Understanding men’s perspective on women’s contraceptive use in Tanzania: Insights from the 2022 Demographic and Health Survey

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However, the extent of men's influence on women's contraceptive use and the factors shaping their perception remain underexplored in Tanzania. This study aims to examine the prevalence and factors associated with men’s perspectives on women’s contraceptive use in Tanzania. Methods An Analytical cross-sectional study of the 2022 Tanzania Demographic and Health Surveys data was conducted. The study included 5,763, selected through a two-stage sampling method. Generalized Poisson regression model was used to determine factors associated with men’s perspective on women contraceptive use. Adjusted prevalence ratio (APR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were reported, and statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results The overall men’s perspective regarding women’s contraceptive use was 59.9% (95%CI: 57.9–61.9). Less than half, 46.0% disagrees that contraception is woman’s business, man shouldn’t worry and 40.2% disagree that women who use contraception become promiscuous. In the adjusted regression analysis, men in secondary or higher education were more likely to have a positive perception towards women’s contraceptive use than those with no formal education (APR = 1.27, 95%CI:1.09–1.13). Married or cohabiting men were 16% more likely to have positive perceptions towards contraceptive use than never married men (APR = 1.16, 95% CI:1.04–1.30). Men who were working (APR = 1.14, 95%CI:1. 04-1.34) and those with media exposure (APR = 1.19, 95% CI:1. 07-1.33) were more likely to have positive perceptions than their counterparts. Men with exposure to family planning messages were 14% more likely to have a positive perception than their counterparts (APR = 1.14, 95%CI:1.05–1.23). Conclusion This study reaffirms that education, marital status, employment, and targeted family planning communications are vital contributors to shaping positive male perspectives towards women’s contraceptive use. Addressing these challenges through multi-level, gender-inclusive interventions designed to increase men’s knowledge, confront myths, and adapt health services is essential for improving contraceptive use and ultimately reducing maternal and child health risks. Women contraception men perspective Reproductive health Tanzania Figures Figure 1 Background Among 1.9 billion women of reproductive age (15–49 years), approximately 966 million women are using contraceptive methods globally [ 1 ]. There are various contraceptives methods available including, oral contraceptive pill, injectables, implants, intra uterine devices, vaginal rings, condoms, withdrawal, male and female sterilization and lactational amenorrhea method [ 2 ]. Each method has its effectiveness in preventing unplanned pregnancy, while condom has an additional function of preventing sexually transmitted infections [ 1 , 3 ]. The use of contraception offers a wide range of health and non-health benefits, for instance, it helps to determine the number and spacing of children, to prevent unplanned and unwanted pregnancies, and eventually helps to reduce maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality [ 1 , 4 ]. The Sustainable Development Goal 3 (SDG 3) target 3.7 intends to have increased access to sexual and reproductive healthcare services such as family planning, through increasing the proportion of women who need family planning satisfied with modern contraceptive methods by 2030 [ 2 , 5 , 6 ]. Currently, the proportion of women aged 15 to 49 years whose need for family planning has been satisfied by modern contraceptive methods is reported to be 77.5% worldwide, which is a 10% increase since 1990 [ 7 ]. Despite having more than doubled the proportion since 1990, the proportion of women who have their need for family planning satisfied in sub-Saharan Africa continues (SSA) to be the lowest in the world (57%) [ 8 , 9 ]. Factors such as cultural beliefs, religious limitations, fear of side effects, and partner’s opposition have been reported to contribute to a slow increase in contraception use [ 10 – 13 ]. Although men view contraception as a woman's responsibility, the decision to use contraception is, however, influenced by their support or opposition [ 14 – 16 ]. Furthermore, previous studies have reported men to have a negative attitude towards women’s contraceptive use, while involving them in antenatal care positively affects contraceptive uptake [ 17 , 18 ] In Tanzania, more than 4.7 million women are using modern contraceptive methods, which is an increase compared to 2012 (2.8 million) as a result, more than 1.8 million unintended pregnancies were prevented, 464,000 unsafe abortions, and 3,500 maternal deaths were averted [ 19 ]. The prevalence of contraceptive use is 28.4% among adolescent girls and young women with age, level of education, and having children being the predicting factors [ 20 ]. Furthermore, partners’ education, desire to have children, anticipated side effects, exposure to family planning information, and living in a rural area were reported to be associated with the decisions towards contraceptive use [ 21 – 23 ]. Although there are initiatives for women’s empowerment globally, their autonomy and decision towards contraceptive use is still low, especially in low- and middle-income countries where the decisions are affected by external factors such as male dominance, cultural and religious beliefs [ 24 – 26 ]. This reflects how men can influence the uptake of contraceptives as they play a bigger role in making decisions regarding women and children of their social status [ 27 , 28 ]. Despite men being decision makers towards health-related issues, their influence on women’s contraceptive use remains underexplored in Tanzania. Therefore, this study aims to understand the prevalence and factors associated with men’s perspectives on women’s contraceptive use by analyzing the 2022 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS) data. Methods Data source and design This study was an analytical cross-sectional survey that utilized secondary data from the 2022 TDHS, which conducts nationally representative population-based household surveys typically every five years.​ The Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics conducted the survey with the Ministries of Tanzania Mainland and Zanzibar. Study population Data for this study were obtained from the latest DHS conducted between 24 February and 21 July 2022 across all regions in Tanzania. The target population for the 2022 TDHS included women of reproductive age (15–49 years), men, children and household across the 32 administrative regions in Tanzania. However, this study explicitly focused on men. Study sampling At the country level, a sampling frame is usually obtained. To minimize sampling errors, the country is stratified by geographic region and by urban/rural areas within each region, followed by a two-stage sampling to select a household to be surveyed. The first sampling is to select a primary sampling unit (PSU) and then select a household. PSUs are survey clusters that are usually based on census enumeration areas (EAs). A probability proportion to size is employed in each stratum to select the PSU. For each selected PSU, a complete household listing is done. This is then followed by selecting a fixed number of households to be surveyed using equal probability systematic sampling. We analyzed data from the men's record file, which included 5,763 participants. All men from the 2022 TDHS dataset were included in the analysis. The rationale was to capture a comprehensive or general understanding of men's views on women's contraceptive use across all age groups and marital statuses. We believe this would provide a holistic perspective that can inform the formulation and implementation of appropriate policies related to contraceptive use. Study Variables Outcome variable The outcome variable of the study was men’s perspective on women contraception use, defined as a composite measure based on responses to two questions: (1) Contraception is a woman’s concern, and a man should not have to worry about it; (2) Women who use contraception may become promiscuous. Men were considered to have a positive perspective if they disagree to at least one of the questions, coded as ‘1’ and ‘0’ if they agree to both questions hence a negative perspective. Explanatory variables The current study examined variables based on the available data and literature. The following variables were included under the individual level; age in years (15–24, 25–34 or 35–49), education level (no formal education, primary, secondary or higher), marital status (never married, married/cohabiting or separated/divorced), wealth index (poor, middle or riche), literacy (illiterate or literate), media exposures (yes as listening to radio, reading newspaper or watching Television less than once a week or at least once a week or no if otherwise), working status (working or not working), number of living children (none, 1–2 or 3 or more), exposure to family planning messages (yes or no), sex of household head (male or female), owns mobile phone (yes or no), internet uses (yes or no), household members (≤ 5 or ≥ 6), place of residence (urban or rural) and geographical zones (western, northern, central, southern, eastern or Zanzibar). Data management and statistical analysis To address the complex survey design of the 2022 TDHS, sample weights (mv005/1,000,000), primary sampling units (clusters), and strata were incorporated to adjust for cluster sampling and potential sampling biases. Data cleaning, coding, and analysis were performed using Stata 18.5 (STATA Corp., College Station, TX). Descriptive statistics, including medians, interquartile range (IQR), and frequencies with proportions, were used to summarize continuous and categorical variables, respectively. We used generalized Poisson regression model as the odds ratio estimated from logistic regression may overestimate the association for non-rare outcomes (> 10%). Univariate analysis was performed by fitting each explanatory variable against the response variable to provide crude prevalence ratio (CPR). Finally, a generalized multivariable Poisson regression model was fitted