Patient Safety Education Outcomes Among Healthcare Students Undertaking an Operating Room Internship: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study

Patient Safety Education Outcomes Among Healthcare Students Undertaking an Operating Room Internship: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Patient Safety Education Outcomes Among Healthcare Students Undertaking an Operating Room Internship: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study Özgü BAKÇEK AKÇELİK, Bircan KOLÇAK This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8541056/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 4 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Operating rooms are among the most complex and high-risk healthcare environments, rendering patients particularly vulnerable to threats to patient safety. In addition to professional healthcare teams, healthcare students undertaking clinical internships are actively involved in care processes within these settings. This study aimed to evaluate perceived patient safety education outcomes among healthcare students undertaking an operating room internship. Methods This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted between 15 February and 15 June 2025 at the Operating Room Services and Anesthesia Programs of a Vocational School of Health Services in Türkiye. The sample consisted of 120 second-year healthcare students who were undertaking operating room internships and had completed the Patient Safety course during the 2024–2025 academic year. Data were collected using a Descriptive Information Form and the Health Professional Education in Patient Safety Survey (H-PEPSS). Results The H-PEPSS scores in the classroom setting were significantly higher than those in the clinical setting (Z = − 8.950, p < 0.001). A statistically significant positive correlation was observed between the duration of operating room internship and the scores obtained from the “Recognize, respond to, and Disclose Adverse Events and Close Calls” subscale of the H-PEPSS in the clinical setting (r = 0.186, p = 0.042). Although some students reported witnessing patient safety–threatening events during their internships, only one-quarter of these incidents were formally reported. Conclusions The findings suggest a need to extend the duration of operating room internships for healthcare students and to implement supportive, non-punitive strategies that encourage the reporting of patient safety–threatening events. Further research involving students from diverse healthcare disciplines undertaking operating room internships is recommended. Patient safety Operating room Patient safety education Operating room internship Healthcare students 1. Introduction Patient safety encompasses systematic practices designed to prevent avoidable harm during the delivery of healthcare services. The overarching goal is to identify and control factors that may compromise safety, thereby ensuring that care is provided without causing preventable injury (Glarcher & Vaismoradi, 2025 ). In surgical settings, patients are frequently exposed to high-risk interventions and may experience a temporary loss of autonomy, contributing to a higher concentration of safety-related risks in surgical units (Ertürk Yavuz, 2023 ). Consequently, preventing and mitigating factors that adversely affect patient safety is a critical priority across hospital departments, with particular importance in surgical units (Gao et al., 2019 ; Pimentel et al., 2017 ). Worldwide, approximately 234 million surgical procedures are performed annually, and evidence indicates that one in every 25 surgical patients experiences at least one event that threatens patient safety (Berke Aktar, 2023 ). Furthermore, an estimated 3 million deaths occur each year due to patient safety–related causes, nearly half of which are considered preventable (World Health Organization, 2018 ). An analysis of Ireland’s National Adverse Event Reporting data reported that 70% of adverse events occurring during healthcare delivery were preventable, with most stemming from surgical procedures (Rafter et al., 2017 ). Similarly, in the United States, adverse events have been reported in approximately 4,000 of the 50 million surgeries performed annually (Cohen et al., 2021 ). In response to these risks, the Joint Commission International (JCI), through its annually defined patient safety goals, emphasizes prevention of surgery-related adverse events and issues strong recommendations, including verification of the correct patient, correct site, and correct procedure; the promotion of effective communication among operating room team members; and active involvement of patients and their relatives in the perioperative process whenever feasible (The Joint Commission, 2023 ). During the perioperative period, operating rooms constitute highly complex environments characterized by advanced technological infrastructure, multidisciplinary teamwork, time constraints, and elevated stress levels. These conditions may increase vulnerability to patient safety threats (Kim et al., 2024 ). Operating room teams typically include surgeons, operating room nurses, surgical and anesthesia technicians, and, at times, healthcare students undertaking clinical training (DiLosa et al., 2022 ). Even within a limited training period, operating room internships allow students to observe intraoperative processes, consolidate foundational knowledge of surgical anatomy and principles, and gain firsthand exposure to patient safety practices (Eid et al., 2019 ). Importantly, patient safety education should not be confined to operating rooms; it should be embedded across healthcare curricula, as safe care depends on students being adequately educated and informed in this domain (Taskiran et al., 2020 ). To guide the scope and delivery of patient safety education, the World Health Organization (WHO) has published a multiprofessional patient safety curriculum guide. The guide underscores the contextual nature of patient safety education and recommends systematic review of curriculum structure, learning objectives, instructional methods, educators, and assessment strategies (World Health Organization, 2011 ). Existing literature includes studies assessing patient safety competencies among undergraduate students in nursing, midwifery, rehabilitation, dentistry, pharmacy, and medicine (Naser et al., 2020 ; Oyediran et al., 2021 ; Palmer et al., 2018 ; Svitlica et al., 2021 ). However, to the best of our knowledge, no study has specifically examined patient safety education outcomes among healthcare students undertaking an operating room internship. 1.1 Study Aim This study aimed to determine patient safety education outcomes among healthcare students undertaking an operating room internship. 1.2. Study Questions The research questions were as follows: What is the level of perceived patient safety education outcomes among healthcare students undertaking an operating room internship? Which factors are associated with perceived patient safety education outcomes among healthcare students undertaking an operating room internship? 2. Materials and methods 2.1 Study design This descriptive, cross-sectional, nonexperimental study was designed and reported in accordance with the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines (Elm et al., 2007 ). 2.2 Study setting The study was conducted at the Operating Room Services and Anesthesia Programs of a Health Services Vocational School in Türkiye. The Operating Room Services Program aims to prepare qualified healthcare personnel capable of ensuring operating room readiness in terms of materials and equipment and supporting the surgical team in circulating or scrub roles. The Anesthesia Program is designed to train healthcare technicians who assist anesthesiologists throughout the perioperative continuum, including preoperative preparation, intraoperative monitoring, and postoperative recovery until patient stabilization. Both programs comprise two years of theoretical and clinical education, and graduates are awarded the titles of operating room technician and anesthesia technician, respectively. Students in both programs complete a total of 70 working days of operating room internships in hospitals with capacities ranging from 200 to 1,000 beds during their first and second academic years. 2.3 Participants and Sample Size The study population consisted of 132 second-year students enrolled in the Operating Room Services and Anesthesia Programs who undertook an operating room internship during the 2024–2025 academic year. The sample size was calculated using the known population sampling formula (Kılıç, 2012). Based on a population size of 132, an assumed prevalence of 0.50, a sampling error of 0.05, and a 95% confidence level (t = 1.96), the minimum required sample size was 99 students. Eligible participants were voluntary second-year students who had successfully completed the Patient Safety course and were undertaking an operating room internship. Students who had failed the Patient Safety course were excluded. The study was completed with 120 participants. 2.4 Data Collection Tools Data was collected using a Descriptive Information Form and the Health Professional Education in Patient Safety Survey (H-PEPSS). Descriptive Information Form The form was developed by the researchers based on the literature and consisted of seven items assessing age, gender, total duration of the operating room internship, perceived adequacy of the Patient Safety course, and exposure to events threatening patient safety in the operating room (Alser et al., 2020; Kılıç & Cevhero, 2023 a; Torkaman et al., 2022). The Health Professional Education in Patient Safety Survey (H-PEPSS) The H-PEPSS was developed by Ginsburg et al. (Ginsburg et al., 2012 a) to assess students’ knowledge and perceived competencies related to patient safety and was adapted into Turkish by Taskiran et al. (2019). The survey includes two dimensions (classroom and clinical settings) and six subscales: (1) Working in a Team with Other Health Professionals (6 items), (2) Communicating Effectively (3 items), (3) Managing Safety Risks (3 items), (4) Understanding Human and Environmental Factors (3 items), (5) Recognizing, Responding to, and Disclosing Adverse Events and Close Calls (4 items), and (6) Culture of Safety (4 items), totaling 23 items. Items are rated on a five-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). The classroom and clinical dimensions are scored separately, with higher scores indicating higher perceived patient safety education outcomes (Ginsburg et al., 2012 ; Taskiran et al., 2020 ). 2.5 Procedures During the spring semester of the 2024–2025 academic year, participants completed a 14-week Patient Safety course delivered by a faculty member with a PhD in Surgical Nursing and at least one year of operating room experience (Table 1). To minimize potential bias, data collection was conducted by a separate faculty member who was not involved in teaching the course. Prior to data collection, a pilot study was conducted with 10 students who had previously completed both the Patient Safety course and the operating room internship. The pilot confirmed the clarity, relevance, and feasibility of the instruments; the average completion time was approximately five minutes. Pilot data were excluded from the final analysis. Throughout the 14-week period, students attended the Patient Safety course for two hours per week and completed three working days of operating room internship weekly. At the end of the course, students were informed about the study in the lecture hall where the course was delivered and written and verbal informed consent was obtained. Participants subsequently completed the study forms. 