Impact of Post COVID-19 Pandemic on Healthcare Administration and Services Delivery in Nigeria

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Omoge, Dr Shalini This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7405286/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background : The COVID-19 pandemic profoundly disrupted healthcare administration and service delivery worldwide, particularly in Nigeria. The post pandemic strained healthcare administration and services delivery, leading led to long-term changes in healthcare systems. Aims & Objectives: The primary goal of this study is to examine the impact of post COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare administration and services delivery in Nigeria. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 50 healthcare professionals across Nigeria using an online questionnaire for data collection. Data were analysed using IBM SPSS Version 27 software. The Pearson chi-square test was used to examine the association between healthcare facility types and the impact of post-COVID-19 on healthcare administration and services delivery. Results: The study included 50 respondents with 38% were aged 26-35 years, 54% were female, and 44% earned over 111,000 naira. 80% reported that the post-COVID-19 pandemic negatively impacted healthcare facility capacity, with 76% noting adverse effects on administration and service delivery. Significantly, 90% of healthcare providers faced physical challenges, while 94% reported psychological challenges. Additionally, 80% of the respondents indicated disruptions in routine healthcare administration and services delivery, 64% of the healthcare organizations adopted mitigation strategies, with 84% perceiving these as effective in ensuring continued administration and services delivery. The Pearson chi-square analysis revealed a statistically significant relationship between healthcare facility type and the overall impact of the post-COVID-19 pandemic on overall healthcare facility capacity (p<0.000), healthcare administration and service delivery (p<0.000), physical (p<0.000) and psychological (p<0.001) challenges faced by healthcare provider, key disruption in routine healthcare administration and services delivery (p<0.000), its impact on access to health services (p<0.011), strategies implemented to combat the post pandemic effect (p<0.002). Conclusion: The study underscores the profound effects of the post-COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare administration and services delivery in Nigeria, highlighting challenges that must be addressed to improve system resilience and efficiency. Post COVID-19 Pandemic Healthcare Administration Healthcare Services Delivery Introduction Healthcare workers worldwide face an unprecedented challenge as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. [1 ] The disease was firstly detected in Wuhan, China on December 2019. [ 2 ] The World Health Organisation (WHO) declared the illness outbreak a pandemic on March 11th, following an outburst in the number of cases discovered worldwide, including severe outbreaks in several countries. Globally, a reported of over 775 million confirmed cases of COVID-19, including over 7 million mortality, and over 13 billion vaccine doses have been administered. [ 3 ] The novel coronavirus respiratory illness is highly infectious and spreads mostly through droplets. [ 4 ] Serious disease necessitates hospitalisation. [ 5 ] To curb the spread of this hazardous illness, national governments enacted restrictions accompanied by preventive measures such as social disengagement and isolation guidelines. [ 6 , 7 ] These guidelines significantly restrict people's movement and impair their daily lives. Restrictions and preventive measures for this viral spread resulted to substantial economic, geopolitical, and health ramifications around the world. [ 8 ] This pandemic had an enormous effect on the way healthcare organisations works, resulted in patients avoiding accident and emergency departments and seeking treatment for urgent medical ailments. [ 9 ] The impact of the pandemic on routine immunisation is significant, resulting in increased morbidity and mortality from vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) in countries with already low coverage rates. [ 10 ] As regular healthcare services continue to be disrupted, health experts warn of potential vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) outbreaks and the reintroduction of polio in countries that are now polio-free. [ 11 ] Shifts in health-seeking behaviours as a result of social alienation and lockdowns, as well as fear of contagion, are causing parents to postpone routine children vaccines. [ 12 ] Simultaneously, as health services continue to be overburdened, governments are forced to take severe steps, such as reallocating resources from immunisation operations to the COVID-19 response. [ 13 ] These include extended work shifts, work overload, tight safety instructions and measures, the constant need for concentration and supervision, a lack of protective equipment, and restricted social contact, as well as needing to execute jobs for which many experts are unprepared. [ 14 , 15 ] The COVID-19 epidemic has drastically disrupted the healthcare sector globally, including Nigeria. This paper aims to explore the multifaceted impacts of the pandemic on healthcare administration and service delivery in Nigeria. [ 16 ] The surge in COVID-19 cases has overwhelmed healthcare infrastructure in Nigeria, leading to a strain on healthcare resources such as beds, ventilators, and personal protective equipment (PPE). [ 17 ] Hospitals faced challenges in managing the influx of patients, resulting in overcrowding and compromised patient care. [ 18 ] To cope with the demands of the pandemic, hospitals in Nigeria underwent significant reorganization of operations. [ 19 ] This included the establishment of dedicated COVID-19 treatment centres, isolation wards, and triage systems to separate suspected cases from other patients. [ 20 ] Additionally, scheduled surgeries and non-emergency health needs were deferred to give priority to COVID-19 care. [ 21 ] The pandemic accelerated the adoption of telemedicine and digital health solutions in Nigeria. [ 22 ] Hospitals embraced teleconsultations, remote monitoring, and electronic health records (EHRs) to minimize in-person interactions and reduce the risk of viral transmission. [ 23 ] This shift towards digital healthcare delivery posed challenges related to internet connectivity and access to technology, particularly in rural areas. [ 24 ] The pandemic had profound effects on the healthcare workforce in Nigeria. [ 25 ] Healthcare workers faced increased workloads, burnout, and psychological distress due to the high-stress environment and risk of infection. [ 26 ] Staff shortages, caused by illness or quarantine measures, further strained hospital operations and compromised patient care. [ 27 ] Hospitals in Nigeria grappled with financial challenges exacerbated by the pandemic. [ 28 ] Revenue loss from cancelled procedures and increased expenditure on PPE and medical supplies strained hospital budgets. [ 29 ] The economic downturn resulting from lockdown measures also impacted patients' ability to pay for healthcare services, leading to increased reliance on public healthcare facilities. [ 30 ] The focus on COVID-19 response led to the disruption of routine healthcare administration and services delivery in Nigeria. [ 31 ] Patients with chronic conditions faced challenges in accessing regular care, causing difficulties in medical diagnosis and treatment. [ 32 ] Mother and childcare was severely impacted, resulting in adverse health outcomes. The COVID-19 pandemic has had far-reaching effects on healthcare administration and service delivery in Nigeria. [ 33 ] Addressing the challenges posed by the pandemic requires a multifaceted approach, including investment in healthcare infrastructure, strengthening of healthcare systems, and support for healthcare workers. [ 34 ] This study is crucial at the moment because it sheds light on the profound impact of post COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare administration and services delivery in Nigeria. With the ongoing pandemic and the possibility of future public health crises, understanding these impacts is essential for healthcare preparedness and response. The study highlights the strain on healthcare resources, disruptions in regular services, and the challenges faced by healthcare workers. It underscores the importance of adapting healthcare systems to guarantee their tenacity in dealing with of unexpected situations, ultimately serving as a timely guide for decision-makers and healthcare providers as they navigate these unprecedented times. Objectives of study The purpose of this study is to thoroughly examine the impact of post COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare administration and services delivery in Nigeria. Methodology Study Location This research focuses on Nigeria, a country located in West Africa with a diverse population of over 200 million people. Nigeria was chosen as the study location due to its unique healthcare challenges and the major effect of the post COVID-19 pandemic on its healthcare administration and services delivery. The country's healthcare infrastructure is a mix of public and private institutions, with considerable variations in healthcare administration and service delivery between urban and rural areas. Each state has its own healthcare system, which contributes to a complex national healthcare landscape. The healthcare infrastructure in Nigeria includes a three – tiered system: primary, secondary, and tertiary healthcare facilities. Primary healthcare centres are the first point of contact for most citizens, providing essential services and preventative care. Secondary facilities, including general hospitals, offer more specialized services, while tertiary institutions, such as teaching hospitals, provide advanced medical care and training. The post COVID-19 pandemic has posed enormous hurdles for Nigeria's healthcare sector. The strain on resources, disruption of routine services, and the need for rapid adaptation have highlighted both the strengths and weaknesses of the existing healthcare infrastructure. This study investigates these impacts in detail, focusing on how healthcare administration and service delivery have been affected across different regions and levels of care. Study Population The target population comprises of medical and healthcare workers across all the three tiers of medical and healthcare settings in Nigeria. This population is chosen based on the research objectives. This group is essential for obtaining meaningful insights into the study's key variables as they are responsible for medical and healthcare administration and services deliveries before, during, and after the outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic across all the states and regions in the country Nigeria. Study Design The research adopted a cross – sectional descriptive study design. This design was selected for its appropriateness in addressing the research questions and achieving the study's objectives. A cross – sectional descriptive study design approach was employed to ensure a comprehensive analysis. Sample size and Sampling Methods The sample size comprises of 50 participants from across different tiers of healthcare settings in Nigeria. Sampling of the participants was conducted through a simple random sampling method. Data Collection and Analysis Data was collected using an online questionnaire for data collection from the population to be studied. Data was analysed using IBM SPSS Version 27 Software. Descriptive and inferential statistical methods was applied to draw meaningful conclusions from the collected data. The Pearson chi-square test was used to analyse the association between healthcare facility type and the impact on administration and service delivery. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria Inclusion Criteria Medical and healthcare workers include doctors, nurses, community health workers, health records and information managers, medical laboratory scientists, pharmacists, public health workers, health educators, dentists, healthcare assistants, nutritionists and dieticians, radiologists, and healthcare administrators, among others. Exclusion Criteria Participants who do not match the conditions listed above were excluded, including students non-medical and non-healthcare personnel. Results Table 1 Socio-Demographic Information (n = 50) Variables Frequency Percentage Age (years) 18–25 years 11 22.0 26–35 years 19 38.0 36–45 years 10 20.0 46–55 years 8 16.0 56 years and above 2 4.0 Mean ± Std Dev. = 2.420 ± 1.126 Sex Male 23 46.0 Female 27 54.0 Level of income 30,000–50,000 2 4.0 51,000–70,000 7 14.0 71,000–90,000 8 16.0 91,000-110,000 11 22.0 111,000 and above 22 44.0 Role in Healthcare administration and services delivery Medical Doctor/Physician 4 8.0 Nurse/Midwife 3 6.0 Hospital/Healthcare Administrator and Manager 3 6.0 Community Health Workers 7 14.0 Dentist/Technician 3 6.0 Medical Laboratory Scientist/Technician 5 10.0 Pharmacist/Technician 2 4.0 Nutritionist/Dietician 3 6.0 Medical and Health Records and Information 6 12.0 Scientist/Technician Physiotherapist/Radiologist 2 4.0 Psychologist/Counsellor 2 4.0 Public Health Workers/Health Educator 10 20.0 Years of Experience in Healthcare Less than 1 year 8 16.0 1–5 years 16 32.0 6–10 years 14 28.0 11–15 years 4 8.0 More than 15 years 8 16.0 Healthcare Facility Type Hospital (General, Specialist, Teaching) 15 30.0 Primary Healthcare Centre 18 36.0 Private Hospital/Clinic 11 22.0 Non-Governmental/Non-Profit Organization 6 12.0 Table 2 Impact of Post COVID-19 Pandemic on Healthcare Administration and Services Delivery ( n = 50) How has the post COVID-19 pandemic affected the overall capacity of healthcare facility? Positively affected 6 12.0 Negatively affected 40 80.0 Neither positively nor negatively affected 4 8.0 Total 50 100.0 How has post COVID-19 pandemic affected the overall healthcare administration and services delivery? Positively affected 9 18.0 Negatively affected 38 76.0 Neither positively nor negatively affected 3 6.0 Total 50 100.0 The efficiency and effectiveness of healthcare administration and services delivery (e.g. resources allocation, quality of care, financial planning, logistics) have been impacted by the post COVID-19 pandemic? Yes 39 78.0 No 8 16.0 I don't know 3 6.0 Total 50 100.0 Table 3 Challenges Experienced by Healthcare Providers and Administrators (n = 50) Healthcare providers and administrators faced physical challenges (e.g. shortage of PPE, working for long hours, social distancing) after the COVID-19 pandemic? Yes 45 90.0 No 3 6.0 I don't know 2 4.0 Total 50 100.0 Healthcare providers and administrators experienced psychological challenges (e.g. stress, anxiety, depression, insomnia, PTSD) after the COVID-19 pandemic? Yes 47 94.0 No 2 4.0 I don't know 1 2.0 Total 50 100.0 In your opinion, how has this post COVID-19 