Adolescent Mental Well-Being and Household Food Security: insights from a cross sectional Study in Irewole Local Government Area, Osun State, Nigeria

Adolescent Mental Well-Being and Household Food Security: insights from a cross sectional Study in Irewole Local Government Area, Osun State, Nigeria | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Adolescent Mental Well-Being and Household Food Security: insights from a cross sectional Study in Irewole Local Government Area, Osun State, Nigeria Oluwabunmi Folorunso, Temitope Ojo, Adesanmi Akinsulore, Gideon Inyangudo This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6663137/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 25 Nov, 2025 Read the published version in BMC Public Health → Version 1 posted 12 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Adolescent growth and mental well-being can be influenced by access to food and nutrition, particularly in environments with limited resources. However, studies to unravel these associations, especially in developing countries like Nigeria, are crucial; therefore, more investigation is required to comprehend this association, particularly in Nigeria. Hence, this study was conducted in Osun State, Nigeria, to assess the relationship between adolescent mental health and household food security. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 400 heads of households and adolescents was conducted in Osun State, Nigeria, using a multistage sampling. The adolescents used the Mental Health Continuum Short Form (MHC-SF) to assess their mental well-being status, and the head of household used the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) to report the level of household food security. IBM SPSS version 25 was utilized for the analysis of the data. Results: Among the adolescents, 210 (51.7%) were male, with an average age of 15 ± 2.5 years. The majority (366; 90.1%) were in-school adolescents. One hundred and sixty-six (39.4%) were from households with low-wealth status. Most adolescents (308; 75%) belonged to severely food-insecure households. Also, 125 (30%) had flourishing mental well-being, 241 (59%) had mild mental well-being and 40 (9%) had languishing mental well-being. The odds of flourishing mental well-being were 13 times higher for those from food-secure households [OR: 13.1, 95% CI: 5.5–31.2, p < 0.001], and threefold for moderately food-insecure individuals [OR: 3.2, 95% CI: 1.7–6.2, p = 0.001], compared to their severely food-insecure counterparts. Conclusion: This research highlights the key role of household food security in adolescent mental well-being. Adolescents from food-insecure homes have significantly lower mental well-being. To address this, strategies should be implemented to improve household food production, provide comprehensive nutrition education, and integrate mental well-being assessments into school health programs, ensuring early identification and intervention. Household Food Security Mental Wellbeing Adolescents Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Background of the study According to the 2024 State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World study, 713–757 million people went hungry in 2023, which amounts to one in eleven people worldwide and one in five in Africa[1]. Apart from hunger, the research indicates that 900 million people experienced severe food insecurity, and 2.33 billion people faced moderate or severe food insecurity (1). By 2030, it is projected that over 582 million individuals will experience chronic undernourishment, with more than half of this population located in Africa [1]. In Nigeria, more than 31.8 million individuals are experiencing acute food insecurity, exacerbated by malnutrition among women and children. The 2024 Cadre Harmonise report indicates that the increase in food commodity prices, caused by the elimination of fuel subsidies and security issues, has jeopardized the livelihoods of millions of Nigerians [3]. Approximately 14% of homes with children and adolescents experienced food poverty, and evidence indicates that adults more frequently shield younger children from its impacts compared to older children or teenagers [3] Additionally, between 25% and 30% of teenagers from 95 countries reported going without food in the past 30 days due to insufficient food supplies, per the Global School-Based Student Health Survey [4]. Between the ages of 10 and 19, adolescence is a delicate time in a person's development, marked by intricate and quick changes in social, psychological, neurodevelopmental, and physical formation [5]. Poor adolescent growth is linked to food insecurity [4]. Teenagers who face food insecurity are more likely to exhibit negative behaviors, poor health, low scholastic attainment, bullying, and absence from school [6]. Due to the stress of food scarcity in families, adolescents who experience food insecurity may also be more likely to suffer from psychological discomfort, emotional imbalance, and depression, among other health issues that could have long-term effects [6]. According to the World Health Organization, [7], one in seven adolescents worldwide has impaired well-being, which amounts to 14% of the global burden of illness in this age group. Also, one in ten has a condition such as anxiety, depression, and even suicide that significantly affects them [8]. However, sufficient care is provided for only one-third of these young people, and therapy usually does not begin until 6 to 23 years after the illness first emerges, even though half of all serious adult psychiatric problems start before the age of 14 [9]. Nonetheless, investments in adolescent health pay off in three ways: better adolescent health today, a stronger economy tomorrow, and healthier parents who can have and raise children [7]. Therefore, adolescents must retain their best possible health [10]. Food insecurity in children (0–18 years old, with a concentration on children under 5 years old) has been extensively studied, but little is known about its prevalence, effects, and connection to mental health in teens (10–19 years old). This is because previous research has been based on responses from specific adolescents who provided information about the level of food security in their households [6]. However, the head of household or the adolescents' guidance must provide a household-level experience of food security as a better indicator to predict the health effects of the adolescents [4]. In addition, most research on adolescent mental wellbeing focuses on specific conditions such as anxiety and depression [11,12], neglecting mental health as a whole, which includes emotional, psychological, and social aspects and extends beyond the absence of mental disorders to include the ability to deal with life's challenges, effectively work, and contribute to society [13,14]. It is essential to have a deeper understanding of adolescent well-being, given its significant impact on academic performance, social interactions, future development, and mental health. Food security at the household level may play a role in shaping these outcomes. Therefore, using standardized and validated instruments, this study assessed household food security status and its association with mental well-being among adolescents in Osun State, Nigeria. Methodology Study Design and Settings The Irewole Local Government Area in Osun State, Nigeria, was the location of this cross-sectional study. Based on demographic projections derived from the 2006 Census, the area's current estimated population is 678, 717, with an estimated 162, 028 adolescents between the ages of 10 and 19 (Nigeria Population Commission, 2006). The majority of the community's population work in farming, which entails producing food crops because the land is suitable for planting plantains and root crops, however a small percentage also raise cattle. Study Population The study population comprised heads of households (the father, mother, or guardian) and adolescents between the ages of 10 and 19. The inclusion criteria were household heads with adolescents 10 and 19 who have resided in the Local Government Area for one year or more, while household heads without adolescents or adolescents living alone were excluded. Also, households that relocated into the community not up to one year ago were excluded. The study was conducted from November to December 2021. Sample size Determination Leslie Fischer's formula for estimating sample sizes for populations higher than 10,000 was used to find the minimal sample size. Where: n = desired sample size when population is greater than 10000 z = standard normal deviate at 95% confidence interval i.e. 1.96 p = Using the prevalence of adolescent food security in Borno, which was reported as being 37.8% in a prior study [16] q = 1-p d = 0.05, with level of significance set at 0.05 = 361.288 Since a 10% non-response rate was projected, a 400-person sample size was modified. Sample Size procedure This study employed a multistage sampling technique to obtain a representative sample of the teenagers. Four wards were initially chosen from the eleven wards in the local government area via simple random selection, sometimes known as balloting. From each of the wards selected, five streets were further selected by balloting, totaling twenty streets. Following this, a mapping exercise was conducted to identify households with adolescents within the selected streets. Twenty houses were then selected via systematic sampling, beginning with a randomly chosen building and proceeding clockwise, with every alternate building being included until twenty eligible respondents were recruited. Finally, in households with more than one eligible adolescent, one respondent was randomly selected through balloting. In communities where fewer than twenty eligible respondents were found, recruitment continued in contiguous communities to achieve the required sample size Data Collection Instrument Using Kobo-collect software on Android devices, a semi-structured questionnaire was created. There were three parts to the questionnaire. The respondents' demographic information is in Section A, the Household Food Security Access Scale is in Section B, and the Mental Health Continuum Short Form (MHC-SF), which was used to evaluate teenagers' mental health, is in Section C. Questionnaire The Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) was developed and validated by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) [17], and has been used to measure food security among households in previous studies [18, 19, 20]. Based on respondents' experiences during the previous 30 days, the scale divides households into four categories of food insecurity: food secure, slightly, moderately, and severely food insecure. Nine questions about the prevalence of food insecurity conditions make up the HFIAS, and respondents are asked to indicate whether or not they have encountered each condition. With the response set ranging from (1-2 times) to often (more than 10 times), which correspond to numerical values 1 to 3, frequency was also assessed for yes responses. The HFIAS score that is generated, which can range from 0 to 27, is a composite score of household food insecurity, with higher scores reflecting more insecurity [21, 22] Mental wellbeing: The Mental Health Continuum for Adolescents short form was used to assess the respondents' mental health [20]. Mental well-being was measured using a brief scale called the 14-item Mental Health Continuum-Short Form (MHC-SF) [23]. The scale is divided into three sections: social well-being (5 items), psychological well-being (6 items), and emotional well-being (3 items). These items all deal with some domains of positive mental health, and participants indicate how frequently they felt each domain. The MHC-SF also provides an overall indicator of mental well-being with individuals being classified as thriving or languishing based on their response on the three domains of the MHC-SF [24] Pretesting and validity, and reliability of the research instrument The research instrument (questionnaire) was pretested among households in Ife Central Local Government, which is outside the study area. A total of 10% sample size was used. This pretest was conducted to address any ambiguity and ensure that the questions were appropriate for the study. Data management Before undertaking additional analysis, all questionnaires were reviewed for completeness and consistency following data collection. The data was downloaded into Excel and then exported to the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25 for further analysis. Descriptive statistics such as frequency, proportion, mean, and standard deviation were used to characterize the traits of research participants. To ascertain associations between the dependent and independent variables, the chi-squared test was employed. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis were used to identify the variables associated with mental health. Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were used to determine the link between independent and dependent factors. For all analyses, a p < 0.05 was consider significant. Results Socio-demographic characteristics Two hundred and ten (51.7%) of the adolescents were male. The average age of adolescents was 15 ± 2.5years, with 14–16 years having the highest frequency (170;44.1%). Most (366; 90.1%) of the adolescents currently attend school. Among the in-school adolescents, 202(55.2%) were in senior classes while 164 (44.8%) were in junior classes. The majority (307;75.6%) of adolescents reported having between 1–6 members in their household and 299 (73.6%) of the adolescents reported having an average of 4 (SD = 2) children in the family. For the household wealth index, 166 (39.4%) of the adolescents were from households with low wealth status. Improved water supply was available in 266 (65%) households, while 253 (62.56%) of the adolescents were from households with improved toilet facilities. (Table 1 ) Table 1 The distribution of sociodemographic characteristics of adolescents in Irewole Local Government Area Sociodemographic characteristics (N = 406) Frequency Percentage (%) Gender Male 210 51.7 Female 196 48.3 Age in years (mean = 15.0 ± 2.5) 10–13 104 25.6 14–16 179 44.1 17–19 123 30.3 Enrollment status In school 366 90.1 Out of school 40 9.9 Current class for in-school adolescents (n = 366) Junior secondary school 164 44.8 Senior secondary school 202 55.2 Ethnicity Yoruba 394 97.0 Others 12 3.0 Religion Christianity 118 29.1 Islam 286 70.4 Traditional 2 0.5 Family type Polygamous 211 52.0 Monogamous 195 48.0 Household size (mean = 6.0, SD = 2) 1–6 307 75.6 7–15 99 24.4 Number of children in the family (mean = 4.0, SD = 2) 1–4 299 73.6 5–13 107 26.4 Household wealth status Low 160 39.4 Middle 117 28.8 high 129 31.8 Water supply Not improved 140 34.5 Improved 266 65.5 Toilet facility Not improved 153 37.7 Improved 253 62.3 Water supply: not improved- water from stream, river, spring, open well, lake/ Improved water supply- water source from tap or bore hole or covered well , Toilet facility: not improved: open defecation, open pit, pit latrine, etc/ improved toilet facility: pour-flush to pipe sewer system, septic tank pit latrine, ventilated improved pit latrine, pit latrine with slab Figure 1 Household Food Security Status of Adolescents in Irewole Local Government Area, Osun State, Nigeria. The distribution of households' food security status according to the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale is shown in Fig. 2 . While 308 homes (74.9%) experienced severe food insecurity, 49 households (12.1%) experienced moderate food insecurity, 10 households (2.5%), and 29 households (9.6%) had access to adequate food. The mental well-being of adolescents across the domains of the MHC-SF is shown in Table 2 . One hundred and eight (26.6%) of the adolescents reported that they feel happy once or twice per week, 127(31.3%) reported feeling interested in life four times per week, and 149(36.7%) reported feeling satisfied with life almost every day. However, more than half (211;52%) of participants said they feel a sense of purpose or direction in life almost five times in a week. Table 2 Frequency of mental wellbeing of adolescents. Feelings during the past month. 