2.6 Data analysis Analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 15.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Categorical variables are presented as frequencies and percentages, and continuous variables as mean ± standard deviation. Normality was assessed using the Shapiro–Wilk test; nonparametric methods were applied due to non-normality. Differences between classroom and clinical H-PEPSS scores were examined using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Associations between H-PEPSS scores and internship duration, perceived adequacy of patient safety education, and exposure to patient safety–threatening events were assessed using Spearman’s rank correlation analysis. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05 (Acikel & Kılıç, 2014). 2.7 Ethical considerations The study adhered to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki (Shrestha & Dunn, 2020), and received approval from the Institutional Review Board of the participating university (Approval No. 2024/04/08). Written and verbally informed consent was obtained from all participants, and no identifying information was collected. 3. Results Table 2 summarizes participant characteristics. The mean age was 20.95 ± 15.87 years; 84.2% of participants were female, and 82.5% were high school graduates. All participants completed an average of 15.87 ± 8.03 hours of operating room internship per week. During the internship, 6.7% reported witnessing at least one patient safety–threatening event in the operating room. According to students’ self-reported descriptions, these events were mainly related to equipment failures, inadequate management of patient fall risk, and deficiencies in staff knowledge or experience. Notably, only one in four students who witnessed such events reported the incident. Table 3 presents H-PEPSS scores. Mean scores were higher in the classroom setting (4.64 ± 1.07) than in the clinical setting (3.75 ± 1.06). Scores for Working in a Team with Other Health Professionals (Z =-3.047, p = .002), Managing Safety Risks (Z = -2.186, p = .029), Culture of Safety (Z=-3.484, p = 0.000), and Recognize, Respond to, and Disclose Adverse Events and Close Calls (Z =-2.194, p = .028) were significantly higher in the classroom than in the clinical setting. Tables 4 and 5 present the associations between operating room internship duration, perceived adequacy of the Patient Safety course, and H-PEPSS scores. Internship duration was positively correlated only with the Recognize, Respond to, and Disclose Adverse Events and Close Calls subscale in the clinical setting. In addition, participants who perceived the Patient Safety course as adequate demonstrated higher mean scores on the same subscale in both classroom and clinical settings, whereas no statistically significant differences were observed for the other subscales. 4. Discussion Patients undergoing surgical procedures are particularly vulnerable to patient safety–threatening conditions due to reduced pain perception, immobility, and the inability to communicate or make autonomous decisions under anesthesia. These factors substantially increase the risk of unintended harm, rendering patient safety the highest priority for every member of the multidisciplinary operating room team (Speth, 2023 ). Previous research examining healthcare students’ knowledge and attitudes toward patient safety has demonstrated that, despite adequate theoretical knowledge, students often struggle to translate this knowledge into consistent safety-oriented behaviors in clinical practice (Tofik et al., 2023). Consistent with these findings, the present study revealed that students’ H-PEPSS scores were significantly higher in the classroom setting than in the clinical setting. This discrepancy may be explained by the limited duration of students’ exposure to the operating room environment during their internships. Although operating room internships provide valuable experiential learning opportunities, the acquisition of operating room–specific procedures and safety practices typically requires prolonged exposure and repeated practice (Clark & Kenski, 2017 ; Villafranca et al., 2018 ). In this study, internship duration showed a weak but positive association with the “Recognize, respond to and Disclose Adverse Events and Close Calls” subscale in the clinical setting, suggesting that increased clinical exposure may enhance students’ ability to identify and respond to patient safety risks. Similar associations have been reported among healthcare students, indicating that greater clinical experience is linked to higher levels of patient safety education outcomes (Huang et al., 2020 lıç & Cevhero, 2023). This relationship may be explained by increased opportunities to observe safety-threatening situations and develop situational awareness as internship duration increases. Students’ engagement with theoretical coursework also plays a key role in learning outcomes. Greater interest in theoretical instruction is associated with improved attention and more favorable learning outcomes (Bakcek Akcelik et al., 2025). In the present study, students who perceived the Patient Safety course as adequate reported higher patient safety education outcomes in the classroom setting compared to the clinical setting. Even experienced operating room professionals, despite possessing substantial knowledge of patient safety risks and their management, may encounter difficulties in consistently applying this knowledge in practice (Chellam Singh & Arulappan, 2023; Etherington et al., 2021). Translation of theory into practice is shaped not only by individual learning outcomes but also by environmental and organizational factors, including communication norms, team dynamics, hierarchical structures, punitive cultures, and negative perceptions of incident reporting. Such factors may inhibit the expression of safety concerns and impede conversion of knowledge into practice (Astier-Pena et al., 2021 ; Lainidi et al., 2023 ). Incident reporting is a cornerstone of a positive patient safety culture and directly contributes to safety improvement (Jones & Durbridge, 2016 ). The WHO has identified the promotion of a positive patient safety culture as a global priority (Astier-Pena et al., 2021 ). In this study, Culture of Safety scores, as reflected in patient safety education outcomes, were lower in the clinical setting than in the classroom setting, and reporting rates among students who witnessed patient safety–threatening events were notably low. These findings are consistent with research indicating that operating room professionals may acknowledge the importance of reporting but still submit incomplete or indirect reports (Kim et al., 2024 ). Collectively, these results suggest that strengthening patient safety culture in high-risk environments such as operating rooms requires more than theoretical instruction; it also requires supportive, non-punitive learning environments that encourage reporting and enable students to communicate safety concerns without fear. 4.1 Limitations This study has several limitations. First, it was conducted at a single Vocational School of Health Sciences, which may limit the generalizability of the findings to other settings. Second, because the H-PEPSS is a self-report instrument, response bias is possible, and perceived patient safety education outcomes may not fully reflect students’ actual performance in the clinical setting. 5. Conclusion Patient safety–threatening events remain prevalent in healthcare settings, particularly in operating rooms. To enhance patient safety education outcomes among healthcare students undertaking operating room internships, theoretical education must be translated into clinical practice effectively, appropriately, and safely. Based on these findings, extending internship durations for students likely to work in operating rooms after graduation and implementing supportive, non-punitive strategies that encourage incident reporting are recommended. Further studies involving students from diverse healthcare disciplines undertaking operating room internships are warranted. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Yuksek Ihtisas University (Approval No: 2024/04/08) Consent for publication Not applicable. Availability of data and materials The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding The authors received no specific funding for this study. Authors’ contributions ÖBA conceived and designed the study, collected and analysed the data, and drafted the manuscript. BK contributed to data collection and manuscript revision. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Acknowledgments The authors sincerely thank all students who participated in the study. References Astier-Pena MP, Martínez-Bianchi V, Torijano-Casalenguaf, Luisa M, Ares-Blancog S, Bueno-Ortiz J-M, Férnandez-García M. Patient safety culture as perceived by operating room professionals: a mixed – methods study. Atención Primaria. 2021;53:102224. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-022-08175-z . Berke Aktar Z. Safety Surgery Control List in International Patient Safety Targets. BOĞAZİÇİ TiDergi̇si̇. 2023;10(4):281–5. https://doi.org/10.14744/bmj.2023.38257 . Clark CM, Kenski D. 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Content of Patient Safety Course Sessions Session content Methods used in session Week 1 Patient and employee safety in the operating room-national patient safety targets Theoretical lecture, Brainstorming, and Questions and Answers Week 2 Patient and employee safety in the operating room-international patient safety targets Theoretical lecture, Brainstorming, and Questions and Answers Week 3 Safe surgical practices-prevention of wrong-site surgery Theoretical lecture, Brainstorming, Questions and Answers, Case study and discussion Week 4 Safe surgical practices- prevention of retained foreign bodies in the surgical site Theoretical lecture, Brainstorming, Questions and Answers, Case study and discussion Week 5 Prevention of falls Theoretical lecture, Brainstorming, and Questions and Answers Week 6 Prevention of pressure injuries Theoretical lecture, Brainstorming, and Questions and Answers Week 7 Anesthesia risks and complications Theoretical lecture, Brainstorming, Questions and Answers, Case study and discussion Week 8 Transfusion related-errors and associated advers Theoretical lecture, Brainstorming, Questions and Answers, Case study and discussion Week 9 Reporting in situations that threaten patient safety Theoretical lecture, Brainstorming, Questions and Answers, Case study and discussion Week 10 Physical, biological, chemical risk factors in the operating room Theoretical lecture, Brainstorming, Questions and Answers Week 11 Prevention of physical, biological, chemical risk factors in the operating room Theoretical lecture, Brainstorming, Questions and Answers Week 12 Protection and prevention of occupational accidents in operating room Theoretical lecture, Brainstorming, Questions and Answers Week 13 