pandemic affected the performance and wellbeing of healthcare providers and administrators? Positively affected 4 8.0 Negatively affected 45 90.0 Neither positively nor negatively affected 1 2.0 Total 50 100.0 Table 4 Disruptions in Routine Healthcare Administration and Services Delivery (n = 50) The post COVID-19 pandemic has caused key disruptions in routine healthcare administration and services delivery (e.g. elective surgeries, outpatient care, preventive care, mental health care, reproductive health care)? Yes 40 80.0 No 6 12.0 I don't know 4 8.0 Total 40 80.0 How has these disruptions impacted patients access to healthcare services? Positively impacted 5 10.0 Negatively impacted 42 84.0 Neither positively nor negatively impacted 3 6.0 Total 50 100.0 Table 5 Mitigation Strategies Implemented by Healthcare Organizations (n = 50) Did your healthcare organization implemented several strategies to mitigate the negative effects of the post COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare administration and services delivery (e.g. Telemedicine/Health, staff reallocating, infection prevention and control)? Yes 32 64.0 No 17 34.0 I don't know 1 2.0 Total 32 64.0 How effective do you perceived these strategies to be in ensuring the continuation of essential healthcare administration and services delivery while managing the post COVID-19 pandemic? Effective 42 84.0 Ineffective 4 8.0 Neither effective nor ineffective 4 8.0 Total 50 100.0 Table 6 Association Between Healthcare Facility Type and The Impact of Post COVID-19 Pandemic on Healthcare Administration and Services Delivery (n = 50) In what ways has post COVID-19 affected the overall capacity and efficiency of healthcare facility and administration? How has the post COVID-19 pandemic affected the overall capacity of healthcare facility? Total Positively affected Negatively affected Neither positively nor negatively affected Healthcare Facility Type Hospital (General, Specialist, Teaching) 6 9 0 15 Primary Healthcare Centre 0 18 0 18 Private Hospital/Clinic 0 9 2 11 Non-Governmental/Non-Profit Organization 0 4 2 6 Total 6 40 4 50 Value Df Asymptotic Significance (2-sided) Pearson Chi-Square 24.667 a 6 .000 How has post COVID-19 pandemic affected the overall healthcare administration and services delivery? Total Positively affected Negatively affected Neither positively nor negatively affected Healthcare Facility Type Hospital (General, Specialist, Teaching) 8 7 0 15 Primary Healthcare Centre 1 17 0 18 Private Hospital/Clinic 0 10 1 11 Non-Governmental/Non-Profit Organization 0 4 2 6 Total 9 38 3 50 Value Df Asymptotic Significance (2-sided) Pearson Chi-Square 27.533 a 6 .000 What are the specific challenges, both in terms of physical and psychological aspects, experienced by healthcare providers and administrators after the COVID-19 pandemic? Healthcare providers and administrators faced physical challenges (e.g. shortage of PPE, working for long hours, social distancing) after the COVID-19 pandemic? Total Yes No I don't know Healthcare Facility Type Hospital (General, Specialist, Teaching) 15 0 0 15 Primary Healthcare Centre 18 0 0 18 Private Hospital/Clinic 11 0 0 11 Non-Governmental/Non-Profit Organization 1 3 2 6 Total 45 3 2 50 Value df Asymptotic Significance (2-sided) Pearson Chi-Square 40.741 a 6 .000 Healthcare providers and administrators experienced psychological challenges (e.g. stress, anxiety, depression, insomnia, PTSD) after the COVID-19 pandemic? Total Yes No I don't know Healthcare Facility Type Hospital (General, Specialist, Teaching) 15 0 0 15 Primary Healthcare Centre 18 0 0 18 Private Hospital/Clinic 11 0 0 11 Non-Governmental/Non-Profit Organization 3 2 1 6 Total 47 2 1 50 Value df Asymptotic Significance (2-sided) Pearson Chi-Square 23.404 a 6 .001 What are the key disruptions in routine healthcare administration and services delivery caused by the post COVID-19 pandemic, and how have these disruptions impacted e.g. elective surgeries, outpatient care, preventive care, mental health care, reproductive healthcare? The post COVID-19 pandemic has caused key disruptions in routine healthcare administration and services delivery (e.g. elective surgeries, outpatient care, preventive care, mental health care, reproductive health care)? Total Yes No I don't know Healthcare Facility Type Hospital (General, Specialist, Teaching) 14 0 1 15 Primary Healthcare Centre 13 5 0 18 Private Hospital/Clinic 11 0 0 11 Non-Governmental/Non-Profit Organization 2 1 3 6 Total 40 6 4 50 Value df Asymptotic Significance (2-sided) Pearson Chi-Square 25.199 a 6 .000 How has these disruptions impacted patients impacted access to healthcare administration and services delivery? Total Positively impacted Negatively impacted Neither positively nor negatively impacted Healthcare Facility Type Hospital (General, Specialist, Teaching) 5 10 0 15 Primary Healthcare Centre 0 17 1 18 Private Hospital/Clinic 0 9 2 11 Non-Governmental/Non-Profit Organization 0 6 0 6 Total 5 42 3 50 Value df Asymptotic Significance (2-sided) Pearson Chi-Square 16.613 a 6 .011 What strategies have healthcare organizations implemented to mitigate the negative effects of post COVID-19 on healthcare delivery, and how effective have these strategies been in ensuring the continuation of essential healthcare services while managing the pandemic? Did your healthcare organization implemented several strategies to mitigate the negative effects of the post COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare delivery (e.g. Telemedicine/Health, staff reallocating, infection prevention and control)? Total Yes No I don't know Healthcare Facility Type Hospital (General, Specialist, Teaching) 13 2 0 15 Primary Healthcare Centre 15 3 0 18 Private Hospital/Clinic 2 8 1 11 Non-Governmental/Non-Profit Organization 2 4 0 6 Total 32 17 1 50 Value Df Asymptotic Significance (2-sided) Pearson Chi-Square 20.501 a 6 .002 How effective do you perceived these strategies to be in ensuring the continuation of essential healthcare administration and services delivery while managing the post COVID-19 pandemic? Total Effective Ineffective Neither effective nor ineffective Healthcare Facility Type Hospital (General, Specialist, Teaching) 13 1 1 15 Primary Healthcare Centre 16 1 1 18 Private Hospital/Clinic 9 1 1 11 Non-Governmental/Non-Profit Organization 4 1 1 6 Total 42 4 4 50 Value df Asymptotic Significance (2-sided) Pearson Chi-Square 1.780 a 6 .939 Discussion of Findings Socio-Demographic Information of the Respondents The demographic data provides a foundational understanding of the participants involved in the study. 38.0% of the respondents were aged between 26 and 35 years with mean and standard deviation (Mean ± Std Dev. = 2.420 ± 1.126) with 54.0% female. 44% earned 111,000 naira and above and 20% were public health workers/health educators. 32% had 1–5 years of experience and 36% worked in primary healthcare centre facility. A study by Melody Okereke et al. (2021) [ 35 ] and Iliyasu Z. et al. (2024) [ 36 ] highlighted that healthcare professionals are often more open to adopting innovative practices, essential for adapting to post-pandemic challenges. Understanding the demographic characteristics can help healthcare administrators tailor training and support programs that leverage the strengths of younger professionals while addressing the needs of older staff. Impact of Post COVID-19 Pandemic on Healthcare Administration and Services Delivery The findings indicate that 80.0% of participants felt that the post COVID-19 pandemic negatively affected the overall capacity of healthcare facilities, 76% felt that the post COVID-19 pandemic has negatively affected the overall healthcare administration and services delivery. 78% of the respondent attested that the efficiency and effectiveness of healthcare administration and services delivery have been greatly impacted by the post COVID-19 pandemic. This aligns with the Tessema G.A. et al., (2021) [ 37 ] , reported that many healthcare systems worldwide experienced significant disruptions in healthcare system and service delivery due to the pandemic, leading to shortage of resources, unprecedented strain due to increased patient loads, backlog of care and increased morbidity and mortality rates. The negative impact on capacity suggests a need for strategic planning and resource allocation to enhance resilience in healthcare systems, particularly in Nigeria, where healthcare infrastructure is already under strain. Challenges Experienced by Healthcare Providers and Administrators The study found that 90.0% of healthcare providers faced physical challenges, while 94.0% experienced psychological challenges post-pandemic and 90% believed that post COVID-19 pandemic negatively affected the performance and wellbeing of healthcare providers and administrators . This reflects a broader trend observed in healthcare settings globally, where research by Shanafelt T.D. et al. (2022) [ 38 ] found that healthcare workers during and after the pandemic experienced significant psychological distress, which adversely affected their performance and well-being. The high levels of stress and burnout among healthcare providers necessitate the implementation of mental health support programs and wellness initiatives to ensure the sustainability of healthcare services in Nigeria. Disruptions in Routine Healthcare Administration Services and Delivery The findings indicate that 80.0% of respondents reported disruptions in routine healthcare administration and services delivery, including elective surgeries and preventive care and 84% reported that the disruptions negatively impacted patients access to healthcare services. This is consistent with findings from other studies like Haileamlak A. (2021) [ 39 ] which noted that the pandemic led to significant delays in elective surgeries and routine care, which could have long-term health implications for patients. The disruptions in routine services highlight the need for healthcare systems to develop contingency plans that prioritize essential services while managing crises effectively. Mitigation Strategies Implemented by Healthcare Organizations The study revealed that 64.0% of healthcare organizations implemented strategies such as telemedicine and staff reallocating to mitigate the negative effects of the pandemic. The effectiveness of these strategies was perceived positively by 84.0% of participants. A study by Munazza et al. (2021) [ 40 ] found that telehealth services surged during the pandemic, providing a viable alternative for patients and helping to maintain continuity of care. The successful implementation of telemedicine and other strategies suggests that healthcare organizations in Nigeria should continue to invest in digital health solutions to enhance service delivery and patient access. Association Between Healthcare Facility Type and The Impact of Post COVID-19 Pandemic on Healthcare Administration and Services Delivery Impact on Overall Capacity of Healthcare Facilities The Pearson Chi-Square value for the impact on the overall capacity of healthcare facilities is 24.667 with p-value (p < 0.000). This indicates a statistically significant association between the type of healthcare facility and the perceived impact of the post COVID-19 pandemic on capacity. This implies that certain types of facilities, such as primary healthcare centres, may have experienced more pronounced negative impacts compared to others. The significant results highlight the need for targeted interventions based on facility type to address specific challenges faced by each type of healthcare organization in terms of capacity. Understanding these associations can help policymakers tailor interventions that address the specific needs of different types of healthcare facilities, ensuring a more equitable response to future health crises. The significant negative impact on the overall capacity of healthcare facilities, as indicated by the Pearson Chi-Square results, is consistent with studies that have documented the strain on healthcare systems during the pandemic. Research by Knutsen Glette et al. (2023) [ 41 ] highlighted that many healthcare facilities faced overwhelming patient loads, leading to resource shortages and reduced capacity to deliver care. This aligns with the finding that 80% of respondents reported a negative impact on capacity, suggesting that healthcare systems were not adequately prepared for the surge in demand. A study by Kaye AD et al (2021) [ 42 ] and Eibschutz, L.S et al. (2019) [ 43 ] found that larger healthcare facilities often faced greater challenges during the pandemic due to their complexity and the volume of patients. Impact on Healthcare Administration and Services Delivery In this table, the Pearson Chi-Square value is 27.533, with p-value (p < 0.000). This result indicates a strong statistical association between the type of healthcare facility and the perceived impact of the pandemic on healthcare administration and service delivery. The result suggests that the type of facility plays a crucial role in how the pandemic has affected administrative functions and service delivery. For instance, hospitals may have faced different challenges compared to private clinics or non-profit organizations. Understanding these differences can help healthcare administrators develop tailored strategies to improve service delivery and administrative efficiency in response to the unique challenges faced by each facility type. The findings indicating a significant negative impact on healthcare administration and service delivery resonate with studies that have examined the administrative challenges faced by healthcare organizations during the pandemic. A study by Okereke M et al. (2021) [ 35 ] found that healthcare providers struggled with logistical issues, including resource allocation and staffing shortages, which directly affected service delivery. The reported 76% negative impact in the current findings reflects these challenges, emphasizing the need for improved administrative strategies in future crises. Efficiency and Effectiveness of Healthcare Administration and Services Delivery The Pearson Chi-Square value for the efficiency and effectiveness of healthcare administration and services delivery is 27.533, with p-value (p < 0.000). This indicates a statistically significant relationship between the type of healthcare facility and the perceived impact on administrative efficiency. The significant result suggests that the pandemic's impact on efficiency and effectiveness varies significantly across different types of healthcare facilities. This could be due to varying levels of resources, staffing, and operational structures. The findings underscore the importance of conducting facility-specific assessments to identify areas of inefficiency and to implement targeted improvements that can enhance overall administrative effectiveness. The significant association between facility type and perceived efficiency and effectiveness of healthcare administration is supported by research that indicates variability in how different healthcare settings adapted to the pandemic. A study by Kapoor