Effects of substituting fish meal with poultry by-products and/or black soldier fly larvae on the growth performance, chemical composition, bioactivity, and hematological, microbial, histological, and immunohistochemical parameters of Nile tilapia

Effects of substituting fish meal with poultry by-products and/or black soldier fly larvae on the growth performance, chemical composition, bioactivity, and hematological, microbial, histological, and immunohistochemical parameters of Nile tilapia | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Effects of substituting fish meal with poultry by-products and/or black soldier fly larvae on the growth performance, chemical composition, bioactivity, and hematological, microbial, histological, and immunohistochemical parameters of Nile tilapia Samar M. Aref, Heba A. Alian, Fatma M. Khodary, András Székács, and 7 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7374073/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 19 Mar, 2026 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The demand for fishmeal is increasing, but its supply is stagnating or even declining. There is an urgent need to find an eco-friendly and cost-effective alternative protein source. This study evaluated poultry by-product and insect meal as alternatives to fishmeal for the health performance and bioactivity of Nile Tilapia. A Nile tilapia fry was divided into four groups with three replicates (No = 168). The first group was fed a basal diet containing 20% fishmeal (T FM ). The second, third, and fourth groups received a basal diet where the fishmeal was substituted with poultry by-product meal (T PM ), insect meal from Hermetia illucens (T IM ), and a mixture of poultry by-product and insect meal (T MIX ), respectively. The overall growth performance data indicated that T IM achieved the best growth rates and feed utilization, comparable to T FM ( P > 0.05) . T IM , followed by T PM and T MIX , achieved a comparable high selling price while maintaining a lower total cost, resulting in better economic efficiency compared to T FM . The T IM diet also exhibited the highest total phenolic content, and both T IM and T FM showed superior antioxidant activity in the diets and the fish muscle. There were no abnormal hematological or serum biochemical parameters observed in Nile Tilapia fed insect meal and/or poultry by-product (all P-values > 0.05 ). The fish fillet samples from all groups were microbiologically safe for human consumption. Fish fed T IM displayed the lowest levels of TNF-α and the highest levels of IL-10 (P < 0.05) . All the groups exhibited normal architecture of the internal organs. The highest recorded absorption surface area (ASA) was found in both T FM and T IM diets. Immunostaining for NF-κB showed no significant changes among the experimental groups. Based on this study, we suggest that the insect meal can be a sustainable and cost-effective substitute for conventional fishmeal in aquaculture feed formulations. Biological sciences/Biochemistry Biological sciences/Biotechnology Biological sciences/Zoology Nile Tilapia Black soldier fly larvae Poultry by-product Growth performance Bioactivity Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Introduction According to a report from the Food and Agriculture Organization 1 Egypt ranked first in Africa and sixth globally in aquaculture in 2018. One of the main fish species cultivated in Egypt is Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ), which holds significant economic value 2 , 3 . Its popularity can be attributed to its ability to adapt to various environmental conditions, consume a wide range of diets, and exhibit rapid growth 4 . As global demand for fish continues to rise, driven by population growth and changing dietary preferences, the need for sustainable production of Nile tilapia has become increasingly important 5 . For many years, fishmeal (FM) has been the main protein source in aquatic nutrition due to its palatable flavor, balanced amino acid profile, and ease of digestion, which are vital features for improving nutrient absorption and utilization 6 . Natural sources of fish meal have remained stable over the past decade, but demand and prices are rising drastically 7 . This highlights the need for sustainable, inexpensive, low-trophic substitutes for aquaculture protein. Plant-based protein sources, such as soybean meal, corn gluten, peanut meal, and rapeseed meal, are frequently utilized as alternatives to fishmeal. These substitutes are favored due to their widespread availability, competitive pricing, and consistent supply 8 . However, these ingredients frequently present significant defects, including amino acid imbalances and anti-nutritive elements, which hinder nutrient digestion and absorption, resulting in low utilization for aquatic animals 9 , 10 . Animal by-products such as poultry by-product meal, meat meal, and tankage offer major potential as cost-effective diet components in fish production 11 . These ingredients are excellent sources of high-quality protein, essential amino acids, and energy content, like FM 12 . Although its nutritional compositions are easily modified by many conditions, such as the type of raw material, processing technique, and originality 13 . While it offers a potentially cost-effective and protein-rich substitute, its use in aquafeeds is associated with several health, environmental, and technological concerns, including the risk of pathogen transmission, contamination with heavy metals, and difficulties in processing and standardization 14 . These limitations have prompted a shift towards more sustainable and biosecure alternatives. Recently, more innovative raw materials, such as insect meal (IM), have been proven to be highly valuable as an unconventional protein source 15 , 16 . Several studies on the partial and total substitution of insect meal for FM in fish and shrimp culture exist 17 – 19 . Owing to its high nutritional content, affordable price, and accessibility, insect meal has been used in aquatic nutrition 20 . Additionally, there is an increasing global interest in insect protein, not just for animal feed but also for human food systems, backed by supportive regulatory frameworks and an increase in consumer acceptance 21 . A variety of insect species are used in aquatic feed, with the black soldier fly ( Hermetia illucens ) being particularly valued. This species effectively converts food waste into high-quality protein. Its larvae have a crude protein content of 42.1%, whereas defatted one has 56.9%, which is slightly less than fish meal and comparable to soybean meal. Moreover, the amino acid profile of larvae is superior, making them a favorable alternative to fish meal 22 . In Nile tilapia, 80 g/kg inclusion of black soldier meal (BSM) successfully substituted for 70 g/kg of fish meal (FM) and 350 g/kg of soybean meal (SBM) without adversely affecting growth rate or feed efficiency 23 . In modern aquaculture, fish farmers prioritize economic returns, as feed costs represent nearly half of their operating expenses. Reducing these costs is vital for profitability and sustainability. So, BSM offers a cost-effective protein alternative 18 . When introducing new ingredients, it is necessary to verify that they do not harm fish growth and health. Studies on the use of black soldier larvae in aquafeed are limited. Additionally, a few studies have investigated immune responses as the activation of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), which is crucial for regulating inflammatory responses. For this reason, a Nile tilapia was selected to evaluate the impact of substituting fish meal with poultry byproduct meal