Protection and prevention of occupational diseases in operating room Theoretical lecture, Brainstorming, Questions and Answers Week 14 Disaster planning and emergency preparedness in operating room Theoretical lecture, Brainstorming, Questions and Answers Table 2. Descriptive characteristics of the students Variables Mean± SD Age Hours of intership proram in opereating room 20.95 ± 15.87 15.87 ± 8.03 n % Gender Female Male 101 19 84.2 15.8 Education High school Health vocational high school 99 21 82.3 17.5 Was the theoretical patient safety course sufficient? Yes No 117 3 97.5 2.5 Did you encountered a situation that threatened patient safety in operating rooms? Yes Reporting this situation Yes No 8 2 6 6.7 1.7 5 Did you encountered a situation that threatened patient safety in operating rooms? No 112 93.3 Table 3. Comparison of the Scores of Main- Sub-dimensions of H-PEPSS* Variables Classroom setting Clinical setting Statistical analysis* Probability Mean± SD Median(Min-max) Mean± SD Median(Min-max) Working in teams with other health professionals 4.03±0.88 4.00 (4.00-5.00) 3.79±1.10 4.00(0.00-5.00) Z =-3.047 a p =0.002 Communicating effectively 3.99±1.16 4.00(0.00-5.00) 3.38±1.25 4.00(0.00-5.00) Z = -1.473 a p=0.141 Managing safety risks 3.99±1.07 4.00(0.00-5.00) 3.78±1.28 4.00(0.00-5.00) Z = -2.186 a p=0.029 Understanding human and environmental factors 3.92±1.12 4.00(0.67-5.00) 3.79±1.26 4.00(0.00-5.00) Z =-1.267 a p=0.205 Recognize, respond to and disclose adverse events and close calls 3.94±1.03 4.00(1.00-5.00) 3.78±1.20 4.00(0.00-5.00) Z =-2.194’a p=0.028 Culture of Safety Total 3.86±1.16 4.64 ± 1.07 4.00(0.00-5.00) 4.00(0.00-5.00) 3.53±1.40 3.75±1.06 4.00(0.00-5.00) 4.00(0.00-5.00) Z = -3.484 a p=0.000 Z = -8.950 a p=0.000 *Health Professional Education in Patient Safety Survey, a:Wilcoxon test. Table 4. Correlation between the Subdimensions of the H-PEPSS* and Operating Room Internship Duration Hours of intership proram in opereating room Correlation** Classroom Working in teams with other health professionals r 0.093 0.311 p Communicating effectively r 0.113 0.219 p Managing safety risks r 0.064 0.488 p Understanding human and environmental factors r 0.000 0.996 p Recognize, respond to and disclose adverse events and close calls r 0.087 0.347 p Culture of safety r 0.069 0.452 p Clinical setting Working in teams with other health professionals r 0.087 0.347 p Communicating effectively r 0.085 0.355 p Managing safety risks r 0.050 0.589 p Understanding human and environmental factors r 0.100 0.277 p Recognize, respond to and disclose adverse events and close calls r 0.186 0.042 p Culture of safety r 0.116 0.207 p Table 5. Comparison between Open-ended Questions Regarding Patient Safety and Scores of Main- Sub-dimensions of H-PEPSS* Was the theoretical patient safety course sufficient? Did you encounter a situation that threatened patient safety? Did you report the situation that threatened patient safety? Yes Mean± SD No Mean± SD Yes Mean± SD No Mean± SD Yes Mean± SD No Mean± SD Classroom setting Working in teams with other health professionals 4,03± 0,90 3.88±0.19 4.02±1.32 4.03 ± 0.85 2.50±2.12 4.06±0.85 Test /p U= -0.893/ p= 0.357 U= -0.538/ p=0.591 U= -1.390/ p=0.164 Communicating effectively 3.98±1.17 4.33±0.57 4.00±1.41 3.99 ± 1.14 3.00±2.82 4.01±1.13 Test /p U= -0.262/ p=0.794 U= -0.387/ p=0.698 U= -0.340/ p=0.734 Managing safety risks 3.99±1.07 4.00±0.00 3.87±1.35 4.00±1.06 2.50±2.12 4.01±1.04 Test /p U= -0.495/ p=0.620 U= -0.071/0.944 U= -1.409/ p=0.159 Understanding human and environmental factors 3.92±1.13 3.88±0.19 4.08±1.49 3.91±1.10 3.00±2.82 3.94±1.09 Test /p U= -0.659/ p=0.510 U= -1.015/ p=0.310 U= -0.338/ p=0.735 Recognize, respond to and disclose adverse events and close calls 3.94±1.04 3.83±0.28 4.09±1,36 3.93±1.01 3.00±2.82 3.95±1.00 Test /p U= -0.742/ p=0.458 U= -0.848/ p=0.397 U= -0.305/ p=0.760 Culture of safety 3.85±1.17 4.00±0.00 4.12±1.33 3.84±1.15 2.87±2.65 3.87±1.13 Test /p U= -0.310/ p=0.767 U= -1.256/ p=0.209 U= -0.535/ p=0.592 Clinical setting Working in teams with other health professionals 3.78±1.11 3.88±0.19 3.83±1.28 3.78±1.09 2.91±2.71 3.80±1.07 Test /p U= -0.383/ p=0.700 U=-0.394/ p=0.694 U=-0.311/ p=0.756 Communicating effectively 3.87±1.26 4.00±0.00 3.91±1.33 3.87±1.25 3.00±2.82 3.88±1.23 Test /p U= -0.443/ p=0.657 U=-0.169/ p=0.866 U= -0.233/ p=0.816 Managing safety risks 3.77±1.29 4.00±0.00 3.50±1.92 3.80±1.23 3.00±2.82 3.79±1.26 Test /p U= -0.184/ p=0.854 U=-0.055/ p=0.956 U=-0.245/ p=0.806 Understanding human and environmental factors 3.79±1.28 3.88±0.19 4.00±1.30 3.78±1.27 3.00±2.82 3.81±1.24 Test /p U= -0.559/ p=0.576 U=-0.733/ p=0.464 U= -0.13/ p=0.831 Recognize, respond to and disclose adverse events and close calls 4.00±0.00 3.84±1.24 3.84±1.24 3.78±1.21 2.87±2.65 3.80±1.18 Test /p U= -0.104/ p=0.918 U=-0.130/ p=0.897 U= -0.505/ p=0.613 Culture of safety 3.52±.142 4.00±0.00 3.90±1.25 3.50±1.41 2.62±2.29 3.54±1.39 Test /p U= -.234/ p=0.815 U=-1.052/ p=0.293 U=-0.423/ p=0.673 * Health Professional Education in Patient Safety Survey, U=Mann Whitney U-Test Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviewers invited by journal 11 Feb, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 08 Jan, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 08 Jan, 2026 First submitted to journal 07 Jan, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8541056","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":589836318,"identity":"78c46918-3c8d-4ceb-8ef3-b3878fbad7c2","order_by":0,"name":"Özgü BAKÇEK AKÇELİK","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA70lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACAwY2IHkAzGZ8ACR4+EjRwmwA0sJGihY2CTBJSIs5+7HEDx/OMMjJ968xq/yaYyfDxsD88NENPFose9IOS864wWDMOOON2W3ZbclAh7EZG+fgc9iB9DZmng8Mic0SZ8xuS25jBmrhYZPGq+X88zbmP0AtbUAtxZLb6onQciPtGDPDDYbEHv4eM8aP2w4T1mI541myZM8ZCWMJCbZiacZtx3nYmAn4xZw/zfDDj2M2wBA7vPHjz23V9vzszQ8f49MCBcAYkUhgYOYBsZkJK4cC/gMMjD+IVj0KRsEoGAUjCQAAvjNEtAwL3K8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Yüksek İhtisas Üniversitesi","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Özgü","middleName":"BAKÇEK","lastName":"AKÇELİK","suffix":""},{"id":589836323,"identity":"5f16a99f-ae9d-4b1c-8b05-75d40584c9b4","order_by":1,"name":"Bircan KOLÇAK","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Yüksek İhtisas Üniversitesi","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Bircan","middleName":"","lastName":"KOLÇAK","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-01-07 11:53:19","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8541056/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8541056/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":102963201,"identity":"6d066c9e-70f7-459f-90a0-fa94af8049d9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-19 04:14:29","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1338086,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8541056/v1/b75d43e9-fa70-4902-bd75-488173123828.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Patient Safety Education Outcomes Among Healthcare Students Undertaking an Operating Room Internship: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003ePatient safety encompasses systematic practices designed to prevent avoidable harm during the delivery of healthcare services. The overarching goal is to identify and control factors that may compromise safety, thereby ensuring that care is provided without causing preventable injury (Glarcher \u0026amp; Vaismoradi, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). In surgical settings, patients are frequently exposed to high-risk interventions and may experience a temporary loss of autonomy, contributing to a higher concentration of safety-related risks in surgical units (Ert\u0026uuml;rk Yavuz, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Consequently, preventing and mitigating factors that adversely affect patient safety is a critical priority across hospital departments, with particular importance in surgical units (Gao et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Pimentel et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorldwide, approximately 234\u0026nbsp;million surgical procedures are performed annually, and evidence indicates that one in every 25 surgical patients experiences at least one event that threatens patient safety (Berke Aktar, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, an estimated 3\u0026nbsp;million deaths occur each year due to patient safety\u0026ndash;related causes, nearly half of which are considered preventable (World Health Organization, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). An analysis of Ireland\u0026rsquo;s National Adverse Event Reporting data reported that 70% of adverse events occurring during healthcare delivery were preventable, with most stemming from surgical procedures (Rafter et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Similarly, in the United States, adverse events have been reported in approximately 4,000 of the 50\u0026nbsp;million surgeries performed annually (Cohen et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). In response to these risks, the Joint Commission International (JCI), through its annually defined patient safety goals, emphasizes prevention of surgery-related adverse events and issues strong recommendations, including verification of the correct patient, correct site, and correct procedure; the promotion of effective communication among operating room team members; and active involvement of patients and their relatives in the perioperative process whenever feasible (The Joint Commission, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuring the perioperative period, operating rooms constitute highly complex environments characterized by advanced technological infrastructure, multidisciplinary teamwork, time constraints, and elevated stress levels. These conditions may increase vulnerability to patient safety threats (Kim et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Operating room teams typically include surgeons, operating room nurses, surgical and anesthesia technicians, and, at times, healthcare students undertaking clinical training (DiLosa et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Even within a limited training period, operating room internships allow students to observe intraoperative processes, consolidate foundational knowledge of surgical anatomy and principles, and gain firsthand exposure to patient safety practices (Eid et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Importantly, patient safety education should not be confined to operating rooms; it should be embedded across healthcare curricula, as safe care depends on students being adequately educated and informed in this domain (Taskiran et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo guide the scope and delivery of patient safety education, the World Health Organization (WHO) has published a multiprofessional patient safety curriculum guide. The guide underscores the contextual nature of patient safety education and recommends systematic review of curriculum structure, learning objectives, instructional methods, educators, and assessment strategies (World Health Organization, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). Existing literature includes studies assessing patient safety competencies among undergraduate students in nursing, midwifery, rehabilitation, dentistry, pharmacy, and medicine (Naser et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Oyediran et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Palmer et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Svitlica et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). However, to the best of our knowledge, no study has specifically examined patient safety education outcomes among healthcare students undertaking an operating room internship.