyes often exhibit poor colorfastness, necessitating the use of mordants and effective fixation methods [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. This study investigates the dyeing of wool and silk fabrics with blackberry juice, employing alum as a mordant and comparing three different fixation techniques: thermal, microwave, and plasma treatment. UPF values were measured for each fabric sample using a UV spectrophotometer.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.1. UV Protection\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe UV protection factor (UPF) measures the effectiveness of fabric blocking ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Both untreated wool and silk offer varying levels of protection. The UPF of dyed wool and silk samples with blackberry natural dye either unfixed or fixed thermally or by subjecting to microwave irradiation and atmospheric air plasma. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e shows the UPF values for unfixed and fixed dyed silk and wool fabrics. Both wool and silk fabrics achieved a successful dye uptake with the blackberry juice, indicating the effectiveness of alum as a mordant. All fixation methods resulted in a significant increase in UPF values compared to unfixed dyed fabrics, demonstrating improved UV protection.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe UPF value of unfixed dyed silk sample is 3.6 compared to 13.3, 10.3 and 9.4 for thermos fixed samples for 30, 60 and 90 seconds respectively. These values differ when using fixation via microwave irradiation or air plasma. They are 14.0, 14.5 and 15.7 for samples fixed with microwave at 30, 60 and 90 seconds respectively compared to 15.5, 15.8 and 16.5 for fixed samples via air plasma exposure for 45, 90 and 135 seconds respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGenerally provided moderate UPF enhancement, particularly for wool, is the best. Microwave fixation shows higher UPF values compared to thermal fixation, but plasma fixation consistently yielded the highest UPF values for both silk and wool, suggesting superior colorfastness and UV protection.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe high energy of plasma likely interacts with the dye molecules and fabric fibers, promoting stronger dye-fiber bonds and enhancing colorfastness. This could contribute to the superior UV protection observed in plasma-fixed dyed fabrics. Microwaves can generate heat within the fabric, potentially accelerating dye diffusion and improving fixation. While effective thermal treatment may be less efficient than microwave or plasma in achieving optimal dye-fiber interactions. Investigating the effects of varying treatment parameters (e.g., temperature, time and plasma voltage) on UPF and colorfastness are shown in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThis study demonstrates the feasibility of using blackberry as a natural dye for wool and silk fabrics, with alum as an effective mordant. Plasma treatment emerged as the most promising fixation method, yielding the highest UPF values. Further research is warranted to optimize treatment parameters and gain a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms involved.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEffect of different fixation methods on UPF of both silk and wool fabrics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eType of fabrics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExposure time (sec)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUPF of dyed fabric fixed with different methods\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThermo-fixation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emicrowave\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAir plasma\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnfixed dyed silk fabric\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFixed dyed silk fabric\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e135\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnfixed dyed wool fabric\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFixed dyed wool fabric\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e417.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e478.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e575.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e409.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e492.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e364.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e493.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e632.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e135\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e671.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003eThermo-fixation temperature: 120˚ C\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.2 Color Assessment (K/S)\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe provided data presents the K/S (likely Kubellka-Munk reflectance) values for plasma, microwave, and thermal dye fixation methodology applied to both silk and wool fabrics across varying fixation times. The K/S values are related to the color strength or depth of shade of a dyed fabric. A higher K/S value generally indicates a deeper color. Let\u0026apos;s analyze the trends observed for each method.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlasma fixation method of silk and wool is shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. The K/S value increases with fixation time up to 90 seconds, suggesting an improvement in color depth. However, in 135 seconds, the K/S value slightly decreased. This suggests an optimal treatment time of around 90 seconds for plasma fixation of dye on silk samples. Prolonged exposure might lead to degradation or other surface changes that negatively impact dye uptake or color development. This is possibly by creating reactive sites on the fabric\u0026apos;s surface. A similar trend is observed for wool, the color strength (K/S) increased with time up to 90 seconds and then showed a slight decrease at 135 seconds. The K/S values for wool are consistently higher than those for silk across all fixation times, indicating that wool might be more receptive to plasma technology for color enhancement.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe K/S values for microwave treatment on silk also increase with treatment time, peaking at 60 seconds. Further increases in time to 90 seconds seem to slightly decrease the K/S value. This is like the trend observed in plasma treatment, suggesting an optimal treatment time for microwave as well. The K/S values for wool treated with microwaves follow a similar pattern to that of silk, increasing with time up to 60 seconds and then showing a slight decrease at 90 seconds. Also, the K/S values for wool are higher than those for silk at the corresponding time intervals as shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFor thermo-fixation, the K/S values for silk seem to slightly increase after 60 seconds (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The changes in K/S are much smaller compared to plasma and microwave treatments, suggesting that thermalization might not be as effective in enhancing the color fastness of silk. Thermo-fixation on wool shows an increase in K/S up to 60 seconds, followed by a slight increase at 90 seconds. However, the magnitude of the K/S values and the changes are much smaller compared to the other two fixation methods. This suggests that thermalization has a limited effect on the color fixation of wool as well.