and/or defatted black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFLM) on growth performance, economic evaluation, chemical analysis profile, carcass morphometric indices, hematology, serum biochemical parameters, liver cytokines assay, muscle microbial load, organs histomorphology, and NF-κB Immunohistochemistry. Materials and methods Ethical agreement All experimental procedures involving fish were conducted following the guidelines and regulations of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Egypt. The experimental protocols were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Egypt (Approval No: SCU-VET-AREC – R- 2025020). All methods are reported in accordance with the ARRIVE guidelines (https://arriveguidelines.org). Experimental diet Insect meal was sourced from EGY MAG® Biotechnology Company in Egypt. The larvae were cultivated using food residues, specifically organic matter and waste from fruits and vegetables. They were harvested 14 days before reaching the pupal stage and then oven-dried at 50 °C for 24 hours. After drying, the larvae were processed into a uniform powder using a feed mill and stored at 4 °C until needed. The insect meal contains the following nutritional values: 5281.9 Kcal/kg of gross energy, 55% crude protein, 2.5% calcium, 1% phosphorus, 2.1% lysine, and 0.9% methionine. A diagram illustrating the developmental stages of Hermetia illucens is provided in Fig. 1 . Diet ingredients such as fish meal, poultry byproduct, soybean meal, corn gluten, yellow corn, wheat flour, and sunflower oil were acquired from a feed enterprise. The ingredients were ground into a fine powder, analyzed for proximate composition, and then processed into 2.5 mm pellets using a feed pelleting machine. The pelleted diets were dried at 25 °C for 12 hours in a cool, ventilated space and then stored at -20 °C until needed. The experimental diets were formulated based on 33% crude protein (isonitrogenous) content and 4588.91 gross energy Kcal/kg diet (isocaloric) 24 , Table 1 . Diets were subjected to chemical analysis, antioxidant activity, and total phenolic content. The calcium, phosphorus, lysine, and methionine requirements of fish were determined according to NRC 25 , Table 4. Table 1. The composition and calculated chemical analysis of the experimental diets for Nile tilapia (0-10 weeks). (1) Ingredients (g/kg) T FM T PM T IM T MIX Fish meal (71.3% CP) 210.50 -- -- -- Poultry byproduct meal (64.7% CP) -- 232.20 -- 130.00 Black soldier fly larvae (55 % CP) -- -- 230.00 130.00 Corn gluten (66.24% CP) 60.00 60.00 60.00 60.00 Soyabean meal (43 % CP) 250.00 250.00 316.54 239.00 Ground yellow corn (7.11% CP) 160.00 160.00 87.50 149.00 Wheat flour (10.33% CP) 206.75 204.80 200.00 200.00 Sunflower oil 82.75 63.00 75.10 61.90 Limestone (38% Ca) 1.28 -- 2.7 -- L – Lysine (purity 99%) -- 0.20 2.10 0.80 DL – Methionine (purity 98%) -- 0.50 1.04 1.30 Vitamins & Mineral premix (2) 28.72 29.30 24.22 28.00 Vitamin C (mg/kg) 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 Total 1000.00 1000.00 1000.00 1000.00 Calculated composition Crude protein (g/kg) 330.00 330.00 330.00 330.00 GE (Kcal /kg) (2) 4588.90 4588.90 4588.90 4588.90 Calorie/ Protein ratio (C/P) 1390.50 1390.50 1390.50 1390.50 Calcium (g/kg) 7.00 8.40 7.00 8.00 Phosphores (g/kg) 6.10 5.90 4.00 5.40 Lysine (g/kg) 16.00 16.00 16.00 16.00 Methionine (g/kg) 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 (1) Diets formulated according to the protein and energy requirements of Nile Tilapia 1 . (2) Vitamin premix: Vit. A 12.50 x10 5 IU, vit. D 3 5 x10 6 IU, vit. E 5 x10 4 mg, vit. k 3 3.5 x10 2 mg, vit. B 1 2 x10 3 mg, vit. B 2 5.5 x10 2 mg, vit. B 6 2 x10 2 vit. B 12 20 x10 3 mcg, biotin 10 x10 4 mcg, pantothenic acid 12 x10 3 mg, nicotinic acid 4 x10 4 mg, folic acid 10 x10 2 mg, BHT 500 mg, and calcium carbonate as carrier up to 500 g (Vilofoss ® Vitamin mix- Deutsche Vilomix GmbH Co. Patch No.1507, production date: 10.01.2024, expiry date: 10.01.2025). Mineral premix: manganese oxide 80 x 10 3 mg, zinc oxide75 mg, iron sulphate 45 x 10 3 mg, copper sulphate 5 x 10 3 mg, potassium iodide 13 x 10 2 mg, sodium selenate 300 mg, cobalt sulphate100 mg, and calcium carbonate as carrier up to 500 g (Vilofoss ® Trace elrement- Deutsche Vilomix GmbH Co. Patch No.1517, production date: 10.01.2024, expiry date: 10.01.2025). (3) Gross Energy was calculated as 23.9, 39.8, and 17.6 kJ/g for protein, lipid, and NFE, respectively 2 . Experimental design and feeding regime A total of one hundred sixty-eight healthy Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fish fry were collected from the Fisheries Research Institute at SCU and transferred to the Farming and Technology Institute at SCU for the experiment. Initially, the fish were acclimated for two weeks and fed a basal meal. After this adaptation period, they were randomly assigned to four groups. Each group consisted of 42 fish and was then divided into three replicates (14 fish per replicate). Each replicate was put and fed separately in a glass aquarium (90 × 50 × 40 cm), featuring 30% daily water changes using clean, dechlorinated water. The first control group (T FM ) was fed a basal meal containing 20% fish meal. The second, third, and fourth groups were fed a basal meal where the fish meal was replaced with poultry by-product meal (T PM ), insect meal (T IM ) sourced from de-fatted black soldier fly larvae ( Hermetia illucens ), and a mixture of poultry and insect meal (T MIX ), respectively. The fish were fed at a rate of 3% of their body weight twice daily, at 8:00 a.m. and 2:00 p.m., for 10 weeks. Mortality was monitored daily, and the fish mass was measured every two weeks to adjust feeding amounts accordingly. The aquaria were equipped with automatic aerators, and daily monitoring of dissolved oxygen, pH, and temperature was conducted. Water conditions were maintained at pH 7.6 and a temperature of 28.22 ± 0.13 °C, with dissolved oxygen levels above 5.0 mg/L, ammonia levels below 1.0 mg/L, and nitrate concentrations under 1.7 mg/L 26 . Experimental parameters Sampling The body weight of fish from all groups and replicates was measured every two weeks. After 10 weeks of being fed the experimental diets, the fish were subjected to various analyses. To minimize handling stress, three random fish samples from each replicate were fasted for 24 hours before sampling, and then anesthetized with a clove oil solution (12.5 mg/L) 27 . Blood samples were collected from the caudal vein using a clean syringe and divided into two portions. One portion was placed in heparinized Eppendorf tubes for hematological assays, while the other portion was transferred to non-heparinized tubes. For biochemical analysis, serum from the non-heparinized blood was obtained through centrifugation at 3500×g for 15 minutes. Additionally, at the end of the experimental period, fish were humanely euthanized using an overdose of clove oil (200 mg/L) until complete cessation of opercular movement was observed, after which immediate dissection and tissue collection were performed. Then, three other random fish samples from each replicate were taken to assess carcass indices. Also, three fish from each replicate were used to determine the microbial quality of the fish. Another three random fish samples were stored at -20°C for proximate analysis. Frozen muscle and liver samples were preserved in labeled Eppendorf tubes at -20°C to evaluate total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, MDA content, and liver cytokine assays. For histopathological examination, tissues from the intestine, liver, kidney, and spleen were removed and immediately fixed in 10% formalin. Growth performance Every two weeks, all fish from each replicate were weighed to determine the following growth indicators as follows Sangsawang, et al. 22 : Weight gain (WG) (g) = final wt. (g) – initial wt. (g). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) = feed intake (g) / WG (g). WG% = 100 X (final wt., g – initial wt., g)/ initial wt. Specific growth rate% (SGR) = [Ln (final wt., g) – Ln (initial wt., g)/ experimental days] × 100 Protein efficiency ratio (PER) = WG (g) / protein intake (g). Survival rate% = 100 × (initial fish number – dead fish number) ∕ initial fish number. Economic evaluation The feed cost to produce one kilogram (kg) of body weight at the end of the study period was analyzed to evaluate the economic parameters of the control diet vs the test diet 28 . Chemical composition and bioactivity profile of experimental diets and carcasses of N. tilapia Proximate composition of experimental diets and whole carcasses Ingredients, experimental diets, and whole fish carcasses were analyzed for moisture, crude protein, crude fat, and ash following the methods outlined by 29 . Moisture content was determined by drying the samples at 105 °C until a constant weight was achieved. Crude protein was assessed using the Kjeldahl method (Kjeldahl- ATN-300 BonninTech, China), with nitrogen content multiplied by 6.25 to calculate the protein content. Ash content was analyzed by incinerating the samples at 550 °C for 12 hours. Crude fat was quantified using the Soxhlet method with extraction by petroleum ether. All analyses were conducted in triplicate. Total phenolic content (TPC) in experimental diets and N. tilapia muscle. The Folin-Ciocalteu technique was used to determine the total phenolic content 30 with slight modifications. First, extraction was carried out by adding 50 mL of methanol to one gram of the sample, which was then homogenized for 4 hours at 45°C and filtered. Next, 900 μL of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent was mixed thoroughly with 100 μL of the extract and allowed to stand for five minutes. After that, 0.75 mL of a 7% sodium bicarbonate solution was added to the mixture, which was vortexed for 30 seconds and then left to settle in the dark for 60 minutes. The absorbance was measured using a PG spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 725 nm. The phenolic content was calculated using gallic acid as a standard and expressed as mg/100g on dry basis. 3. Antioxidant activity determination in experimental diets and Nile tilapia muscle through DPPH assay According to Tamsen, et al. 31 , 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was utilized as a free radical to assess antioxidant activity. One gram of the sample was mixed with 50 milliliters of methanol and shaken for three hours at room temperature. Afterward, the mixture was centrifuged for 20 minutes at 3000 rpm. Next, 3.9 mL of the DPPH methanol solution was combined with 100 μL of the methanolic extract (supernatant) of the sample. This mixture was then incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes in the dark. Finally, the absorbance was measured at 517 nm using a PG spectrophotometer (PG Instruments Ltd., Felsted, Dunmow, UK). To determine the % DPPH radical scavenging activity, the following formula was used: Antioxidant activity% = (Abs blank –Abs sample)/ Abs blank * 100 Lipid Peroxidation (MDA content) of N. tilapia muscle The malondialdehyde (MDA) content of fish muscle was measured using fish MDA ELISA kits (Cat. No. EK750261) from AFG Bioscience LLC, Northbrook, Illinois, USA, following the method of Botsoglou, et al. 32 . Carcass morphometric indices The carcass morphometric indices were determined as follows 18 : Dressing% = (dressed carcass weight / live weight) x 100. Hepatosomatic index (HIS%) = (hepatopancreas weight/body weight) x 100. Visceral index (VI%) = 100 – (visceral weight (g)/body weight (g)). Hematological parameters Hemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and platelet values were measured using a blood cell analyzer (Tecom 5000, 2017, China). The red blood cell (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) counts were determined according to the method described by 33 . Differential counts of lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils were identified by smears stained with Wright Giemsa. Serum biochemical parameters The aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were detected colorimetrically by a semi-auto chemistry analyzer (Mindray, India) using chemical kits provided by Bio Med ® Diagnostic Co., Egypt, following the manufacturer's instructions. Serum total proteins and albumins were measured according to 34 , while globulin and A/G ratio were calculated mathematically. Creatinine and urea were measured calorimetrically using available kits from SPECTRUM ® Co., Egypt, according to standard protocols 35 . Serum cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry using the commercial kits provided by Bio Med ® Diagnostic Co., Egypt, while very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) was calculated mathematically. Liver cytokines assay Liver tissues were collected and homogenized in a glass homogenizer at a ratio of 1:10 in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) with a pH of 7.4. After homogenization, the mixture was centrifuged at 5000 x g for 5 minutes at a temperature between 6 and to 8°C. The supernatant was then carefully removed for cytokine analysis. For measuring fish interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels in the liver, fish IL-10 ELISA kits (Cat. No. QS0059FI SL0043Ch) from Sun Long Biotech Co., LTD, China, were utilized following the manufacturer's instructions. Additionally, fish tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels were quantitatively determined using fish TNF-α ELISA kits (Cat. No. SL0055FI) from Sun Long Biotech Co., LTD, as per the manufacturer's protocol. Microbial load examination Three fish samples were collected from each replicate to assess the microbial load. Aseptically, 10 grams of the blended sample were removed from the Petri dish, and 90 mL of sterile buffered peptone water was added. After two minutes, the samples were homogenized. The pour plate method (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) was employed to determine aerobic plate counts (APC). Violet red bile (VRB) agar was used to measure the total coliform count, while Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) colonies were grown on eosin methylene blue (EMB) agar plates to confirm the presence of typical purple colonies. On Slant Agar, presumed colonies that appeared blue-black with dark centers and a green metallic sheen were streaked. The results are reported as log CFU/g of sample. Molds and yeasts were identified using plate count agar that contained 100 µg/ml of cidostane 36 . Organ histomorphology Liver, kidney, spleen, and the initial segment of the small intestine samples were gathered from each fish (three fish/group). Organs measuring about 0.5 mm were preserved for 24 hours in a 10% buffered neutral formalin solution, dehydrated using a sequence of increasing ethanol concentrations (from 70% to 100%), cleaned in xylene, and then embedded in paraffin wax. Paraffin sections were cut with a microtome to a thickness of 5-7 μm (Leica RM 2155, England) . Routine staining procedures were conducted using Harris' Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) stain 37 . Photomicrographs were captured using an Olympus BX-41 research microscope, equipped with a digital AMT camera and its image-capturing software (AMT V600.259) . 