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec2\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e1.1 Study Aim\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study aimed to determine patient safety education outcomes among healthcare students undertaking an operating room internship.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e1.2. Study Questions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe research questions were as follows:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat is the level of perceived patient safety education outcomes among healthcare students undertaking an operating room internship?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhich factors are associated with perceived patient safety education outcomes among healthcare students undertaking an operating room internship?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials and methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Study design\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis descriptive, cross-sectional, nonexperimental study was designed and reported in accordance with the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines (Elm et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Study setting\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study was conducted at the Operating Room Services and Anesthesia Programs of a Health Services Vocational School in T\u0026uuml;rkiye. The Operating Room Services Program aims to prepare qualified healthcare personnel capable of ensuring operating room readiness in terms of materials and equipment and supporting the surgical team in circulating or scrub roles. The Anesthesia Program is designed to train healthcare technicians who assist anesthesiologists throughout the perioperative continuum, including preoperative preparation, intraoperative monitoring, and postoperative recovery until patient stabilization. Both programs comprise two years of theoretical and clinical education, and graduates are awarded the titles of operating room technician and anesthesia technician, respectively. Students in both programs complete a total of 70 working days of operating room internships in hospitals with capacities ranging from 200 to 1,000 beds during their first and second academic years.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3 Participants and Sample Size\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study population consisted of 132 second-year students enrolled in the Operating Room Services and Anesthesia Programs who undertook an operating room internship during the 2024\u0026ndash;2025 academic year. The sample size was calculated using the known population sampling formula (Kılı\u0026ccedil;, 2012). Based on a population size of 132, an assumed prevalence of 0.50, a sampling error of 0.05, and a 95% confidence level (t\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.96), the minimum required sample size was 99 students. Eligible participants were voluntary second-year students who had successfully completed the Patient Safety course and were undertaking an operating room internship. Students who had failed the Patient Safety course were excluded. The study was completed with 120 participants.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4 Data Collection Tools\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eData was collected using a Descriptive Information Form and the Health Professional Education in Patient Safety Survey (H-PEPSS).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eDescriptive Information Form\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe form was developed by the researchers based on the literature and consisted of seven items assessing age, gender, total duration of the operating room internship, perceived adequacy of the Patient Safety course, and exposure to events threatening patient safety in the operating room (Alser et al., 2020; Kılı\u0026ccedil; \u0026amp; Cevhero, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003ea; Torkaman et al., 2022).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eThe Health Professional Education in Patient Safety Survey (H-PEPSS)\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe H-PEPSS was developed by Ginsburg et al. (Ginsburg et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003ea) to assess students\u0026rsquo; knowledge and perceived competencies related to patient safety and was adapted into Turkish by Taskiran et al. (2019). The survey includes two dimensions (classroom and clinical settings) and six subscales: (1) Working in a Team with Other Health Professionals (6 items), (2) Communicating Effectively (3 items), (3) Managing Safety Risks (3 items), (4) Understanding Human and Environmental Factors (3 items), (5) Recognizing, Responding to, and Disclosing Adverse Events and Close Calls (4 items), and (6) Culture of Safety (4 items), totaling 23 items. Items are rated on a five-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). The classroom and clinical dimensions are scored separately, with higher scores indicating higher perceived patient safety education outcomes (Ginsburg et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Taskiran et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5 Procedures\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuring the spring semester of the 2024\u0026ndash;2025 academic year, participants completed a 14-week Patient Safety course delivered by a faculty member with a PhD in Surgical Nursing and at least one year of operating room experience (Table\u0026nbsp;1). To minimize potential bias, data collection was conducted by a separate faculty member who was not involved in teaching the course.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrior to data collection, a pilot study was conducted with 10 students who had previously completed both the Patient Safety course and the operating room internship. The pilot confirmed the clarity, relevance, and feasibility of the instruments; the average completion time was approximately five minutes. Pilot data were excluded from the final analysis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThroughout the 14-week period, students attended the Patient Safety course for two hours per week and completed three working days of operating room internship weekly. At the end of the course, students were informed about the study in the lecture hall where the course was delivered and written and verbal informed consent was obtained. Participants subsequently completed the study forms.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.6 Data analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 15.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Categorical variables are presented as frequencies and percentages, and continuous variables as mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard deviation. Normality was assessed using the Shapiro\u0026ndash;Wilk test; nonparametric methods were applied due to non-normality. Differences between classroom and clinical H-PEPSS scores were examined using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Associations between H-PEPSS scores and internship duration, perceived adequacy of patient safety education, and exposure to patient safety\u0026ndash;threatening events were assessed using Spearman\u0026rsquo;s rank correlation analysis. Statistical significance was set at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 (Acikel \u0026amp; Kılı\u0026ccedil;, 2014).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.7 Ethical considerations\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study adhered to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki (Shrestha \u0026amp; Dunn, 2020), and received approval from the Institutional Review Board of the participating university (Approval No. 2024/04/08). Written and verbally informed consent was obtained from all participants, and no identifying information was collected.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;2 summarizes participant characteristics. The mean age was 20.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.87 years; 84.2% of participants were female, and 82.5% were high school graduates. All participants completed an average of 15.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.03 hours of operating room internship per week. During the internship, 6.7% reported witnessing at least one patient safety\u0026ndash;threatening event in the operating room. According to students\u0026rsquo; self-reported descriptions, these events were mainly related to equipment failures, inadequate management of patient fall risk, and deficiencies in staff knowledge or experience. Notably, only one in four students who witnessed such events reported the incident.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;3 presents H-PEPSS scores. Mean scores were higher in the classroom setting (4.64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.07) than in the clinical setting (3.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.06). Scores for Working in a Team with Other Health Professionals (Z =-3.047, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.002), Managing Safety Risks (Z = -2.186, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.029), Culture of Safety (Z=-3.484, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000), and Recognize, Respond to, and Disclose Adverse Events and Close Calls (Z =-2.194, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.028) were significantly higher in the classroom than in the clinical setting.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTables\u0026nbsp;4 and 5 present the associations between operating room internship duration, perceived adequacy of the Patient Safety course, and H-PEPSS scores. Internship duration was positively correlated only with the Recognize, Respond to, and Disclose Adverse Events and Close Calls subscale in the clinical setting. In addition, participants who perceived the Patient Safety course as adequate demonstrated higher mean scores on the same subscale in both classroom and clinical settings, whereas no statistically significant differences were observed for the other subscales.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003ePatients undergoing surgical procedures are particularly vulnerable to patient safety\u0026ndash;threatening conditions due to reduced pain perception, immobility, and the inability to communicate or make autonomous decisions under anesthesia. These factors substantially increase the risk of unintended harm, rendering patient safety the highest priority for every member of the multidisciplinary operating room team (Speth, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Previous research examining healthcare students\u0026rsquo; knowledge and attitudes toward patient safety has demonstrated that, despite adequate theoretical knowledge, students often struggle to translate this knowledge into consistent safety-oriented behaviors in clinical practice (Tofik et al., 2023). Consistent with these findings, the present study revealed that students\u0026rsquo; H-PEPSS scores were significantly higher in the classroom setting than in the clinical setting. This discrepancy may be explained by the limited duration of students\u0026rsquo; exposure to the operating room environment during their internships.