M. et al. (2023) [ 44 ] found that hospitals, particularly those with robust administrative frameworks, were better able to maintain efficiency compared to smaller clinics. The current findings, showing that 78% of respondents felt efficiency was impacted, suggest that healthcare facilities need to develop more resilient administrative practices to withstand future disruptions. Psychological and Physical Challenges Faced by Healthcare Providers and Administrators The Pearson Chi-Square value for the psychological and physical challenges faced by healthcare providers and administrators is 40.741, with p-value (p < 0.000). This shows a highly significant association between the type of healthcare facility and the reported challenges. The result indicates that healthcare providers in different types of facilities may experience varying levels of physical and psychological stress. The significant results highlight the need for tailored support programs that address the specific challenges faced by healthcare providers in different settings, ensuring that interventions are relevant and effective. The high percentage of healthcare administrators and providers reporting physical and psychological challenges (90% reported physical challenges) aligns with extensive literature documenting the mental health crisis among healthcare workers during the pandemic. A systematic review by Pappa et al. (2020) [ 45 ] found that healthcare workers experienced increased levels of anxiety, depression, and burnout due to the pandemic's demands. The current findings underscore the urgent need for mental health support and resources for healthcare providers, as highlighted in existing research. Mitigation Strategies Implemented by Healthcare Organizations The Pearson Chi-Square value for the implementation of mitigation strategies is 20.501, with p-value (p < 0.002). This indicates a statistically significant relationship between the type of healthcare facility and the implementation of strategies to mitigate the pandemic's effects. The significant p-value suggests that the likelihood of implementing certain strategies varies by facility type. For example, hospitals may have been more proactive in adopting telemedicine compared to private clinics. The findings suggest that healthcare organizations should share best practices and successful strategies across different types of facilities to enhance overall resilience and adaptability in the face of future health crises. The significant relationship between facility types and the implementation of mitigation strategies reflects findings from studies that emphasize the importance of adaptive strategies in healthcare settings. Research by Keesara et al. (2020) [ 46 ] noted that organizations that quickly adopted telehealth and other innovative practices were better positioned to manage patient care during the pandemic. The current findings suggest that different types of facilities may have varying capacities to implement such strategies, indicating a need for tailored support and resource allocation. In summary, the post-COVID-19 pandemic has significantly affected the Nigerian healthcare system, exposing vulnerabilities in capacity, workforce well-being, and service delivery. Addressing these challenges through targeted interventions and systemic reforms is essential to build a more resilient and effective healthcare system in Nigeria. Conclusion The findings of this study provide critical insights into the impact of the post-COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare administration and service delivery in Nigeria. The findings from this study underscore the profound impact of the post COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare administration and serviced delivery in Nigeria. The challenges faced by healthcare providers and administrators, the disruptions in routine healthcare administration and services delivery, and the effectiveness of mitigation strategies highlight the need for systemic changes and enhanced support mechanisms. The study’s findings emphasize the critical importance of addressing the multifaceted challenges posed by the post-COVID-19 pandemic to build a more resilient healthcare system in Nigeria. By investing in healthcare infrastructure, workforce well-being, and equitable access to services, the Nigerian healthcare system can better navigate future health crises and improve the quality of care for all citizens. Continued research and monitoring will be essential to evaluate the effectiveness of implemented strategies and adapt to the evolving healthcare landscape. Future research should focus on long-term strategies to build resilience in healthcare systems, ensuring they are better prepared for similar crises in the future. Recommendations Here are comprehensive recommendations to address the challenges faced by the healthcare system in Nigeria as a result of the post-COVID-19 pandemic. These recommendations aim to enhance the resilience, efficiency, and quality of healthcare delivery and administration. Strengthening Healthcare Infrastructure Invest in Physical Facilities: Allocate resources to upgrade existing healthcare facilities, especially in rural and underserved areas. This includes expanding the capacity of hospitals, equipping them with modern medical technologies, and ensuring the availability of essential supplies like PPE and medicines. Enhance Digital Infrastructure: Develop robust telehealth platforms and digital health solutions that can facilitate remote consultations, online patient management, and better communication between healthcare providers and patients. Improving Workforce Well-being and Support Mental Health Support Programmes: Implement comprehensive mental health initiatives for healthcare workers, including counselling, stress management workshops, and mental health days to reduce burnout and improve morale. Professional Development Opportunities: Provide continuous professional training and development programs focused on infection prevention, crisis management, and the use of digital health tools to enhance healthcare workers' skills and adaptability. Policy Reforms for Efficient Resource Allocation Equitable Funding Distribution: Reform healthcare financing policies to ensure equitable allocation of resources across all healthcare facilities, especially for primary healthcare centres that often lack sufficient funding. Develop Emergency Preparedness Plans: Create and implement robust emergency response strategies that include stockpiling essential medical supplies, ensuring quick mobilization of resources during crises, and establishing protocols for future pandemics. Community Engagement and Education Increase Public Health Awareness: Launch campaigns to educate communities about health issues, preventive measures, and the importance of seeking timely healthcare. Use various media platforms to disseminate information. Strengthen Community Health Systems: Involve community health workers in health promotion and disease prevention activities, ensuring that local populations have access to necessary information and resources. Telemedicine and Innovative Service Delivery Expand Telemedicine Services: Invest in telehealth infrastructure to provide remote healthcare services, particularly in rural areas where access to healthcare facilities is limited. Train healthcare providers to effectively use telemedicine tools. Implement Mobile Health Clinics: Develop mobile health units to deliver healthcare services to remote and underserved communities, ensuring that essential health services reach all population segments. Intersectoral Collaboration Foster Public-Private Partnerships: Encourage collaboration between government and private healthcare providers to share resources, expertise, and technology. Joint initiatives can enhance service delivery and improve patient outcomes. Engage Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs): Collaborate with NGOs that specialize in health service delivery to reach vulnerable populations, provide health education, and support healthcare initiatives. Monitoring and Evaluation Systems Establish Data-Driven Decision-Making: Implement robust monitoring and evaluation systems to collect and analyse health data regularly. This will help in assessing healthcare delivery efficiency and identifying areas for improvement. Patient Feedback Mechanisms: Create channels for patients to provide feedback on their healthcare experiences, allowing healthcare administrators to address issues and improve service delivery. Addressing Health Equity Target Vulnerable Populations: Design specific health programs aimed at vulnerable groups, including women, children, and the elderly, to ensure they receive comprehensive care and support. Focus on Social Determinants of Health: Develop initiatives to address social determinants affecting health outcomes, such as housing, education, and nutrition, to improve overall public health in the community. Legislative and Policy Advocacy Advocate for Health Policy Reforms: Work with stakeholders to advocate for health policy reforms that address systemic issues within the healthcare system, focusing on funding, workforce training, and infrastructure improvements. Strengthen Regulatory Frameworks: Enhance regulatory policies that govern healthcare delivery to ensure quality standards are met across all facilities. Implementing these comprehensive recommendations will require coordinated efforts from government, healthcare providers, community organizations, and other stakeholders. By focusing on infrastructure, workforce support, community engagement, and equitable resource distribution, Nigeria can strengthen its healthcare system and enhance its resilience against future health crises. These strategies will ensure that all citizens have access to quality healthcare services, ultimately improving health outcomes across the country. Limitations of the Study When conducting research, it is essential to acknowledge any limitations that may impact the findings and their generalizability. Here are some common limitations that may apply to this study examining the impact of the post-COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare administration and services delivery in Nigeria: Sample Size and Representativeness: The study's sample size may be limited (n = 50), which could affect the representativeness of the findings. A small sample may not capture the full diversity of experiences among healthcare providers and administrators across different regions, types of facilities, and socioeconomic backgrounds. The respondents may not represent all healthcare roles, as some professions may be underrepresented, potentially skewing the results. Self-Reported Data: The reliance on self-reported data can introduce bias, as respondents may overstate or understate their experiences and perceptions. This subjectivity can affect the accuracy of the reported challenges, impacts, and effectiveness of implemented strategies. Cross-Sectional Design: The study employs a cross-sectional design, which only captures a snapshot of the situation at one point in time. This limits the ability to draw conclusions about changes over time and the long-term effects of the pandemic on healthcare delivery. Regional Variability: The impact of the pandemic on healthcare services may vary significantly by region (urban vs. rural) and facility type (public vs. private). Since the study does not account for these differences, it may overlook important contextual factors that influence healthcare delivery. Potential Recall Bias: Respondents may experience recall bias when reporting their experiences related to the pandemic, particularly regarding the intensity and duration of challenges faced. This bias could affect the reliability of the findings. Lack of Longitudinal Data: The study lacks longitudinal data that could provide insights into trends and changes in healthcare delivery and administration before, during, and after the pandemic. Long-term data would be valuable in assessing the sustained effects of the pandemic on healthcare systems. Limited Scope of Focus: The study focuses primarily on specific aspects of healthcare administration and service delivery, such as workforce challenges and service disruptions, while neglecting other critical areas, such as patient outcomes or financial implications for healthcare facilities. Variability in Healthcare Policy Implementation: The inconsistent implementation of healthcare policies across different states or regions in Nigeria may affect the generalizability of the findings. Different local contexts can result in varied responses to the pandemic, making it difficult to apply the findings uniformly. Changing Nature of the Pandemic: The ongoing nature of the COVID-19 pandemic means that circumstances are continually evolving. New variants, vaccination rates, and changing public health guidelines can alter the landscape of healthcare delivery, potentially affecting the relevance of the study's findings over time. Exclusion of Patient Perspectives: The study focuses primarily on healthcare providers and administrators, potentially overlooking the perspectives and experiences of patients. Understanding patients' experiences after the pandemic is crucial for a comprehensive assessment of healthcare delivery. Recognizing these limitations is essential for contextualizing the study's findings and understanding the implications for healthcare policy and practice in Nigeria. Future research should aim to address these limitations by utilizing larger and more representative samples, incorporating longitudinal data, and considering multiple stakeholder perspectives to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the impact of the post-COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare administration and services delivery. Declarations ETHICS APPROVAL AND CONSENT TO PARTICIPATE Ethical clearance and approval to conduct this research was sought from the Department of Health System Management Studies Research and Ethics Committee, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India. STATEMENT OF CONFIRMATION All methods used were in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. CONSENT TO PARTICIPATE A written/informed consent was sought from all participants and/or their legal guardians who participated in this study. Permission was obtained from the respondents before administering the questionnaire and confidentiality of all respondents was ensured. All participants provided an informed consent to participate in this study. CONSENT TO PULISH All participants provided an informed consent for the anonymised data to be published as part of this study. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER Not Applicable AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIALS The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. COMPETING INTERESTS All authors declare that there is no competing interest. FUNDING INFORMATION No funding received for the study. References Juan Erquicia, Laura Valls, Andrés Barja, Sergi Gil, Joan Miquel, Joan Leal-Blanquet, Carlos Schmidt, Josep Checa, Daniel Vega. (2020). Emotional impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on healthcare workers in one of the most important infection outbreaks in Europe, Medicina Clínica (English Edition),Volume 155, Issue 10,2020, Pages 434-440, ISSN 2387-0206. 