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGeneral observations wool consistently exhibits higher K/S values than silk, indicating that wool is more receptive to these techniques for color fastness. This could be due to differences in the fiber structure, chemical composition, or surface properties of silk and wool. Plasma and microwave methods appear to be significantly more effective in enhancing the depth of both silk and wool compared to thermalization. The K/S values achieved with plasma and microwave are substantially higher. For both plasma and microwave blackberry dye fixation methods, there seems to be an optimal time. Prolonged exposure beyond this point might lead to a decrease in K/S, suggesting potential fiber damage or other detrimental effects. Further investigation is needed to determine the cause of this decrease and to pinpoint the exact optimal time for each method. The data as shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e suggests that plasma and microwave treatments offer promising avenues for enhancing the dye fixation of textiles.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEffect of different methods of fixation on K/S for silk and wool fabrics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eType of fabrics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExposure time (sec)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eK/S of dyed fabric fixed with different methods\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThermo-fixation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emicrowave\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAir plasma\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnfixed dyed silk fabric\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFixed dyed silk fabric\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e135\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnfixed dyed wool fabric\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFixed dyed wool fabric\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e135\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003eThermo-fixation temperature: 120˚ C, microwave power 100%, air plasma at 4.7 K Volt and 1100 watts\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec22\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.3 Colorimetric Properties (L*, a*, b*, \u0026Delta;E, h, C) of Silk and Wool Fabrics\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEffects of thermo-fixation on K/S values and colorimetric properties of silk and wool fabrics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eType of fabrics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTime of thermos-fixation (s)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eK/S\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ea*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eb*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026Delta; E\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eh\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSilk\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e167.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e113.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e118.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e147.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWool\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"char\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"char\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEffect of microwave fixation on K/S values and colorimetric properties of silk and wool fabrics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eType of fabrics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTime of thermos-fixation (s)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eK/S\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ea*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eb*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026Delta; E\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eh\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSilk\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e167.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e197.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e191.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e147.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWool\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"char\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"char\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEffect of plasma fixation on K/S values and colorimetric properties of silk and wool fabrics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eType of fabrics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTime of thermos-fixation (s)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eK/S\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ea*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eb*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026Delta; E\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eh\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSilk\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e167.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e135\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWool\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e135\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eColorimetric Values\u003c/strong\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e presents the values of color strength and colorimetric values in relation to the after dyeing treatment time via thermos-fixation, microwave irradiation and air plasma techniques respectively. Some changes were observed for the treated samples after dyeing with blackberry natural dye compared to the untreated dyed silk and wool samples. The results ( Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e) were summarized as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eL\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e*\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e(Lightness)\u003c/strong\u003e: Across all treatments, L* generally increases slightly with fixation time for both silk and wool, indicating a slight lightning of the fabric. The changes are relatively small. \u003cstrong\u003ea\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e*\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e(Redness/Greenness)\u003c/strong\u003e: Changes in a* are relatively small and vary across after dyeing treatments and fabrics. Silk shows a slight shift towards green, while wool shows a slight shift towards red.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e* \u003cem\u003e(Yellowness/Blueness)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChanges in b* are relatively small for all after dyeing treatments and fabrics.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026Delta;E\u003c/strong\u003e values increase with after dyeing treatments time for all methods, indicating a greater overall color difference from the untreated control. Plasma and microwave treatments generally result in slightly higher \u0026Delta;E values than thermos-fixation.