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlthough operating room internships provide valuable experiential learning opportunities, the acquisition of operating room\u0026ndash;specific procedures and safety practices typically requires prolonged exposure and repeated practice (Clark \u0026amp; Kenski, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Villafranca et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). In this study, internship duration showed a weak but positive association with the \u0026ldquo;Recognize, respond to and Disclose Adverse Events and Close Calls\u0026rdquo; subscale in the clinical setting, suggesting that increased clinical exposure may enhance students\u0026rsquo; ability to identify and respond to patient safety risks. Similar associations have been reported among healthcare students, indicating that greater clinical experience is linked to higher levels of patient safety education outcomes (Huang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003elı\u0026ccedil; \u0026amp; Cevhero, 2023). This relationship may be explained by increased opportunities to observe safety-threatening situations and develop situational awareness as internship duration increases.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudents\u0026rsquo; engagement with theoretical coursework also plays a key role in learning outcomes. Greater interest in theoretical instruction is associated with improved attention and more favorable learning outcomes (Bakcek Akcelik et al., 2025). In the present study, students who perceived the Patient Safety course as adequate reported higher patient safety education outcomes in the classroom setting compared to the clinical setting. Even experienced operating room professionals, despite possessing substantial knowledge of patient safety risks and their management, may encounter difficulties in consistently applying this knowledge in practice (Chellam Singh \u0026amp; Arulappan, 2023; Etherington et al., 2021). Translation of theory into practice is shaped not only by individual learning outcomes but also by environmental and organizational factors, including communication norms, team dynamics, hierarchical structures, punitive cultures, and negative perceptions of incident reporting. Such factors may inhibit the expression of safety concerns and impede conversion of knowledge into practice (Astier-Pena et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Lainidi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncident reporting is a cornerstone of a positive patient safety culture and directly contributes to safety improvement (Jones \u0026amp; Durbridge, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). The WHO has identified the promotion of a positive patient safety culture as a global priority (Astier-Pena et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). In this study, Culture of Safety scores, as reflected in patient safety education outcomes, were lower in the clinical setting than in the classroom setting, and reporting rates among students who witnessed patient safety\u0026ndash;threatening events were notably low. These findings are consistent with research indicating that operating room professionals may acknowledge the importance of reporting but still submit incomplete or indirect reports (Kim et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Collectively, these results suggest that strengthening patient safety culture in high-risk environments such as operating rooms requires more than theoretical instruction; it also requires supportive, non-punitive learning environments that encourage reporting and enable students to communicate safety concerns without fear.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.1 Limitations\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study has several limitations. First, it was conducted at a single Vocational School of Health Sciences, which may limit the generalizability of the findings to other settings. Second, because the H-PEPSS is a self-report instrument, response bias is possible, and perceived patient safety education outcomes may not fully reflect students\u0026rsquo; actual performance in the clinical setting.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"5. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003ePatient safety\u0026ndash;threatening events remain prevalent in healthcare settings, particularly in operating rooms. To enhance patient safety education outcomes among healthcare students undertaking operating room internships, theoretical education must be translated into clinical practice effectively, appropriately, and safely. Based on these findings, extending internship durations for students likely to work in operating rooms after graduation and implementing supportive, non-punitive strategies that encourage incident reporting are recommended. Further studies involving students from diverse healthcare disciplines undertaking operating room internships are warranted.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Yuksek Ihtisas University (Approval No: 2024/04/08)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors received no specific funding for this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026Ouml;BA conceived and designed the study, collected and analysed the data, and drafted the manuscript. BK contributed to data collection and manuscript revision. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors sincerely thank all students who participated in the study.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAstier-Pena MP, Mart\u0026iacute;nez-Bianchi V, Torijano-Casalenguaf, Luisa M, Ares-Blancog S, Bueno-Ortiz J-M, F\u0026eacute;rnandez-Garc\u0026iacute;a M. Patient safety culture as perceived by operating room professionals: a mixed \u0026ndash; methods study. 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Publications of the World Health Organization; 2011.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"1068\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.935454%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99.0645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1. Content of Patient Safety Course\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.10945%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSessions\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46.8662%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSession content\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46.0243%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods used in session\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.10945%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWeek 1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46.8662%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePatient and employee safety in the operating room-national patient safety targets\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46.0243%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTheoretical lecture, Brainstorming, and Questions and Answers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.10945%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWeek 2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46.8662%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePatient and employee safety in the operating room-international patient safety targets\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46.0243%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTheoretical lecture, Brainstorming, and Questions and Answers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.10945%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWeek 3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46.8662%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSafe surgical practices-prevention of wrong-site surgery\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46.0243%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTheoretical lecture, Brainstorming, Questions and Answers, Case study and discussion\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.10945%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWeek 4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46.8662%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSafe surgical practices- prevention of retained foreign bodies in the surgical site\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46.0243%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTheoretical lecture, Brainstorming, Questions and Answers, Case study and discussion\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.10945%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWeek 5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46.8662%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrevention of falls\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46.0243%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTheoretical lecture, Brainstorming, and Questions and Answers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.10945%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWeek 6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46.8662%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrevention of pressure injuries\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46.0243%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTheoretical lecture, Brainstorming, and Questions and Answers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.10945%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWeek 7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46.8662%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnesthesia risks and complications\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46.0243%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTheoretical lecture, Brainstorming, Questions and Answers, Case study and discussion\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.10945%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWeek 8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46.8662%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTransfusion related-errors and associated advers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46.0243%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTheoretical lecture, Brainstorming, Questions and Answers, Case study and discussion\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.10945%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWeek 9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46.8662%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReporting in situations that threaten patient safety\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46.0243%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTheoretical lecture, Brainstorming, Questions and Answers, Case study and discussion\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.10945%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWeek 10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46.8662%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhysical, biological, chemical risk factors in the operating room\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46.0243%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTheoretical lecture, Brainstorming, Questions and Answers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.10945%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWeek 11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46.8662%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrevention of physical, biological, chemical risk factors in the operating room\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46.0243%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTheoretical lecture, Brainstorming, Questions and Answers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.10945%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWeek 12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46.8662%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProtection and prevention of occupational accidents in operating room\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46.0243%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTheoretical lecture, Brainstorming, Questions and Answers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.10945%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWeek 13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46.8662%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProtection and prevention of occupational diseases in operating room\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46.0243%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTheoretical lecture, Brainstorming, Questions and Answers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.10945%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWeek 14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46.8662%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDisaster planning and emergency preparedness in operating room\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46.0243%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTheoretical lecture, Brainstorming, Questions and Answers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.935454%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.17399%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46.8662%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46.0243%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"656\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 656px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2. Descriptive characteristics of the students\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 500px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean\u0026plusmn; SD \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 500px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHours of intership proram in opereating room\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.95 \u0026plusmn; 15.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.87 \u0026plusmn; 8.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 500px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 500px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGender\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Female\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Male\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e101\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 500px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEducation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; High school\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Health vocational high school\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 500px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWas the theoretical patient safety course sufficient?\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e117\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 500px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDid you encountered a situation that threatened patient safety in operating rooms?\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReporting this situation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 500px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDid you encountered a situation that threatened patient safety in operating rooms?\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e112\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"1087\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"11\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 1087px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3. Comparison of the Scores of Main- Sub-dimensions of H-PEPSS*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 387px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 255px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClassroom setting\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 255px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClinical setting\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStatistical analysis* Probability\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 387px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedian(Min-max)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Mean\u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedian(Min-max)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 387px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWorking in teams with other health professionals\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.03\u0026plusmn;0.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.00 (4.00-5.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.79\u0026plusmn;1.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.00(0.00-5.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZ =-3.047 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e p\u003cstrong\u003e=0.002\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 387px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCommunicating effectively\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.99\u0026plusmn;1.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.00(0.00-5.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.38\u0026plusmn;1.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.00(0.00-5.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZ =\u0026nbsp;-1.473\u003csup\u003ea \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003ep=0.141\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 387px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eManaging safety risks\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.99\u0026plusmn;1.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.00(0.00-5.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.78\u0026plusmn;1.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.00(0.00-5.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZ = -2.186\u003csup\u003ea \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep=0.029\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 387px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnderstanding human and environmental factors\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.92\u0026plusmn;1.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.00(0.67-5.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.79\u0026plusmn;1.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.00(0.00-5.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZ =-1.267 \u003csup\u003ea \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003ep=0.205\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 406px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRecognize, respond to and disclose adverse events and close calls\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.94\u0026plusmn;1.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.00(1.00-5.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.78\u0026plusmn;1.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.00(0.00-5.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZ =-2.194\u0026rsquo;a\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep=0.028\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 387px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCulture of Safety\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.86\u0026plusmn;1.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.64 \u0026plusmn; 1.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.00(0.00-5.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.00(0.00-5.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.53\u0026plusmn;1.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.75\u0026plusmn;1.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.00(0.00-5.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.00(0.00-5.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZ = -3.484\u003csup\u003ea\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep=0.000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZ = -8.950 \u003csup\u003ea\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep=0.000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"11\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 1087px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*Health Professional Education in Patient Safety Survey, a:Wilcoxon test. \u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"828\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 828px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCorrelation between the Subdimensions of the H-PEPSS* and Operating Room Internship Duration\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 452px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 348px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHours of intership proram in opereating room\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 452px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCorrelation**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 452px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClassroom\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 452px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWorking in teams with other health professionals\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003er\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.093\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.311\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 452px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCommunicating effectively\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003er\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.113\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.219\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 452px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eManaging safety risks\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003er\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.064\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.488\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 452px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnderstanding human and environmental