High-Speed Single Channel 16-QAM-OFDM UOWC System: Performance Evaluation for Various Types of Waters

High-Speed Single Channel 16-QAM-OFDM UOWC System: Performance Evaluation for Various Types of Waters | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article High-Speed Single Channel 16-QAM-OFDM UOWC System: Performance Evaluation for Various Types of Waters Mehtab Singh, Somia A. Abd El-Mottaleb, Abdellah Chehri, Ahmad Atieh, and 5 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7116822/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The expansion of marine engineering requires exploring high data transmission in underwater (UW) environments. In this paper, a high-speed underwater optical wireless communication (UOWC) system employing orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) with 16-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) to address the need for high data transmission in underwater (UW) environments is proposed. Utilizing a single laser diode (LD) source operating at a wavelength of 532 nm, chosen for its lower attenuation in UW conditions, the system employs carrier phase estimation to compensate for phase errors at the receiver. The performance of the system is evaluated across ten different types of waterbodies, considering metrics such as bit error rate (BER), UW range, error vector magnitude (EVM), received optical power (ROP), and constellation diagrams. Results indicate a transmission range of 11.75 m in pure sea (PS) and 11 m in Jerlov type I (JI) waters, with the lowest absorption and scattering coefficients. Conversely, the model achieves a 2.85 m range in harbor type II (HII) water, exhibiting the highest attenuation. At these ranges, ROP and EVM% measure approximately -28.7 dBm and 16%, respectively, with all values obtained at a BER below 3.8×10 −3 , which falls below the limit for hard-decision forward error correction. Underwater optical wireless communication systems orthogonal frequency division multiplexing quadrature amplitude modulation absorption and scattering coefficients error vector magnitude Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7116822","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":491255748,"identity":"3f6aaee2-a6a6-4cdb-b769-eb528636dc39","order_by":0,"name":"Mehtab Singh","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University Institute of Engineering","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mehtab","middleName":"","lastName":"Singh","suffix":""},{"id":491255749,"identity":"a5d0b6f9-4408-498e-a3e2-638c435e1ed5","order_by":1,"name":"Somia A. 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In this paper, a high-speed underwater optical wireless communication (UOWC) system employing orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) with 16-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) to address the need for high data transmission in underwater (UW) environments is proposed. Utilizing a single laser diode (LD) source operating at a wavelength of 532 nm, chosen for its lower attenuation in UW conditions, the system employs carrier phase estimation to compensate for phase errors at the receiver. The performance of the system is evaluated across ten different types of waterbodies, considering metrics such as bit error rate (BER), UW range, error vector magnitude (EVM), received optical power (ROP), and constellation diagrams. Results indicate a transmission range of 11.75 m in pure sea (PS) and 11 m in Jerlov type I (JI) waters, with the lowest absorption and scattering coefficients. Conversely, the model achieves a 2.85 m range in harbor type II (HII) water, exhibiting the highest attenuation. 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