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Lancet. 2022 Mar 19;399(10330):1155-1200. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02488-0 Okereke M, Babatunde AO, Samuel ST, Ogunkola IO, Mogessie YG, Lucero-Prisno DE. (2021). 3rd Applications of telemedicine in the supply and distribution of COVID-19 vaccines in Africa. J Glob Health. 2021 Mar 1;11:03039. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.11.03039 Iliyasu Z, Garba RM, Bashir HA, Saleh NS, Jibo AM, Amole TG, Umar AA, Tsiga-Ahmed FI, Abdullahi HM, Kwaku AA, Salihu HM, Aliyu MH. (2024). Telemedicine Service Adoption During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Physicians' Experience from Nigeria. Telemed J E Health. 2024 Mar;30(3):805-815. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2023.0262 Tessema GA, Kinfu Y, Dachew BA, et al. (2021). The COVID-19 pandemic and healthcare systems in Africa: a scoping review of preparedness, impact and response. BMJ Global Health 2021;6:e007179. 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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2023-071828 Kaye AD, Okeagu CN, Pham AD, Silva RA, Hurley JJ, Arron BL, Sarfraz N, Lee HN, Ghali GE, Gamble JW, Liu H, Urman RD, Cornett EM. (2021). Economic impact of COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare facilities and systems: International perspectives. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2021 Oct;35(3):293-306. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpa.2020.11.009. Eibschutz, L.S., Bruckhaus, A.A., Bennett, A., Duncan, D., Sackett, C., Dave, K., Cherukury, S., Uram, V. and Smith, C.M. (2023). Global Impact of COVID-19 on Healthcare Systems. In Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) (eds A. Gholamrezanezhad and M.P. Dube). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119789741.ch29 Kapoor M, Nidhi Kaur K, Saeed S, Shannawaz M, Chandra A (2023). Impact of COVID-19 on healthcare system in India: A systematic review. J Public Health Res. 2023 Jul 13;12(3):22799036231186349. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/22799036231186349 Pappa, S., Ntella, V., Giannakas, T., & Katsaounou, P. (2020). Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and insomnia among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 88, 901-907. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.026 Keesara S, Jonas A, Schulman K. (2020). Covid-19 and Health Care's Digital Revolution. N Engl J Med. 2020 Jun 4;382(23):e82. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp2005835 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7405286","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":526755974,"identity":"23f10e58-510a-4704-b6bc-b8dc043462a0","order_by":0,"name":"Adeyemi O. Omoge","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA9UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYPACZjB54AOQYGMnRcvBGSAtzKRoYeZBsHEDfrHDh198qLGWMzjenXjY5tc2eT5mBsYPH3Nwa5GcnZZmOeNYurHBmbMbDuf23TZsY2Zglpy5DbcWg9s5ZsY8bIcTN9zIBWrpuc0I1MLGzEtIy59/h+s33H+74bBlz217YrQYP2ZsO5xgcIN3w2GGH7cTCWoB+YWxty/dcOaZ3A0HextuJ7cxMzbj9Qu/dPLhDz++WcvzHT+7+cOPP7dt57c3H/zwEY8WIGCTAJEKB4AEYxuIydiAVz0QMIOSCYM8WN0fQopHwSgYBaNgJAIAybdZX5n9H2oAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Adeyemi","middleName":"O.","lastName":"Omoge","suffix":""},{"id":526755975,"identity":"0c6c83fa-23ac-464d-be05-149064e6a3ba","order_by":1,"name":"Dr Shalini","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"Dr","firstName":"","middleName":"","lastName":"Shalini","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-08-19 06:53:21","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7405286/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7405286/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":93131904,"identity":"5509a66a-ba01-4b46-9eff-ae44159b0020","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-09 11:40:05","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":100973,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"ImpactofPostCOVID19PandemiconHealthcareAdministrationandServicesDeliveryinNigeria5.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7405286/v1/9c009dd90910bc4a073c314e.docx"},{"id":93131039,"identity":"1fd0aa33-1d07-4633-8ae1-75d9dcb58527","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-09 11:32:05","extension":"json","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":4971,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"f0640bf4bfac415aa9e80d17b299ab61.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7405286/v1/5a2efc19e12ffaa4335dfd87.json"},{"id":93131040,"identity":"02a3d20c-7000-4097-9845-89c7a54d0d17","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-09 11:32:05","extension":"xml","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":174065,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"f0640bf4bfac415aa9e80d17b299ab611enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7405286/v1/9a4a4c343abb10acddad67b1.xml"},{"id":93131042,"identity":"8936a749-5a66-4df1-8448-098402a4a02d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-09 11:32:06","extension":"xml","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":168652,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"f0640bf4bfac415aa9e80d17b299ab611structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7405286/v1/5b97b404921dbc2b7db1ecf2.xml"},{"id":93131043,"identity":"698913b3-7fa1-45f7-9bce-120f925306a0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-09 11:32:06","extension":"html","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":186002,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7405286/v1/994eebb024557b33ec01d2ea.html"},{"id":99795946,"identity":"2d8f0ed1-7959-4681-9956-aadd8ebc8f96","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-08 13:40:06","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2741820,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7405286/v1/0d81abba-24f0-4ce3-9f96-2b5600d8d305.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Impact of Post COVID-19 Pandemic on Healthcare Administration and Services Delivery in Nigeria","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eHealthcare workers worldwide face an unprecedented challenge as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.\u003csup\u003e[1 ]\u003c/sup\u003eThe disease was firstly detected in Wuhan, China on December 2019.\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e The World Health Organisation (WHO) declared the illness outbreak a pandemic on March 11th, following an outburst in the number of cases discovered worldwide, including severe outbreaks in several countries. Globally, a reported of over 775\u0026nbsp;million confirmed cases of COVID-19, including over 7\u0026nbsp;million mortality, and over 13\u0026nbsp;billion vaccine doses have been administered.\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e The novel coronavirus respiratory illness is highly infectious and spreads mostly through droplets.\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e Serious disease necessitates hospitalisation.\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e To curb the spread of this hazardous illness, national governments enacted restrictions accompanied by preventive measures such as social disengagement and isolation guidelines.\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e These guidelines significantly restrict people's movement and impair their daily lives. Restrictions and preventive measures for this viral spread resulted to substantial economic, geopolitical, and health ramifications around the world.\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis pandemic had an enormous effect on the way healthcare organisations works, resulted in patients avoiding accident and emergency departments and seeking treatment for urgent medical ailments.\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e The impact of the pandemic on routine immunisation is significant, resulting in increased morbidity and mortality from vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) in countries with already low coverage rates.\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e As regular healthcare services continue to be disrupted, health experts warn of potential vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) outbreaks and the reintroduction of polio in countries that are now polio-free.\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e Shifts in health-seeking behaviours as a result of social alienation and lockdowns, as well as fear of contagion, are causing parents to postpone routine children vaccines.\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e Simultaneously, as health services continue to be overburdened, governments are forced to take severe steps, such as reallocating resources from immunisation operations to the COVID-19 response.\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e These include extended work shifts, work overload, tight safety instructions and measures, the constant need for concentration and supervision, a lack of protective equipment, and restricted social contact, as well as needing to execute jobs for which many experts are unprepared.\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe COVID-19 epidemic has drastically disrupted the healthcare sector globally, including Nigeria. This paper aims to explore the multifaceted impacts of the pandemic on healthcare administration and service delivery in Nigeria.\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e The surge in COVID-19 cases has overwhelmed healthcare infrastructure in Nigeria, leading to a strain on healthcare resources such as beds, ventilators, and personal protective equipment (PPE).\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e Hospitals faced challenges in managing the influx of patients, resulting in overcrowding and compromised patient care.\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e To cope with the demands of the pandemic, hospitals in Nigeria underwent significant reorganization of operations.\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e This included the establishment of dedicated COVID-19 treatment centres, isolation wards, and triage systems to separate suspected cases from other patients.\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, scheduled surgeries and non-emergency health needs were deferred to give priority to COVID-19 care.\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e The pandemic accelerated the adoption of telemedicine and digital health solutions in Nigeria.\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e Hospitals embraced teleconsultations, remote monitoring, and electronic health records (EHRs) to minimize in-person interactions and reduce the risk of viral transmission.\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e This shift towards digital healthcare delivery posed challenges related to internet connectivity and access to technology, particularly in rural areas.\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e The pandemic had profound effects on the healthcare workforce in Nigeria.\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e Healthcare workers faced increased workloads, burnout, and psychological distress due to the high-stress environment and risk of infection.\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e Staff shortages, caused by illness or quarantine measures, further strained hospital operations and compromised patient care.\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e Hospitals in Nigeria grappled with financial challenges exacerbated by the pandemic.\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e Revenue loss from cancelled procedures and increased expenditure on PPE and medical supplies strained hospital budgets.\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e The economic downturn resulting from lockdown measures also impacted patients' ability to pay for healthcare services, leading to increased reliance on public healthcare facilities.\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe focus on COVID-19 response led to the disruption of routine healthcare administration and services delivery in Nigeria.\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e Patients with chronic conditions faced challenges in accessing regular care, causing difficulties in medical diagnosis and treatment.\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e Mother and childcare was severely impacted, resulting in adverse health outcomes. The COVID-19 pandemic has had far-reaching effects on healthcare administration and service delivery in Nigeria.\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e Addressing the challenges posed by the pandemic requires a multifaceted approach, including investment in healthcare infrastructure, strengthening of healthcare systems, and support for healthcare workers.\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study is crucial at the moment because it sheds light on the profound impact of post COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare administration and services delivery in Nigeria. With the ongoing pandemic and the possibility of future public health crises, understanding these impacts is essential for healthcare preparedness and response. The study highlights the strain on healthcare resources, disruptions in regular services, and the challenges faced by healthcare workers. It underscores the importance of adapting healthcare systems to guarantee their tenacity in dealing with of unexpected situations, ultimately serving as a timely guide for decision-makers and healthcare providers as they navigate these unprecedented times.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eObjectives of study\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe purpose of this study is to thoroughly examine the impact of post COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare administration and services delivery in Nigeria.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methodology","content":"\u003ch2\u003eStudy Location\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis research focuses on Nigeria, a country located in West Africa with a diverse population of over 200\u0026nbsp;million people. Nigeria was chosen as the study location due to its unique healthcare challenges and the major effect of the post COVID-19 pandemic on its healthcare administration and services delivery. The country's healthcare infrastructure is a mix of public and private institutions, with considerable variations in healthcare administration and service delivery between urban and rural areas. Each state has its own healthcare system, which contributes to a complex national healthcare landscape.