0 1 2 3 4 5 Happy 2 (0.5) 108 (26.6) 68 (16.7) 50 (12.3) 78 (19.2) 100 (24.6) Interested in life 7 (1.7) 42 (10.3) 76 (18.7) 89 (21.9) 127 (31.3) 65 (16.0) Satisfied with life 15 (3.7) 35 (8.6) 70 (17.2) 92 (22.7) 149 (36.7) 45 (11.1) Had something important to contribute to society 9 (2.2) 48 (11.8) 74 (18.2) 91 (22.4) 141 (34.7) 43 (10.6) Belonged to a community (like a social group, your school, or your neighborhood) 11 (2.7) 65 (16.0) 68 (16.7) 111 (27.3) 122 (30.0) 29 (7.1) Society is a good place, or is becoming a better place, for all people 58 (14.3) 120 (29.6) 51 (12.6) 60 (14.8) 93 (22.9) 24 (5.9) People are basically good 5 (1.2) 25 (6.2) 68 (16.7) 115 (28.3) 154 (37.9) 39 (9.6) The way our society works made sense 66 (16.3) 96 (23.6) 65 (16.0) 80 (19.7) 85 (20.9) 14 (3.4) Liked most parts of one personality 0 (0.0) 37 (9.1) 59 (14.5) 104 (25.6) 169 (41.6) 37 (9.1) Good at managing the responsibilities of one daily life 1 (0.2) 31 (7.6) 64 (15.8) 105 (25.9) 177 (43.6) 28 (6.9) Had warm and trusting relationships with others 0 (0.0) 29 (7.1) 60 (14.8) 121 (29.8) 161 (39.7) 35 (8.6) Had experiences that challenged you to grow and become a better person 3 (0.7) 33 (8.1) 64 (15.8) 106 (26.1) 171 (42.1) 29 (7.1) Confident to think or express your own ideas and opinions 3 (0.7) 17 (4.2) 45 (11.1) 79 (19.5) 217 (53.4) 45 (11.1) Life has a sense of direction or meaning to it 0 (0.0) 23 (5.7) 42 (10.3) 69 (17.0) 211 (52) 61 (15.0) Never = 0, Once/twice = 1, about once a week = 2, 2/3 times a week = 3, almost every day = 4, Everyday = 5 Figure 2 shows the mental well-being of adolescents. More than half (241; 59.4%) of adolescents had mildly flourishing mental wellbeing, followed by flourishing mental wellbeing (125; 30.8%), and only a few (40; 9.8%) had languishing mental wellbeing. Table 3 shows the association between sociodemographic characteristics and household food security status among adolescents. A higher proportion of males, 199(94.8%) as compared to females, 168(85.7%), were from food insecure households, and this was statistically significant (p = 0.002). Among in-school adolescents, a higher proportion of junior school students, 153(93.3%), were from food insecure households, and this was also statistically significant (p = 0.038). Most adolescents, 157(98.1%) from households with low wealth index, were food insecure (p < 0.001). In addition, more adolescents from households with improved water facilities had food insecurity (p = 0.004), while 223(88.2%) were from households with improved water facilities, which was statistically significant (p < 0.001). However, there was no statistically significant association between household food insecurity and age, enrollment status, family type, religion, household size as well as number of children. Table 3 Association between Sociodemographic and household food security among adolescents in Irewole LGA, Ikire, Osun State. Characteristics Food Secure n (%) Food insecure n (%) Chi-square ( x 2 ) p-value Gender Male 11 (5.2) 199 (94.8) 9.557 0.002* Female 28 (14.3) 168 (85.7) Age (in years) 10–13 (early) 9 (8.7) 95 (91.4) 1.782 0.410 14–16 (middle) 21 (11.7) 158 (88.3) 17–19 (late) 9 (7.3) 114 (92.7) Enrollment status In school 38 (10.4) 328 (89.6) 2.580 0.108 Out of school 1 (2.5) 38 (97.5) Class for the in-school adolescent Junior 11 (6.7) 153 (93.3) 4.314 0.038* Senior 27 (13.4) 175 (86.6) Family type Polygamous 19 (9.0) 192 (91.0) 0.183 0.669 Monogamous 20 (10.3) 175 (89.7) Religion Christianity 14 (11.9) 104 (88.1) Islam 25 (8.7) 261 (91.3) 1.152 0.562 Traditional 0 (0.0) 2 (100.0) Household size 1–6 33 (10.7) 274 (89.3) 1.895 0.169 7–15 6 (6.1) 93 (93.9) Number of children 1–4 33 (11.0) 226 (89.0) 2.675 0.102 5–13 6 (5.6) 101 (94.4) Wealth index Low 3 (1.9) 157 (98.1) 27.697 p < 0.001* Middle 10 (8.6) 107 (91.4) High 26 (20.2) 103 (79.8) Water supply Improved 8 (5.7) 132 (94.3) 3.727 0.044* Not improved 31 (11.7) 235 (88.4) Toilet facility Unimproved 9(5.9) 144(95.1) 19.040 0.001* Improved 30(11.8) 223(88.2) Water supply: not improved- water from stream, river, spring, open well, lake/ Improved water supply- water source from tap or bore hole or covered well , Toilet facility: not improved: open defecation, open pit, pit latrine, etc/ improved toilet facility: pour-flush to pipe sewer system, septic tank pit latrine, ventilated improved pit latrine, pit latrine with slab Table 4 presents the association between sociodemographic characteristics, household food security status and mental well-being of adolescents. A higher proportion of female adolescents 76, 38.8%) had flourishing mental wellbeing as compared with males 49, 23.3%), and this was statistically significant (p < 0.001). More in-school adolescents 119(32.5%) had flourishing mental wellbeing as compared with out-of-school adolescents (6;15%), and this was statistically significant (p = 0.035). Also, a higher proportion of adolescents from households with low wealth index had languishing mental wellbeing, and this was statistically significant (p = 0.003). In addition, a higher proportion of adolescents from households with improved water source and toilet facility had flourishing mental wellbeing (p = 0.011, p = 0.014) respectively, and a higher percentage of adolescents from families that had access to food had flourishing mental wellness, which was statistically significant (p = 0.001). Also, it was discovered that there was a dose-response relationship between food insecurity and mental well-being, with a steady fall in thriving mental well-being as food insecurity increased Table 4 Association between sociodemographic characteristics, household food security status, and mental wellbeing of adolescents in the study area. Characteristics Languishing n (%) Mildly flourishing n(%) Flourishing n (%) Chi-square ( x 2 ) p-value Gender Male 18 (8.6) 143 (68.1) 49 (23.3) 14.169 0.001* Female 22 (11.2) 98 (50.0) 76 (38.8) Age (in years) 10–13 (early) 13 (12.5) 57 (54.8) 34 (32.7) 3.113 0.539 14–16 (middle) 17 (9.5) 104 (58.1) 58 (32.4) 17–19 (late) 10 (8.1) 80 (65.0) 33 (26.8) Enrollment status In school 33 (9.0) 214 (58.5) 119 (32.5) 6.722 0.035* Out of school 7 (17.5) 27 (67.5) 6 (15.0) Class for the in-school Junior 20 (12.2) 98 (59.8) 46 (28.1) 5.236 0.073 Senior 13 (6.4) 116 (57.4) 73 (36.1) Family type Polygamous 23 (10.9) 130 (61.6) 58 (27.5) 2.419 0.298 Monogamous 17 (8.7) 111 (56.9) 67 (34.4) Household size 1–6 33 (10.8) 178 (57.9) 96 (31.3) 1.527 0.466 7–15 7 (7.1) 63 (63.6) 29 (29.3) Number of children 1–4 32 (10.7) 173 (57.9) 94 (31.4) 1.418 0.492 5–13 8 (7.5) 68 (63.6) 31 (28.9) Parents’ wealth status Low 22 (13.8) 106 (66.3) 32 (20.0) 16.424 0.003* Middle 8 (6.8) 63 (53.9) 46 (39.3) High 10 (7.8) 72 (55.8) 47 (36.4) Water supply Unimproved 19 (13.6) 90 (64.3) 31 (22.1) 9.061 0.011* Improved 21 (7.9) 151 (56.8) 94 (35.3) Toilet facility Unimproved 20 (13.1) 98 (64.0) 35 (22.9) 8.487 0.014* Improved 20 (7.9) 143 (56.5) 90 (35.6) HFIAS Food secure 2 (5.1) 7 (17.9) 30 (76.9) Mildly food insecure 0 (0.0) 5 (50.0) 5 (50.0) 58.290 p < 0.001* Moderately food insecure 6 (12.2) 21 (42.9) 22 (44.9) Severely food insecure 32 (10.4) 208 (67.5) 68 (22.1) Using multinomial logistic regression analysis to determine the association between socio-demographic characteristics and mental well-being (Mildly Flourishing Mental Well-being as Base Outcome) of adolescents in Table 5 , when compared to adolescents from food-secure families, adolescents from moderately food insecure households had a nearly four-fold lower likelihood of having thriving mental health (RRR = 0.258; CI = 0.089–0.749; p = 0.013). Additionally, as compared to adolescents from food secure families, adolescents from severely food insecure households had a nearly 11-fold higher likelihood of having languishing mental well-being RRR = 0. 0.087; CI = 0.033–0.225; p 0.001). Female adolescents were about twice as likely as their male counterparts to have flourishing mental wellbeing [RRR = 2.212; Cl = 1.165–3.585; p0.001] and adolescents from middle-class households were about twice as likely as those from low-class households to have flourishing mental wellbeing [RRR = 2.259; Cl = 1.020–3.879; p = 0.013]. Compared to adolescents from food-secure families, adolescents from mildly food-insecure households had a slightly lower likelihood of having a mildly thriving mental health (RRR = 0.233; CI = 0.053–1.033; p = 0.045). Additionally, adolescents from households with moderate food insecurity were about 4.1 times [RRR = 0.244 CI = 0.088–0.676; p = 0.007] less likely to have flourishing mental well-being than those from households with food security, and adolescents from severely food insecure households were thirteen times [RRR = 0.076 CI = 0.032–0.182; p0.001] less likely to have a flourishing mental wellbeing. Table 5 Socio-demographic characteristics, Household food security status on mental wellbeing among adolescents of Irewole LGA, Ikire, Osun State Languishing Flourishing RRR 95% CI p-value RRR 95% CI p-value HFAIS Food secure RC 1 RC 1 Mildly food insecure 0.011 0.001–0.129 0.992 0.256 0.049–1.316 0.103 Moderately food insecure 1.070 0.166–6.903 0.943 0.258 0.089–0.749 0.013* Severely food insecure 0.418 0.075–2.340 0.321 0.087 0.033–0.225 0.001* Gender Male RC 1 RC 1 Female 1.799 0.838–3.858 0.132 2.212 1.165–3.585 0.001* Age in years (mean = 15.0 ± 2.5) 10–13 (early) RC 1 RC 1 14–16 (middle) 0.768 0.297–1.989 0.587 0.652 0.323–1.315 0.232 17–19 (late) 0.458 0.108–1.945 0.290 0 .545 0.228–1.301 0.172 Current class for the in-school Junior RC 1 RC Senior 0.681 0.249–1.864 0.455 1.305 0.663–2.568 0.441 Family type Polygamous RC 1 RC 1 Monogamous 1.120 0.523–2.401 0.770 1.268 0.783–2.055 0.334 Household size 1–6 RC 1 RC 1 7–15 0.443 0.040–4.872 0.506 1.016 0.196–5.264 0.985 Number of children in the family 1–4 RC 1 RC 1 5–13 0.793 0.089–7.083 0.835 0.984 0.163–3.871 0.775 Wealth index Low RC 1 RC 1 Middle 1.033 0.362–2.945 0.951 2.259 1.020–3.879 0.013* High 1.104 0.401–3.037 0.848 1.396 0.720–2.707 0.323 Water supply Unimproved RC 1 RC 1 Improved 0.614 0.286–1.320 0.212 1.549 0.916–2.617 0.102 Toilet facility Unimproved RC 1 RC 1 Improved 0.852 0.363–1.998 0.713 1.606 0.903–2.858 0.107 NB: (mildly flourishing mental wellbeing as base outcome)*Significant at 95% confidence level, RRR = Relative Risk Ratio, RC = reference category Discussion This community-based study looked at the connection between teenage mental health and household food security. Three-quarters of the households in this survey experienced food insecurity, indicating that it was a common occurrence. These findings are in contrast with studies conducted in develop countries with lower rates of food insecurity, such as the USA 19.3%; [ 23 ]; Canada 5.9%; [ 24 ]; France 8.5% [ 25 ], Ethiopia 9% [ 29 ], and South Africa 9% [ 25 ], although the findings in India, indicated that nearly 50% of homes experienced food insecurity and that only 4.5% of households did so severely, the study from on food insecurity in india is much higher than this current study this report made the level of food security in the study [ 30 ]. This study was carried out when the lockdowns had just been eased nationally and internationally during the COVID-19 pandemic, which may help to explain why the results of the prior study were higher. Households had to rely on every resource at their disposal to survive during the pandemic lockdown. Only one-tenth of household in this current study were food secure in contrast to the previous study conducted in Lagos State, which reported in households with adolescents, the prevalence of household food insecurity was 15.9%, 8.0%, and 4.6% for mildly, moderately, and severely food insecure families, respectively, while majority (71.6%) were food secure [ 6 ]. However, this current study took place when the national locked down has just been eased due to Covid-19 pandemic, which may be responsible for high food insecurity level in this local government at this period, which may predict the contrast in the two studies. But the proportion of the world's population living in extreme poverty is highest in Nigeria [ 31 ]. In 2019 Nigeria, ranked 94th out of 113 countries in the Global Food Security Index (GFSI). Food insecurity in Nigeria is compounded by the insecurity experienced in the North-central and North east region of the country as they produce a sizable protion of food consume in the country [ 31 ]. Almost all adolescents with a poor household wealth index were severely food insecure; this is consistent with the study conducted in Pakistan among small farming households [ 32 ] and in the US, where adolescents from poor household wealth index were food insecure. In this study, there is a significant association between household food security and gender, class, wealth index, and water supply. Numerous factors, including a lack of resources and challenging market access, which are pervasive in developing countries, might contribute to this homogeneity [ 32 ] The current study revealed a social gradient in food insecurity, with almost all male adolescents being severely food insecure compared to four-fifths of female adolescents. This contrast earlier studies on adolescents conducted in Lagos, Nigeria, where adolescents were assessed at their schools and asked how secure their families' access to food was, it was indicated in the study that 56.9% of the male and 48.0% of the female were food insecure [ 6 ]. Across all sociodemographic groupings, adolescents' worries about food security have risen in the household [ 33 ]. Although the adolescents may not have the full knowledge of individual households' food security, and also due to social bias or because the respondents were too ashamed to be entirely honest, this survey may not have accurately reflected the situation in the home [ 34 ]. Compared to similar age groups in studies in Quebec, Canada, where languishing mental wellbeing was found to be at 4.7 percent [ 35 ], the prevalence of languishing mental wellbeing was higher in this study. Nonetheless, it aligns with research conducted in Nigeria, which revealed that 30% of the population had flourishing mental well-being [ 36 ]. While the Sub-Saharan Africa is the study's location, and "COVID-19 has interrupted many programs that promote healthy life among adolescents (e.g., schools and school meals programs)." The COVID-19 pandemic and other shocks, such as environmental disasters and civil disturbance, disproportionately affect adolescents who have the fewest resources to promote their healthy development in their homes, communities, and countries [ 37 ]. Most adolescents with household food