factors\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003er\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.996\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 452px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRecognize, respond to and disclose adverse events and close calls\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003er\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.087\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.347\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 452px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCulture of safety\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003er\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.069\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.452\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 452px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClinical setting\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 452px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWorking in teams with other health professionals\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003er\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.087\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.347\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 452px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCommunicating effectively\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003er\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.085\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.355\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 452px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eManaging safety risks\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003er\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.050\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.589\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 452px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnderstanding human and environmental factors\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003er\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.277\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 452px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRecognize, respond to and disclose adverse events and close calls\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003er\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.186\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.042\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 452px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCulture of safety\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003er\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.116\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.207\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"1055\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"23\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 1055px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eComparison between Open-ended Questions Regarding Patient Safety and Scores of Main- Sub-dimensions of H-PEPSS*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 333px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 239px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWas the theoretical patient safety course sufficient?\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"9\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 209px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDid you encounter a situation that threatened patient safety?\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 233px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDid you report the situation that threatened patient safety?\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 333px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026plusmn; SD\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026plusmn; SD\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026plusmn; SD\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 333px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClassroom setting\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Working in teams with other health professionals\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4,03\u0026plusmn; 0,90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.88\u0026plusmn;0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.02\u0026plusmn;1.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.03\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/strong\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.50\u0026plusmn;2.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.06\u0026plusmn;0.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 333px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTest /p \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 239px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eU= -0.893/ p= 0.357\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"9\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 209px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eU= -0.538/ p=0.591\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 233px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eU= -1.390/ p=0.164\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 333px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Communicating effectively\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.98\u0026plusmn;1.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.33\u0026plusmn;0.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.00\u0026plusmn;1.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.99\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/strong\u003e1.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.00\u0026plusmn;2.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.01\u0026plusmn;1.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 333px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTest /p \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 239px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eU= -0.262/\u0026nbsp;p=0.794\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"9\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 209px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eU= -0.387/ p=0.698\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 233px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eU= -0.340/ p=0.734\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 333px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Managing safety risks\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.99\u0026plusmn;1.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.00\u0026plusmn;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.87\u0026plusmn;1.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.00\u0026plusmn;1.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.50\u0026plusmn;2.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.01\u0026plusmn;1.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 333px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTest /p \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 239px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eU= -0.495/ p=0.620\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"9\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 209px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eU= -0.071/0.944\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 233px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eU= -1.409/ p=0.159\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 333px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Understanding human and environmental factors \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.92\u0026plusmn;1.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.88\u0026plusmn;0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.08\u0026plusmn;1.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.91\u0026plusmn;1.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.00\u0026plusmn;2.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.94\u0026plusmn;1.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 333px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTest /p \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 239px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eU= -0.659/ p=0.510\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"9\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 209px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eU= -1.015/ p=0.310\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 233px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eU= -0.338/ p=0.735\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 333px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Recognize, respond to and disclose adverse events\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eand close calls\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.94\u0026plusmn;1.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.83\u0026plusmn;0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.09\u0026plusmn;1,36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.93\u0026plusmn;1.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.00\u0026plusmn;2.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.95\u0026plusmn;1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 333px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTest /p \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 239px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eU= -0.742/ p=0.458\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"9\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 209px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eU= -0.848/ p=0.397\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 233px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eU= -0.305/ p=0.760\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 333px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Culture of safety\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.85\u0026plusmn;1.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.00\u0026plusmn;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.12\u0026plusmn;1.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.84\u0026plusmn;1.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.87\u0026plusmn;2.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.87\u0026plusmn;1.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 333px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTest /p \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 239px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eU= -0.310/ p=0.767\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"9\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 209px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eU= -1.256/ p=0.209\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 233px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eU= -0.535/ p=0.592\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 333px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClinical setting\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Working in teams with other health professionals\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.78\u0026plusmn;1.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.88\u0026plusmn;0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 97px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.83\u0026plusmn;1.