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe healthcare infrastructure in Nigeria includes a three – tiered system: primary, secondary, and tertiary healthcare facilities. Primary healthcare centres are the first point of contact for most citizens, providing essential services and preventative care. Secondary facilities, including general hospitals, offer more specialized services, while tertiary institutions, such as teaching hospitals, provide advanced medical care and training.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe post COVID-19 pandemic has posed enormous hurdles for Nigeria's healthcare sector. The strain on resources, disruption of routine services, and the need for rapid adaptation have highlighted both the strengths and weaknesses of the existing healthcare infrastructure. This study investigates these impacts in detail, focusing on how healthcare administration and service delivery have been affected across different regions and levels of care.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch3\u003eStudy Population\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe target population comprises of medical and healthcare workers across all the three tiers of medical and healthcare settings in Nigeria. This population is chosen based on the research objectives. This group is essential for obtaining meaningful insights into the study's key variables as they are responsible for medical and healthcare administration and services deliveries before, during, and after the outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic across all the states and regions in the country Nigeria.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch3\u003eStudy Design\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe research adopted a cross – sectional descriptive study design. This design was selected for its appropriateness in addressing the research questions and achieving the study's objectives. A cross – sectional descriptive study design approach was employed to ensure a comprehensive analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch3\u003eSample size and Sampling Methods\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe sample size comprises of 50 participants from across different tiers of healthcare settings in Nigeria. Sampling of the participants was conducted through a simple random sampling method.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Collection and Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eData was collected using an online questionnaire for data collection from the population to be studied.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eData was analysed using IBM SPSS Version 27 Software. Descriptive and inferential statistical methods was applied to draw meaningful conclusions from the collected data. The Pearson chi-square test was used to analyse the association between healthcare facility type and the impact on administration and service delivery. Statistical significance was set at p \u0026lt; 0.05.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch3\u003eInclusion and Exclusion Criteria\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInclusion Criteria\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMedical and healthcare workers include doctors, nurses, community health workers, health records and information managers, medical laboratory scientists, pharmacists, public health workers, health educators, dentists, healthcare assistants, nutritionists and dieticians, radiologists, and healthcare administrators, among others.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExclusion Criteria\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eParticipants who do not match the conditions listed above were excluded, including students non-medical and non-healthcare personnel.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSocio-Demographic Information (n = 50)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePercentage\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAge (years)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18–25 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26–35 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36–45 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46–55 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56 years and above\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e±\u003c/span\u003e Std Dev. = 2.420 \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e±\u003c/span\u003e 1.126\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLevel of income\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30,000–50,000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51,000–70,000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e71,000–90,000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e91,000-110,000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e111,000 and above\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRole in Healthcare administration and services delivery\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMedical Doctor/Physician\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNurse/Midwife\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHospital/Healthcare Administrator and Manager\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCommunity Health Workers\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDentist/Technician\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMedical Laboratory Scientist/Technician\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePharmacist/Technician\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNutritionist/Dietician\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMedical and Health Records and Information\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eScientist/Technician Physiotherapist/Radiologist\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePsychologist/Counsellor\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePublic Health Workers/Health Educator\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYears of Experience in Healthcare\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLess than 1 year\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1–5 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6–10 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11–15 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMore than 15 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHealthcare Facility Type\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHospital (General, Specialist, Teaching)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrimary Healthcare Centre\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrivate Hospital/Clinic\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNon-Governmental/Non-Profit Organization\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eImpact of Post COVID-19 Pandemic on Healthcare Administration and Services Delivery ( n = 50)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHow has the post COVID-19 pandemic affected the overall capacity of healthcare facility?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePositively affected\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNegatively affected\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNeither positively nor negatively affected\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHow has post COVID-19 pandemic affected the overall healthcare administration and services delivery?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePositively affected\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNegatively affected\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNeither positively nor negatively affected\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe efficiency and effectiveness of healthcare administration and services delivery (e.g. resources allocation, quality of care, financial planning, logistics) have been impacted by the post COVID-19 pandemic?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e78.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI don't know\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChallenges Experienced by Healthcare Providers and Administrators (n = 50)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHealthcare providers and administrators faced physical challenges (e.g. shortage of PPE, working for long hours, social distancing) after the COVID-19 pandemic?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e90.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI don't know\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHealthcare providers and administrators experienced psychological challenges (e.g. stress, anxiety, depression, insomnia, PTSD) after the COVID-19 pandemic?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e94.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI don't know\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn your opinion, how has this post COVID-19 pandemic affected the performance and wellbeing of healthcare providers and administrators?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePositively affected\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNegatively affected\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e90.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNeither positively nor negatively affected\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDisruptions in Routine Healthcare Administration and Services Delivery (n = 50)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe post COVID-19 pandemic has caused key disruptions in routine healthcare administration and services delivery (e.g. elective surgeries, outpatient care, preventive care, mental health care, reproductive health care)?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI don't know\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHow has these disruptions impacted patients access to healthcare services?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePositively impacted\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNegatively impacted\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e84.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNeither positively nor negatively impacted\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMitigation Strategies Implemented by Healthcare Organizations (n = 50)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDid your healthcare organization implemented several strategies to mitigate the negative effects of the post COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare administration and services delivery (e.g. Telemedicine/Health, staff reallocating, infection prevention and control)?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI don't know\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHow effective do you perceived these strategies to be in ensuring the continuation of essential healthcare administration and services delivery while managing the post COVID-19 pandemic?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEffective\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e84.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIneffective\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNeither effective nor ineffective\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAssociation Between Healthcare Facility Type and The Impact of Post COVID-19 Pandemic on Healthcare Administration and Services Delivery (n = 50)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIn what ways has post COVID-19 affected the overall capacity and efficiency of healthcare facility and administration?\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHow has the post COVID-19 pandemic affected the overall capacity of healthcare facility?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePositively affected\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNegatively affected\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNeither positively nor negatively affected\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHealthcare Facility Type\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHospital (General, Specialist, Teaching)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrimary Healthcare Centre\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrivate Hospital/Clinic\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNon-Governmental/Non-Profit Organization\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eValue\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDf\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAsymptotic Significance (2-sided)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePearson Chi-Square\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.667\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabb\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHow has post COVID-19 pandemic affected the overall healthcare administration and services delivery?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePositively affected\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNegatively affected\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNeither positively nor negatively affected\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHealthcare Facility Type\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHospital (General, Specialist, Teaching)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrimary Healthcare Centre\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrivate Hospital/Clinic\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNon-Governmental/Non-Profit Organization\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eValue\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDf\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAsymptotic Significance (2-sided)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePearson Chi-Square\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.533\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWhat are the specific challenges, both in terms of physical and psychological aspects, experienced by healthcare providers and administrators after the COVID-19 pandemic?\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabc\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHealthcare providers and administrators faced physical challenges (e.g. shortage of PPE, working for long hours, social distancing) after the COVID-19 pandemic?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI don't know\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHealthcare Facility Type\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHospital (General, Specialist, Teaching)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrimary Healthcare Centre\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrivate Hospital/Clinic\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNon-Governmental/Non-Profit Organization\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eValue\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003edf\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAsymptotic Significance (2-sided)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePearson Chi-Square\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.741\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabd\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHealthcare providers and administrators experienced psychological challenges (e.g. stress, anxiety, depression, insomnia, PTSD) after the COVID-19 pandemic?