security had flourishing mental well-being. Data from the Canadian Population Survey analysis show that adolescents who live in food-secure homes are substantially less likely to experience anxiety and mood disorders, depressive symptoms, and suicidal thoughts [35; 11]. Also, adolescents from homes with food security were less likely to have chronic depressive and anxious symptoms in the US [ 25 ]. Adolescents with moderate food insecurity had 61.3 percent odds of having flourishing mental well-being, whereas adolescents in food-secure households and adolescents with severe food insecurity had a 53.4% lower chance of having flourishing mental well-being. Nine percent of young adults (18 to 24 years old) without food insecurity who participated in the 2007–2008 Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) indicated having a diagnosis of depression or anxiety illness. However, among those who experienced significant food insecurity, these percentages rose to 16 percent, 22 percent, and 40 percent, suggesting that there may have been changes in the respondents' sociodemographic characteristics or living conditions [ 39 ]. In the association between sociodemographic characteristics and mental well-being of adolescents, gender, enrollment status, parents’ socioeconomic status, water supply, and toilet facility have a significant association with the mental well-being of adolescents. This study further showed that one-third of female adolescents were more flourishing in their well-being compared to one-fifth of male adolescents. Keyes (2006) found that among American kids, "flourishing was the most prevalent diagnosis among female adolescents ages 12–14; mild mental wellbeing was the most prevalent diagnosis among female youth ages 15–18 [ 40 ]." This data supports these findings. The results of a study conducted by Gina et al. (2021) among adolescents in Norway, which took into consideration the five C's (Competence, Confidence, Character, Caring, and Connection) influence on positive youth development and wellbeing, revealed significant gender differences for young people's wellbeing. For example, high competence was linked to less instability and better wellbeing, while boys' competence had a negative influence on anxiety (i.e., the more competent, the more anxiety symptoms boys had) [ 41 ]. These results support the findings of Burke et al. (2016), who studied children and adolescents in the United States and found that adolescents from marginally food-secure households were more likely to have poor mental wellbeing with impairment [ 42 ]. Adolescents from moderately food insecure households were nearly four times less likely to have flourishing mental wellbeing than adolescents from food secure households. Furthermore, compared to adolescents from food-secure households, those from highly food-insecure households had a nearly 11-times lower likelihood of having flourishing mental wellbeing. Burke et al. (2016) observed that "Households with very low food security were markedly more deprived than other food-insecure households and it is within these households that hunger is most likely to exist [ 43 ]." Adolescent females were roughly twice as likely as their male counterparts to have flourishing mental wellness. Adolescent girls are thought to be better shielded from food insecurity than boys, and it is conceivable that this protection could lower the likelihood of mental health issues in girls as opposed to boys [ 2 ]. Also, adolescents from households with middle-wealth status were about two times more likely to have flourishing mental wellbeing as compared to their counterparts in low wealth status households, this is particularly so with the study conducted among households of low-income family in the United State where parent reporting child food insecurity had greater mental wellbeing when compare with food insecure household [ 13 ]. Conclusion Compared to earlier studies, this research showed that respondents in households experienced far greater levels of severe food insecurity. Male adolescents, adolescents who were not enrolled in school, adolescents from households with a low wealth index, adolescents from households with severe food insecurity, and respondents with poor mental health were also more likely to experience languishing. Although an association between food insecurity and poor mental well-being was indicated in this study, a causal relationship could not be established due to the limitations of a cross-sectional study, suggesting that more research in this area is necessary to establish a causal relationship. Recommendation Given the high prevalence of food insecurity and its significant association with poor mental well-being among adolescents in this study, the following recommendations are proposed: Implementation of Targeted Food Assistance Programs: Government and non-governmental organizations should prioritize interventions that address food insecurity in semi-urban and rural communities, particularly through school feeding programs, food vouchers, and community food banks. These interventions should target households with adolescents, especially those with low socioeconomic status, to help alleviate the psychological burden associated with food scarcity. Integration of Mental Health Support into Adolescent Health Services: Mental health screening and support services should be incorporated into existing adolescent health and school-based programs, and special attention should be paid to vulnerable subgroups, such as male adolescents, those out of school, and those from households with low wealth index. Counseling, life skills training, and peer support initiatives can help enhance resilience and promote flourishing mental well-being despite socioeconomic challenges. Limitation This study highlights the need for a longitudinal survey in order to prove a link between the degree of food security and the mental health of adolescents. To fully understand the influence of food security on mental health, comprehensive policies addressing food production and its value chain must be devised and executed, despite the subregion's limited study. Abbreviations HHFIAS: Household Food Insecurity Access Scale MHC-SF : Mental Health Continuum Short Form GFSI: Global Food Security Index WHO : World Health Organization AOR: Adjusted Odds Ratio CI: Confidence Interval SPSS: Statistical Package for Social Sciences Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate The Institute of Public Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife Ethics Review Committee (IPHREC) gave its ethical approval for the study's conduct (Ref Number: IPH/OAU/12/1854). The study was also allowed to be conducted in the area by the Irewole LGA Office. Furthermore, the study was carried out in accordance with the ethical guidelines established by the Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent revisions or similar guidelines (44). Teenagers under the age of eighteen gave their agreement, while those eighteen and older gave their informed consent. The heads of the family or the legal guardians of the teenagers signed an informed consent form. The purpose of the study and its advantages were explained to the participants before they signed the informed consent form. They were made aware of their freedom to take part in the study or to leave at any moment if they so desired. One of the study's advantages for the participant was a complimentary nutrition evaluation. All the participants were assured of confidentiality. Data were anonymized and stored in a passworded computer only accessible to the authorized members of the research team . Consent for publication Not applicable. Availability of data and materials Data is available upon request from the corresponding author. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Funding This study was self-sponsored for the purpose of a Master's of Public Health Research and did not receive any funding. Authors’ contributions Oluwabunmi Emmanuel FOLORUNSO, Temitope Olumuyiwa OJO, Adesanmi AKINSULORE and Gideon INYANGUDO contributed significantly to the conception and design, participated in the writing of the article, and critically revised it for important intellectual content; agreed to submit it to the current journal; gave final approval of the version to be published; and agreed to be responsible for all aspects of the work. Acknowledgments I would like to acknowledge those who contributed to the success of the study, including the respondents and the research assistants in this study, for their support. Author details Folorunso O.E., Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Medical Science, Ondo City, Ondo State, Nigeria. Email Address: [email protected] ( Corresponding Author ) Ojo T.O., Department of Community Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria. Email Adress: [email protected] Akinsulore, A., Department of Mental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria. Email Address: [email protected] Inyangudo, G., Department of Community Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria. Email Adress: [email protected] References FAO; IFAD; UNICEF; WFP; WHO; (2023). The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2023. In The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2023 . FAO; IFAD; UNICEF; WFP; WHO; https://doi.org/10.4060/cc3017en FAO; WFP; CILLS; NPFS. (2024). Cadre Harmonise for Identification of Risk Areas and Vulnerable Population in the Sahel and West Africa NIGERIA Results of Food and Nutrition Insecurity (FNI) Analysis for Current Period . Coleman-Jensen, A., Rabbitt, M. P., Gregory, C., & Singh, A. (2016). Household food security in the United States in 2014. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6663137","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":478376101,"identity":"a0d915f7-b4f1-43fc-8cb5-8edf57c706a0","order_by":0,"name":"Oluwabunmi Folorunso","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABEklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACdgY2EMUD48vwszcfANISMji1MKNp4ZHsOZYA0sKDSwdMCxzwGNzIMUAxBB3wM/OYPebdsU2GX+x04ufCNhugLWc+v7pRY8HDwH746AYsWiSbecyNec/c5pGcnbtZemZbGg8/e+8265xjQIfxpKXdwKLF4DCPmTRv220eg9u5G4CMw0Bbzm4zzmEDapHgMcOrxf527ubfvG3/QX55ZpzzjwgtBtK524CMAyAtzI9z23BrkWxmKzecC9QicTt3mzXPuWRQIJsx5/ZJ8LDh8Asw4rY9eNt2254f6P3bPGV2ckCRx59zvtUBGYePYdOCFbBJgElilYMA8wdSVI+CUTAKRsGwBwCrNFtsz35bUAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"University Of Medical Science, Ondo City, Ondo State","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Oluwabunmi","middleName":"","lastName":"Folorunso","suffix":""},{"id":478376105,"identity":"5ac00eb0-adce-46ee-961e-8d43278ac293","order_by":1,"name":"Temitope Ojo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State.","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Temitope","middleName":"","lastName":"Ojo","suffix":""},{"id":478376108,"identity":"cd5106d8-f862-4740-a1e6-a641d9a286ae","order_by":2,"name":"Adesanmi Akinsulore","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State.","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Adesanmi","middleName":"","lastName":"Akinsulore","suffix":""},{"id":478376109,"identity":"8ff26f0a-d21e-4f38-8f0a-9f210a380aec","order_by":3,"name":"Gideon Inyangudo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State.","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Gideon","middleName":"","lastName":"Inyangudo","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-05-14 10:23:24","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6663137/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6663137/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-25702-9","type":"published","date":"2025-11-25T15:57:49+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":85747829,"identity":"05fc6c47-60f4-46ab-9377-4485acf52b24","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-01 09:39:13","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":42825,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDistribution of Household Food Insecurity status among respondents\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6663137/v1/ed5115d4f840ea9c64fde21d.jpg"},{"id":85747830,"identity":"df6e565b-1cb3-4967-99c9-94da0b46d1ff","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-01 09:39:13","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":36325,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMental wellbeing among adolescents.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6663137/v1/ea4834ae56e8cd8b37a21440.jpg"},{"id":97178384,"identity":"26c8d38d-12c6-452e-bd81-cb8c6f39bef6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-01 16:09:28","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2057864,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6663137/v1/7f225f86-78ee-4f83-9cc1-3159293b81eb.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Adolescent Mental Well-Being and Household Food Security: insights from a cross sectional Study in Irewole Local Government Area, Osun State, Nigeria","fulltext":[{"header":"Background of the study ","content":"\u003cp\u003eAccording to the 2024 State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World study, 713\u0026ndash;757 million people went hungry in 2023, which amounts to one in eleven people worldwide and one in five in Africa[1]. Apart from hunger, the research indicates that 900 million people experienced severe food insecurity, and 2.33 billion people faced moderate or severe food insecurity (1). By 2030, it is projected that over 582 million individuals will experience chronic undernourishment, with more than half of this population located in Africa [1].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn Nigeria, more than 31.8 million individuals are experiencing acute food insecurity, exacerbated by malnutrition among women and children. The 2024 Cadre Harmonise report indicates that the increase in food commodity prices, caused by the elimination of fuel subsidies and security issues, has jeopardized the livelihoods of millions of Nigerians [3]. Approximately 14% of homes with children and adolescents experienced food poverty, and evidence indicates that adults more frequently shield younger children from its impacts compared to older children or teenagers [3]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, between 25% and 30% of teenagers from 95 countries reported going without food in the past 30 days due to insufficient food supplies, per the Global School-Based Student Health Survey [4]. Between the ages of 10 and 19, adolescence is a delicate time in a person\u0026apos;s development, marked by intricate and quick changes in social, psychological, neurodevelopmental, and physical formation [5]. Poor adolescent growth is linked to food insecurity [4]. Teenagers who face food insecurity are more likely to exhibit negative behaviors, poor health, low scholastic attainment, bullying, and absence from school [6]. Due to the stress of food scarcity in families, adolescents who experience food insecurity may also be more likely to suffer from psychological discomfort, emotional imbalance, and depression, among other health issues that could have long-term effects [6].