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eh (Hue Angle)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChanges in hue angle are relatively small across all treatments.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eC (Chroma)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChanges in chroma are relatively small and vary depending on the treatment and fabric.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGeneral the treatment offers the most significant improvement in color strength (K/S) for both silk and wool. It also results in the largest overall color difference (\u0026Delta;E). Microwave treatment provides a substantial improvement in K/S, close to plasma treatment\u0026apos;s performance, making it a potentially attractive alternative. Thermalization, while improving K/S, is less effective than plasma and microwave treatments. Wool demonstrates better receptivity to all three treatments compared to silk, consistently exhibiting higher K/S and \u0026Delta;E values.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec23\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.4 Color Fastness Properties\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe fastness properties of silk and wool fabrics were evaluated after treatment with plasma, microwave, and thermos-fixation. The main fastness properties tested include washing fastness, rubbing fastness (dry and wet), perspiration fastness (both acidic and alkaline), and light fastness. Each method was applied at various time intervals. The results. The effect of the various methods of treatments after dyeing on silk and wool fabrics performance are shown in Tables\u0026nbsp;(6\u0026ndash;8).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe fastness properties of thermos-fixed dyed silk and wool fabrics with blackberry natural dye\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFabric samples\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTime of thermos- fixation (s)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWashing fastness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRubbing fastness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePerspiration fastness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLight fastness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAcidic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlkaline\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSt.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlt.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDry\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWet\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSt.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlt.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSt.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlt.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSilk\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWool\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe fastness properties of microwave treated dyed silk and wool fabrics with blackberry natural dye\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFabric samples\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTime of exposure to microwave (s)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWashing fastness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRubbing fastness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePerspiration fastness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLight fastness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAcidic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlkaline\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSt.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlt.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDry\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWet\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSt.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlt.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSt.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlt.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSilk\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWool\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIt is observed from Tables\u0026nbsp;(6\u0026ndash;8) that all three treatments\u0026mdash;plasma, microwave, and thermos-fixation can improve the fastness properties of both silk and wool fabrics. Plasma post-dyeing treatment shows the most substantial improvements across the board, especially in light fastness. The improvements are notable even at shorter treatment times (45 seconds) and further increases in time (up to 135 seconds) generally lead to further enhancements (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e). Microwave treatment also significantly improves fastness properties, often achieving ratings very close to those of plasma treatment (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). This indicates that microwave treatment is a viable and efficient alternative to plasma treatment for enhancing fastness. Thermo-fixation treatments also enhance fabric durability but may have slightly less impact compared to plasma (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). Each treatment type offers distinct benefits depending on the desired outcome in terms of specific fastness properties.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe fastness properties of plasma treated dyed silk and wool fabrics with blackberry natural dye\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFabric samples\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTime of exposure plasma (s)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWashing fastness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRubbing fastness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePerspiration fastness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLight fastness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAcidic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlkaline\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSt.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlt.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDry\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWet\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSt.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlt.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSt.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlt.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSilk\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e135\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWool\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e135\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe improvement in washing fastness may be due to increase dye-fiber bonding through plasma and microwave treatments that result in reduced dye bleeding during washing. This is particularly important for natural dyes like blackberry dye, which may traditionally exhibit weaker wash fastness. Also, the introduction of functional groups through these post-treatments can help stabilize the dye molecules against fading when exposed to UV light while enhanced surface roughness can improve resistance to abrasion, maintaining color vibrancy through physical wear.