adjusting for potential confounder including respondent age, to estimate adjusted prevalence ratio (APR) with corresponding 95% Confidence intervals (CI). All tests were two tailed and statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results Sociodemographic characteristics and distribution of men's perspective towards contraception in Tanzania The study included a total of 5,763 men. Four in ten (41.3%) were aged 15–24 years, with a median age of 27 years (Interquartile range (IQR): 19–37). Over half of the participants (54.4%) had attained primary education while 10% had no formal education. Most of men were married or cohabiting (51%). The vast majority (81.4%) of men were working. Media exposure was also high, with 89.5% reporting exposure to media. However, internet use remained relatively low at 27.9% while 75.1% own a mobile phone. Based on socioeconomic status, 46% were in rich quintile and 20.7% as belonged to the middle quintile. Geographically, the Lake Zone accounted for the highest proportion of participants (29.4%), followed by the Southern (20.7%) and Eastern (16.9%) zones, while Zanzibar had the smallest representation (3.3%). (Table 1 ). Table 1 Sociodemographic characteristics and distribution of men's perspective towards contraception in Tanzania (N = 5,763) Variables Frequency (n) Percentages (%) Age group (years) 15–24 2,378 41.3 25–34 1,615 28.0 35–49 1,770 30.7 Median (IQR) 27 (19–37) Education Level No formal education 574 10 Primary 3,134 54.4 Secondary/Higher 2,055 35.7 Marital Status Never married 2,517 43.7 Married/Cohabiting 2,937 51.0 Separated/Divorced 309 5.3 Literacy Illiterate 735 12.8 Literate 5,028 87.2 Working Status no 1,074 18.6 yes 4,689 81.4 Media Exposure No 604 10.5 Yes 5,159 89.5 Number of living Children None 2,585 44.9 1–2 1,337 23.1 >=3 1,841 32.0 Family planning messages exposures No 1,079 18.7 Yes 4,684 81.3 Internet uses Never 4,158 72.1 Yes 1,605 27.9 Owns mobile phone no 1,436 24.9 yes 4,327 75.1 Household members ≤ 5 3,067 53.2 ≥ 6 2,696 46.8 Wealth Index Poor 1,920 33.3 Middle 1,191 20.7 Rich 2,652 46.0 Sex of Household Head male 4,808 83.4 female 955 16.6 Residence urban 1,938 33.6 rural 3,825 66.4 Geographical Zones Western 501 8.7 Northern 631 10.9 Central 577 10.0 Southern 1,192 20.7 Lake 1,694 29.4 Eastern 976 16.9 Zanzibar 191 3.3 IQR: Interquartile range Men’s perspective toward women’s contraceptive use in Tanzania The overall men’s perspective regarding women’s contraceptive use was 59.9% (95%CI:57.9–61.9). Less than half, 46.0% disagrees that contraception is woman’s business, man shouldn’t worry and 40.2% disagree that women who use contraception become promiscuous. (Fig. 1 ). Factors associated with men’s perception towards women’s contraception use In the adjusted analysis of the generalized Poisson regression model, men in secondary or higher education were more likely to have a positive perception towards women’s contraceptive use than those with no formal education (APR = 1.27, 95%CI:1.09–1.13). Married or cohabiting men were 16% more likely to have positive perceptions towards contraceptive use than never married men (APR = 1.16, 95% CI:1.04–1.30). Men who were working (APR = 1.14, 95%CI:1. 04-1.34) and those with media exposure (APR = 1.19, 95% CI:1. 07-1.33) were more likely to have positive perceptions than their counterparts. Men with exposure to family planning messages were 14% more likely to have a positive perception than their counterparts (APR = 1.14, 95%CI:1.05–1.23). (Table 2 ) Table 2 Factors associated with men's perspective towards women’s contraception use in Tanzania Characteristics Crude p-value Adjusted p-value PR (95%CI) PR (95%CI) Age group (years) 15–24 1.00 1.00 25–34 1.11 (1.04–1.19) 0.002 0.98 (0.89–1.07) 0.652 35–49 1.13 (1.06–1.20) < 0.001 1.02 (0.91–1.13) 0.736 Education Level No formal education 1.00 1.00 Primary 1.24 (1.12–1.37) < 0.001 1.14 (0.99–1.30) 0.061 Secondary/Higher 1.35 (1.21–1.50) < 0.001 1.27 (1.09–1.48) 0.001 Marital Status Never married 1.00 1.00 Married/Cohabiting 1.17 (1.11–1.24) < 0.001 1.16 (1.04–1.30) 0.009 Separated/Divorced 1.05 (0.93–1.20) 0.426 1.04 (0.89–1.22) 0.616 Literacy Illiterate 1.00 1.00 Literate 1.22 (1.12–1.33) < 0.001 1.03 (0.92–1.16) 0.570 Working Status no 1.00 1.00 yes 1.25 (1.15–1.35) < 0.001 1.14 (1.04–1.34) 0.004 Media Exposure No 1.00 1.00 Yes 1.39 (1.25-.154) < 0.001 1.19 (1.07–1.33) 0.004 Number of living Children None 1.00 1.00 1–2 1.14 (1.06–1.22) < 0.001 0.99 (0.89–1.11) 0.884 ≥ 3 1.14 (1.07–1.21) < 0.001 0.97 (0.86–1.11) 0.741 Family planning messages exposures No 1.00 1.00 Yes 1.20 (1.21–1.40) < 0.001 1.14 (1.05–1.23) 0.001 Internet uses No 1.00 1.00 Yes 1.13 (1.07–1.20) < 0.001 1.01 (0.95–1.08) 0.575 Wealth Index Poor 1.00 1.00 Middle 1.06 (0.99–1.14) 0.083 1.01 (0.94–1.07) 0.938 Rich 1.09 (1.03–1.16) 0.005 0.97 (0.90–1.04) 0.370 Residence urban 1.00 - rural 0.97 (0.92–1.03) 0.353 Geographical Zones Western 0.83 (0.75–0.92) < 0.001 0.89 (0.80–0.99) 0.019 Northern 1.13 (1.04–1.21) 0.001 1.09 (1.01–1.19) 0.061 Central 0.74 (0.66–0.83) < 0.001 0.78 (0.69–0.87) < 0.001 Southern 0.79 (0.74–0.85) < 0.001 0.80 (0.73–0.86) < 0.001 Lake 0.93 (0.86–0.99) 0.043 0.91 (0.84–0.99) 0.016 Eastern 0.82 (0.75–0.90) < 0.001 0.80 (0.72–0.88) < 0.001 Zanzibar 1.0 1.00 Discussion This study aimed to assess the men’s perspective on women’s contraceptive use in Tanzania by using secondary analysis of data from the 2022 TDHS. The study findings, revealing that 59.9% of men hold a negative perspective on women’s contraceptive use, with 46.0% disagreeing that contraception is solely a woman’s business and 40.2% disagreeing with the notion that contraceptive use encourages promiscuity, reflect a nuanced landscape of male attitudes towards family planning in Tanzania. These results partially corroborate previous studies that have documented evolving but complex male perspectives regarding contraception in Tanzanian and other SSA contexts [ 29 , 30 ]. Earlier research highlighted that while contraceptive knowledge among men is increasing, entrenched gender norms often delegate contraception responsibility primarily to women, allowing a substantial minority of men still to perceive family planning as a woman's domain, thereby limiting male engagement in contraceptive decision-making [ 30 ]. Similarly, fears linking contraceptive use to female promiscuity have been recurrent themes, as documented in prior Kenyan study emphasizing that some men associate contraceptive use with infidelity, which acts as a barrier to contraceptive adoption [ 31 ]. However, the proportion of men disagreeing with these views in this study is indicative of gradual attitudinal shifts towards greater male acceptance and involvement, aligning with the study in Ghana, underscoring the rise of gender-equitable perspectives that enhance contraceptive uptake [ 29 ]. Despite these positive trends, persistent disagreement levels suggest that misconceptions and cultural beliefs continue to influence male perspectives, underscoring the need for targeted interventions to address misinformation and promote male-inclusive family planning programs. This nuanced balance of acceptance and reservation in men’s perspective toward women’s contraceptive use in Tanzania aligns with regional evidence, affirming that while gains exist, ongoing efforts are essential to fully engage men in reproductive health decision-making and support women’s contraceptive autonomy [ 32 , 33 ]. The adjusted analysis revealed that men with secondary or higher education exhibit significantly better perceptions of women’s contraceptive use compared to those without formal education, a finding consistent with existing literature that underscores education as a crucial determinant in shaping positive attitudes toward family planning [ 29 , 34 , 35 ]. Similarly, the increased likelihood of married or cohabiting men having favorable perceptions aligns with studies indicating that men in stable partnerships are more engaged in reproductive health discussions and more supportive of contraception use [ 33 , 36 ]. The positive association with employment status corresponds with findings in sub-Saharan Africa where working men tend to have higher exposure to information, economic autonomy, and more progressive gender norms that facilitate acceptance of contraceptive use [ 29 , 30 ]. Moreover, media exposure and direct exposure to family planning messages further corroborate previous research emphasizing the instrumental role of mass media and targeted communication in dispelling myths and fostering supportive attitudes among men towards contraception [ 37 , 38 ]. Together, these results resonate with a broader body of evidence highlighting that education, marital status, economic activity, and access to family planning information critically influence men’s perceptions, suggesting that targeted interventions addressing these factors are essential to enhance male support for women’s contraceptive use in Tanzania. Strengths and limitations The study presents several notable strengths that enhance the credibility and relevance of its findings. First, it utilizes data from the 2022 TDHS, a nationally representative and methodologically rigorous dataset, enabling generalizability of the results to the broader Tanzanian male population. The use of a generalized Poisson regression model with robust variance estimator which strengthens the inferences regarding determinants of men's perceptions of contraceptive use. The focus on men, a traditionally underrepresented group in family planning research, addresses a critical gap and offers valuable insight into male involvement in contraceptive use decisions. However, the study is not without limitations. Being cross-sectional in design, it restricts the ability to draw causal conclusions between exposure variables and men's perceptions. Self-reported data on sensitive topics like contraceptive use and perceptions may be subject to social desirability and recall biases, potentially leading to overestimation or underestimation of true attitudes and practices. Lastly, although the study collected extensive data, some key gender norm-related psychological and cultural factors that qualitative studies have highlighted as influencing contraceptive perceptions may not be fully captured through survey methods alone. Implications for clinical practice and community