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to the World Health Organization, [7], one in seven adolescents worldwide has impaired well-being, which amounts to 14% of the global burden of illness in this age group. Also, one in ten has a condition such as anxiety, depression, and even suicide that significantly affects them [8]. \u0026nbsp;However, sufficient care is provided for only one-third of these young people, and therapy usually does not begin until 6 to 23 years after the illness first emerges, even though half of all serious adult psychiatric problems start before the age of 14 [9].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNonetheless, investments in adolescent health pay off in three ways: better adolescent health today, a stronger economy tomorrow, and healthier parents who can have and raise children [7]. Therefore, adolescents must retain their best possible health [10].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFood insecurity in children (0\u0026ndash;18 years old, with a concentration on children under 5 years old) has been extensively studied, but little is known about its prevalence, effects, and connection to mental health in teens (10\u0026ndash;19 years old). This is because previous research has been based on responses from specific adolescents who provided information about the level of food security in their households [6]. However, the head of household or the adolescents\u0026apos; guidance must provide a household-level experience of food security as a better indicator to predict the health effects of the adolescents [4].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn addition, most research on adolescent mental wellbeing focuses on specific conditions such as anxiety and depression [11,12], neglecting mental health as a whole, which includes emotional, psychological, and social aspects and extends beyond the absence of mental disorders to include the ability to deal with life\u0026apos;s challenges, effectively work, and contribute to society [13,14].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt is essential to have a deeper understanding of adolescent well-being, given its significant impact on academic performance, social interactions, future development, and mental health. \u0026nbsp;Food security at the household level may play a role in shaping these outcomes. Therefore, using standardized and validated instruments, this study assessed household food security status and its association with mental well-being among adolescents in Osun State, Nigeria.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methodology","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy Design and Settings\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Irewole Local Government Area in Osun State, Nigeria, was the location of this cross-sectional study. Based on demographic projections derived from the 2006 Census, the area's current estimated population is 678, 717, with an estimated 162, 028 adolescents between the ages of 10 and 19 (Nigeria Population Commission, 2006). The majority of the community's population work in farming, which entails producing food crops because the land is suitable for planting plantains and root crops, however a small percentage also raise cattle.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy Population\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study population comprised heads of households (the father, mother, or guardian) and adolescents between the ages of 10 and 19. The inclusion criteria were household heads with adolescents 10 and 19 who have resided in the Local Government Area for one year or more, while household heads without adolescents or adolescents living alone were excluded. Also, households that relocated into the community not up to one year ago were excluded. The study was conducted from November to December 2021.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSample size Determination\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLeslie Fischer's formula for estimating sample sizes for populations higher than 10,000 was used to find the minimal sample size.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\" width=\"195\" height=\"73\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhere:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003en = desired sample size when population is greater than 10000\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ez = standard normal deviate at 95% confidence interval i.e. 1.96\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ep = Using the prevalence of adolescent food security in Borno, which was reported as being 37.8% in a prior study [16]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eq\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;=\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;1-p\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ed \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;= \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;0.05, with level of significance set at 0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\" width=\"349\" height=\"63\"\u003e= 361.288 Since a 10% non-response rate was projected, a 400-person sample size was modified.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSample Size procedure\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study employed a multistage sampling technique to obtain a representative sample of the teenagers. Four wards were initially chosen from the eleven wards in the local government area via simple random selection, sometimes known as balloting. From each of the wards selected, five streets were further selected by balloting, totaling twenty streets. Following this, a mapping exercise was conducted to identify households with adolescents within the selected streets. Twenty houses were then selected via systematic sampling, beginning with a randomly chosen building and proceeding clockwise, with every alternate building being included until twenty eligible respondents were recruited. Finally, in households with more than one eligible adolescent, one respondent was randomly selected through balloting. In communities where fewer than twenty eligible respondents were found, recruitment continued in contiguous communities to achieve the required sample size\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Collection Instrument\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUsing Kobo-collect software on Android devices, a semi-structured questionnaire was created. There were three parts to the questionnaire. The respondents' demographic information is in Section A, the Household Food Security Access Scale is in Section B, and the Mental Health Continuum Short Form (MHC-SF), which was used to evaluate teenagers' mental health, is in Section C.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eQuestionnaire\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) was developed and validated by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) [17], and has been used to measure food security among households in previous studies \u0026nbsp;[18, 19, 20]. Based on respondents' experiences during the previous 30 days, the scale divides households into four categories of food insecurity: food secure, slightly, moderately, and severely food insecure. Nine questions about the prevalence of food insecurity conditions make up the HFIAS, and respondents are asked to indicate whether or not they have encountered each condition. With the response set ranging from \u0026nbsp;(1-2 times) to often (more than 10 times), which correspond to numerical values 1 to 3, frequency was also assessed for yes responses.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;The HFIAS score that is generated, which can range from 0 to 27, is a composite score of household food insecurity, with higher scores reflecting more insecurity [21, 22]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMental wellbeing: The Mental Health Continuum for Adolescents short form was used to assess the respondents' mental health [20]. Mental well-being was measured using a brief scale called the 14-item Mental Health Continuum-Short Form (MHC-SF) [23]. The scale is divided into three sections: social well-being (5 items), psychological well-being (6 items), and emotional well-being (3 items).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese items all deal with some domains of positive mental health, and participants indicate how frequently they felt each domain. The MHC-SF also provides an overall indicator of mental well-being with individuals being classified as thriving or languishing based on their response on the three domains of the MHC-SF [24]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePretesting and validity, and reliability of the research instrument\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe research instrument (questionnaire) was pretested among households in Ife Central Local Government, which is outside the study area. A total of 10% sample size was used. This pretest was conducted to address any ambiguity and ensure that the questions were appropriate for the study.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData management\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBefore undertaking additional analysis, all questionnaires were reviewed for completeness and consistency following data collection. The data was downloaded into Excel and then exported to the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25 for further analysis. Descriptive statistics such as frequency, proportion, mean, and standard deviation were used to characterize the traits of research participants. To ascertain associations between the dependent and independent variables, the chi-squared test was employed. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis were used to identify the variables associated with mental health. Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were used to determine the link between independent and dependent factors. For all analyses, a p \u0026lt; 0.05 was consider significant.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSocio-demographic characteristics\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwo hundred and ten (51.7%) of the adolescents were male. The average age of adolescents was 15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.5years, with 14\u0026ndash;16 years having the highest frequency (170;44.1%). Most (366; 90.1%) of the adolescents currently attend school. Among the in-school adolescents, 202(55.2%) were in senior classes while 164 (44.8%) were in junior classes. The majority (307;75.6%) of adolescents reported having between 1\u0026ndash;6 members in their household and 299 (73.6%) of the adolescents reported having an average of 4 (SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2) children in the family. For the household wealth index, 166 (39.4%) of the adolescents were from households with low wealth status. Improved water supply was available in 266 (65%) households, while 253 (62.56%) of the adolescents were from households with improved toilet facilities. (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe distribution of sociodemographic characteristics of adolescents in Irewole Local Government Area\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSociodemographic characteristics (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;406)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e210\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e196\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge in years (mean\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;15.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.5)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u0026ndash;13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e104\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u0026ndash;16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e179\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u0026ndash;19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e123\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEnrollment status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn school\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e366\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOut of school\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCurrent class for in-school adolescents (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;366)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJunior secondary school\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e164\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSenior secondary school\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e202\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEthnicity\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYoruba\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e394\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eReligion\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChristianity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e118\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIslam\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e286\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTraditional\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFamily type\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePolygamous\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e211\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMonogamous\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e195\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHousehold size (mean\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6.0, SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e307\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u0026ndash;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNumber of children in the family (mean\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.0, SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e299\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u0026ndash;13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e107\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHousehold wealth status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e160\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMiddle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e117\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ehigh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e129\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWater supply\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot improved\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e140\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eImproved\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e266\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eToilet facility\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot improved\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e153\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eImproved\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e253\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eWater supply: not improved- water from stream, river, spring, open well, lake/ Improved water supply- water source from tap or bore hole or covered well\u003c/em\u003e,\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eToilet facility: not improved: open defecation, open pit, pit latrine, etc/ improved toilet facility: pour-flush to pipe sewer system, septic tank pit latrine, ventilated improved pit latrine, pit latrine with slab\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e \u003cb\u003eHousehold Food Security Status of Adolescents in Irewole Local Government Area, Osun State, Nigeria.