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCertainly, the color fastness of dyes refers to the resistance of the dyed material to fading or running when exposed to various environmental factors, including washing, light, and abrasion. When dyeing textiles, especially natural fibers like silk and wool with blackberry dye, post-treatment processes can significantly enhance the overall color fastness. Here\u0026rsquo;s a breakdown of why this is the case:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePost-treatment processes often involve the application of fixatives or mordants, which can form strong chemical bonds between the dye and the fiber. In the case of blackberry dye, the natural pigments are anthocyanins, which might not have a strong affinity for silk and wool on their own. By utilizing mordants such as alum, the dyeing process can create more stable bonds, enhancing the color\u0026apos;s retention during washing or exposure to light.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMordants can also increase the surface area of the fiber that the dye can bond with, allowing for better penetration of the dye into the fabric. This enhances the dye\u0026rsquo;s affinity for the fiber, leading to higher levels of absorption and, consequently, increased color fastness.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn some cases, post-treatments by physical meanings such as microwave irradiation, plasma, as well as thermal technology may involve affixing a layer of a protective substance onto the fiber\u0026apos;s surface. This can create a barrier against environmental stressors such as moisture, sunlight, and abrasion, further enhancing the dye\u0026apos;s longevity.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNatural dyes can be susceptible to fading when exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light. Some of such applied post-treatment in this work may increase UPV that helps to maintain the vibrancy of the dyed fibers when exposed to sunlight as shown in Table\u0026nbsp;(1).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePost-treatment can also reduce the solubility of the dye in water, meaning that when the dyed fabric is washed, less dye is released compared to untreated dyed textiles. This can significantly reduce color bleeding and fading during laundering.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn the case of blackberry dyes, post-treatment methods may also enhance the concentration of the colorants deposited onto the fibers. Processes such as steaming or heat-setting (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e) can further enhance the fixation of the dye, assisting in solidifying its adherence to the textiles.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec24\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.5 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe post-dyeing treatment of silk and wool using advanced techniques such as plasma and microwave irradiation has gained attention for the ability to modify fiber surfaces, thereby enhancing dye properties such as color fastness.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe SEM images likely show the surface morphology of wool and silk fabrics before and after post-treatment with microwave and plasma processes (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). SEM allows for a close-up view of the fabric\u0026apos;s surface and shows the structural changes. The SEM image of untreated wool shows its natural fiber structure, typically characterized by scaly, overlapping surface layers (the cuticle) that provide wool with its characteristic texture and ability to hold dye (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003ea). Wool fibers naturally have a more porous, rough surface that can easily absorb dye, which is why untreated wool often shows high dye uptake in terms of K/S values. The SEM of control wool indicates that its rough surface is well-suited for dye adhesion, but no changes in surface morphology are induced by the dyeing process itself. Microwave post-treatment of dyed wool would likely show changes to its surface, such as slightly roughening. The rough, scaly structure of wool may become more pronounced, enhancing its dye retention capacity and improved fastness properties. The SEM image would show slightly increased surface irregularities compared to untreated wool (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003eb). Also, plasma would likely cause a more significant change in wool\u0026rsquo;s surface compared to microwave treatment (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003ec). The SEM might show a more intense alteration of the wool scales, perhaps with more visible damage or disruption, and the creation of new surface functional groups [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. This enhanced surface roughness and increased porosity would further improve fastness and increasing dye fixation.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSEM of untreated silk fibers (Fig \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003ed) shows a smooth surface due to the natural smoothness of silk\u0026apos;s fibroin structure. This smoothness can limit dye uptake, leading to relatively lower K/S values in comparison to wool. Silk fibers tend to absorb less dye because of their smooth, non-porous surface. The dyeing process may be less efficient without the aid of surface treatments that alter fiber structure. The SEM image of dyed silk post treated via microwave irradiation (Fig \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003ee) would likely occur with some changes to the fiber surface, such as slight roughening. The higher the roughness of the surface, the more dye uptake is, which may be reflected in the higher K/S value (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Microwave radiation employs electromagnetic waves to heat materials through dielectric heating. This method can be used to enhance interaction between dye molecules and fiber. The formed pores on fiber surface increases deep penetration of dye and migration within the inter fiber structure, leading to deeper hues and improved fastness. Plasma treatment involves the exposure of textiles to ionized gas (plasma), which is rich in reactive species (ions, electrons, and neutral particles). This process can modify the fiber surface at a microscopic level. Plasma normally causes more pronounced changes in fiber morphology, oxidation, or functional group changes that make the surface more hydrophilic (water-attracting). The SEM of plasma-post treated silk would likely show visible surface etching (Fig \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003ef). The SEM would correlate with the enhanced dye uptake seen in the K/S values (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). The functional groups formed by plasma post-treatment would enhance the adhesion of dye onto the fiber surface reflecting on increasing fastness properties. So, both plasma and microwave methods can affect the surface energy of silk and wool by increasing hydrophilicity and can facilitate better dye bonding, which is crucial for achieving maximum color fastness properties.