engagement The findings of this study emphasize the critical need to enhance male-specific educational and communication strategies to improve perceptions relating to women’s contraceptive use in Tanzania. Given that higher education, employment, and exposure to family planning messages strongly correlate with positive perceptions, programs should prioritize making family planning information accessible and relatable to men across varying educational and socio-economic backgrounds. Health systems and policy makers ought to design male-friendly services and outreach platforms that address men’s informational needs and mitigate prevailing myths and misconceptions elucidated in earlier literature. Mass media campaigns and community-level interventions leveraging culturally sensitive messaging could be instrumental to expanding men’s understanding and supportive attitudes, which are known to facilitate spousal communication and joint contraceptive decision-making. Integrating men into family planning services by reshaping gender norms, enhancing couple counseling, and creating conducive environments at health facilities can potentially normalize male involvement and thus improve overall contraceptive uptake and maternal health outcomes. Effective male engagement is particularly urgent in culturally patriarchal contexts like Tanzania, as male approval and involvement significantly influence contraceptive use among women. Conclusion This study advances our understanding of the determinants of men’s perceptions towards women’s contraceptive use in Tanzania by utilizing robust national survey data and rigorous analytical methods. The results reaffirm that education, marital status, employment, and targeted family planning communications are vital contributors to shaping positive male attitudes. While the study highlights progress towards changing male perspectives, persistent gaps and sociocultural barriers remain that hinder full male support and participation in family planning. Addressing these challenges through multi-level, gender-inclusive interventions designed to increase men’s knowledge, confront myths, and adapt health services is essential for improving contraceptive use and ultimately reducing maternal and child health risks. Policymakers, healthcare providers, and community leaders have an imperative role in fostering male engagement as a cornerstone of effective reproductive health programs in Tanzania and similar settings. Abbreviations APR Adjusted prevalence ratio CI Confidence Intervals CPR Crude prevalence ratio DHS Demographics and Health Survey EAs Enumeration areas IQR Interquartile range PSU Primary sampling unit SDG Sustainable Development Goals SSA Sub-Saharan Africa TDHS Tanzania Demographics and Health Survey VIF Variance inflation factor Declarations Acknowledgements We thank the DHS program for making the data available for this study and TILAM International for statistical consultation. Authors’ Contribution MJM and EES conceptualized the idea and conducted formal analysis. MJM, EES, RB, VGM, SK, and AAN interpreted the results, drafted the manuscript, and reviewed all versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Funding No funding received Availability of data and materials DHS data are publicly available at https://dhsprogram.com, but for dataset supporting the conclusion is available with the corresponding author and can be shared upon a reasonable request. Ethics approval and consent to participate This study utilized publicly available, de-identified data from the 2022 TDHS, accessible online through the DHS program. The original survey received ethical approval from both the National Institute of Medical Research Ethics Committee in Tanzania and the ICF Macro Ethics Committee in Calverton, New York. Permission to use the data for this secondary analysis was granted by the DHS program upon acceptance of the proposed analysis plan under the designated account, with credentials available upon request via https://dhsprogram.com/data/dataset_admin/index.cfm. As this study involved secondary data analysis of publicly accessible datasets, no additional ethical approval was required. 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PeerJ. 2023;11:e15391. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 12 Nov, 2025 Read the published version in Contraception and Reproductive Medicine → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Accepted 13 Oct, 2025 Reviews received at journal 12 Oct, 2025 Reviews received at journal 08 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 07 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 06 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 06 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 05 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 18 Jul, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 07 Jul, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 24 Jun, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 24 Jun, 2025 First submitted to journal 23 Jun, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6956778","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":481649824,"identity":"fddb24a8-904d-4abf-ab6a-338c253a4ede","order_by":0,"name":"Elihuruma Eliufoo Stephano","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAyElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDAC5gNAokCChx/ESSggRgtbApAwkJCRbABpMSBeC4ONAcg2BmK0GBxjPvjgg4EFj/H51YkfHhgwyPOLHSCkhS3ZcIaBBI/ZjbebJYAOM5w5O4GAlvs9ZtI8YC1nN4C0JBjcJqTlGI+Z9B+gFuMZZzf/IF4LMMR4DPh7txFniyTILz1ALRI3eLdZJBhIEPYLHyjEflTU2fP3n91880eFjTy/NAEtCCABVilBrHIQ4D9AiupRMApGwSgYSQAApSo968jTgS0AAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"University of Dodoma","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Elihuruma","middleName":"Eliufoo","lastName":"Stephano","suffix":""},{"id":481649825,"identity":"21aa2849-c10c-4fc8-bc5a-cd513b335780","order_by":1,"name":"Rehema Bakari","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Dodoma","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rehema","middleName":"","lastName":"Bakari","suffix":""},{"id":481649826,"identity":"5ff3804f-e42b-49dc-bfee-3b68999cb200","order_by":2,"name":"Victoria Godfrey Majengo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Dodoma Regional Referral Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Victoria","middleName":"Godfrey","lastName":"Majengo","suffix":""},{"id":481649827,"identity":"2177ad50-dc3e-4357-abd6-c7562ae04364","order_by":3,"name":"Shazra Kazumari","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Dodoma Regional Referral Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shazra","middleName":"","lastName":"Kazumari","suffix":""},{"id":481649828,"identity":"56441f92-6fff-474d-8424-e29fdab14e8d","order_by":4,"name":"Azan Abubakar Nyundo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Dodoma","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Azan","middleName":"Abubakar","lastName":"Nyundo","suffix":""},{"id":481649829,"identity":"4f26c4d6-0dc0-4f08-8677-d65242de7f3a","order_by":5,"name":"Mtoro J. Mtoro","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"TILAM","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mtoro","middleName":"J.","lastName":"Mtoro","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-06-23 12:23:30","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6956778/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6956778/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40834-025-00409-9","type":"published","date":"2025-11-12T15:57:36+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":86316926,"identity":"08274f65-629c-4394-ab36-8426b7d66c23","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-09 09:07:39","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":27707,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMen’s perception towards women contraception women’s contraception uses in Tanzania\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6956778/v1/a3c79e675d93c5d167968c34.png"},{"id":96105140,"identity":"22555cf5-88d9-4e42-b69e-87e48c8794d5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-17 16:09:14","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1293039,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6956778/v1/10d34c4f-6fe6-4b3f-8ef6-7f66a7bb099c.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Understanding men’s perspective on women’s contraceptive use in Tanzania: Insights from the 2022 Demographic and Health Survey","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eAmong 1.9\u0026nbsp;billion women of reproductive age (15\u0026ndash;49 years), approximately 966\u0026nbsp;million women are using contraceptive methods globally [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. There are various contraceptives methods available including, oral contraceptive pill, injectables, implants, intra uterine devices, vaginal rings, condoms, withdrawal, male and female sterilization and lactational amenorrhea method [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Each method has its effectiveness in preventing unplanned pregnancy, while condom has an additional function of preventing sexually transmitted infections [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. The use of contraception offers a wide range of health and non-health benefits, for instance, it helps to determine the number and spacing of children, to prevent unplanned and unwanted pregnancies, and eventually helps to reduce maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Sustainable Development Goal 3 (SDG 3) target 3.7 intends to have increased access to sexual and reproductive healthcare services such as family planning, through increasing the proportion of women who need family planning satisfied with modern contraceptive methods by 2030 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. Currently, the proportion of women aged 15 to 49 years whose need for family planning has been satisfied by modern contraceptive methods is reported to be 77.5% worldwide, which is a 10% increase since 1990 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. Despite having more than doubled the proportion since 1990, the proportion of women who have their need for family planning satisfied in sub-Saharan Africa continues (SSA) to be the lowest in the world (57%) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFactors such as cultural beliefs, religious limitations, fear of side effects, and partner\u0026rsquo;s opposition have been reported to contribute to a slow increase in contraception use [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR11 CR12\" citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. Although men view contraception as a woman's responsibility, the decision to use contraception is, however, influenced by their support or opposition [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR15\" citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. Furthermore, previous studies have reported men to have a negative attitude towards women\u0026rsquo;s contraceptive use, while involving them in antenatal care positively affects contraceptive uptake [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn Tanzania, more than 4.7\u0026nbsp;million women are using modern contraceptive methods, which is an increase compared to 2012 (2.8\u0026nbsp;million) as a result, more than 1.8\u0026nbsp;million unintended pregnancies were prevented, 464,000 unsafe abortions, and 3,500 maternal deaths were averted [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. The prevalence of contraceptive use is 28.4% among adolescent girls and young women with age, level of education, and having children being the predicting factors [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. Furthermore, partners\u0026rsquo; education, desire to have children, anticipated side effects, exposure to family planning information, and living in a rural area were reported to be associated with the decisions towards contraceptive use [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR22\" citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlthough there are initiatives for women\u0026rsquo;s empowerment globally, their autonomy and decision towards contraceptive use is still low, especially in low- and middle-income countries where the decisions are affected by external factors such as male dominance, cultural and religious beliefs [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR25\" citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. This reflects how men can influence the uptake of contraceptives as they play a bigger role in making decisions regarding women and children of their social status [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. Despite men being decision makers towards health-related issues, their influence on women\u0026rsquo;s contraceptive use remains underexplored in Tanzania. Therefore, this study aims to understand the prevalence and factors associated with men\u0026rsquo;s perspectives on women\u0026rsquo;s contraceptive use by analyzing the 2022 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS) data.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData source and design\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study was an analytical cross-sectional survey that utilized secondary data from the 2022 TDHS, which conducts nationally representative population-based household surveys typically every five years.​ The Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics conducted the survey with the Ministries of Tanzania Mainland and Zanzibar.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStudy population\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData for this study were obtained from the latest DHS conducted between 24 February and 21 July 2022 across all regions in Tanzania. The target population for the 2022 TDHS included women of reproductive age (15\u0026ndash;49 years), men, children and household across the 32 administrative regions in Tanzania. However, this study explicitly focused on men.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStudy sampling\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAt the country level, a sampling frame is usually obtained. To minimize sampling errors, the country is stratified by geographic region and by urban/rural areas within each region, followed by a two-stage sampling to select a household to be surveyed. The first sampling is to select a primary sampling unit (PSU) and then select a household. PSUs are survey clusters that are usually based on census enumeration areas (EAs). A probability proportion to size is employed in each stratum to select the PSU. For each selected PSU, a complete household listing is done. This is then followed by selecting a fixed number of households to be surveyed using equal probability systematic sampling. We analyzed data from the men's record file, which included 5,763 participants. All men from the 2022 TDHS dataset were included in the analysis. The rationale was to capture a comprehensive or general understanding of men's views on women's contraceptive use across all age groups and marital statuses. We believe this would provide a holistic perspective that can inform the formulation and implementation of appropriate policies related to contraceptive use.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStudy Variables\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eOutcome variable\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe outcome variable of the study was men\u0026rsquo;s perspective on women contraception use, defined as a composite measure based on responses to two questions: (1) Contraception is a woman\u0026rsquo;s concern, and a man should not have to worry about it; (2) Women who use contraception may become promiscuous. Men were considered to have a positive perspective if they disagree to at least one of the questions, coded as \u0026lsquo;1\u0026rsquo; and \u0026lsquo;0\u0026rsquo; if they agree to both questions hence a negative perspective.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eExplanatory variables\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe current study examined variables based on the available data and literature. The following variables were included under the individual level; age in years (15\u0026ndash;24, 25\u0026ndash;34 or 35\u0026ndash;49), education level (no formal education, primary, secondary or higher), marital status (never married, married/cohabiting or separated/divorced), wealth index (poor, middle or riche), literacy (illiterate or literate), media exposures (yes as listening to radio, reading newspaper or watching Television less than once a week or at least once a week or no if otherwise), working status (working or not working), number of living children (none, 1\u0026ndash;2 or 3 or more), exposure to family planning messages (yes or no), sex of household head (male or female), owns mobile phone (yes or no), internet uses (yes or no), household members (\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;5 or \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;6), place of residence (urban or rural) and geographical zones (western, northern, central, southern, eastern or Zanzibar).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eData management and statistical analysis\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo address the complex survey design of the 2022 TDHS, sample weights (mv005/1,000,000), primary sampling units (clusters), and strata were incorporated to adjust for cluster sampling and potential sampling biases. Data cleaning, coding, and analysis were performed using Stata 18.5 (STATA Corp., College Station, TX). Descriptive statistics, including medians, interquartile range (IQR), and frequencies with proportions, were used to summarize continuous and categorical variables, respectively. We used generalized Poisson regression model as the odds ratio estimated from logistic regression may overestimate the association for non-rare outcomes (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;10%). Univariate analysis was performed by fitting each explanatory variable against the response variable to provide crude prevalence ratio (CPR). Finally, a generalized multivariable Poisson regression model was fitted adjusting for potential confounder including respondent age, to estimate adjusted prevalence ratio (APR) with corresponding 95% Confidence intervals (CI). All tests were two tailed and statistical significance was set at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSociodemographic characteristics and distribution of men's\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eperspective\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003etowards contraception in Tanzania\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study included a total of 5,763 men. Four in ten (41.3%) were aged 15\u0026ndash;24 years, with a median age of 27 years (Interquartile range (IQR): 19\u0026ndash;37). Over half of the participants (54.4%) had attained primary education while 10% had no formal education. Most of men were married or cohabiting (51%). The vast majority (81.4%) of men were working. Media exposure was also high, with 89.5% reporting exposure to media. However, internet use remained relatively low at 27.9% while 75.1% own a mobile phone. Based on socioeconomic status, 46% were in rich quintile and 20.7% as belonged to the middle quintile. Geographically, the Lake Zone accounted for the highest proportion of participants (29.4%), followed by the Southern (20.7%) and Eastern (16.9%) zones, while Zanzibar had the smallest representation (3.3%). (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSociodemographic characteristics and distribution of men's perspective towards contraception in Tanzania (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5,763)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrequency (n)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePercentages (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAge group (years)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u0026ndash;24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,378\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25\u0026ndash;34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,615\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35\u0026ndash;49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,770\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMedian (IQR)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27 (19\u0026ndash;37)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEducation Level\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo formal education\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e574\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,134\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSecondary/Higher\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,055\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMarital Status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNever married\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,517\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMarried/Cohabiting\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,937\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeparated/Divorced\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e309\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLiteracy\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIlliterate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e735\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLiterate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5,028\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e87.