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe distribution of households' food security status according to the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. While 308 homes (74.9%) experienced severe food insecurity, 49 households (12.1%) experienced moderate food insecurity, 10 households (2.5%), and 29 households (9.6%) had access to adequate food.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe mental well-being of adolescents across the domains of the MHC-SF is shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne hundred and eight (26.6%) of the adolescents reported that they feel happy once or twice per week, 127(31.3%) reported feeling interested in life four times per week, and 149(36.7%) reported feeling satisfied with life almost every day. However, more than half (211;52%) of participants said they feel a sense of purpose or direction in life almost five times in a week.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency of mental wellbeing of adolescents.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeelings during the past month.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHappy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (0.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e108 (26.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68 (16.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50 (12.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78 (19.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100 (24.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterested in life\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 (1.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42 (10.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76 (18.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89 (21.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e127 (31.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65 (16.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSatisfied with life\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15 (3.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35 (8.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70 (17.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92 (22.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e149 (36.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45 (11.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHad something important to contribute to society\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 (2.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48 (11.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74 (18.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91 (22.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e141 (34.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43 (10.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBelonged to a community (like a social group, your school, or your neighborhood)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 (2.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65 (16.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68 (16.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e111 (27.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e122 (30.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29 (7.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSociety is a good place, or is becoming a better place, for all people\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58 (14.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e120 (29.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51 (12.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60 (14.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93 (22.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24 (5.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePeople are basically good\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (1.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25 (6.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68 (16.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e115 (28.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e154 (37.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39 (9.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe way our society works made sense\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66 (16.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96 (23.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65 (16.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80 (19.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85 (20.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14 (3.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLiked most parts of one personality\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37 (9.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59 (14.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e104 (25.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e169 (41.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37 (9.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGood at managing the responsibilities of one daily life\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (0.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31 (7.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64 (15.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105 (25.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e177 (43.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28 (6.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHad warm and trusting relationships with others\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29 (7.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60 (14.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e121 (29.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e161 (39.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35 (8.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHad experiences that challenged you to grow and become a better person\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (0.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33 (8.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64 (15.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e106 (26.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e171 (42.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29 (7.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConfident to think or express your own ideas and opinions\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (0.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17 (4.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45 (11.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79 (19.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e217 (53.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45 (11.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLife has a sense of direction or meaning to it\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23 (5.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42 (10.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69 (17.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e211 (52)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61 (15.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNever\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0, Once/twice\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1, about once a week\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2, 2/3 times a week\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3, almost every day\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4, Everyday\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e shows the mental well-being of adolescents. More than half (241; 59.4%) of adolescents had mildly flourishing mental wellbeing, followed by flourishing mental wellbeing (125; 30.8%), and only a few (40; 9.8%) had languishing mental wellbeing.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e shows the association between sociodemographic characteristics and household food security status among adolescents. A higher proportion of males, 199(94.8%) as compared to females, 168(85.7%), were from food insecure households, and this was statistically significant (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.002). Among in-school adolescents, a higher proportion of junior school students, 153(93.3%), were from food insecure households, and this was also statistically significant (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.038). Most adolescents, 157(98.1%) from households with low wealth index, were food insecure (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). In addition, more adolescents from households with improved water facilities had food insecurity (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.004), while 223(88.2%) were from households with improved water facilities, which was statistically significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, there was no statistically significant association between household food insecurity and age, enrollment status, family type, religion, household size as well as number of children.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssociation between Sociodemographic and household food security among adolescents in Irewole LGA, Ikire, Osun State.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCharacteristics\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFood Secure\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003en (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFood insecure\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003en (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChi-square (\u003cem\u003ex\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 (5.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e199 (94.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9.557\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.002*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28 (14.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e168 (85.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge (in years)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u0026ndash;13 (early)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 (8.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95 (91.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.782\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.410\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u0026ndash;16 (middle)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21 (11.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e158 (88.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u0026ndash;19 (late)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 (7.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e114 (92.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEnrollment status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn school\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38 (10.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e328 (89.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.580\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.108\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOut of school\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (2.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38 (97.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eClass for the in-school adolescent\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJunior\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 (6.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e153 (93.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4.314\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.038*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSenior\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27 (13.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e175 (86.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFamily type\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePolygamous\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19 (9.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e192 (91.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.183\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.669\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMonogamous\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20 (10.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e175 (89.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eReligion\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChristianity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14 (11.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e104 (88.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIslam\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25 (8.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e261 (91.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.152\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.562\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTraditional\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (100.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHousehold size\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33 (10.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e274 (89.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.895\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.169\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u0026ndash;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (6.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93 (93.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNumber of children\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33 (11.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e226 (89.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.675\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.102\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u0026ndash;13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (5.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e101 (94.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWealth index\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (1.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e157 (98.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e27.697\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMiddle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 (8.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e107 (91.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26 (20.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e103 (79.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWater supply\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eImproved\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 (5.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e132 (94.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.727\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.044*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot improved\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31 (11.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e235 (88.