50 well-aligned villi were inspected from each section of all intestinal segments to measure the intestinal villi length, width, and absorption surface area. The intestinal villi length was assessed from their tip to the base, and the width was assessed at the half-height point. These parameters were analyzed using Image J software (version 1.33–1.34; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA) . Absorption surface area was calculated as follows: ASA (mm 2 ) = villus height x villus width 38 . Immunohistochemical investigation Liver samples were preserved in 4% paraformaldehyde at pH 7.4 for 48 hours. The fixed tissue was processed on positively charged slides for NF-κB immunostaining, deparaffinized in xylene, and rehydrated through decreasing alcohol concentrations. Sections were treated with an endogenous peroxidase blocking solution (DAKO reagent, Cat. No S2001) 37 . The primary antibody used was anti-mouse polyclonal NF-κB (1:100 dilution, catalog # sc-8008, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Heidelberg, Germany). Slides were rinsed three times in 0.1 M PBS (pH 7.4) with 0.5% Triton X-100 for 5 minutes each and then incubated for 4 hours at room temperature with biotinylated goat anti-mouse IgG (1:600, catalog # 31800, Invitrogen, Waltham, MA, USA). For detection, slides were treated with 3,3ˋ-diaminobenzidine (DAB) for 30 minutes and counterstained with Mayer̛ s hematoxylin. The slides were then examined under a microscope for target protein expression 37 . The percentage of immunoreactivity intensity was determined using Image J software (version 1.33-1.34; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA). Statistical analysis In this study, we conducted an analysis using the SPSS program (SPSS Statistics 20 for Windows) to compare the means and standard errors of various groups. We performed a one-way ANOVA, followed by a Duncan test as a post hoc analysis to identify differences among the groups 39 . For each parameter, we reported the mean ± standard error (SE), along with P-values indicating linear ( l) and quadratic ( Q ) effects. The Significant differences were considered at P < 0.05 . Results Growth performance Table 2 displays the overall growth data of Nile Tilapia. The final BW, weight gain, WG%, and SGR% of fish in T IM did not differ significantly from fish in T FM ( P > 0.05 ). Besides, T FM and T IM significantly achieved the best FCR. Linear and quadratic contrasts of cumulative feed intake and protein intake didn’t reveal significant changes among groups ( P > 0.05 ). T FM had the greatest PER than T PM and T MIX . PER of T IM was not significantly different from T FM, T PM, or T MIX . Table 2 The overall growth performance of Nile Tilapia fed on different experimental diets from 0–10 weeks. Group Contrast P value Parameter To T1 T2 T3 Pooled SEM * Linear Quadratic Initial weight (g/fish) 11.85 a ± 0.17 12.02 a ± 0.01 11.84 a ± 0.12 12.26 a ± 0.26 0.08 0.20 0.47 Final body weight (g/fish) 36.33 a ± 0.86 29.89 b ± 1.79 34.21 ab ± 0.56 31.08 b ± 1.78 0.96 0.09 0.26 Weight gain (g/fish) 24.48 a ± 0.78 17.86 b ± 1.78 22.37 ab ± 0.49 18.81 b ± 1.98 1.00 0.08 0.31 FI (g/fish) 41.81 a ± 1.02 39.78 a ± 1.03 41.16 a ± 0.19 40.37 a ± 0.50 0.96 0.42 0.44 FCR 1.70 b ± 0.01 2.25 a ± 0.15 1.84 ab ± 0.04 2.18 a ± 0.20 0.08 0.11 0.45 WG (%) 206.53 a ± 5.98 148.59 b ± 14.84 188.96 ab ± 3.63 154.07 b ± 18.74 9.00 0.06 0.38 SGR (%/day) 1.58 a ± 0.03 1.29 b ± 0.08 1.49 ab ± 0.02 1.35 b ± 0.08 0.04 0.11 0.28 Protein intake 13.79 a ± 0.33 13.12 a ± 0.34 13.58 a ± 0.06 13.32 a ± 0.16 0.13 0.42 0.44 PER 1.76 a ± 0.03 1.35 b ± 0.10 1.63 ab ± 0.04 1.43 b ± 0.12 0.06 0.09 0.27 Data are presented as mean ± SEM. * Pooled SEM = pooled standard error of the mean. Means in the same row with separate superscripts differ significantly at P < 0.05. T FM : Control basal diet with 20% fish meal. T PM : Test diet with the substitution of FM with poultry by-product meal (PM). T IM : Test diet with the substitution of FM with insect meal (IM). T MIX : Test diet with the substitution of FM with a mixture of PM and IM. Survival rate There were no significant variances (P > 0.05) in survival rates between the T FM , T IM , and T PM groups. While T MIX had the lowest survival rates (Fig. 2). Economic evaluation Table 3 presents a comparison of economic parameters. The feed cost per kilogram of diet varied significantly among the groups, ranging from 35.89 L.E. for T IM to 57.673 L.E. for T FM . T FM had the highest feed cost per fish, amounting to 2.41 L.E., which was significantly higher than the costs for T PM , T IM , and T MIX . The differences were highly significant ( P < 0.001 for both contrasts). In terms of selling prices, T FM also recorded the highest at 4.36 L.E., which was significantly higher than those for T PM and T MIX , although the difference compared to T IM was not quite significant ( P = 0.09 ). Notably, T IM generated the highest net revenue at 1.015 L.E., whereas T FM had the lowest net revenue at 0.448 L.E. T IM also achieved the best economic efficiency, with a score of 32.85, significantly outperforming T FM ( P = 0.04 ). Additionally, it was observed that reducing feed costs, as demonstrated in the T PM and T MIX groups, is crucial for enhancing net revenue and economic efficiency. Table 3 The economic evaluation of the different experimental diets fed to Nile Tilapia. Group Contrast P value Parameter T FM T PM T IM T MIX Pooled SEM * Linear Quadratic Number of fish/ replicates 14.00 14.00 14.00 14.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Price/fish (L.E) 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 Feed cost/kg diet (L.E) 57.673 ± 0.00 35.89 ± 0.00 38.64 ± 0.00 37.312 ± 0.00 2.67 0.00 0.00 Final wt. (kg) 0.0363 a ± 0.0008 0.0299 b ± 0.001 0.0342 ab ± 0.0005 0.0311 b ± 0.001 0.0009 0.09 0.261 Feed intake /fish (kg) 0.0418 a ± 0.001 0.0397 a ± 0.001 0.0411 a ± 0.0001 0.0403 a ± 0.0004 0.0004 0.428 0.450 Feed cost / fish (L.E) 2.41 a ± 0.05 1.43 bc ± 0.03 1.59 b ± 0.007 1.51 b ± 0.01 0.12 < 0.001 < 0.001 Total cost /fish (L.E) * 3.91 a ± 0.05 2.93 bc ± 0.03 3.09 b ± 0.007 3.01 b ± 0.01 0.12 < 0.001 < 0.001 Selling price (L.E) 4.36 a ± 0.10 3.59 b ± 0.21 4.11 ab ± 0.06 3.73 b ± 0.21 0.11 0.09 0.260 Net revenue (L.E) ** 0.448 b ±0.05 0.659 ab ± 0.17 1.015 a ± 0.07 0.723 ab ± 0.20 0.08 0.102 0.118 Economic efficiency *** 11.46 b ± 1.40 22.37 ab ± 5.78 32.85 a ± 2.51 24.014 ab ± 6.59 3.02 0.04 0.06 Data are presented as mean ± SEM. * Pooled SEM = pooled standard error of the mean. Means in the same row with separate superscripts differ significantly at P < 0.05. * = Price/fish (L.E) + Feed cost / fish (LE). ** = Selling price (L.E) – Total cost /fish (L.E). *** = Net revenue (L.E)/ Total cost /fish (L.E) X 100. T FM : Control basal diet with 20% fish meal. T PM : Test diet with the substitution of FM with poultry by-product meal (PM). T IM : Test diet with the substitution of FM with insect meal (IM). T MIX : Test diet with the substitution of FM with a mixture of PM and IM. Table 4: Chemical composition, phenolic content, and antioxidant activity of experimental diets, whole carcass, and fish muscle of Nile Tilapia. Group Contrast P value Parameter T FM T PM T IM T MIX Pooled SEM * Linear Quadratic Experimental diets ( on a wet basis %) a . Moisture 9.10 b ± 0.22 8.52 d ± 0.31 9.90 a ± 0.22 8.83 c ± 0.29 0.15 0.06 0.004 Crude Protein 32.80 a ± 0.52 32.65 a ± 0.42 32.85 a ± 0.48 32.77 a ± 0.51 0.04 0.85 0.737 Crude Fat 8.16 c ± 0.32 9.75 b ± 0.45 10.56 a ± 0.31 10.78 a ± 0.25 0.31 < 0.001 0.002 Ash 20.26 a ± 0.25 6.29 d ± 0.42 15.87 b ± 0.32 10.72 c ± 0.39 1.58 < 0.001 < 0.001 Total phenolic content (mg/100g) 43.00 b ± 1.00 37.93 c ± 0.06 46.33 a ± 0.33 42.16 b ± 0.10 0.93 0.03 0.424 Antioxidant activity (%DPPH