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.78\u0026plusmn;1.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.91\u0026plusmn;2.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.80\u0026plusmn;1.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 333px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTest /p\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 243px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eU= -0.383/ p=0.700\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"10\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 210px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eU=-0.394/ p=0.694\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 233px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eU=-0.311/ p=0.756\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 333px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Communicating effectively\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.87\u0026plusmn;1.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.00\u0026plusmn;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 97px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.91\u0026plusmn;1.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.87\u0026plusmn;1.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.00\u0026plusmn;2.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.88\u0026plusmn;1.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 333px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTest /p\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 243px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eU= -0.443/ p=0.657\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"10\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 210px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eU=-0.169/ p=0.866\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 233px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eU= -0.233/ p=0.816\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 333px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Managing safety risks\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.77\u0026plusmn;1.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.00\u0026plusmn;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 97px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.50\u0026plusmn;1.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.80\u0026plusmn;1.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.00\u0026plusmn;2.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.79\u0026plusmn;1.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 333px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTest /p\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 243px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eU= -0.184/ p=0.854\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"10\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 210px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eU=-0.055/ p=0.956\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 233px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eU=-0.245/ p=0.806\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 333px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Understanding human and environmental factors\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.79\u0026plusmn;1.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.88\u0026plusmn;0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 97px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.00\u0026plusmn;1.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.78\u0026plusmn;1.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.00\u0026plusmn;2.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.81\u0026plusmn;1.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 333px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTest /p\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 243px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eU= -0.559/ p=0.576\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"10\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 210px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eU=-0.733/ p=0.464\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 233px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eU= -0.13/ p=0.831\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 333px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Recognize, respond to and disclose adverse events and\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;close calls\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.00\u0026plusmn;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.84\u0026plusmn;1.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 97px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.84\u0026plusmn;1.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.78\u0026plusmn;1.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.87\u0026plusmn;2.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.80\u0026plusmn;1.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 333px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTest /p\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 243px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eU= -0.104/ p=0.918\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"10\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 210px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eU=-0.130/ p=0.897\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 233px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eU= -0.505/ p=0.613\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 333px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Culture of safety\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.52\u0026plusmn;.142\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.00\u0026plusmn;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 97px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.90\u0026plusmn;1.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.50\u0026plusmn;1.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.62\u0026plusmn;2.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.54\u0026plusmn;1.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 333px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTest /p\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 243px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eU= -.234/ p=0.815\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"10\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 210px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eU=-1.052/ p=0.293\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 233px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eU=-0.423/ p=0.673\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 333px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*\u0026nbsp;Health Professional Education in Patient Safety Survey, U=Mann Whitney U-Test\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-medical-education","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"meed","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Medical Education](http://bmcmededuc.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/meed/default.aspx","title":"BMC Medical Education","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Patient safety, Operating room, Patient safety education, Operating room internship, Healthcare students","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8541056/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8541056/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOperating rooms are among the most complex and high-risk healthcare environments, rendering patients particularly vulnerable to threats to patient safety. In addition to professional healthcare teams, healthcare students undertaking clinical internships are actively involved in care processes within these settings. This study aimed to evaluate perceived patient safety education outcomes among healthcare students undertaking an operating room internship.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted between 15 February and 15 June 2025 at the Operating Room Services and Anesthesia Programs of a Vocational School of Health Services in T\u0026uuml;rkiye. The sample consisted of 120 second-year healthcare students who were undertaking operating room internships and had completed the Patient Safety course during the 2024\u0026ndash;2025 academic year. Data were collected using a Descriptive Information Form and the Health Professional Education in Patient Safety Survey (H-PEPSS).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe H-PEPSS scores in the classroom setting were significantly higher than those in the clinical setting (Z\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;8.950, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). A statistically significant positive correlation was observed between the duration of operating room internship and the scores obtained from the \u0026ldquo;Recognize, respond to, and Disclose Adverse Events and Close Calls\u0026rdquo; subscale of the H-PEPSS in the clinical setting (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.186, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.042). Although some students reported witnessing patient safety\u0026ndash;threatening events during their internships, only one-quarter of these incidents were formally reported.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe findings suggest a need to extend the duration of operating room internships for healthcare students and to implement supportive, non-punitive strategies that encourage the reporting of patient safety\u0026ndash;threatening events. Further research involving students from diverse healthcare disciplines undertaking operating room internships is recommended.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Patient Safety Education Outcomes Among Healthcare Students Undertaking an Operating Room Internship: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-02-17 09:57:15","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8541056/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-02-11T06:53:22+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-01-08T08:23:54+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-01-08T08:23:10+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Medical Education","date":"2026-01-07T11:36:48+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-medical-education","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"meed","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Medical Education](http://bmcmededuc.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/meed/default.aspx","title":"BMC Medical Education","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"666c7438-a727-492d-b337-cb20e2333282","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 17th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-02-17T09:57:15+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-02-17 09:57:15","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8541056","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8541056","identity":"rs-8541056","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}