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eToilet facility\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnimproved\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9(5.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e144(95.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19.040\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eImproved\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30(11.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e223(88.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eWater supply: not improved- water from stream, river, spring, open well, lake/ Improved water supply- water source from tap or bore hole or covered well\u003c/em\u003e,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eToilet facility: not improved: open defecation, open pit, pit latrine, etc/ improved toilet facility: pour-flush to pipe sewer system, septic tank pit latrine, ventilated improved pit latrine, pit latrine with slab\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e presents the association between sociodemographic characteristics, household food security status and mental well-being of adolescents. A higher proportion of female adolescents 76, 38.8%) had flourishing mental wellbeing as compared with males 49, 23.3%), and this was statistically significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). More in-school adolescents 119(32.5%) had flourishing mental wellbeing as compared with out-of-school adolescents (6;15%), and this was statistically significant (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.035). Also, a higher proportion of adolescents from households with low wealth index had languishing mental wellbeing, and this was statistically significant (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.003). In addition, a higher proportion of adolescents from households with improved water source and toilet facility had flourishing mental wellbeing (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.011, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.014) respectively, and a higher percentage of adolescents from families that had access to food had flourishing mental wellness, which was statistically significant (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001). Also, it was discovered that there was a dose-response relationship between food insecurity and mental well-being, with a steady fall in thriving mental well-being as food insecurity increased\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssociation between sociodemographic characteristics, household food security status, and mental wellbeing of adolescents in the study area.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCharacteristics\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLanguishing\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003en (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMildly flourishing n(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlourishing\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003en (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChi-square\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003cem\u003ex\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18 (8.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e143 (68.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49 (23.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14.169\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22 (11.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98 (50.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76 (38.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge (in years)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u0026ndash;13 (early)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13 (12.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57 (54.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34 (32.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.113\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.539\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u0026ndash;16 (middle)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17 (9.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e104 (58.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58 (32.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u0026ndash;19 (late)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 (8.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80 (65.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33 (26.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEnrollment status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn school\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33 (9.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e214 (58.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e119 (32.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6.722\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.035*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOut of school\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 (17.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27 (67.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (15.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eClass for the in-school\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJunior\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20 (12.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98 (59.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46 (28.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.236\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.073\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSenior\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13 (6.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e116 (57.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73 (36.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFamily type\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePolygamous\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23 (10.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e130 (61.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58 (27.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.419\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.298\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMonogamous\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17 (8.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e111 (56.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67 (34.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHousehold size\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33 (10.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e178 (57.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96 (31.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.527\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.466\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u0026ndash;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 (7.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63 (63.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29 (29.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNumber of children\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32 (10.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e173 (57.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94 (31.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.418\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.492\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u0026ndash;13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 (7.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68 (63.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31 (28.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eParents\u0026rsquo; wealth status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22 (13.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e106 (66.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32 (20.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16.424\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.003*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMiddle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 (6.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63 (53.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46 (39.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 (7.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72 (55.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47 (36.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWater supply\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnimproved\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19 (13.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90 (64.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31 (22.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9.061\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.011*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eImproved\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21 (7.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e151 (56.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94 (35.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eToilet facility\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnimproved\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20 (13.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98 (64.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35 (22.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8.487\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.014*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eImproved\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20 (7.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e143 (56.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90 (35.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHFIAS\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFood secure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (5.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 (17.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30 (76.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMildly food insecure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (50.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (50.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e58.290\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerately food insecure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (12.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21 (42.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22 (44.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeverely food insecure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32 (10.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e208 (67.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68 (22.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsing multinomial logistic regression analysis to determine the association between socio-demographic characteristics and mental well-being (Mildly Flourishing Mental Well-being as Base Outcome) of adolescents in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, when compared to adolescents from food-secure families, adolescents from moderately food insecure households had a nearly four-fold lower likelihood of having thriving mental health (RRR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.258; CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.089\u0026ndash;0.749; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.013). Additionally, as compared to adolescents from food secure families, adolescents from severely food insecure households had a nearly 11-fold higher likelihood of having languishing mental well-being RRR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0. 0.087; CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.033\u0026ndash;0.225; p 0.001). Female adolescents were about twice as likely as their male counterparts to have flourishing mental wellbeing [RRR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.212; Cl\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.165\u0026ndash;3.585; p0.001] and adolescents from middle-class households were about twice as likely as those from low-class households to have flourishing mental wellbeing [RRR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.259; Cl\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.020\u0026ndash;3.879; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.013]. Compared to adolescents from food-secure families, adolescents from mildly food-insecure households had a slightly lower likelihood of having a mildly thriving mental health (RRR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.233; CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.053\u0026ndash;1.033; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.045). Additionally, adolescents from households with moderate food insecurity were about 4.1 times [RRR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.244 CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.088\u0026ndash;0.676; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.007] less likely to have flourishing mental well-being than those from households with food security, and adolescents from severely food insecure households were thirteen times [RRR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.076 CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.032\u0026ndash;0.182; p0.001] less likely to have a flourishing mental wellbeing.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocio-demographic characteristics, Household food security status on mental wellbeing among adolescents of Irewole LGA, Ikire, Osun State\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLanguishing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlourishing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRRR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95% CI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRRR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95% CI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHFAIS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFood secure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMildly food insecure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.011\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u0026ndash;0.129\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.992\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.256\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.049\u0026ndash;1.316\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.103\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerately food insecure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.070\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.166\u0026ndash;6.903\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.943\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.258\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.089\u0026ndash;0.749\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.013*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeverely food insecure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.418\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.075\u0026ndash;2.340\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.321\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.087\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.033\u0026ndash;0.225\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGender\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.799\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.838\u0026ndash;3.858\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.132\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.212\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.165\u0026ndash;3.585\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge in years (mean\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;15.