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI don't know\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHealthcare Facility Type\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHospital (General, Specialist, Teaching)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrimary Healthcare Centre\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrivate Hospital/Clinic\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNon-Governmental/Non-Profit Organization\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eValue\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003edf\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAsymptotic Significance (2-sided)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePearson Chi-Square\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.404\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWhat are the key disruptions in routine healthcare administration and services delivery caused by the post COVID-19 pandemic, and how have these disruptions impacted e.g. elective surgeries, outpatient care, preventive care, mental health care, reproductive healthcare?\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabe\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe post COVID-19 pandemic has caused key disruptions in routine healthcare administration and services delivery (e.g. elective surgeries, outpatient care, preventive care, mental health care, reproductive health care)?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI don't know\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHealthcare Facility Type\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHospital (General, Specialist, Teaching)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrimary Healthcare Centre\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrivate Hospital/Clinic\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNon-Governmental/Non-Profit Organization\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eValue\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003edf\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAsymptotic Significance (2-sided)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePearson Chi-Square\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.199\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabf\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHow has these disruptions impacted patients impacted access to healthcare administration and services delivery?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePositively impacted\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNegatively impacted\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNeither positively nor negatively impacted\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHealthcare Facility Type\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHospital (General, Specialist, Teaching)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrimary Healthcare Centre\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrivate Hospital/Clinic\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNon-Governmental/Non-Profit Organization\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eValue\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003edf\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAsymptotic Significance (2-sided)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePearson Chi-Square\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.613\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.011\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWhat strategies have healthcare organizations implemented to mitigate the negative effects of post COVID-19 on healthcare delivery, and how effective have these strategies been in ensuring the continuation of essential healthcare services while managing the pandemic?\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabg\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDid your healthcare organization implemented several strategies to mitigate the negative effects of the post COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare delivery (e.g. Telemedicine/Health, staff reallocating, infection prevention and control)?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI don't know\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHealthcare Facility Type\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHospital (General, Specialist, Teaching)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrimary Healthcare Centre\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrivate Hospital/Clinic\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNon-Governmental/Non-Profit Organization\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eValue\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDf\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAsymptotic Significance (2-sided)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePearson Chi-Square\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.501\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.002\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabh\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHow effective do you perceived these strategies to be in ensuring the continuation of essential healthcare administration and services delivery while managing the post COVID-19 pandemic?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEffective\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIneffective\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNeither effective nor ineffective\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHealthcare Facility Type\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHospital (General, Specialist, Teaching)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrimary Healthcare Centre\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrivate Hospital/Clinic\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNon-Governmental/Non-Profit Organization\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eValue\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003edf\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAsymptotic Significance (2-sided)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePearson Chi-Square\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.780\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.939\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion of Findings","content":"\u003ch2\u003eSocio-Demographic Information of the Respondents\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe demographic data provides a foundational understanding of the participants involved in the study. 38.0% of the respondents were aged between 26 and 35 years with mean and standard deviation (Mean \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e±\u003c/span\u003e Std Dev. = 2.420 \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e±\u003c/span\u003e 1.126) with 54.0% female. 44% earned 111,000 naira and above and 20% were public health workers/health educators. 32% had 1–5 years of experience and 36% worked in primary healthcare centre facility.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA study by Melody Okereke et al. (2021)\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e and Iliyasu Z. et al. (2024)\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e highlighted that healthcare professionals are often more open to adopting innovative practices, essential for adapting to post-pandemic challenges. Understanding the demographic characteristics can help healthcare administrators tailor training and support programs that leverage the strengths of younger professionals while addressing the needs of older staff.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eImpact of Post COVID-19 Pandemic on Healthcare Administration and Services Delivery\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe findings indicate that 80.0% of participants felt that the post COVID-19 pandemic negatively affected the overall capacity of healthcare facilities, 76% felt that the post COVID-19 pandemic has negatively affected the overall healthcare administration and services delivery. 78% of the respondent attested that the efficiency and effectiveness of healthcare administration and services delivery have been greatly impacted by the post COVID-19 pandemic.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis aligns with the Tessema G.A. et al., (2021)\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e, reported that many healthcare systems worldwide experienced significant disruptions in healthcare system and service delivery due to the pandemic, leading to shortage of resources, unprecedented strain due to increased patient loads, backlog of care and increased morbidity and mortality rates. The negative impact on capacity suggests a need for strategic planning and resource allocation to enhance resilience in healthcare systems, particularly in Nigeria, where healthcare infrastructure is already under strain.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eChallenges Experienced by Healthcare Providers and Administrators\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study found that 90.0% of healthcare providers faced physical challenges, while 94.0% experienced psychological challenges post-pandemic and 90% believed that post COVID-19 pandemic negatively affected the performance and wellbeing of healthcare providers and administrators .\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis reflects a broader trend observed in healthcare settings globally, where research by Shanafelt T.D. et al. (2022)\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e found that healthcare workers during and after the pandemic experienced significant psychological distress, which adversely affected their performance and well-being. The high levels of stress and burnout among healthcare providers necessitate the implementation of mental health support programs and wellness initiatives to ensure the sustainability of healthcare services in Nigeria.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eDisruptions in Routine Healthcare Administration Services and Delivery\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe findings indicate that 80.0% of respondents reported disruptions in routine healthcare administration and services delivery, including elective surgeries and preventive care and 84% reported that the disruptions negatively impacted patients access to healthcare services.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis is consistent with findings from other studies like Haileamlak A. (2021)\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e which noted that the pandemic led to significant delays in elective surgeries and routine care, which could have long-term health implications for patients. The disruptions in routine services highlight the need for healthcare systems to develop contingency plans that prioritize essential services while managing crises effectively.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMitigation Strategies Implemented by Healthcare Organizations\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study revealed that 64.0% of healthcare organizations implemented strategies such as telemedicine and staff reallocating to mitigate the negative effects of the pandemic. The effectiveness of these strategies was perceived positively by 84.0% of participants.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA study by Munazza et al. (2021)\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e found that telehealth services surged during the pandemic, providing a viable alternative for patients and helping to maintain continuity of care. The successful implementation of telemedicine and other strategies suggests that healthcare organizations in Nigeria should continue to invest in digital health solutions to enhance service delivery and patient access.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAssociation Between Healthcare Facility Type and The Impact of Post COVID-19 Pandemic on Healthcare Administration and Services Delivery\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eImpact on Overall Capacity of Healthcare Facilities\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Pearson Chi-Square value for the impact on the overall capacity of healthcare facilities is 24.667 with p-value (p \u0026lt; 0.000). This indicates a statistically significant association between the type of healthcare facility and the perceived impact of the post COVID-19 pandemic on capacity. This implies that certain types of facilities, such as primary healthcare centres, may have experienced more pronounced negative impacts compared to others. The significant results highlight the need for targeted interventions based on facility type to address specific challenges faced by each type of healthcare organization in terms of capacity.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnderstanding these associations can help policymakers tailor interventions that address the specific needs of different types of healthcare facilities, ensuring a more equitable response to future health crises. The significant negative impact on the overall capacity of healthcare facilities, as indicated by the Pearson Chi-Square results, is consistent with studies that have documented the strain on healthcare systems during the pandemic.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eResearch by Knutsen Glette et al. (2023)\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e highlighted that many healthcare facilities faced overwhelming patient loads, leading to resource shortages and reduced capacity to deliver care. This aligns with the finding that 80% of respondents reported a negative impact on capacity, suggesting that healthcare systems were not adequately prepared for the surge in demand. A study by Kaye AD et al (2021)\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e and Eibschutz, L.S et al. (2019)\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e found that larger healthcare facilities often faced greater challenges during the pandemic due to their complexity and the volume of patients.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eImpact on Healthcare Administration and Services Delivery\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn this table, the Pearson Chi-Square value is 27.533, with p-value (p \u0026lt; 0.000). This result indicates a strong statistical association between the type of healthcare facility and the perceived impact of the pandemic on healthcare administration and service delivery. The result suggests that the type of facility plays a crucial role in how the pandemic has affected administrative functions and service delivery. For instance, hospitals may have faced different challenges compared to private clinics or non-profit organizations.