Ensemble Deep Learning Model to Enhance Heart Disease Prediction

Ensemble Deep Learning Model to Enhance Heart Disease Prediction | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Ensemble Deep Learning Model to Enhance Heart Disease Prediction Abdullatif Ghallab, Rasha Alquhali, Saleh Alhazbi, Ali Zolait, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4761952/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Heart disease prediction (HDP) is one of the important medical issues that can lower health risks. Although several studies have been done on deep learning (DL) and machine learning (ML) algorithms, the accuracy of HDP needs to be improved. This study aimed to enhance HDP accuracy using a proposed stacking ensemble-deep learning (SE-DL) model. The SE-DL ensembled three pre-trained DL algorithms: recurrent neural network (RNN), long short-term memory (LSTM), and gated recurrent units (GRU). Furthermore, it also integrated with two stacking ML models: logistic regression (LR) and support vector machine (SVM), to improve the performance of HDP. Evaluating the effectiveness of the proposed model used four performance metrics: accuracy, recall, precision, and F1-score. The experimental results showed that the SE-DL model performed better than single DL and ML algorithms. When applied to the datasets without feature selection, it was better than with several feature selection methods. Physical sciences/Mathematics and computing/Computational science Health sciences/Diseases Health sciences/Medical research/Pre clinical studies Heart disease prediction Ensemble deep learning Machine learning Stacking ensemble Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4761952","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":516276873,"identity":"f3cae168-b60c-41e6-8293-f221f27fa4bd","order_by":0,"name":"Abdullatif Ghallab","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA20lEQVRIie3PrwrCQBzA8d84WJrmWZyPcGL0USw3Fq4omJYMA8Ek5vkW8w1+cuCKuLow8CzLS2JRvGkx7WYTvG+6P3z43QGYTL+YCxZKwP57Z7cjgAxwBEC+JH7UmniTpUS2KHiSZQhVKICmUTMZFgeK7FDOkjwAKz4pckQNiZkitlCEAOmsFMmZjvAK2UNwmgkg95qcpeYv7pSivxJqVgDEek1pFkDd6Rz9TTnc5gHdr0/c6R01D/NivpPVtfC62f4ib+G4301RM+Xzvl47A40AL9KfmEwm07/3BJLQUrPC1bbnAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"University of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Abdullatif","middleName":"","lastName":"Ghallab","suffix":""},{"id":516276876,"identity":"d6a3542d-79c3-42da-ad5d-be38187ecc3e","order_by":1,"name":"Rasha Alquhali","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Amran University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rasha","middleName":"","lastName":"Alquhali","suffix":""},{"id":516276877,"identity":"1d4ba912-0895-4143-8055-15d853a8e683","order_by":2,"name":"Saleh Alhazbi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Qatar University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Saleh","middleName":"","lastName":"Alhazbi","suffix":""},{"id":516276878,"identity":"d61d278c-cab3-4a18-8b90-ae73c92a57e3","order_by":3,"name":"Ali Zolait","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Bahrain","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ali","middleName":"","lastName":"Zolait","suffix":""},{"id":516276880,"identity":"d25a9e00-9859-46a9-bf8b-c86224e87cfb","order_by":4,"name":"Kamal Al-Sabahi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"College of Banking and Financial Studies","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kamal","middleName":"","lastName":"Al-Sabahi","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-07-18 10:42:41","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4761952/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4761952/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":94782907,"identity":"bc418d18-e1de-41ea-b2f6-a97dbc026da9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-30 16:04:24","extension":"json","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":6027,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"a36aa440f0604989952523d8825d40a8.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4761952/v1/17564591f9ddf35dca39be52.json"},{"id":96914498,"identity":"139ea726-8639-4471-b8e1-d47fe3b04dea","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:06:00","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":989034,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"revisedmanuscriptEDLMtoEnhanceHDP.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4761952/v1_covered_14b8af80-25ef-4e0f-b454-a05d112f7634.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Ensemble Deep Learning Model to Enhance Heart Disease Prediction","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Heart disease prediction, Ensemble deep learning, Machine learning, Stacking ensemble","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4761952/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4761952/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eHeart disease prediction (HDP) is one of the important medical issues that can lower health risks. 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