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.5)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u0026ndash;13 (early)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u0026ndash;16 (middle)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.768\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.297\u0026ndash;1.989\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.587\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.652\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.323\u0026ndash;1.315\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.232\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u0026ndash;19 (late)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.458\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.108\u0026ndash;1.945\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.290\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 .545\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.228\u0026ndash;1.301\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.172\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCurrent class for the in-school\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJunior\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSenior\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.681\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.249\u0026ndash;1.864\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.455\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.305\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.663\u0026ndash;2.568\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.441\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFamily type\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePolygamous\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMonogamous\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.120\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.523\u0026ndash;2.401\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.770\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.268\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.783\u0026ndash;2.055\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.334\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHousehold size\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u0026ndash;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.443\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.040\u0026ndash;4.872\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.506\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.016\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.196\u0026ndash;5.264\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.985\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNumber of children in the family\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u0026ndash;13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.793\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.089\u0026ndash;7.083\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.835\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.984\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.163\u0026ndash;3.871\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.775\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWealth index\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMiddle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.033\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.362\u0026ndash;2.945\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.951\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.259\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.020\u0026ndash;3.879\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.013*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.104\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.401\u0026ndash;3.037\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.848\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.396\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.720\u0026ndash;2.707\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.323\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWater supply\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnimproved\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eImproved\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.614\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.286\u0026ndash;1.320\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.212\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.549\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.916\u0026ndash;2.617\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.102\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eToilet facility\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnimproved\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eImproved\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.852\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.363\u0026ndash;1.998\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.713\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.606\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.903\u0026ndash;2.858\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.107\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNB: (mildly flourishing mental wellbeing as base outcome)*Significant at 95% confidence level, RRR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Relative Risk Ratio, RC\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;reference category\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis community-based study looked at the connection between teenage mental health and household food security. Three-quarters of the households in this survey experienced food insecurity, indicating that it was a common occurrence.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese findings are in contrast with studies conducted in develop countries with lower rates of food insecurity, such as the USA 19.3%; [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]; Canada 5.9%; [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]; France 8.5% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e], Ethiopia 9% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e], and South Africa 9% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e], although the findings in India, indicated that nearly 50% of homes experienced food insecurity and that only 4.5% of households did so severely, the study from on food insecurity in india is much higher than this current study this report made the level of food security in the study [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]. This study was carried out when the lockdowns had just been eased nationally and internationally during the COVID-19 pandemic, which may help to explain why the results of the prior study were higher. Households had to rely on every resource at their disposal to survive during the pandemic lockdown.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOnly one-tenth of household in this current study were food secure in contrast to the previous study conducted in Lagos State, which reported in households with adolescents, the prevalence of household food insecurity was 15.9%, 8.0%, and 4.6% for mildly, moderately, and severely food insecure families, respectively, while majority (71.6%) were food secure [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. However, this current study took place when the national locked down has just been eased due to Covid-19 pandemic, which may be responsible for high food insecurity level in this local government at this period, which may predict the contrast in the two studies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBut the proportion of the world's population living in extreme poverty is highest in Nigeria [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e]. In 2019 Nigeria, ranked 94th out of 113 countries in the Global Food Security Index (GFSI). Food insecurity in Nigeria is compounded by the insecurity experienced in the North-central and North east region of the country as they produce a sizable protion of food consume in the country [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlmost all adolescents with a poor household wealth index were severely food insecure; this is consistent with the study conducted in Pakistan among small farming households [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e] and in the US, where adolescents from poor household wealth index were food insecure. In this study, there is a significant association between household food security and gender, class, wealth index, and water supply. Numerous factors, including a lack of resources and challenging market access, which are pervasive in developing countries, might contribute to this homogeneity [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe current study revealed a social gradient in food insecurity, with almost all male adolescents being severely food insecure compared to four-fifths of female adolescents. This contrast earlier studies on adolescents conducted in Lagos, Nigeria, where adolescents were assessed at their schools and asked how secure their families' access to food was, it was indicated in the study that 56.9% of the male and 48.0% of the female were food insecure [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. Across all sociodemographic groupings, adolescents' worries about food security have risen in the household [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]. Although the adolescents may not have the full knowledge of individual households' food security, and also due to social bias or because the respondents were too ashamed to be entirely honest, this survey may not have accurately reflected the situation in the home [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompared to similar age groups in studies in Quebec, Canada, where languishing mental wellbeing was found to be at 4.7 percent [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e], the prevalence of languishing mental wellbeing was higher in this study. Nonetheless, it aligns with research conducted in Nigeria, which revealed that 30% of the population had flourishing mental well-being [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e]. While the Sub-Saharan Africa is the study's location, and \"COVID-19 has interrupted many programs that promote healthy life among adolescents (e.g., schools and school meals programs).\" The COVID-19 pandemic and other shocks, such as environmental disasters and civil disturbance, disproportionately affect adolescents who have the fewest resources to promote their healthy development in their homes, communities, and countries [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMost adolescents with household food security had flourishing mental well-being. Data from the Canadian Population Survey analysis show that adolescents who live in food-secure homes are substantially less likely to experience anxiety and mood disorders, depressive symptoms, and suicidal thoughts [35; 11]. Also, adolescents from homes with food security were less likely to have chronic depressive and anxious symptoms in the US [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdolescents with moderate food insecurity had 61.3 percent odds of having flourishing mental well-being, whereas adolescents in food-secure households and adolescents with severe food insecurity had a 53.4% lower chance of having flourishing mental well-being. Nine percent of young adults (18 to 24 years old) without food insecurity who participated in the 2007\u0026ndash;2008 Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) indicated having a diagnosis of depression or anxiety illness. However, among those who experienced significant food insecurity, these percentages rose to 16 percent, 22 percent, and 40 percent, suggesting that there may have been changes in the respondents' sociodemographic characteristics or living conditions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the association between sociodemographic characteristics and mental well-being of adolescents, gender, enrollment status, parents\u0026rsquo; socioeconomic status, water supply, and toilet facility have a significant association with the mental well-being of adolescents. This study further showed that one-third of female adolescents were more flourishing in their well-being compared to one-fifth of male adolescents. Keyes (2006) found that among American kids, \"flourishing was the most prevalent diagnosis among female adolescents ages 12\u0026ndash;14; mild mental wellbeing was the most prevalent diagnosis among female youth ages 15\u0026ndash;18 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e].\" This data supports these findings. The results of a study conducted by Gina et al. (2021) among adolescents in Norway, which took into consideration the five C's (Competence, Confidence, Character, Caring, and Connection) influence on positive youth development and wellbeing, revealed significant gender differences for young people's wellbeing. For example, high competence was linked to less instability and better wellbeing, while boys' competence had a negative influence on anxiety (i.e., the more competent, the more anxiety symptoms boys had) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese results support the findings of Burke et al. (2016), who studied children and adolescents in the United States and found that adolescents from marginally food-secure households were more likely to have poor mental wellbeing with impairment [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e]. Adolescents from moderately food insecure households were nearly four times less likely to have flourishing mental wellbeing than adolescents from food secure households. Furthermore, compared to adolescents from food-secure households, those from highly food-insecure households had a nearly 11-times lower likelihood of having flourishing mental wellbeing. Burke et al. (2016) observed that \"Households with very low food security were markedly more deprived than other food-insecure households and it is within these households that hunger is most likely to exist [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e].