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWorking Status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eno\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,074\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eyes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4,689\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e81.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMedia Exposure\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e604\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5,159\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e89.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNumber of living Children\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,585\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,337\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;=3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,841\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFamily planning messages exposures\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,079\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4,684\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e81.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eInternet uses\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNever\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4,158\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,605\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOwns mobile phone\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eno\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,436\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eyes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4,327\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e75.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHousehold members\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,067\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,696\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWealth Index\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePoor\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,920\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMiddle\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,191\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRich\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,652\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSex of Household Head\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003emale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4,808\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e83.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003efemale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e955\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eResidence\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eurban\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,938\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003erural\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,825\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGeographical Zones\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWestern\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e501\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNorthern\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e631\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCentral\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e577\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSouthern\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,192\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLake\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,694\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEastern\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e976\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eZanzibar\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e191\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"3\"\u003eIQR: Interquartile range\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMen\u0026rsquo;s perspective toward women\u0026rsquo;s contraceptive use in Tanzania\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe overall men\u0026rsquo;s perspective regarding women\u0026rsquo;s contraceptive use was 59.9% (95%CI:57.9\u0026ndash;61.9). Less than half, 46.0% disagrees that contraception is woman\u0026rsquo;s business, man shouldn\u0026rsquo;t worry and 40.2% disagree that women who use contraception become promiscuous. (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFactors associated with men\u0026rsquo;s perception towards women\u0026rsquo;s contraception use\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the adjusted analysis of the generalized Poisson regression model, men in secondary or higher education were more likely to have a positive perception towards women\u0026rsquo;s contraceptive use than those with no formal education (APR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.27, 95%CI:1.09\u0026ndash;1.13). Married or cohabiting men were 16% more likely to have positive perceptions towards contraceptive use than never married men (APR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.16, 95% CI:1.04\u0026ndash;1.30). Men who were working (APR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.14, 95%CI:1. 04-1.34) and those with media exposure (APR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.19, 95% CI:1. 07-1.33) were more likely to have positive perceptions than their counterparts. Men with exposure to family planning messages were 14% more likely to have a positive perception than their counterparts (APR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.14, 95%CI:1.05\u0026ndash;1.23). (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFactors associated with men's perspective towards women\u0026rsquo;s contraception use in Tanzania\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCharacteristics\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCrude\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdjusted\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePR (95%CI)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePR (95%CI)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAge group (years)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u0026ndash;24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25\u0026ndash;34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.11 (1.04\u0026ndash;1.19)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.98 (0.89\u0026ndash;1.07)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.652\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35\u0026ndash;49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.13 (1.06\u0026ndash;1.20)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.02 (0.91\u0026ndash;1.13)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.736\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEducation Level\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo formal education\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.24 (1.12\u0026ndash;1.37)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.14 (0.99\u0026ndash;1.30)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.061\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSecondary/Higher\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.35 (1.21\u0026ndash;1.50)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.27 (1.09\u0026ndash;1.48)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMarital Status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNever married\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMarried/Cohabiting\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.17 (1.11\u0026ndash;1.24)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.16 (1.04\u0026ndash;1.30)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeparated/Divorced\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.05 (0.93\u0026ndash;1.20)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.426\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.04 (0.89\u0026ndash;1.22)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.616\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLiteracy\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIlliterate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLiterate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.22 (1.12\u0026ndash;1.33)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.03 (0.92\u0026ndash;1.16)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.570\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWorking Status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eno\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eyes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.25 (1.15\u0026ndash;1.35)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.14 (1.04\u0026ndash;1.34)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMedia Exposure\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.39 (1.25-.154)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.19 (1.07\u0026ndash;1.33)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNumber of living Children\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.14 (1.06\u0026ndash;1.22)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.99 (0.89\u0026ndash;1.11)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.884\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.14 (1.07\u0026ndash;1.21)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.97 (0.86\u0026ndash;1.11)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.741\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFamily planning messages exposures\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.20 (1.21\u0026ndash;1.40)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.14 (1.05\u0026ndash;1.23)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eInternet uses\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.13 (1.07\u0026ndash;1.20)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.01 (0.95\u0026ndash;1.08)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.575\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWealth Index\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePoor\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMiddle\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.06 (0.99\u0026ndash;1.14)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.083\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.01 (0.94\u0026ndash;1.07)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.938\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRich\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.09 (1.03\u0026ndash;1.16)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.97 (0.90\u0026ndash;1.04)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.370\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eResidence\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eurban\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003erural\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.97 (0.92\u0026ndash;1.03)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.353\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGeographical Zones\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWestern\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.83 (0.75\u0026ndash;0.92)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.89 (0.80\u0026ndash;0.99)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.019\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNorthern\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.13 (1.04\u0026ndash;1.21)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.09 (1.01\u0026ndash;1.19)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.061\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCentral\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.74 (0.66\u0026ndash;0.83)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.78 (0.69\u0026ndash;0.87)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSouthern\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.79 (0.74\u0026ndash;0.85)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.80 (0.73\u0026ndash;0.86)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLake\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.93 (0.86\u0026ndash;0.99)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.043\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.91 (0.84\u0026ndash;0.99)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.016\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEastern\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.82 (0.75\u0026ndash;0.90)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.80 (0.72\u0026ndash;0.88)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eZanzibar\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study aimed to assess the men\u0026rsquo;s perspective on women\u0026rsquo;s contraceptive use in Tanzania by using secondary analysis of data from the 2022 TDHS. The study findings, revealing that 59.9% of men hold a negative perspective on women\u0026rsquo;s contraceptive use, with 46.0% disagreeing that contraception is solely a woman\u0026rsquo;s business and 40.2% disagreeing with the notion that contraceptive use encourages promiscuity, reflect a nuanced landscape of male attitudes towards family planning in Tanzania. These results partially corroborate previous studies that have documented evolving but complex male perspectives regarding contraception in Tanzanian and other SSA contexts [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]. Earlier research highlighted that while contraceptive knowledge among men is increasing, entrenched gender norms often delegate contraception responsibility primarily to women, allowing a substantial minority of men still to perceive family planning as a woman's domain, thereby limiting male engagement in contraceptive decision-making [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]. Similarly, fears linking contraceptive use to female promiscuity have been recurrent themes, as documented in prior Kenyan study emphasizing that some men associate contraceptive use with infidelity, which acts as a barrier to contraceptive adoption [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHowever, the proportion of men disagreeing with these views in this study is indicative of gradual attitudinal shifts towards greater male acceptance and involvement, aligning with the study in Ghana, underscoring the rise of gender-equitable perspectives that enhance contraceptive uptake [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]. Despite these positive trends, persistent disagreement levels suggest that misconceptions and cultural beliefs continue to influence male perspectives, underscoring the need for targeted interventions to address misinformation and promote male-inclusive family planning programs. This nuanced balance of acceptance and reservation in men\u0026rsquo;s perspective toward women\u0026rsquo;s contraceptive use in Tanzania aligns with regional evidence, affirming that while gains exist, ongoing efforts are essential to fully engage men in reproductive health decision-making and support women\u0026rsquo;s contraceptive autonomy [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe adjusted analysis revealed that men with secondary or higher education exhibit significantly better perceptions of women\u0026rsquo;s contraceptive use compared to those without formal education, a finding consistent with existing literature that underscores education as a crucial determinant in shaping positive attitudes toward family planning [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e]. Similarly, the increased likelihood of married or cohabiting men having favorable perceptions aligns with studies indicating that men in stable partnerships are more engaged in reproductive health discussions and more supportive of contraception use [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e]. The positive association with employment status corresponds with findings in sub-Saharan Africa where working men tend to have higher exposure to information, economic autonomy, and more progressive gender norms that facilitate acceptance of contraceptive use [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]. Moreover, media exposure and direct exposure to family planning messages further corroborate previous research emphasizing the instrumental role of mass media and targeted communication in dispelling myths and fostering supportive attitudes among men towards contraception [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e]. Together, these results resonate with a broader body of evidence highlighting that education, marital status, economic activity, and access to family planning information critically influence men\u0026rsquo;s perceptions, suggesting that targeted interventions addressing these factors are essential to enhance male support for women\u0026rsquo;s contraceptive use in Tanzania.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eStrengths and limitations\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study presents several notable strengths that enhance the credibility and relevance of its findings. First, it utilizes data from the 2022 TDHS, a nationally representative and methodologically rigorous dataset, enabling generalizability of the results to the broader Tanzanian male population. The use of a generalized Poisson regression model with robust variance estimator which strengthens the inferences regarding determinants of men's perceptions of contraceptive use. The focus on men, a traditionally underrepresented group in family planning research, addresses a critical gap and offers valuable insight into male involvement in contraceptive use decisions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHowever, the study is not without limitations. Being cross-sectional in design, it restricts the ability to draw causal conclusions between exposure variables and men's perceptions. Self-reported data on sensitive topics like contraceptive use and perceptions may be subject to social desirability and recall biases, potentially leading to overestimation or underestimation of true attitudes and practices. Lastly, although the study collected extensive data, some key gender norm-related psychological and cultural factors that qualitative studies have highlighted as influencing contraceptive perceptions may not be fully captured through survey methods alone.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eImplications for clinical practice and community engagement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe findings of this study emphasize the critical need to enhance male-specific educational and communication strategies to improve perceptions relating to women\u0026rsquo;s contraceptive use in Tanzania. Given that higher education, employment, and exposure to family planning messages strongly correlate with positive perceptions, programs should prioritize making family planning information accessible and relatable to men across varying educational and socio-economic backgrounds. Health systems and policy makers ought to design male-friendly services and outreach platforms that address men\u0026rsquo;s informational needs and mitigate prevailing myths and misconceptions elucidated in earlier literature. Mass media campaigns and community-level interventions leveraging culturally sensitive messaging could be instrumental to expanding men\u0026rsquo;s understanding and supportive attitudes, which are known to facilitate spousal communication and joint contraceptive decision-making. Integrating men into family planning services by reshaping gender norms, enhancing couple counseling, and creating conducive environments at health facilities can potentially normalize male involvement and thus improve overall contraceptive uptake and maternal health outcomes. Effective male engagement is particularly urgent in culturally patriarchal contexts like Tanzania, as male approval and involvement significantly influence contraceptive use among women.