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec25\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.6 Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR)\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) is a powerful analytical technique used to characterize the chemical composition, and functional groups present in materials, including dyed textiles. When analyzing dyed silk and wool treated with blackberry dye and subsequently post-treated with plasma and microwaves, FTIR can provide valuable insights into the molecular changes occurring at the fiber surface and how these changes relate to dye uptake and color fastness.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFTIR spectra of dyed silk and wool fabrics post-treated with plasma, microwave, and thermalization, along with an untreated control are shown in Figs.\u0026nbsp;(2 and 3). The FTIR spectra of silk typically shows amide I (around 1650 cm⁻\u0026sup1;) strong peak from C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;O stretching in the peptide bond and amide II (around 1540 cm⁻\u0026sup1;) peak resulting from N-H bending and C-N stretching vibrations in the peptide bond (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e), while wool spectra include similar amide functionalities along with some unique protein side chains (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). At 3400\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3200 cm⁻\u0026sup1; (N-H Stretching), broad peak due to N-H stretching vibrations in the amide groups of silk fibroin. Changes in this region can indicate alterations in hydrogen bonding or amid group accessibility. At 3000\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2800 cm⁻\u0026sup1; (C-H Stretching) peaks was found due to C-H stretching in the aliphatic side chains of amino acids. Also sensitive to protein conformation. At 300\u0026ndash;1200 cm⁻\u0026sup1; (Amide III, a complex band from C-N stretching and N-H bending appeared. In untreated silk fabric, shows characteristic peaks N-H stretching around 3300 cm⁻\u0026sup1;, C-H stretching around 2900 cm⁻\u0026sup1;, amide I around 1640 cm⁻\u0026sup1;, amide II around 1530 cm⁻\u0026sup1;, and amide III around 1260 cm⁻\u0026sup1;. but silk treated with microwave appears change in amide I and II. There appears to be a slight shift in the amide I peak and a possible change in the amide II peak\u0026apos;s shape or intensity. This suggests that microwave treatment might induce changes in the secondary structure of silk fibroin. Possible changes in N-H stretching region around 3300 cm⁻\u0026sup1; might show slight differences compared to the untreated silk, potentially indicating changes in hydrogen bonding. Silk treated with plasma, more pronounced changes in amide bands, where the amide I and II regions show more noticeable differences compared to the untreated silk and the microwave-treated sample. This indicates that plasma treatment has a more significant impact on the protein structure. Possible surface oxidation, depending on the specific plasma conditions, might be small peaks appearing in the carbonyl region (1800\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1700 cm⁻\u0026sup1;) suggesting some oxidation of the silk surface. The thermalization treatment seems to induce changes in the amide I and II regions like, but perhaps less pronounced than, the microwave treatment. This suggests that heat treatment can also affect the protein structure, though the magnitude of change is different. Ultimately, the FTIR spectra suggest that all three treatments (microwave, plasma, and thermalization) alter the molecular structure of silk fibroin, with the most noticeable changes observed in the amide I and II regions. Plasma treatment appears to have the most significant impact, followed by microwave, then thermalization.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIt is observed from Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e that there are bands such as N-H stretching around 3300 cm⁻\u0026sup1;, C-H stretching around 2900 cm⁻\u0026sup1;, amide I around 1640 cm⁻\u0026sup1;, amide II around 1530 cm⁻\u0026sup1;, amide III around 1260 cm⁻\u0026sup1;, and S-O stretching around 1040 cm⁻\u0026sup1; in untreated wool fabrics. Changes in amide I and II are noted for wool fabrics treated with microwave. This suggests microwave treatment might induce delicate changes in the secondary structure of wool keratin. The N-H stretching region around 3300 cm⁻\u0026sup1; might show slight differences compared to the untreated wool, potentially indicating changes in hydrogen bonding. Plasma post-treatment also occurs more changes in amide peaks of wool. This indicates plasma treatment has a more significant impact on protein structure due to forming small peaks of carbonyl region (1800\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1700 cm⁻\u0026sup1;) because of some oxidation of the wool surface by plasma. Thermalization treatment induces changes in amide I and II regions, but less than microwave treatment which may be due to heat treatment effect on protein structure. Correlating observed FTIR changes with wool is crucial to understanding how treatments modify wool at a molecular level and how these changes affect macroscopic properties.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlso, Blackberry dye primarily consists of anthocyanins, which have specific functional groups such as hydroxyl (\u0026ndash;OH) and carbonyl (C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;O) groups. The presence of these groups can be detected in the FTIR spectra of dyed silk and wool, appearing as strong absorption bands in the range of 3200\u0026ndash;3400 cm⁻\u0026sup1; for \u0026ndash;OH stretching and around 1600\u0026ndash;1700 cm⁻\u0026sup1; for C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C stretching or C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;O bonds. The interaction between the dye and the fibers may cause shifts in these peaks due to complex formation and bonding, indicating successful dye uptake.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFinally, FTIR might show broader bands or increased intensity in the regions associated with the hydroxyl functional groups, indicating successful incorporation of more dye molecules due to increased surface reactivity. Microwave treatment alters the crystallinity and accessibility of dye sites in fibers, resulting in improved dye absorption. Enhanced dye-fiber interactions could lead to improved color retention, as observed in better fastness properties. The detected functional groups and changes in intensity following these treatments can be directly correlated\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ewith improved dye fastness. For example, enhancements in peak intensities related to hydroxyl groups could indicate stronger interaction sites for molecular bonding, which are crucial for retention against washing and light exposure as well as rubbing fastness.