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnderstanding these differences can help healthcare administrators develop tailored strategies to improve service delivery and administrative efficiency in response to the unique challenges faced by each facility type. The findings indicating a significant negative impact on healthcare administration and service delivery resonate with studies that have examined the administrative challenges faced by healthcare organizations during the pandemic.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA study by Okereke M et al. (2021)\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e found that healthcare providers struggled with logistical issues, including resource allocation and staffing shortages, which directly affected service delivery. The reported 76% negative impact in the current findings reflects these challenges, emphasizing the need for improved administrative strategies in future crises.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eEfficiency and Effectiveness of Healthcare Administration and Services Delivery\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Pearson Chi-Square value for the efficiency and effectiveness of healthcare administration and services delivery is 27.533, with p-value (p \u0026lt; 0.000). This indicates a statistically significant relationship between the type of healthcare facility and the perceived impact on administrative efficiency. The significant result suggests that the pandemic's impact on efficiency and effectiveness varies significantly across different types of healthcare facilities. This could be due to varying levels of resources, staffing, and operational structures.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe findings underscore the importance of conducting facility-specific assessments to identify areas of inefficiency and to implement targeted improvements that can enhance overall administrative effectiveness. The significant association between facility type and perceived efficiency and effectiveness of healthcare administration is supported by research that indicates variability in how different healthcare settings adapted to the pandemic.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA study by Kapoor M. et al. (2023)\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e found that hospitals, particularly those with robust administrative frameworks, were better able to maintain efficiency compared to smaller clinics. The current findings, showing that 78% of respondents felt efficiency was impacted, suggest that healthcare facilities need to develop more resilient administrative practices to withstand future disruptions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003ePsychological and Physical Challenges Faced by Healthcare Providers and Administrators\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Pearson Chi-Square value for the psychological and physical challenges faced by healthcare providers and administrators is 40.741, with p-value (p \u0026lt; 0.000). This shows a highly significant association between the type of healthcare facility and the reported challenges. The result indicates that healthcare providers in different types of facilities may experience varying levels of physical and psychological stress.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe significant results highlight the need for tailored support programs that address the specific challenges faced by healthcare providers in different settings, ensuring that interventions are relevant and effective. The high percentage of healthcare administrators and providers reporting physical and psychological challenges (90% reported physical challenges) aligns with extensive literature documenting the mental health crisis among healthcare workers during the pandemic.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA systematic review by Pappa et al. (2020)\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e found that healthcare workers experienced increased levels of anxiety, depression, and burnout due to the pandemic's demands. The current findings underscore the urgent need for mental health support and resources for healthcare providers, as highlighted in existing research.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMitigation Strategies Implemented by Healthcare Organizations\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Pearson Chi-Square value for the implementation of mitigation strategies is 20.501, with p-value (p \u0026lt; 0.002). This indicates a statistically significant relationship between the type of healthcare facility and the implementation of strategies to mitigate the pandemic's effects. The significant p-value suggests that the likelihood of implementing certain strategies varies by facility type. For example, hospitals may have been more proactive in adopting telemedicine compared to private clinics.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe findings suggest that healthcare organizations should share best practices and successful strategies across different types of facilities to enhance overall resilience and adaptability in the face of future health crises. The significant relationship between facility types and the implementation of mitigation strategies reflects findings from studies that emphasize the importance of adaptive strategies in healthcare settings.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eResearch by Keesara et al. (2020)\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e noted that organizations that quickly adopted telehealth and other innovative practices were better positioned to manage patient care during the pandemic. The current findings suggest that different types of facilities may have varying capacities to implement such strategies, indicating a need for tailored support and resource allocation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn summary, the post-COVID-19 pandemic has significantly affected the Nigerian healthcare system, exposing vulnerabilities in capacity, workforce well-being, and service delivery. Addressing these challenges through targeted interventions and systemic reforms is essential to build a more resilient and effective healthcare system in Nigeria.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe findings of this study provide critical insights into the impact of the post-COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare administration and service delivery in Nigeria. The findings from this study underscore the profound impact of the post COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare administration and serviced delivery in Nigeria. The challenges faced by healthcare providers and administrators, the disruptions in routine healthcare administration and services delivery, and the effectiveness of mitigation strategies highlight the need for systemic changes and enhanced support mechanisms.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study\u0026rsquo;s findings emphasize the critical importance of addressing the multifaceted challenges posed by the post-COVID-19 pandemic to build a more resilient healthcare system in Nigeria. By investing in healthcare infrastructure, workforce well-being, and equitable access to services, the Nigerian healthcare system can better navigate future health crises and improve the quality of care for all citizens. Continued research and monitoring will be essential to evaluate the effectiveness of implemented strategies and adapt to the evolving healthcare landscape.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFuture research should focus on long-term strategies to build resilience in healthcare systems, ensuring they are better prepared for similar crises in the future.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec23\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eRecommendations\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eHere are comprehensive recommendations to address the challenges faced by the healthcare system in Nigeria as a result of the post-COVID-19 pandemic. These recommendations aim to enhance the resilience, efficiency, and quality of healthcare delivery and administration.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStrengthening Healthcare Infrastructure\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003col\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eInvest in Physical Facilities: Allocate resources to upgrade existing healthcare facilities, especially in rural and underserved areas. This includes expanding the capacity of hospitals, equipping them with modern medical technologies, and ensuring the availability of essential supplies like PPE and medicines.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eEnhance Digital Infrastructure: Develop robust telehealth platforms and digital health solutions that can facilitate remote consultations, online patient management, and better communication between healthcare providers and patients.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eImproving Workforce Well-being and Support\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003col\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eMental Health Support Programmes: Implement comprehensive mental health initiatives for healthcare workers, including counselling, stress management workshops, and mental health days to reduce burnout and improve morale.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eProfessional Development Opportunities: Provide continuous professional training and development programs focused on infection prevention, crisis management, and the use of digital health tools to enhance healthcare workers' skills and adaptability.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePolicy Reforms for Efficient Resource Allocation\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003col\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eEquitable Funding Distribution: Reform healthcare financing policies to ensure equitable allocation of resources across all healthcare facilities, especially for primary healthcare centres that often lack sufficient funding.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eDevelop Emergency Preparedness Plans: Create and implement robust emergency response strategies that include stockpiling essential medical supplies, ensuring quick mobilization of resources during crises, and establishing protocols for future pandemics.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCommunity Engagement and Education\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003col\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eIncrease Public Health Awareness: Launch campaigns to educate communities about health issues, preventive measures, and the importance of seeking timely healthcare. Use various media platforms to disseminate information.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eStrengthen Community Health Systems: Involve community health workers in health promotion and disease prevention activities, ensuring that local populations have access to necessary information and resources.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTelemedicine and Innovative Service Delivery\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003col\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eExpand Telemedicine Services: Invest in telehealth infrastructure to provide remote healthcare services, particularly in rural areas where access to healthcare facilities is limited. Train healthcare providers to effectively use telemedicine tools.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eImplement Mobile Health Clinics: Develop mobile health units to deliver healthcare services to remote and underserved communities, ensuring that essential health services reach all population segments.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIntersectoral Collaboration\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003col\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eFoster Public-Private Partnerships: Encourage collaboration between government and private healthcare providers to share resources, expertise, and technology. Joint initiatives can enhance service delivery and improve patient outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eEngage Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs): Collaborate with NGOs that specialize in health service delivery to reach vulnerable populations, provide health education, and support healthcare initiatives.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMonitoring and Evaluation Systems\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003col\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eEstablish Data-Driven Decision-Making: Implement robust monitoring and evaluation systems to collect and analyse health data regularly. This will help in assessing healthcare delivery efficiency and identifying areas for improvement.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003ePatient Feedback Mechanisms: Create channels for patients to provide feedback on their healthcare experiences, allowing healthcare administrators to address issues and improve service delivery.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAddressing Health Equity\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003col\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eTarget Vulnerable Populations: Design specific health programs aimed at vulnerable groups, including women, children, and the elderly, to ensure they receive comprehensive care and support.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eFocus on Social Determinants of Health: Develop initiatives to address social determinants affecting health outcomes, such as housing, education, and nutrition, to improve overall public health in the community.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLegislative and Policy Advocacy\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003col\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdvocate for Health Policy Reforms: Work with stakeholders to advocate for health policy reforms that address systemic issues within the healthcare system, focusing on funding, workforce training, and infrastructure improvements.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eStrengthen Regulatory Frameworks: Enhance regulatory policies that govern healthcare delivery to ensure quality standards are met across all facilities.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eImplementing these comprehensive recommendations will require coordinated efforts from government, healthcare providers, community organizations, and other stakeholders. By focusing on infrastructure, workforce support, community engagement, and equitable resource distribution, Nigeria can strengthen its healthcare system and enhance its resilience against future health crises. These strategies will ensure that all citizens have access to quality healthcare services, ultimately improving health outcomes across the country.