\"\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdolescent females were roughly twice as likely as their male counterparts to have flourishing mental wellness. Adolescent girls are thought to be better shielded from food insecurity than boys, and it is conceivable that this protection could lower the likelihood of mental health issues in girls as opposed to boys [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlso, adolescents from households with middle-wealth status were about two times more likely to have flourishing mental wellbeing as compared to their counterparts in low wealth status households, this is particularly so with the study conducted among households of low-income family in the United State where parent reporting child food insecurity had greater mental wellbeing when compare with food insecure household [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eCompared to earlier studies, this research showed that respondents in households experienced far greater levels of severe food insecurity. Male adolescents, adolescents who were not enrolled in school, adolescents from households with a low wealth index, adolescents from households with severe food insecurity, and respondents with poor mental health were also more likely to experience languishing. Although an association between food insecurity and poor mental well-being was indicated in this study, a causal relationship could not be established due to the limitations of a cross-sectional study, suggesting that more research in this area is necessary to establish a causal relationship.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRecommendation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGiven the high prevalence of food insecurity and its significant association with poor mental well-being among adolescents in this study, the following recommendations are proposed:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eImplementation of Targeted Food Assistance Programs: Government and non-governmental organizations should prioritize interventions that address food insecurity in semi-urban and rural communities, particularly through school feeding programs, food vouchers, and community food banks. These interventions should target households with adolescents, especially those with low socioeconomic status, to help alleviate the psychological burden associated with food scarcity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIntegration of Mental Health Support into Adolescent Health Services: Mental health screening and support services should be incorporated into existing adolescent health and school-based programs, and special attention should be paid to vulnerable subgroups, such as male adolescents, those out of school, and those from households with low wealth index. Counseling, life skills training, and peer support initiatives can help enhance resilience and promote flourishing mental well-being despite socioeconomic challenges.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLimitation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study highlights the need for a longitudinal survey in order to prove a link between the degree of food security and the mental health of adolescents. To fully understand the influence of food security on mental health, comprehensive policies addressing food production and its value chain must be devised and executed, despite the subregion's limited study.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHHFIAS:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eHousehold Food Insecurity Access \u0026nbsp;Scale\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMHC-SF\u003c/strong\u003e: Mental Health Continuum Short Form\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGFSI:\u003c/strong\u003e Global Food Security Index\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWHO\u003c/strong\u003e: World Health Organization\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAOR:\u003c/strong\u003e Adjusted Odds Ratio\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCI:\u003c/strong\u003e Confidence Interval\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSPSS:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eStatistical Package for Social Sciences\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Institute of Public Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife Ethics Review Committee (IPHREC) gave its ethical approval for the study's conduct (Ref Number: IPH/OAU/12/1854). The study was also allowed to be conducted in the area by the Irewole LGA Office. Furthermore, the study was carried out in accordance with the ethical guidelines established by the Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent revisions or similar guidelines (44).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTeenagers under the age of eighteen gave their agreement, while those eighteen and older gave their informed consent. The heads of the family or the legal guardians of the teenagers signed an informed consent form. The purpose of the study and its advantages were explained to the participants before they signed the informed consent form. They were made aware of their freedom to take part in the study or to leave at any moment if they so desired. One of the study's advantages for the participant was a complimentary nutrition evaluation.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll the participants were assured of confidentiality. Data were anonymized and stored in a passworded computer only accessible to the authorized members of the research team .\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Data is available upon request from the corresponding author.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was self-sponsored for the purpose of a Master's of Public Health Research and did not receive any funding.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors’ contributions\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOluwabunmi Emmanuel FOLORUNSO, Temitope Olumuyiwa OJO, Adesanmi AKINSULORE and Gideon INYANGUDO contributed significantly to the conception and design, participated in the writing of the article, and critically revised it for important intellectual content; agreed to submit it to the current journal; gave final approval of the version to be published; and agreed to be responsible for all aspects of the work.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eI would like to acknowledge those who contributed to the success of the study, including the respondents and the research assistants in this study, for their support.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor details\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eFolorunso O.E., Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Medical Science, Ondo City, \u0026nbsp;Ondo State, Nigeria. Email Address: [email protected] (\u003cstrong\u003eCorresponding Author\u003c/strong\u003e)\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eOjo T.O., Department of Community Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria. Email Adress: [email protected]\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAkinsulore, A., Department of Mental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria. Email Address: [email protected]\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eInyangudo, G., Department of Community Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria. Email Adress: [email protected]\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eFAO; IFAD; UNICEF; WFP; WHO; (2023). The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2023. In \u003cem\u003eThe State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2023\u003c/em\u003e. FAO; IFAD; UNICEF; WFP; WHO; https://doi.org/10.4060/cc3017en\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eFAO; WFP; CILLS; NPFS. 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Food Security in Nigeria: Impetus for Growth and Development. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e6\u003c/em\u003e(2), 808\u0026ndash;820. https://doi.org/10.6084/M9.FIGSHARE.12949352\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAhmed, U. I., Ying, L., Bashir, M. K., Abid, M., \u0026amp; Zulfiqar, F. (2017). Imported from https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/diet-eating-physical-activity. \u003cem\u003ePLoS\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e12\u003c/em\u003e(10), 1\u0026ndash;15. https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/diet-eating-physical-activity\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eUtter, J., Izumi, B. T., Denny, S., Fleming, T., \u0026amp; Clark, T. (2018). Rising food security concerns among New Zealand adolescents and association with health and wellbeing. \u003cem\u003eKotuitui\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e13\u003c/em\u003e(1), 29\u0026ndash;38. https://doi.org/10.1080/1177083X.2017.1398175\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eFram, M. S., Nguyen, H. T., \u0026amp; Frongillo, E. A. (2022). Food Insecurity among Adolescent Students from 95 Countries Is Associated with Diet, Behavior, and Health, and Associations Differ by Student Age and Sex. \u003cem\u003eCurrent Developments in Nutrition\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e6\u003c/em\u003e(3), 1\u0026ndash;9. https://doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzac024\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eJimoh, L. O., Akintunde, O. K., Kehinde, A. L., Agboola, T. O., \u0026amp; Alabi, A. A. (2022). 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Household food insecurity and mental health among teenage girls living in urban slums in Varanasi, India: A cross-sectional study. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e15\u003c/em\u003e(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15081585\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eUnited Republic of Tanzania. (2010). Achieving Food and Nutrition Security in TanzaniaUnited Republic of Tanzania. (2010). Achieving Food and Nutrition Security in Tanzania. 1, 4\u0026ndash;7. In \u003cem\u003e, J. M., Meira, A. P. G., \u0026amp; da Silva, M. V. (2017). Food and nutrition security: pesticide residues in food. Nutrire, 42(1), 1\u0026ndash;9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41110-016-0028-4: Vol. Gerage\u003c/em\u003e (Issue 1).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWorld Medical Association. World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for Medical Research Involving human subjects. JAMA. 2013;310:2191\u0026ndash;4\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-public-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pubh","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Public Health](http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/pubh/default.aspx","title":"BMC Public Health","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Household, Food Security, Mental Wellbeing, Adolescents","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6663137/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6663137/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eAdolescent growth and mental well-being can be influenced by access to food and nutrition, particularly in environments with limited resources. However, studies to unravel these associations, especially in developing countries like Nigeria, are crucial; therefore, more investigation is required to comprehend this association, particularly in Nigeria. Hence, this study was conducted in Osun State, Nigeria, to assess the relationship between adolescent mental health and household food security.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMethods: A cross-sectional survey of 400 heads of households and adolescents was conducted in Osun State, Nigeria, using a multistage sampling. The adolescents used the Mental Health Continuum Short Form (MHC-SF) to assess their mental well-being status, and the head of household used the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) to report the level of household food security. IBM SPSS version 25 was utilized for the analysis of the data. Results: Among the adolescents, 210 (51.7%) were male, with an average age of 15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.5 years. The majority (366; 90.1%) were in-school adolescents. One hundred and sixty-six (39.4%) were from households with low-wealth status. Most adolescents (308; 75%) belonged to severely food-insecure households. Also, 125 (30%) had flourishing mental well-being, 241 (59%) had mild mental well-being and 40 (9%) had languishing mental well-being. The odds of flourishing mental well-being were 13 times higher for those from food-secure households [OR: 13.1, 95% CI: 5.5\u0026ndash;31.2, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001], and threefold for moderately food-insecure individuals [OR: 3.2, 95% CI: 1.7\u0026ndash;6.2, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001], compared to their severely food-insecure counterparts.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion: This research highlights the key role of household food security in adolescent mental well-being. Adolescents from food-insecure homes have significantly lower mental well-being. To address this, strategies should be implemented to improve household food production, provide comprehensive nutrition education, and integrate mental well-being assessments into school health programs, ensuring early identification and intervention.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Adolescent Mental Well-Being and Household Food Security: insights from a cross sectional Study in Irewole Local Government Area, Osun State, Nigeria","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-07-01 09:39:02","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6663137/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-07-07T15:53:17+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-07-05T09:46:50+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-07-03T08:19:36+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"277974525961360254684695053986902659167","date":"2025-07-02T20:05:38+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-06-29T17:19:50+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"310936119682962085558906476818748287865","date":"2025-06-27T10:54:55+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"118734477543044841271341770376523090985","date":"2025-06-27T06:22:57+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-06-27T04:40:32+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-06-27T04:35:29+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-06-18T09:24:45+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-06-17T21:30:30+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Public Health","date":"2025-06-17T21:26:43+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-public-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pubh","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Public Health](http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/pubh/default.aspx","title":"BMC Public Health","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"6186a319-a614-4608-98db-415aee83fd0c","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 1st, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-12-01T16:02:16+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-6663137","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-25702-9","journal":{"identity":"bmc-public-health","isVorOnly":false,"title":"BMC Public Health"},"publishedOn":"2025-11-25 15:57:49","publishedOnDateReadable":"November 25th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-07-01 09:39:02","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s12889-025-25702-9","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-25702-9","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6663137","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6663137","identity":"rs-6663137","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}