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec26\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.7 Antibacterial Activity\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe antimicrobial properties of textiles have become increasingly important, especially in the context of health, hygiene, and comfort. The use of natural fibers such as silk and wool in conjunction with natural dyes and post-treatment methods (like plasma and microwave radiation) can significantly enhance their resistance to microbial growth, particularly against both Gram-positive (Gram\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;ve) and Gram-negative (Gram -ve) bacteria. The results presented in Tables\u0026nbsp;(9 and 10) assess the antimicrobial properties of wool and silk fabrics dyed with blackberry extract, following treatments with microwave, plasma, and thermo-fixation. The antimicrobial performance was tested against \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e (S. aureus), \u003cem\u003eEscherichia coli\u003c/em\u003e (E. coli), \u003cem\u003eCandida albicans\u003c/em\u003e (C. albicans), and \u003cem\u003eAspergillus Niger\u003c/em\u003e (A. Niger) using two methods, absorbance at 600 nm (to measure the extent of microbial growth) and colony counting (to count the number of viable colonies on the fabric surfaces).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlasma treatment at 135s showed the highest antimicrobial efficacy against all tested microorganisms on wool and silk fabrics (Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e). The values of reduction % in microbial colonies for wool samples were noticed to be higher than that observed for silk fabric against all applied bacteria and fungi. Plasma treatment can introduce various functional groups (such as -OH, -COOH, and -NH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) on the surface of silk and wool that may change the chemical environment and can be inhospitable to microbial growth [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. Microwave treatment at 60 s was also effective in reducing microbial growth on wool. While less effective than plasma in some cases, microwave treatment still exhibited significant antimicrobial activity. Thermo-fixation at 30 seconds led to noticeable reductions in \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e (~\u0026thinsp;96%) and \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e (~\u0026thinsp;100%) for wool samples via counting method (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e) compared to 23 and 12% for silk samples. The blackberry dye itself may contribute to the antimicrobial properties of the fabrics Table\u0026nbsp;(9,10). Natural dyes with intrinsic antimicrobial properties (such as blackberry dye) contain compounds that may have direct bactericidal effects, especially against Gram\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;ve bacteria, which are generally more sensitive to natural compounds.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGram\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;ve bacteria (S. aureus) have a thick peptidoglycan layer in their cell wall. This layer is susceptible to disruption by certain agents, making them more vulnerable to antimicrobial actions. Functional groups resulting from plasma treatment can interact with the peptidoglycan layer, leading to structural damage. Modified surface characteristics of post-treated silk and wool may enhance their binding affinity with various antimicrobial agents. This can lead to increased disruption of the Gram\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;ve bacterial cell wall, inhibiting their growth and reproduction. Gram -ve bacteria (E. coli) possess a thinner peptidoglycan layer, surrounded by an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides, which provides a barrier against certain antimicrobial agents. Post-treatment methods can help to modify the structure of silk and wool, increasing their potential to penetrate the outer membrane of Gram \u0026ndash;ve bacteria, thereby improving antimicrobial efficacy. The changes in surface characteristics can enhance the leaching of active agents or reactive species that compromise the outer membrane integrity, leading to increased susceptibility to antimicrobial action.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"char\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab9\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 9\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe effects of thermalization, microwave, and plasma post-treatments on the antimicrobial of dyed silk and wool fabrics with blackberry natural dye by absorption method.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eType of fabrics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExposure time (sec)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth colspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e% Reduction by absorbance method\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS. aureus\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE. coli\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC. albicans\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA. Niger\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnfixed dyed silk fabric\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThermo-fixed dyed silk\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMicrowave fixed dyed silk\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlasma fixed dyed silk\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e135\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnfixed dyed wool fabric\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThermos-fixed dyed wool\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMicrowave fixed dyed wool\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlasma fixed dyed wool\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e135\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab10\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 10\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe effect of thermalization, microwave, and plasma post-treatments on the antimicrobial of dyed silk and wool fabrics with blackberry natural dye by account method.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eType of fabrics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExposure time (sec)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth colspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e% Reduction by counting method\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS. aureus\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE. coli\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC.\u003c/em\u003e albicans\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA. Niger\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnfixed dyed silk fabric\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThermo-fixed dyed silk\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMicrowave fixed dyed silk\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlasma fixed dyed silk\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e135\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnfixed dyed wool fabric\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThermos-fixed dyed wool\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMicrowave fixed dyed wool\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlasma fixed dyed wool\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e135\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec27\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.8 Tensile Strength\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe mechanical properties typically evaluated in textiles include tensile strength, elongation at break, etc. The mechanical properties of textiles can be significantly influenced by post-treatment processes such as plasma and microwave irradiation, particularly when applied to natural fibers like silk and wool that have been dyed with blackberry dye. Examining these effects is imperative for understanding the durability, strength, and overall quality of the finished products.