Clinicopathological profile and risk factors of endometriosis among reproductive-aged women attending a tertiary care hospital: A study of 100 cases

Background: Endometriosis is a chronic, estrogen-dependent inflammatory gynecological disorder characterized by the presence of endometrial glands and stroma outside the uterine cavity. It predominantly affects women of reproductive age and is a major cause of dysmenorrhea, chronic pelvic pain and infertility. Despite its increasing recognition worldwide, limited data exist regarding its clinicopathological profile and associated risk factors in peripheral tertiary care settings in Bangladesh. Objective: To evaluate the clinicopathological characteristics and identify risk factors of endometriosis among reproductive-aged women attending a tertiary care hospital in Pabna, Bangladesh. Methods: This hospital-based cross-sectional observational study included 100 diagnosed cases of endometriosis from January to December 2024. Diagnosis was confirmed by ultrasonography, laparoscopy, laparotomy, and histopathological examination. Data regarding socio-demographic profile, menstrual characteristics, reproductive history, clinical presentation, operative findings and histopathological results were collected using a structured questionnaire. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 26. Results: The mean age of patients was 29.8±5.6 years. The majority (62%) were aged 21-30 years. Dysmenorrhea (82%) was the most common symptom, followed by chronic pelvic pain (65%) and infertility (54%). Ovarian endometrioma was the most frequent anatomical site (58%). Early menarche (<12 years) was observed in 38% cases, nulliparity in 60% and positive family history in 18%. Advanced stage (Stage III-IV) disease was found in 46% of patients. Histopathology confirmed endometriosis in all surgically treated cases. Conclusion: Endometriosis significantly affects young reproductive-aged women, with dysmenorrhea and infertility being predominant presentations. Early menarche, nulliparity and prolonged menstrual flow were significant risk factors. Early diagnosis and timely intervention are essential to reduce morbidity and improve reproductive outcomes.