radical scavenging activity) 10.63 a ± 0.18 7.53 c ± 0.02 9.63 b ± 0.12 9.71 b ± 0.12 0.34 0.275 < 0.001 Whole carcass ( on a wet basis %) a . Moisture 72.21 a ± 0.98 71.22 b ± 0.88 72.23 a ± 0.75 71.04 b ± 0.74 0.16 0.0001 0.0001 Crude Protein 20.93 ab ± 0.68 21.03 ab ± 0.56 20.88 b ± 0.45 21.11 a ± 0.54 0.03 0.147 0.204 Crude Fat 2.33 c ± 0.31 2.94 b ± 0.22 3.11 b ± 0.41 3.46 a ± 0.31 0.12 0.0001 0.05 Ash 2.55 a ± 0.12 1.71 d ± 0.21 2.22 b ± 0.31 1.97 c ± 0.22 0.09 0.002 0.002 Fish Muscle Total phenolic content ( mg/100g) 33.85 b ± 0.02 30.38 c ± 0.06 34.76 a ± 0.11 33.59 b ± 0.08 0.49 < 0.001 < 0.001 Antioxidant activity (%DPPH radical scavenging activity) 8.70 a ± 0.07 6.55 c ± 0.10 8.44 a ± 0.17 7.78 b ± 0.10 0.25 0.142 < 0.001 MDA (pg/mg) 1.87 b ± 0.03 2.14 a ± 0.01 1.79 b ± 0.01 1.84 b ± 0.02 0.03 0.03 < 0.001 a The analysis done according to AOAC 3 . Data are presented as mean ± SEM. * Pooled SEM = pooled standard error of the mean. Means in the same row with separate superscripts differ significantly at P < 0.05. T FM : Control basal diet with 20% fish meal. T PM : Test diet with the substitution of FM with poultry by-product meal (PM). T IM : Test diet with the substitution of FM with insect meal (IM). T MIX : Test diet with the substitution of FM with a mixture of PM and IM. Chemical composition profile of experimental diets and carcasses of Nile tilapia Table 4 presents the results of the chemical composition assay. The moisture content varies significantly among the different treatments ( QP = 0.004 ), with T IM having the highest moisture level and T PM showing the lowest. The crude protein content remained stable across all dietary treatments, indicating a consistent protein formulation. Fat content increased progressively, with T MIX exhibiting the highest amount of fat and T FM the lowest ( lP < 0.001 ). TFM also had the highest ash content, followed by T IM , while T PM had the lowest ash content, with all P-values being less than 0.001. The whole-body composition analysis revealed that T FM and T IM had the highest moisture content, while T PM and T MIX had slightly lower moisture levels. Significant differences were noted in the protein content, with T MIX exhibiting the highest protein value, whereas T IM had the lowest at 20.88%. There were no significant differences in protein content between T FM and T PM . Additionally, T MIX had the highest fat content, while T FM recorded the lowest fat value ( p = 0.0001 ). TFM also had the highest ash content, followed by T IM , while T PM had the lowest ash content ( p = 0.002 ). The total phenolic content of the experimental meals showed significant variation among the groups ( P < 0.05 ). The highest phenolic content was found in the T IM group, followed by T FM and T MIX , while T PM displayed the lowest level. Additionally, the total phenolic content in the fish muscle reflected the trends observed in the meals, with a significant increase noted among treatments (from T PM to T MIX /T FM to T IM ), all P-values < 0.001 . Similarly, the antioxidant activity (%) in the meals also differed significantly between treatments ( QP < 0.001 ). The T FM group exhibited the highest antioxidant activity, whereas T PM had the lowest. T IM and T MIX showed statistically similar antioxidant activities. In terms of muscle antioxidant activity, significant variation was present, with T FM and T IM recording the highest values, while T PM again had the lowest. A significant quadratic contrast was observed ( QP < 0.001 ). Notable differences were also seen in the MDA content of the muscle among the groups, with T PM registering the highest value and T IM showing the lowest. There were no significant differences between T FM , T IM , and T MIX . Carcass morphometric indices T FM and T IM showed significantly higher live body weights, dressing weights, and dressing percentages. T FM and T IM had significantly heavier livers than T PM and T MIX ( l P = 0.01 ). T FM had a superior HSI significantly higher than T MIX ( l P = 0.01 ), but not for T PM and T IM . Also, T FM had the highest visceral weight, significantly different from T PM . No significant changes were found in the visceral index among treatments (All P-values > 0.05 ), Table 5 . Table 5 Carcass morphometric indices of Nile tilapia fed on different experimental diets. Group Contrast P value Parameter T FM T PM T IM T MIX Pooled SEM * Linear Quadratic Live body weight (g/fish) 43.88 a ± 2.98 29.23 b ± 1.18 35.95 a ± 2.12 31.25 b ± 5.83 2.13 0.127 0.220 Dressing wt. 37.18 a ±2.42 24.77 b ± 1.16 30.67 a ± 2.50 26.49 b ± 5.05 1.87 0.152 0.259 Dressing (%) 83.54 a ± 2.23 92.72 b ± 0.63 88.82 ab ± 1.61 90.84 b ±3.23 1.28 0.148 0.143 Liver wt. 1.91 a ± 0.30 0.947 b ± 22 1.11 a ± 0.24 0.62 b ± 0.22 0.16 0.01 0.385 Hepatosomatic index (HIS) 4.30 a ± 0.45 3.21 ab ± 0.74 3.04 ab ± 0.55 1.82 b ± 0.37 0.33 0.01 0.893 Visceral wt. 6.69 a ± 0.74 4.45 b ±0.41 5.28 ab ± 0.50 4.75 ab ± 0.87 0.36 0.171 0.239 Visceral index (VI) 15.30 a ± 1.01 15.26 a ±1.37 15.01 a ± 2.05 15.18 a ± 1.28 0.68 0.936 0.946 Data are presented as mean ± SEM. * Pooled SEM = pooled standard error of the mean. Means in the same row with separate superscripts differ significantly at P < 0.05. T FM : Control basal diet with 20% fish meal. T PM : Test diet with the substitution of FM with poultry by-product meal (PM). T IM : Test diet with the substitution of FM with insect meal (IM). T MIX : Test diet with the substitution of FM with a mixture of PM and IM. Hematology (Complete blood picture, CBC) The means of red blood cells, PCV, Hb, MCV, MCH, and MCHC were not statistically different among groups. White blood cells, differential leukocyte counts (lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils), and platelets had minimal changes among groups with no significant effect detected (All P-values > 0.05 ). The hematological indices varied from the normal values for healthy fish (Table 6 ). Table 6 Complete blood picture (CBC) of Nile tilapia fed on different experimental diets. Group Contrast P value Parameter T FM T PM T IM T MIX Pooled SEM * Linear Quadratic RBCs (10^ 6 U/L) 2.82 a ± 0.02 2.69 a ±0.52 2.51 a ± 0.17 2.70 a ± 0.06 0.12 0.672 0.581 PCV % 27.00 a ± 1.52 25.33 a ±2.90 33.73 a ±3.22 34.23 a ± 2.83 1.65 0.038 0.699 Hb (g/dl) 9.05 a ± 0.73 8.26 a ±1.33 10.23 a ±0.97 10.36 a ± 0.86 0.502 0.225 0.656 MCV (fl) 95.67 a ± 6.15 96.83 a ±7.66 114.80 a ±15.41 111.93 a ± 6.96 4.91 0.166 0.842 MCH (pg) 32.10 a ± 2.87 31.37 a ±4.13 40.60 a ±1.11 38.26 a ± 2.26 1.69 0.06 0.783 MCHC (g/dl) 33.59 a ± 2.22 32.32 a ±2.88 30.30 a ±0.00 30.30 a ± 0.00 0.88 0.182 0.736 WBCs (10^ 3 U/L) 81.33 a ± 11.72 86.66 a ± 27.03 74.33 a ± 73.10 68.00 a ± 80.00 70.23 0.477 0.720 Lymphocytes 94.66 a ± 2.33 96.33 a ±.66 95.00 a ± 0.57 94.33 a ±1.20 0.63 0.716 0.424 Neutrophils 1.66 a ± 0.66 1.66 a ± 0.33 2.00 a ± 0.57 2.33 a ± 0.33 0.22 0.327 0.747 Monocytes 3.33 a ± 1.33 2.00 a ± 1.00 2.33 a ±0.33 2.66 a ± 1.20 0.46 0.730 0.446 Eosinophils 0.33 a ±0.33 0.00 a ± 0.00 0.66 a ± 0.33 0.33 a ± 0.33 0.14 0.620 1.000 Basophils 0.33 a ±.33 0.00 a ± 0.00 0.00 a ± 0.00 0.33 a ± 0.33 0.11 1.000 0.195 Platelets (10^ 3 u/L) 104.33 a ± 9.02 105.33 a ± 14.49 85.00 a ± 5.77 115.00 a ± 20.00 6.12 0.851 0.313 Data are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 6). * Pooled SEM = pooled standard error of the mean. Means in the same row with separate superscripts differ significantly at P < 0.05. T FM : Control basal diet with 20% fish meal. T PM : Test diet with the substitution of FM with poultry by-product meal (PM). T IM : Test diet with the substitution of FM with insect meal (IM). T MIX : Test diet with the substitution of FM with a mixture of PM and