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab11\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 11\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe tensile strength and elongation of post-treated silk and wool fabrics via different methods\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eType of fabrics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExposure time (sec)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThermal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMicrowave\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eplasma\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT. S.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT. S.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT. S.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnfixed dyed silk fabric\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFixed dyed silk fabric\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e135\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnfixed dyed wool fabric\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFixed dyed wool fabric\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e135\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003eThermo-fixation temperature: 120˚ C, microwave power 100%, air plasma at 4.7 K Volt and 1100 watts, T.S. = tensile strength (N/mm\u0026sup2;), E %= elongation %\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe data in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, explores how different treatments (thermalization, plasma, and microwave) affect the tensile strength (N/mm\u0026sup2;) and elongation (%) of wool and silk fabrics dyed with blackberry as a natural dye. Thermalization treatment appears to have a positive effect on the tensile strength of wool at 30 s and slightly decreases with increasing time up to 90 s. This suggests that while short thermal treatment might not harm the wool, longer durations could weaken the fibers. But for silk fabrics, thermalization significantly increases the tensile strength of silk, especially at 60 s.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMicrowave treatment may affect the crystallinity of the fibers. Increased crystallinity can contribute to tensile strength by reorganizing the polymeric structure. However, if overheating occurs, it may lead to thermal degradation, adversely impacting tensile strength as shown in Table\u0026nbsp;(11). Also, Microwave radiation may have contrasting effects. It can increase the flexibility of the fibers by causing minor relaxed states or expanding the molecular chain structure. However, if the treatment induces significant thermal degradation, elongation can decrease.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlasma treatment can lead to an increase in tensile strength due to the introduction of functional polar groups on the fiber surface (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e). These functional groups can enhance the bonding between dye and fiber, minimizing the risk of dye washout that may weaken the material. However, if excessively high plasma power is used, it can also degrade the fiber integrity, potentially leading to reduced strength.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe mechanical properties of dyed silk and wool subjected to plasma and microwave post-treatments are influenced by several factors, including treatment parameters, the nature of the fibers, and the inherent properties of the dye used. While plasma treatment tends to enhance tensile strength due to increased functionalization and surface roughness, excessive treatment can degrade fiber integrity. Similarly, microwave and thermal treatment can enhance tensile properties but must be carefully controlled to prevent thermal degradation. The goal is to balance preserving and enhancing mechanical properties with the desired color and fastness achieved through natural dyeing processes. The presence of natural blackberry dye can also play a role in modifying the mechanical properties of silk and wool as the dye could partially occupy voids yielding a denser fiber structure.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003ePost-treatment of dyed silk and wool significantly enhances the color fastness of blackberry natural dyes. The application of post-dyeing treatments using plasma and microwave radiation can significantly modify the surface morphology of silk and wool, leading to enhanced dye interaction and improved fastness properties. Plasma treatments augment dye-fiber bonds through the introduction of reactive functional groups, while microwave radiation allows for improved dye absorption through structural modifications. The post-treatment of silk and wool through plasma and microwave irradiation significantly enhances their antimicrobial effectiveness against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The modifications in surface morphology and chemistry lead to improved physical and chemical barriers against microbial adhesion and growth. FTIR analysis serves as an essential tool in understanding the molecular interactions between blackberry dye, silk, and wool, particularly after post-treatment with plasma and microwave radiation. Through the examination of functional groups and changes in spectral characteristics, enhancements in dye bonding leading to improved color fastness. The post treated dyed wool and silk have UV protection as well as good mechanical properties.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTogether, these techniques provide textile industries with novel approaches to enhance the performance of naturally dyed textiles, ensuring longevity and vibrancy in the final products. Also, understanding these processes allows artisans, dyers, and textile manufacturers to optimize the quality of their dyeing practices, ensuring a longer lasting and more beautiful, finished product. The capacity of post-treated dyed wool and silk to enhance antimicrobial properties makes treated silk and wool suitable for applications in medical textiles, active wear, and other domains where hygiene is critical.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of Interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability Statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData is provided within the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contributions Statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\"All authors(\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eW. M. Raslan, Fatma A. Mohamed\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csup\u003e∗\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e, H. Helmy and H. M. Ahmed)\u003c/strong\u003e contributed to writing the main manuscript text and preparing the figures. All authors reviewed the manuscript.