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study advances our understanding of the determinants of men\u0026rsquo;s perceptions towards women\u0026rsquo;s contraceptive use in Tanzania by utilizing robust national survey data and rigorous analytical methods. The results reaffirm that education, marital status, employment, and targeted family planning communications are vital contributors to shaping positive male attitudes. While the study highlights progress towards changing male perspectives, persistent gaps and sociocultural barriers remain that hinder full male support and participation in family planning. Addressing these challenges through multi-level, gender-inclusive interventions designed to increase men\u0026rsquo;s knowledge, confront myths, and adapt health services is essential for improving contraceptive use and ultimately reducing maternal and child health risks. Policymakers, healthcare providers, and community leaders have an imperative role in fostering male engagement as a cornerstone of effective reproductive health programs in Tanzania and similar settings.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23.5294%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAPR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76.4706%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdjusted prevalence ratio\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23.5294%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76.4706%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConfidence Intervals\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23.5294%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCPR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76.4706%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCrude prevalence ratio\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23.5294%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDHS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76.4706%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDemographics and Health Survey\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23.5294%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEAs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76.4706%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEnumeration areas\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23.5294%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIQR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76.4706%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInterquartile range\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23.5294%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePSU\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76.4706%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary sampling unit\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23.5294%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSDG\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76.4706%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSustainable Development Goals\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23.5294%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSSA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76.4706%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSub-Saharan Africa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23.5294%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTDHS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76.4706%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTanzania Demographics and Health Survey\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23.5294%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVIF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76.4706%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariance inflation factor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe thank the DHS program for making the data available for this study and TILAM International for statistical consultation.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; Contribution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMJM and EES conceptualized the idea and conducted formal analysis. MJM, EES, RB, VGM, SK, and AAN interpreted the results, drafted the manuscript, and reviewed all versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo funding received\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDHS data are publicly available at https://dhsprogram.com, but for dataset supporting the conclusion is available with the corresponding author and can be shared upon a reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study utilized publicly available, de-identified data from the 2022 TDHS, accessible online through the DHS program. The original survey received ethical approval from both the National Institute of Medical Research Ethics Committee in Tanzania and the ICF Macro Ethics Committee in Calverton, New York. Permission to use the data for this secondary analysis was granted by the DHS program upon acceptance of the proposed analysis plan under the designated account, with credentials available upon request via https://dhsprogram.com/data/dataset_admin/index.cfm. As this study involved secondary data analysis of publicly accessible datasets, no additional ethical approval was required. Informed consent was obtained from all participants during the initial survey, and all procedures adhered strictly to relevant guidelines and regulations. Further details regarding DHS data usage and ethical standards can be found at http://goo.gl/ny8T6X.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNone declared.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUnited Nations (UN). World Family Planning 2022: Meeting the changing needs for family planning: Contraceptive use by age and method | DESA Publications [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2025 Jun 23]. Available from: https://desapublications.un.org/publications/world-family-planning-2022-meeting-changing-needs-family-planning-contraceptive-use\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTessema ZT, Teshale AB, Tesema GA, Yeshaw Y, Worku MG. Pooled prevalence and determinants of modern contraceptive utilization in East Africa: A Multi-country Analysis of recent Demographic and Health Surveys. PLoS ONE. 2021;16:1\u0026ndash;16. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWHO. Maternal morbidity and mortality. World Health Organ. 2019; \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOsborne A, Bangura C, Ahinkorah BO. Trends and inequalities in modern contraceptive use among women in Sierra Leone, 2008\u0026ndash;2019. Reprod Health. 2024;21:167. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWorld Family Planning. World Family Planning 2020: Highlights. World Fam Plan 2020 Highlights. 2020; \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUnited Nations. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development\u0026rsquo;s 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). 2015;10\u0026ndash;5. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWHO. Family planning/contraception methods [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2025 Jun 19]. 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Role of husband \u0026rsquo; s attitude towards the usage of contraceptives for unmet need of family planning among married women of reproductive age in Pakistan. BMC Womens Health. 2021;1\u0026ndash;7. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMej\u0026iacute;a-guevara I, Cislaghi B, Darmstadt GL. Men \u0026rsquo; s Attitude Towards Contraception and Sexuality , Women \u0026rsquo; s Empowerment , and Demand Satis fi ed for Family Planning in India. 2021;6:1\u0026ndash;14. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSuandi D, Williams P, Bhattacharya S. Does involving male partners in antenatal care improve healthcare utilisation ? Systematic review and meta-analysis of the published literature from low- and middle-income countries. 2019;484\u0026ndash;98. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTDHS. Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey and Malaria Indicator Survey (TDHS-MIS) 2022 Final Report. Dodoma Tanzan. Rockv. Md. USA MoH NBS OCGS ICF. Dar-es-salaam; 2022. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKessy IP, Eliufoo E, Godfrey V, Bago M, Nyundo A, Mtoro MJ. Predictors of modern contraceptive use among adolescent girls and young women in Tanzania: Insights from a nationwide survey. Discov Public Health. 2025;22. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLee M. The barriers to using modern contraceptive methods among rural young married women in moshi rural district, the Kilimanjaro region, Tanzania. Afr J Reprod Health. 2021;25:99\u0026ndash;107. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDonni OS, Bishanga DR, Mbalawata IS. Application of variance components to the identification of determinants of modern contraceptive use in the Tanzania demographic and health survey data. BMC Public Health. 2022;22:1\u0026ndash;10. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMwalupani N, Sagumo M, Msese N. Determinants of Informed Decision-Making on Sexual Relations, Contraceptive Use, and Reproductive Health among Women of Reproductive Age: A Case of Married Women in Tanzania. East Afr J Arts Soc Sci. 2024;7:484\u0026ndash;94. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNadeem M, Irfan M, Mumtaz M. Women Decision Making Autonomy as a Facilitating Factor for Contraceptive Use for Family Planning in Pakistan. Soc Indic Res. 2021; \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMare KU, Aychiluhm SB. Married women \u0026rsquo; s decision-making autonomy on contraceptive use and its associated factors in Ethiopia : A multilevel analysis of 2016 demographic and health survey. 