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec24\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLimitations of the Study\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen conducting research, it is essential to acknowledge any limitations that may impact the findings and their generalizability. Here are some common limitations that may apply to this study examining the impact of the post-COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare administration and services delivery in Nigeria:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003col\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eSample Size and Representativeness: The study's sample size may be limited (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;50), which could affect the representativeness of the findings. A small sample may not capture the full diversity of experiences among healthcare providers and administrators across different regions, types of facilities, and socioeconomic backgrounds. The respondents may not represent all healthcare roles, as some professions may be underrepresented, potentially skewing the results.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eSelf-Reported Data: The reliance on self-reported data can introduce bias, as respondents may overstate or understate their experiences and perceptions. This subjectivity can affect the accuracy of the reported challenges, impacts, and effectiveness of implemented strategies.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eCross-Sectional Design: The study employs a cross-sectional design, which only captures a snapshot of the situation at one point in time. This limits the ability to draw conclusions about changes over time and the long-term effects of the pandemic on healthcare delivery.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eRegional Variability: The impact of the pandemic on healthcare services may vary significantly by region (urban vs. rural) and facility type (public vs. private). Since the study does not account for these differences, it may overlook important contextual factors that influence healthcare delivery.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003ePotential Recall Bias: Respondents may experience recall bias when reporting their experiences related to the pandemic, particularly regarding the intensity and duration of challenges faced. This bias could affect the reliability of the findings.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eLack of Longitudinal Data: The study lacks longitudinal data that could provide insights into trends and changes in healthcare delivery and administration before, during, and after the pandemic. Long-term data would be valuable in assessing the sustained effects of the pandemic on healthcare systems.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eLimited Scope of Focus: The study focuses primarily on specific aspects of healthcare administration and service delivery, such as workforce challenges and service disruptions, while neglecting other critical areas, such as patient outcomes or financial implications for healthcare facilities.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariability in Healthcare Policy Implementation: The inconsistent implementation of healthcare policies across different states or regions in Nigeria may affect the generalizability of the findings. Different local contexts can result in varied responses to the pandemic, making it difficult to apply the findings uniformly.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eChanging Nature of the Pandemic: The ongoing nature of the COVID-19 pandemic means that circumstances are continually evolving. New variants, vaccination rates, and changing public health guidelines can alter the landscape of healthcare delivery, potentially affecting the relevance of the study's findings over time.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eExclusion of Patient Perspectives: The study focuses primarily on healthcare providers and administrators, potentially overlooking the perspectives and experiences of patients. Understanding patients' experiences after the pandemic is crucial for a comprehensive assessment of healthcare delivery.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRecognizing these limitations is essential for contextualizing the study's findings and understanding the implications for healthcare policy and practice in Nigeria. Future research should aim to address these limitations by utilizing larger and more representative samples, incorporating longitudinal data, and considering multiple stakeholder perspectives to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the impact of the post-COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare administration and services delivery.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eETHICS APPROVAL AND CONSENT TO PARTICIPATE\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthical clearance and approval to conduct this research was sought from the Department of Health System Management Studies Research and Ethics Committee, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSTATEMENT OF CONFIRMATION\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll methods used were in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCONSENT TO PARTICIPATE\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA written/informed consent was sought from all participants and/or their legal guardians who participated in this study. Permission was obtained from the respondents before administering the questionnaire and confidentiality of all respondents was ensured. All participants provided an informed consent to participate in this study. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCONSENT TO PULISH\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll participants provided an informed consent for the anonymised data to be published as part of this study.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot Applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIALS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCOMPETING INTERESTS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors declare that there is no competing interest.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFUNDING INFORMATION\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo funding received for the study.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJuan Erquicia, Laura Valls, Andr\u0026eacute;s Barja, Sergi Gil, Joan Miquel, Joan Leal-Blanquet, Carlos Schmidt, Josep Checa, Daniel Vega. 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Available from: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/363668/9789290234821-eng.pdf?sequence=3#:~:text=Disruption%20was%20due%20to%20supply,shortages%20of%20health%20goods%20and \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOjewale LY, Mukumbang FC. (2023). Access to healthcare services for people with non communicable diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic in Ibadan, Nigeria: a qualitative study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2023 Nov 9;23(1):1231. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-023-10278-0\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAkaba GO, Dirisu O, Okunade KS, Adams E, Ohioghame J, Obikeze OO, Izuka E, Sulieman M, Edeh M. (2022). Barriers and facilitators of access to maternal, newborn and child health services during the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria: findings from a qualitative study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2022 May 6;22(1):611. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-022-07996-2 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbubakar I, Dalglish SL, Angell B, Sanuade O, Abimbola S, Adamu AL, Adetifa IMO et al. 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The COVID-19 pandemic and healthcare systems in Africa: a scoping review of preparedness, impact and response. BMJ Global Health 2021;6:e007179. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-007179 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eShanafelt TD, West CP, Dyrbye LN, Trockel M, Tutty M, Wang H, Carlasare LE, Sinsky C. (2022). Changes in Burnout and Satisfaction with Work-Life Integration in Physicians During the First 2 Years of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Mayo Clin Proc. 2022 Dec;97(12):2248-2258. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2022.09.002\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHaileamlak A. (2021). The impact of COVID-19 on health and health systems. Ethiop J Health Sci. 2021 Nov;31(6):1073-1074. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/ejhs.v31i6.1\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMunazza Asad, Nooresahar, and Saniya R. Sabzwari. (2021). Telemedicine: A New Frontier in Clinical Practice. Pak J Med Sci. 2021 Mar-Apr; 37(2): 588\u0026ndash;590. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.2.3592 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKnutsen Glette M, Ludlow K, Wiig S, Bates DW, Austin EE. (2023). Resilience perspective on healthcare professionals\u0026apos; adaptations to changes and challenges resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic: a meta-synthesis. BMJ Open. 2023 Sep 20;13(9):e071828. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2023-071828\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKaye AD, Okeagu CN, Pham AD, Silva RA, Hurley JJ, Arron BL, Sarfraz N, Lee HN, Ghali GE, Gamble JW, Liu H, Urman RD, Cornett EM. (2021). Economic impact of COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare facilities and systems: International perspectives. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2021 Oct;35(3):293-306. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpa.2020.11.009. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEibschutz, L.S., Bruckhaus, A.A., Bennett, A., Duncan, D., Sackett, C., Dave, K., Cherukury, S., Uram, V. and Smith, C.M. (2023). Global Impact of COVID-19 on Healthcare Systems. In Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) (eds A. Gholamrezanezhad and M.P. Dube). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119789741.ch29 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKapoor M, Nidhi Kaur K, Saeed S, Shannawaz M, Chandra A (2023). Impact of COVID-19 on healthcare system in India: A systematic review. J Public Health Res. 2023 Jul 13;12(3):22799036231186349. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/22799036231186349 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePappa, S., Ntella, V., Giannakas, T., \u0026amp; Katsaounou, P. (2020). Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and insomnia among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 88, 901-907. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.026\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKeesara S, Jonas A, Schulman K. (2020). Covid-19 and Health Care\u0026apos;s Digital Revolution. N Engl J Med. 2020 Jun 4;382(23):e82. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp2005835 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Post COVID-19 Pandemic, Healthcare Administration, Healthcare Services Delivery","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7405286/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7405286/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground\u003c/strong\u003e: The COVID-19 pandemic profoundly disrupted healthcare administration and service delivery worldwide, particularly in Nigeria. The post pandemic strained healthcare administration and services delivery, leading led to long-term changes in healthcare systems.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAims \u0026amp; Objectives:\u003c/strong\u003e The primary goal of this study is to examine the impact of post COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare administration and services delivery in Nigeria.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethodology:\u003c/strong\u003e A cross-sectional study was conducted on 50 healthcare professionals across Nigeria using an online questionnaire for data collection. Data were analysed using IBM SPSS Version 27 software. The Pearson chi-square test was used to examine the association between healthcare facility types and the impact of post-COVID-19 on healthcare administration and services delivery.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults: \u003c/strong\u003eThe study included 50 respondents with 38% were aged 26-35 years, 54% were female, and 44% earned over 111,000 naira. 80% reported that the post-COVID-19 pandemic negatively impacted healthcare facility capacity, with 76% noting adverse effects on administration and service delivery. Significantly, 90% of healthcare providers faced physical challenges, while 94% reported psychological challenges. Additionally, 80% of the respondents indicated disruptions in routine healthcare administration and services delivery, 64% of the healthcare organizations adopted mitigation strategies, with 84% perceiving these as effective in ensuring continued administration and services delivery.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Pearson chi-square analysis revealed a statistically significant relationship between healthcare facility type and the overall impact of the post-COVID-19 pandemic on overall healthcare facility capacity (p\u0026lt;0.000), healthcare administration and service delivery (p\u0026lt;0.000), physical (p\u0026lt;0.000) and psychological (p\u0026lt;0.001) challenges faced by healthcare provider, key disruption in routine healthcare administration and services delivery (p\u0026lt;0.000), its impact on access to health services (p\u0026lt;0.011), strategies implemented to combat the post pandemic effect (p\u0026lt;0.002).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion:\u003c/strong\u003e The study underscores the profound effects of the post-COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare administration and services delivery in Nigeria, highlighting challenges that must be addressed to improve system resilience and efficiency.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Impact of Post COVID-19 Pandemic on Healthcare Administration and Services Delivery in Nigeria","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-09 11:32:01","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7405286/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"8184245d-7e43-4ec1-be01-2e5a605d4b0a","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 9th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-01-07T09:25:23+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-09 11:32:01","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7405286","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7405286","identity":"rs-7405286","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}