IM. Serum biochemical parameters Regarding the data related to the liver function test. For the ALT level, T PM had the lowest significant value compared to T FM and T MIX . However, T PM did not significantly differ from T IM . No differences in either linear or quadratic contrasts among groups were observed in AST, ALP, total protein, albumin, globulin, and A/G ratio. For the creatinine level, there was a significant quadratic effect ( Q P = 0.014 ). T PM was significantly raised than the other groups. For urea, no significant differences among groups were found. Concerning the data related to the lipid profile, T MIX showed higher cholesterol levels, either significantly compared to T PM or numerically compared to T FM and T IM . Other parameters, including triglycerides, HDL, LDL, and VLDL, did not vary significantly among groups ( All P-values > 0.05) , Table 7 . Table 7 Serum biochemical parameters of Nile Tilapia fed on different experimental diets. Group Contrast P value Parameter T FM T PM T IM T MIX Pooled SEM * Linear Quadratic ALT (U/l) 23.55 a ± 2.20 21.68 b ± 2.68 23.48 ab ± 1.89 24.90 a ± 2.20 0.51 0.222 0.096 AST (U/l) 21.86 a ± 2 .63 22.88 a ± 2.49 22.68 a ± 2.59 22.40 a ± 1.37 0.47 0.740 0.515 ALP 10.36 a ± 0.80 10.96 a ± 1.02 11.72 a ± 2.06 10.86 a ± 1.27 0.28 0.336 0.235 Total protein (g/dl) 6.01 a ± 0.38 6.33 a ± 0.33 5.72 a ± 0.28 5.60 a ± 0.32 0.16 0.249 0.482 Albumin (g/dl) 2.83 a ± 0.14 2.81 a ± 0.12 2.70 a ± 0.15 2.79 a ± 0.16 0.06 0.717 0.721 Globulin (g/dl) 3.17 a ± 0.06 3.52 a ± 0.29 3.01 a ± 0.39 2.80 a ± 0.26 0.16 0.294 0.372 A/G ratio 0.92 a ± 0.06 0.87 a ± 0.13 0.92 a ± 0.10 1.03 a ± 0.11 0.05 0.429 0.465 Creatinine (g/dl) 0.37 b ± 0.04 0.60 a ± 0.02 0.38 b ± 0.05 0.39 b ± 0.04 0.02 0.424 0.014 Urea (g/dl) 6.61 a ± 0.24 6.21 a ± 0.34 6.30 a ± 0.28 6.42 a ± 0.34 0.14 0.689 0.390 Cholesterol (mg/dl) 152.18 ab ± 4.17 143.03 b ± 6.54 152.94 ab ± 10.33 172.02 a ± 8.85 4.13 0.061 0.072 Triglyceride (mg/dl) 259.66 a ± 14.56 270.11 a ± 18.45 273.38 a ±1 7.50 257.26 a ± 13.18 7.66 0.983 0.433 HDL (mg/dl) 31.08 a ± 2.78 30.28 a ± 1.87 31.58 a ± 2.35 30.26 a ± 0.94 1.01 0.908 0.937 LDL (mg/dl) 69.16 a ± 6.21 58.72 a ± 9.34 66.68 a ± 13.97 90.30 a ± 10.04 5.21 0.142 0.102 VLDL mg/dl) 51.93 a ± 2.91 54.02 a ± 3.69 54.67 a ± 3.50 51.45 a ± 2.63 1.53 0.983 0.433 Data are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 6). * Pooled SEM = pooled standard error of the mean. Means in the same row with separate superscripts differ significantly at P < 0.05. T FM : Control basal diet with 20% fish meal. T PM : Test diet with the substitution of FM with poultry by-product meal (PM). T IM : Test diet with the substitution of FM with insect meal (IM). T MIX : Test diet with the substitution of FM with a mixture of PM and IM. Microbial load of muscle fillets Table 8 presents the microbial load of fish muscle fillets. Fish samples from the T FM and T MIX groups exhibited statistically similar Aerobic Plate Count (APC) values, which were significantly higher than those of the T PM and T IM groups ( l P = 0.05). Fish from the T IM group had a significantly lower total coliform count compared to the other groups (all P-values < 0.001 ). Additionally, fish from the T FM and T PM groups did not differ statistically from each other, while the T MIX group had the highest coliform count (T IM < T FM /T PM < T MIX ). No colonies of E. coli , yeast, or mold were detected in any of the fish fillet samples from all groups. Table 8 Muscle fillets microbial load of Nile Tilapia at the end of the study period (10 weeks). Group Contrast P value Parameter T FM T PM T IM T MIX SEM * Linear Quadratic Aerobic Plate Count (APC) 4.37 a ± 0.01 4.16 b ± 0.02 4.17 b ± 0.01 4.52 a ± 0.10 0.04 0.05 < 0.001 Total coliform 2.27 b ± 0.03 2.35 b ± 0.02 2.01 c ± 0.04 3.84 a ± 0.03 0.21 < 0.001 < 0.001 Escherichia coli (E. coli) ND ND ND ND 0.00 0.00 0.00 Molds and yeasts ND ND ND ND 0.00 0.00 0.00 Data are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 6). * Pooled SEM = pooled standard error of the mean. Means in the same row with separate superscripts differ significantly at P < 0.05. Liver cytokines assay T IM significantly showed the lowest liver TNF-α level compared to T FM , T PM , and T MIX ( l P < 0.05) . For IL-10 level, significant differences were shown among groups ( l P < 0.05) , with the T IM group exhibiting higher levels followed by T FM , T MIX, then T PM (Fig. 3 ). Organ histomorphology All the experimental groups exhibited a normal architecture of the intestine. There were no noticeable signs of inflammation or damage ( Fig. 4 A-D ). Morphometric analysis of intestinal sections by ImageJ software is presented in Table 9 . The data revealed that T FM & T IM groups had the highest villous length, either significantly compared to T MIX or numerically compared to T PM . Also, T FM had the maximum villous width compared to the T IM & T MIX groups. The significantly highest recorded absorption surface area (ASA) was detected in the T FM & T IM groups compared to T MIX . Table 9 Intestinal histomorphology of Nile Tilapia fed different experimental diets. Group Contrast P value Parameter T FM T PM T IM T MIX Pooled SEM * Linear Quadratic Villous length (VL) µm 530.11 a ± 58.45 463.44 ab ± 11.15 574.27 a ± 75.63 351.97 b ± 30.32 0.33 0.09 0.162 Villous width (VW) µm 89.74 a ± 6.93 82.19 ab ± 4.76 67.08 b ± 6.73 64.25 b ± 1.98 3.94 0.006 0.676 Absorption surface area (ASA) "mm 2 " 0.054 a ± 0.005 0.040 b ± 0.001 0.045 ab ± 0.003 0.024 c ± 0.001 0.003 0.001 0.374 Data are presented as mean ± SEM. * Pooled SEM = pooled standard error of the mean. Means in the same row with separate superscripts differ significantly at P < 0.05. T FM : Control basal diet with 20% fish meal. T PM : Test diet with the substitution of FM with poultry by-product meal (PM). T IM : Test diet with the substitution of FM with insect meal (IM). T MIX : Test diet with the substitution of FM with a mixture of PM and IM. . 1 Guo, Y. X. et al. Partial replacement of soybean meal by sesame meal in diets of juvenile Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus L. 42 , 1298–1307, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2010.02718.x (2011). 2 Schulz, C., Knaus, U., Wirth, M. & Rennert, B. Effects of varying dietary fatty acid profile on growth performance, fatty acid, body and tissue composition of juvenile pike perch (Sander lucioperca). Aquaculture nutrition 11 , 403–413 (2005). 3 AOAC. (AOAC, Washington, DC, 2002). All experimental groups displayed normal liver structure, including lipid droplets in the cytoplasm of the hepatocytes and central hepatocyte nuclei. Also, normal exocrine pancreatic acini were observed. There were no indications of capillary hyperemia, vacuolar degeneration, vasodilatation, or hepatocyte ballooning in the different groups ( Fig. 5 A-D ) . All experimental groups showed normal architecture of renal parenchyma with well-defined renal glomeruli and tubules ( Fig. 6 A-D ) . The histological analysis of the spleen showed a normal structure of white pulp around ellipsoidal arterioles in all examined groups. Moreover, areas of melanomacrophage centers (MMCs) beside normal red pulp were noticed ( Fig. 7 A-D ). The size of white pulp lymphoid follicles increased in T FM , T PM, and T IM groups ( Fig. 7 A-C ) in comparison with the T MIX group ( Fig. 7 D ). An Abundant area of MMCs within white pulp was observed in the T MIX group ( Fig. 7 D ). Liver NF-κB immunohistochemistry Immunostaining for NF-κB marker revealed negative expression in all dietary experimental groups ( Fig. 8 . I). The mean percentage area of NF-κB immunostaining intensity showed no significant changes among experimental groups ( Fig. 8 . II). Discussion The overall growth performance indicated that the insect meal group (T IM ) achieved the greatest growth data and nutrient utilization, as did the fish meal group (T FM ). These results were in harmony with Devic, et al. 40 , Nairuti, et al. 41 , who demonstrated that incorporating various levels of BSFLM as an alternative to fishmeal did not negatively affect growth indices. Further, Tippayadara, et al. 6 showed that growth performance was unaffected by the addition of BSFLM up to 100% in N. tilapia diets. Muin, et al. 42 noted that Tilapia could ideally consume BSFLM at a maximum inclusion level of 50%. However, the specific growth rates (SGR) and feed conversion ratios (FCR) were not adversely impacted by replacing fish meal with BSFLM up to 100%. Wachira, et al. 43 found that Nile Tilapia fed a diet supplemented with up to 67% BSFLM did not show any compromise in growth quality measures. The improved growth indices observed in the T IM group, similar to those in the fish meal group, can be attributed to the inclusion of Black Soldier Fly Larvae in their diets. BSFLM is rich in lauric acid, chitin, and antimicrobial peptides, which may enhance fish welfare, reduce the prevalence of aquatic diseases, and increase resistance to bacterial and parasitic infections. Additionally, it has been reported that adding BSFLM to diets increases the biodiversity of intestinal bacterial composition, which is often associated with the host's health in various fish species 44 . Furthermore, BSFLM is recognized as a valuable source of omega-3, omega-6, and omega-9 fatty acids 45 , 46 , a structure that could enhance the host's growth performance. Lastly, dietary insect meal may increase the mucosal surface area in fish, potentially explaining the improvements in feed conversion ratio and feed utilization 47 . In contrast, Dietz and Liebert 48 reported that N. Tilapia experienced negative effects when soy protein concentrate was completely replaced with 100% partially defatted black soldier fly (BSF) meal. Fayed, et al. 49 found that the growth rate of Nile Tilapia decreased when their diet included 30% fish meal (FM) replacement with BSF larvae meal (BSFLM). These variations in growth performance may stem from differences in the composition of the insect meal and the experimental conditions used. In a related study, Kroeckel, et al. 50 demonstrated that adding defatted BSFLM significantly reduced the final weight, feed intake, and specific growth rate (SGR) of juvenile turbot. Also, Guerreiro, et al. 51 also showed that switching from 17%, 35%, and 52% FM to BSFLM resulted in a linear decrease in the growth of meagre. These negative effects could be attributed to the presence of chitin, which may hinder growth performance and feed utilization in these species 52 . As an omnivorous species, Nile Tilapia has a high capacity for consuming plankton and possesses certain advantages when it comes to breaking down chitin. The digestion of chitin relies on chitinolytic enzymes, which are vital to the digestive physiology of Nile Tilapia 53 . Furthermore, incorporating chitin into their diet may help combat bacterial infections and enhance the diversity of the gut microbiota 54 . Despite variations in final weight, feed intake per fish remains consistent across different treatments. This suggests that factors such as feed quality or composition may be more important for weight gain than the quantity of feed provided. This is in accordance Limbu, et al. 55 , who noticed that N. tilapia fed diets supplemented with BSFLM up to 75% did not show any noticeable changes in feed intake. On the other hand, earlier research revealed that feeding N. tilapia up to 100% BSFLM reduced their feed intake 56 . This was correlated to the decreased palatability of the feed. These differences may arise from the methods used in insect meal preparation (full-fat or defatted meal), additional dietary components, and the duration of the experiment. T PM and T MIX demonstrated the best growth data, showing no significant difference from T IM . Poultry by-product meal is a popular alternative to fish meal (FM) in aquaculture feed formulations due to its wide availability, high protein content, and excellent source of phospholipids and cholesterol 57 . Consequently, numerous studies have explored various fish and crustacean species fed diets containing different amounts of poultry by-product meal. However, the findings of these studies have varied considerably, as poultry meals can differ in digestibility, processing methods, nutrient composition, and proportions of their components (bone, meat, blood, etc.). Nevertheless, when high-quality poultry meal was used, many species were able to accept up to 100% substitution levels 58 . Survival rate is a vital parameter in determining the production efficiency of Nile tilapia. Fish physiological activities have a chief role in their survival rates; thus, appropriate feeding schedules and accommodation of fish to their habitats are critical. T FM had a perfect survival rate, also the T IM group and T PM group showed normal survival rates. This suggests excellent conditions conducive to the health and growth of experimental diets. In the same trend, Devic, et al. 40 showed that tilapia fish consumed a diet including BSFLM at 80% had the highest survival rate (90%), while the group fed 30% BSFLM had the lowest survival rate (81%). Also, Tippayadara, et al. 6 declared that BSFLM up to 100% did not adversely impact the survival rate in tilapia fish. The survival rate of the fry was unaffected by substituting BSFLM diets at all levels for FM. 43 , 55 , similar data were recorded in European sea bass ( Dicentrarchus labrax ) 59 . Moreover, Ushakova, et al. 60 found that the survival rate of Mozambique tilapia fed BSFLM pre-pupae at a rate of 0.5 g/kg feed did not differ significantly. T MIX had the lowest survival rate but did not differ significantly from T PM . This drop in the survival rate of T MIX may indicate some underlying issues, such as minor stressors. Most mortalities were noted a day after weekly weighing or sampling, which could be due to sustained stress. Managing feed costs while maintaining quality is essential for optimizing economic efficiency in fish farming. T IM achieved a comparable selling price while keeping costs lower, resulting in better profitability with the greatest economic efficiency % than the T FM group. This indicates that T IM optimizes feed use and cost management while maintaining reasonable growth and selling prices. Our research aligns with the conclusions of Limbu, et al. 55 , which indicated that incorporating BSFLM into the diets of N. tilapia fry at levels of 75% and 100% resulted in a higher profit index than a diet that contained entirely 100% FM. Wachira, et al. 43 revealed that the total profit margin of the N. tilapia fed a 100% BSFM was higher than that of the control. Additionally, N. tilapia juveniles that were given diets with 25%, 50%, and 100% of partially defatted BSFLM replacing fish meal experienced lower feed expenses and increased profits, resulting in greater economic efficiency compared to the control group 61 . Abdel-Tawwab, et al. 59 documented similar results in European sea bass, where BSFLM lowered feed expenses and improved overall profit. Also, reducing feed costs, as seen in T PM and T MIX , appears critical for improving economic outcomes. More studies indicate these alternatives are more cost-effective than FM due to local availability at lower prices. Our data agreed with El-Sayed 62 , who noted that the cost-benefit analyses indicated that PM was a good protein source for N. tilapia. In addition, the