Biochemical and molecular mechanisms associated with the effect of Phoenix dactylifera seeds on cyclophosphamide-induced hepato-renal toxicities in mice

Cyclophosphamide (CTX) causes severe side effects. Phoenix dactylifera L. showed biomedical values. This study aims to address the biochemical and molecular mechanisms of Phoenix dactylifera seeds extract (PDSE) effects on CTX-induced hepato-renal toxicities in mice. Forty male albino mice were divided into four groups: Gp 1 was served as a negative control, Gp2 was injected intraperitoneally (i.p) with PDSE (200 mg/kg) for 30 consecutive days. Gp3 was injected with CTX single dose (200 mg/kg) and Gp4 was injected with CTX then injected with PDSE. Hematological, biochemical, histopathological alterations, and gene expression for pro-inflammatory cytokine were assessed. GC-MS analysis showed the highest percentages of the peak areas were by Ethyl iso-allocholate, 1-Heptatriacotanol, and 9-12-15-Octadecatrienoic acid 2-3-dihydroxypropyl ester. Treatment with PDSE post-CTX-injection ameliorated the hematological, biochemical, and histological alterations by up-regulating the antioxidant biomarkers and downregulating tumor growth factor beta-1 (TGFβ-1), nuclear factor Kappa-beta (NFκ-β), cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) genes.