Environmental impact of petroleum pipelines on vegetation using LANDSAT 8 within Warri and environs, Southern Nigeria

Environmental impact of petroleum pipelines on vegetation using LANDSAT 8 within Warri and environs, Southern Nigeria | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Environmental impact of petroleum pipelines on vegetation using LANDSAT 8 within Warri and environs, Southern Nigeria Alex ENUNEKU, Anthony OKOH, Uwadea Gracious AIGBOGHO, Oziofu Ayamezimi EHINLAIYE This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4669702/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 3 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Nigeria is one of the largest oil producers in Africa, with a significant network of pipelines that transport crude oil and natural gas from extraction sites to refineries and export terminals. While pipelines are critical for the country's economy, they also have significant environmental impacts, both during construction and operation. This study was aimed at conducting an environmental impact of petroleum pipelines on vegetation using Landsat 8 within Warri and Environs, Southern Nigeria. The study area (latitude N5o14’23.9” to 6o3’3.6” and longitude E6o11’42.3” to E6o15’53.5”) covers pipeline route in and around Warri and environs. The pipeline runs west from Warri toward Ajudaibo, close to Escravos, southeast from Warri through Uzere, Ayagha among others and northwards through Okuabude, Ovade, Aragba Okpe, among others. The pipelines form a network of routes weaving through land use predominantly made up of vegetative forest, farmland, waterways and urban area. The pipelines are used to convey oil and gas to power stations, refineries, domestic outlets, export terminals, etc. Google Earth Engine (GEE) was used to access Landsat 8 data and generate Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) maps. After selecting Landsat 8 data set imagery, it was filtered using the date range − 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 and 2022. Results showed that NDVI values throughout the study ranged between − 0.56484 in 2017 to 0.83643 in 2017. NDVI value along the pipeline route ranged between − 0.29 in 2020 and 0.808 in 2017.Stressed vegetation was highest 2018 with coverage at 78.06 percent while no coverage was recorded for very healthy vegetation in 2015, 2018 and 2022.Stressed vegetation was occupied by 93.71% of the pipeline route in 2018 while dead plants occupy about 1.08 percent in 2017. Pipeline route occupied by dead plant has been constant between 2015 and 2022 with a slight rise in 2022. Decline in vegetation health along the pipeline route was observed in 2018, resulting in 829,152 hectares of land subjected to stress from pipeline hazard. Also, vegetative recovery started in 2019 and continued to 2021 especially as there was no pipeline accident reported. This study has provided information on the impact on pipelines on surrounding vegetation. Therefore, there is need for continuous monitoring of pipelines to forestall incidences of leakages and sustenance of vegetative growth. Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editor assigned by journal 05 Jul, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 05 Jul, 2024 First submitted to journal 01 Jul, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4669702","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":322964484,"identity":"0f14849c-082a-4194-a4f2-180ff8dc5967","order_by":0,"name":"Alex ENUNEKU","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Benin","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Alex","middleName":"","lastName":"ENUNEKU","suffix":""},{"id":322964486,"identity":"bf14d32e-5154-458d-8f2b-a3fdb5177cb2","order_by":1,"name":"Anthony OKOH","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Benin","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Anthony","middleName":"","lastName":"OKOH","suffix":""},{"id":322964487,"identity":"63ffb226-31f1-4b90-bc44-d40386cd3dc9","order_by":2,"name":"Uwadea Gracious AIGBOGHO","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABEUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYJACCRDBxsDDwMDYwCAH4hx4QIoWY7CWBGK0MEC1JDaA2Pi0GNxIfnjjQw2DPB//2oMPv+6wSZ8fdvgh0BY7Od0GXFrSjC1nHGMwbJN4l2wseyYtd+PtNAOglmRjswM4tNxOMJPmYWNgbJM4YyYt2XY4d+PsBJCWA4nbcGpJ/yb95x+DPUxLuuHs9A8EtOSYSTO2MSS28feYSX5sO5wgL52D3xbJ+2+KLXv7JJLbJPiSjRnb0gw3SOcUHEgwwO0XvjPHN9748c3Gdn7/2YMPf7bZyMvPTt/84UOFnRwuLVAAjBqJBAZmHpBTwSoN8CqHAv4DDIw/gLR8AzGqR8EoGAWjYCQBAFVnZJJEUMKeAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"University of Benin","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Uwadea","middleName":"Gracious","lastName":"AIGBOGHO","suffix":""},{"id":322964488,"identity":"44035825-acc2-4221-a0af-8c7cfa303052","order_by":3,"name":"Oziofu Ayamezimi EHINLAIYE","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Benin","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Oziofu","middleName":"Ayamezimi","lastName":"EHINLAIYE","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-07-01 17:51:05","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4669702/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4669702/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":61415385,"identity":"65ec0f08-b8a9-4255-818c-036102674c3d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-30 12:36:30","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2348794,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"AnthonyManuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4669702/v1_covered_dc4a05a0-25f4-41d3-b1ac-ac0b4cc0c5b7.