2022; \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBelachew TB, Asmamaw DB, Belachew AB. Married women \u0026rsquo; s decision-making autonomy on modern contraceptive use and its associated factors in high fertile sub- Saharan Africa countries : a multi-level analysis of Demographic and Health Surveys. Arch Public Health. 2023;1\u0026ndash;9. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIdris IB, Hamis AA, Bukhori AB, Chan D, Hoong C, Yusop H, et al. Women \u0026rsquo; s autonomy in healthcare decision making : a systematic review. BMC Womens Health. 2023;1\u0026ndash;10. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMulundano AM, Black KI, Cheney K. A cross ‑ sectional study of women \u0026rsquo; s autonomy and modern contraception use in Zambia. BMC Womens Health. 2022;1\u0026ndash;8. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKlu D, Odame ML, Asante PY, Dansu CA. Determinants of men\u0026rsquo;s perspectives on women contraceptive use in Ghana: an analysis of the 2022 Ghana demographic and health survey. Contracept Reprod Med. 2024;9:35. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMkwananzi S. Gender differentials of contraceptive knowledge and use among youth \u0026ndash; evidence from demographic and health survey data in selected African countries. Front Glob Womens Health. 2022;3:880056. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOchako R, Mbondo M, Aloo S, Kaimenyi S, Thompson R, Temmerman M, et al. Barriers to modern contraceptive methods uptake among young women in Kenya: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health. 2015;15:118. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOdira FH, Mpambije CJ, Kachenje YE. The paradox of enhancing male involvement in family planning uptake in rural Tanzania: insights from Bahi District, Dodoma Region. BMC Health Serv Res. 2025;25:491. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMsovela J, Tengia\u0026ndash;Kessy A, Rumisha SF, Simba DO, Urassa DP, Msamanga G. Male partner approval on the use of modern contraceptive methods: factors determining usage among couples in Kibaha district, Tanzania. Contracept Reprod Med. 2020;5:3. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePazol K, Zapata LB, Tregear SJ, Mautone-Smith N, Gavin LE. Impact of Contraceptive Education on Contraceptive Knowledge and Decision Making. Am J Prev Med. 2015;49:S46\u0026ndash;56. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eShrivastav V, M. Y, Parmar D, Gandhi R, Sojitra SA, Subhash KT, et al. Voices unveiled: a mixed-methods exploration of family planning education, access, and Sociocultural determinants for enhancing contraceptive decision-making in western Gujarat, India. Contracept Reprod Med. 2025;10:23. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKriel Y, Milford C, Cordero J, Suleman F, Beksinska M, Steyn P, et al. Male partner influence on family planning and contraceptive use: perspectives from community members and healthcare providers in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Reprod Health. 2019;16:89. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDas P, Samad N, Al Banna H, Sodunke TE, Hagan JE, Ahinkorah BO, et al. Association between media exposure and family planning in Myanmar and Philippines: evidence from nationally representative survey data. Contracept Reprod Med. 2021;6:11. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAmoak D, Konkor I, Mohammed K, Saaka SA, Antabe R. Exposure to mass media family planning messages among men in Nigeria: analysis of the Demographic and Health Survey data. PeerJ. 2023;11:e15391. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"contraception-and-reproductive-medicine","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"carm","sideBox":"Learn more about [Contraception and Reproductive Medicine](http://contraceptionmedicine.biomedcentral.com)","snPcode":"40834","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/40834/3","title":"Contraception and Reproductive Medicine","twitterHandle":"@BioMedCentral","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC/SO AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Women contraception, men perspective, Reproductive health, Tanzania","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6956778/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6956778/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eMale dominance in reproductive health decision-making, specifically family planning has been argued to have a significant influence on uptake of sexual and reproductive health services. However, the extent of men's influence on women's contraceptive use and the factors shaping their perception remain underexplored in Tanzania. This study aims to examine the prevalence and factors associated with men\u0026rsquo;s perspectives on women\u0026rsquo;s contraceptive use in Tanzania.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAn Analytical cross-sectional study of the 2022 Tanzania Demographic and Health Surveys data was conducted. The study included 5,763, selected through a two-stage sampling method. Generalized Poisson regression model was used to determine factors associated with men\u0026rsquo;s perspective on women contraceptive use. Adjusted prevalence ratio (APR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were reported, and statistical significance was set at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe overall men\u0026rsquo;s perspective regarding women\u0026rsquo;s contraceptive use was 59.9% (95%CI: 57.9\u0026ndash;61.9). Less than half, 46.0% disagrees that contraception is woman\u0026rsquo;s business, man shouldn\u0026rsquo;t worry and 40.2% disagree that women who use contraception become promiscuous. In the adjusted regression analysis, men in secondary or higher education were more likely to have a positive perception towards women\u0026rsquo;s contraceptive use than those with no formal education (APR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.27, 95%CI:1.09\u0026ndash;1.13). Married or cohabiting men were 16% more likely to have positive perceptions towards contraceptive use than never married men (APR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.16, 95% CI:1.04\u0026ndash;1.30). Men who were working (APR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.14, 95%CI:1. 04-1.34) and those with media exposure (APR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.19, 95% CI:1. 07-1.33) were more likely to have positive perceptions than their counterparts. Men with exposure to family planning messages were 14% more likely to have a positive perception than their counterparts (APR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.14, 95%CI:1.05\u0026ndash;1.23).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study reaffirms that education, marital status, employment, and targeted family planning communications are vital contributors to shaping positive male perspectives towards women\u0026rsquo;s contraceptive use. Addressing these challenges through multi-level, gender-inclusive interventions designed to increase men\u0026rsquo;s knowledge, confront myths, and adapt health services is essential for improving contraceptive use and ultimately reducing maternal and child health risks.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Understanding men’s perspective on women’s contraceptive use in Tanzania: Insights from the 2022 Demographic and Health Survey","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-07-09 09:07:35","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6956778/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Accepted","date":"2025-10-13T17:53:27+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-12T13:10:45+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-09T02:27:48+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"132094274110640656215043722813628958456","date":"2025-10-07T11:29:00+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"96850115593552297841124206946335848996","date":"2025-10-06T13:18:28+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"199624482444236382435588263790028654089","date":"2025-10-06T10:10:30+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"269902677046609580147484300049974506647","date":"2025-10-05T18:43:44+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"201373563698939505665061290789257152837","date":"2025-07-18T07:03:50+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-07-07T09:22:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-06-25T01:51:50+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-06-25T01:50:25+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Contraception and Reproductive Medicine","date":"2025-06-23T12:20:37+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"contraception-and-reproductive-medicine","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"carm","sideBox":"Learn more about [Contraception and Reproductive Medicine](http://contraceptionmedicine.biomedcentral.com)","snPcode":"40834","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/40834/3","title":"Contraception and Reproductive Medicine","twitterHandle":"@BioMedCentral","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC/SO AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"5a28bd43-8c40-4505-956b-2995019c9b5d","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 9th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-11-17T16:04:00+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-6956778","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40834-025-00409-9","journal":{"identity":"contraception-and-reproductive-medicine","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Contraception and Reproductive Medicine"},"publishedOn":"2025-11-12 15:57:36","publishedOnDateReadable":"November 12th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-07-09 09:07:35","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s40834-025-00409-9","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40834-025-00409-9","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6956778","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6956778","identity":"rs-6956778","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}