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe authors didn’t receive any funding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAbdel Raoof, G. F. Anti-Obesity Potential of Natural Products. \u003cem\u003eEgypt. J. Chem.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003e65\u003c/b\u003e (10), 329\u0026ndash;358 (2022).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDas, S. \u0026amp; Roy Maulik, S. Recent Approaches and Advancements in Natural Dyes, In: (ed Muthu, S. S.) Natural Dyes and Sustainability. Sustainable Textiles: Production, Processing, Manufacturing \u0026amp; Chemistry. Springer, Cham, \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-47471-2_4\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/978-3-031-47471-2_4\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e. (2023).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eManian, A. P. The Role of Mordants in Fixation of Natural Dyes, p.507\u0026ndash;515, (2023). \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1002/9781119811749.ch23\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1002/9781119811749.ch23\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePhan, K. et al. 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Natural Dye Printability of Modified Silk Fabric with Plasma/Nano Particles of Metal Oxides. \u003cem\u003eEgypt. J. Chem.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003e65\u003c/b\u003e (12), 385\u0026ndash;396 (2022).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAhmed, H. M., Raslan, W. M., El-Halwagy, A. A. \u0026amp; Khalil, H. M. Cu NPs Loaded Silk Fabric: Characterization and Dyeability. \u003cem\u003eEgypt. J. Chem.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003e67\u003c/b\u003e (9), 427\u0026ndash;438 (2024).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKhalil, H. M., El-Halwagy, A. A., Rashed, U. M., Raslan, W. M. \u0026amp; Ahmed, H. M. Effect of Plasma /Copper Oxide Nanoparticles on Silk Fabric Printability with Some Natural Dyes Using Ultraviolet Fixation. \u003cem\u003eEgypt. J. Chem.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003e67\u003c/b\u003e (9), 415\u0026ndash;426 (2024).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"silk, wool, blackberry, fastness, plasma, microwave treatment","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6697739/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6697739/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe quest for sustainable textile practices has driven research towards the enhancement of dye fastness properties in natural fibers such as silk and wool. This study investigates the use of blackberries as a natural dye source, alongside the application of innovative post-dyeing treatments, including thermo-fixation, microwave irradiation, and plasma treatment. The color y ield and fastness properties—specifically light, wash, and rubbing fastness—of dyed silk and wool fabrics using blackberry extracts were systematically evaluated. Following the dyeing process, each treatment method was assessed for its ability to improve the stability and resistance of the dye. Results indicated that blackberry dyeing yielded rich, vibrant colors while demonstrating an inherent variation in fastness properties. Notably, thermo-fixation significantly enhanced the light and wash fastness of dyed specimens, while microwave irradiation exhibited promising results in reducing dye migration and enhancing color retention. Plasma treatment further advanced the performance by promoting dye-fiber interaction through surface modification.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study explores the improvement of fastness properties and functional characteristics of dyed silk and wool fabrics through natural blackberry dye and subsequent treatments to enhance antimicrobial activity and UV protection factor (UPF). Natural fibers like silk and wool are often subjected to degradation from microbial activity and UV radiation, leading to reduced durability and aesthetic appeal. The effect of utilizing blackberries as a natural dye source and the influence of various post-dyeing treatments on enhancing the antimicrobial efficacy and UV protection of the dyed fabrics were investigated. Antimicrobial activity was assessed against common pathogens, revealing that treatments significantly improved resistance compared to untreated fabrics. The incorporation of blackberry-based dye also demonstrated inherent antimicrobial properties, which were further augmented by plasma treatment through the introduction of reactive functional groups. The UV protection factor (UPF) was determined, indicating that the treatments not only retained but also enhanced the natural UV-blocking capabilities of the fabrics.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo study the structural and chemical modifications resulting from the treatments, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) imaging was conducted to analyze surface morphology, highlighting significant changes in the fiber structure after plasma treatment, including increased roughness that promotes dye holding and functional property enhancement. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) was employed to investigate the chemical bonding between the dye and fabric fibers, confirming the effective adhesion and improved interaction due to the post-treatment methodologies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOur findings suggest that the combination of natural dyeing with innovative post-treatment techniques not only improves the fastness properties of silk and wool fabrics but also aligns with environmental sustainability goals by utilizing eco-friendly materials and processes. The findings also demonstrate that the synergistic application of blackberry dye with advanced post-treatment techniques can yield silk and wool fabrics antimicrobial activity, and UV protection. This research underscores the potential of utilizing natural dyes in conjunction with innovative treatments to create high-performance textile products that prioritize sustainability alongside functional efficacy, catering to modern consumer demands in the textile market and contributes to the development of superior textile products for both quality and sustainability in the fashion and textile industries.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Black Berry as a Natural Dye Dyeability of Proteinic Fabrics Using Some Post-Treatments","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-06-09 05:29:53","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6697739/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"e8b9da55-0594-43e3-860d-0d01091d21ff","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 9th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":49371933,"name":"Biological sciences/Biochemistry"},{"id":49371934,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences"},{"id":49371935,"name":"Physical sciences/Chemistry"},{"id":49371936,"name":"Physical sciences/Energy science and technology"},{"id":49371937,"name":"Physical sciences/Materials science"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-09-17T04:08:42+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-06-09 05:29:53","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6697739","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6697739","identity":"rs-6697739","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}