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Environmental impact of petroleum pipelines on vegetation using LANDSAT 8 within Warri and environs, Southern Nigeria","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-toxicology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Toxicology](https://link.springer.com/journal/44339)","snPcode":"44339","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/44339/3","title":"Discover Toxicology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4669702/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4669702/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eNigeria is one of the largest oil producers in Africa, with a significant network of pipelines that transport crude oil and natural gas from extraction sites to refineries and export terminals. While pipelines are critical for the country's economy, they also have significant environmental impacts, both during construction and operation. This study was aimed at conducting an environmental impact of petroleum pipelines on vegetation using Landsat 8 within Warri and Environs, Southern Nigeria.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study area (latitude N5o14\u0026rsquo;23.9\u0026rdquo; to 6o3\u0026rsquo;3.6\u0026rdquo; and longitude E6o11\u0026rsquo;42.3\u0026rdquo; to E6o15\u0026rsquo;53.5\u0026rdquo;) covers pipeline route in and around Warri and environs. The pipeline runs west from Warri toward Ajudaibo, close to Escravos, southeast from Warri through Uzere, Ayagha among others and northwards through Okuabude, Ovade, Aragba Okpe, among others. The pipelines form a network of routes weaving through land use predominantly made up of vegetative forest, farmland, waterways and urban area. The pipelines are used to convey oil and gas to power stations, refineries, domestic outlets, export terminals, etc. Google Earth Engine (GEE) was used to access Landsat 8 data and generate Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) maps. After selecting Landsat 8 data set imagery, it was filtered using the date range \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 and 2022.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResults showed that NDVI values throughout the study ranged between \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.56484 in 2017 to 0.83643 in 2017. NDVI value along the pipeline route ranged between \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.29 in 2020 and 0.808 in 2017.Stressed vegetation was highest 2018 with coverage at 78.06 percent while no coverage was recorded for very healthy vegetation in 2015, 2018 and 2022.Stressed vegetation was occupied by 93.71% of the pipeline route in 2018 while dead plants occupy about 1.08 percent in 2017. Pipeline route occupied by dead plant has been constant between 2015 and 2022 with a slight rise in 2022. Decline in vegetation health along the pipeline route was observed in 2018, resulting in 829,152 hectares of land subjected to stress from pipeline hazard. Also, vegetative recovery started in 2019 and continued to 2021 especially as there was no pipeline accident reported. This study has provided information on the impact on pipelines on surrounding vegetation. Therefore, there is need for continuous monitoring of pipelines to forestall incidences of leakages and sustenance of vegetative growth.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Environmental impact of petroleum pipelines on vegetation using LANDSAT 8 within Warri and environs, Southern Nigeria","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-07-30 12:28:23","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4669702/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-07-05T05:03:01+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-07-05T05:02:34+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Discover Toxicology","date":"2024-07-01T17:48:18+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-toxicology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Toxicology](https://link.springer.com/journal/44339)","snPcode":"44339","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/44339/3","title":"Discover Toxicology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"49088ed3-7e18-4e8b-b1fa-15f2d895bcda","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 30th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-07-30T12:28:23+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-07-30 12:28:23","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4669702","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4669702","identity":"rs-4669702","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}