An Efficient Large-Scale Privacy Amplification Scheme exceeding 10G bits for Quantum Key Distribution

An Efficient Large-Scale Privacy Amplification Scheme exceeding 10G bits for Quantum Key Distribution | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article An Efficient Large-Scale Privacy Amplification Scheme exceeding 10G bits for Quantum Key Distribution Xi Cheng, Haokun Mao, Hongwei Xu, Qiong Li This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7188830/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 01 Dec, 2025 Read the published version in EPJ Quantum Technology → Version 1 posted 7 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Privacy Amplification (PA) is indispensable in Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), ensuring security against eavesdropping by eliminating information leakage. For Discrete-Variable QKD (DV-QKD) protocols, a large input block size exceeding 108 bits is preferred to achieve the secure key rate approaching the asymptotic limit. However, in state-of-the-art quantum key distribution systems operating at multi-GHz pulse rates, PA becomes a critical bottleneck due to the conflicting requirements of large input block sizes and high throughput. To address this challenge, we propose a novel PA algorithm utilizing a newly constructed universal hash family DM3H and prove its cryptographic security rigorously. Based on the PA algorithm, we design and implement an efficient PA scheme which is capable of processing input block sizes up to 10 10 bits while achieving high throughput performance. For an input block size of 1010 bits, the implementation on the i9-14900 platform demonstrates a throughput of 112 Mbps with a retention ratio of 0.33. This breakthrough significantly enhances the secure key rate and maximum transmission distance of DV-QKD systems. Quantum key distribution privacy amplification central processing unit Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 01 Dec, 2025 Read the published version in EPJ Quantum Technology → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 30 Sep, 2025 Reviews received at journal 24 Sep, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 13 Sep, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 15 Aug, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 24 Jul, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 24 Jul, 2025 First submitted to journal 22 Jul, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7188830","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":503390376,"identity":"358c6753-2b9e-4aa4-9fc8-ef4bb9a1b73c","order_by":0,"name":"Xi Cheng","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Harbin Institute of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xi","middleName":"","lastName":"Cheng","suffix":""},{"id":503390379,"identity":"b01d46d8-db70-43dc-8762-69fcc0100c4e","order_by":1,"name":"Haokun Mao","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Harbin Institute of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Haokun","middleName":"","lastName":"Mao","suffix":""},{"id":503390381,"identity":"06f0abfd-f837-4773-85e1-11c7dc60001a","order_by":2,"name":"Hongwei Xu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Harbin Institute of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hongwei","middleName":"","lastName":"Xu","suffix":""},{"id":503390383,"identity":"c5d4e202-d15f-4da6-aac9-c79a0bc02cd7","order_by":3,"name":"Qiong Li","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAyklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACZhBRICFnAGawEa3FQMLYgJmZWC1gYMCQuIGBWC18x5mPPfxiYJG+nZ3/AMOHssMM/LMb8GuRPMyWbixjIJG7s5mZgXHGucMMEncOEHDSYR4zaQmglg2HmRmYedsOA/2VQJyWdAOQlr/EapH8AFQG1sJIjBagX9KkgcoMgQ4zONhzLp1H4gYBLXznDx+T/FFRJ29w/uDDBz/KrOX4ZxDQwnAAGJs8CDYDD26lSFoYfxBWNgpGwSgYBSMZAADH0jpl1kfhywAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Harbin Institute of Technology","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Qiong","middleName":"","lastName":"Li","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-07-22 15:53:14","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7188830/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7188830/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1140/epjqt/s40507-025-00433-3","type":"published","date":"2025-12-01T15:57:03+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":97723759,"identity":"327dc53a-933a-4adf-94d8-dcb41b1d063c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-08 16:03:56","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":426635,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SpringerNatureLaTeXTemplateLargescalePAexceeding10G250724.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7188830/v1_covered_c8eb573a-53b3-4b28-a38d-4bae25233598.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"An Efficient Large-Scale Privacy Amplification Scheme exceeding 10G bits for Quantum Key Distribution","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"epj-quantum-technology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"epjq","sideBox":"Learn more about [EPJ Quantum Technology](http://epjquantumtechnology.springeropen.com)","snPcode":"40507","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/40507/3","title":"EPJ Quantum Technology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Quantum key distribution, privacy amplification, central processing unit","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7188830/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7188830/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003ePrivacy Amplification (PA) is indispensable in Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), ensuring security against eavesdropping by eliminating information leakage. For Discrete-Variable QKD (DV-QKD) protocols, a large input block size exceeding 108 bits is preferred to achieve the secure key rate approaching the asymptotic limit. However, in state-of-the-art quantum key distribution systems operating at multi-GHz pulse rates, PA becomes a critical bottleneck due to the conflicting requirements of large input block sizes and high throughput. To address this challenge, we propose a novel PA algorithm utilizing a newly constructed universal hash family DM3H and prove its cryptographic security rigorously. Based on the PA algorithm, we design and implement an efficient PA scheme which is capable of processing input block sizes up to 10\u003csup\u003e10\u003c/sup\u003e bits while achieving high throughput performance. For an input block size of 1010 bits, the implementation on the i9-14900 platform demonstrates a throughput of 112 Mbps with a retention ratio of 0.33. 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