economic assessment of animal by-product meal for tilapia fish revealed that these alternatives were economically higher than fish meal, even at total replacement rates 63 . Also, the result shown by Palupi, et al. 64 , indicated that including PM at a high level of up to 30% as a replacement for FM was both achievable and more cost-effective. Also, Eid, et al. 65 found that the diet of all fishmeal (PM0) had the maximum feed price per kg of production. The chemical analysis of all experimental diets revealed that the dry matter content exceeded 90%. Similar studies, such as those conducted by Wachira, et al. 43 have reported dry matter levels greater than 90%, indicating an improved shelf life for these diets. Additionally, it was noted that the crude fat content was highest in the T IM group and lowest in the T FM group. The inclusion of Black Soldier Fly Larvae Meal (BSFLM) increased the lipid content of the diets due to its high fat composition. Similarly, García Barroso, et al. 66 observed higher crude fat in the diets in which BSFLM was included up to 100% than in the FM control diet. The elevated fat content provides essential fatty acids and helps in the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K). It also has a protein-sparing effect by supplying a non-protein energy source. Furthermore, the presence of beneficial medium-chain fatty acids, such as lauric acid, found in BSFL, enhances gut health and immunity due to their antimicrobial properties 67 . The variation in ash content among the diets reflects differences in their inherent mineral compositions. Fish meal is naturally rich in minerals such as calcium and phosphorus, owing to the inclusion of bone and scale matter, which contributes to its high ash content. In contrast, BSFLM provides moderate mineral content through its exoskeleton and internal mineral stores. Poultry by-product meal, often processed with lower bone content, yields the lowest ash value, indicating a reduced presence of minerals. These differences are significant, as they not only influence the nutritional adequacy of feeds but also raise environmental concerns related to mineral excretion, particularly in aquaculture systems. In our study, the proximate composition of the whole body revealed significant differences among the experimental groups. Proximate analysis plays a crucial role in the food industry, particularly for food product development and quality control 68 . A rise in moisture content was directly linked to higher protein levels in animal body tissues, attributed to the superior water retention capacity of proteins 69 . Our results revealed that the moisture and crude protein content of T IM did not significantly differ from the body composition of the T FM group. The crude fat content was significantly elevated in all treatments compared to T FM . Ash content varies, suggesting alterations in mineral composition among groups. The current findings on the effects of diet composition on meat and protein content were in line with other researchers. Muin, et al. 42 showed that BSFLM addition in the diet had a variable degree of influence on the crude fat content of the fish body, where increased crude fat levels were found in O. niloticus. The current findings support Mahmoud, et al. 70 , who concluded that body lipid was increased with higher FM substitution with PM in N. tilapia diets. It can be due to the high fat content of the poultry byproducts, viscera, and skin 71 . In contrast, other studies observed that the diet composition had no significant effect on protein and fat content in fish flesh 72 , 73 . Also, Devic, et al. 40 revealed comparable outcomes when examining the proximate composition of N. tilapia fed different amounts of BSFLM. These discrepancies could be attributed to differences in the proximate composition of BSFLM because of different rearing substrates It was stated that when 100% poultry by-product meal was added, the tilapia carcass proximate composition showed no change in moisture, lipid, protein, or ash content 74 . The alterations may be due to the varied quality of PM, which was significantly influenced by their processing methods. The total phenolic content in the fish muscle mirrored the trends observed in the diets. It increased significantly among treatments (T PM → T MIX &T FM → T IM ). Besides, the muscle antioxidant activity recorded the highest values in T FM and T IM . BSFLM had a higher level of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity, which are influenced by their rearing substrate and processing methods. Their antioxidant properties derive from phenolics, peptides, chitin, and tocopherols in larvae 46 . Additionally, feeding BSFLM with polyphenol-rich agricultural by-products can significantly enhance their bioactive profile, making BSFLM a promising functional feed ingredient for improving oxidative stability 75 . From a practical perspective, the increase in phenolic content in fish muscle has important implications for product quality and shelf life. Enhanced antioxidant levels in fish tissue can reduce lipid oxidation, improve sensory attributes, and potentially offer added nutritional benefits to consumers. Furthermore, these findings support the strategic inclusion of phenolic-rich ingredients in aquafeeds as a functional approach to improving fish health and resilience. It was also reported that T IM had the lowest MDA levels in fish muscle, a marker of lipid peroxidation, suggesting superior oxidative stability and potential anti-inflammatory effects of the insect-based meal. Our findings indicated that T FM and T IM significantly enhanced live body weight, dressing weights, and dressing percentages in N. Tilapia. This suggested that both meals provided excellent nutrition, supporting growth and carcass yield. The increased body weight was likely due to the high-quality protein and favorable amino acid profiles in fish meal and BSFLM diets, which meet the needs of rapidly growing fish 76 . Moreover, the significantly heavier liver weights and superior HSI observed in fish fed fish meal and BSFLM could indicate higher metabolic activity or nutrient storage capacities. In fish, liver size can reflect both growth rate and metabolic processing of nutrients 77 , suggesting that T FM and T IM diets promoted not only somatic growth but also internal organ development with better feed utilization efficiency. These results are consistent with previous studies that have reported the effectiveness of black soldier fly larvae 28 , 55 . The visceral index was used as an indicator of gut health since the viscera impacts digestion, secretion of enzymes, and nutrient absorption. They are frequently used to evaluate the biological states and nutritional attributes of fish 18 . Our study showed that T IM does not affect visceral index and gut health in Nile tilapia. This agreed with research by Tippayadara, et al. 6 , who mentioned that the level of BSFLM up to 100% in tilapia diets did not have harmful effects on somatic indexes. Also, Renna, et al. 78 proved the same findings in yellow catfish and rainbow trout. Hematological indices of fish were considered important components for estimating the overall health condition and biological stress responses of fish fed formulated diets 79 . Our study verified that N. tilapia fed on insect meal and poultry by-product meal or mixture of both did not have abnormal effect on hematological parameters, and the values were considered within the normal range for healthy fish 79 . This result was in agreement with studies, which reported that substitution of fish meal with insect meal had no adverse effect on hematological values in European sea bass, hybrid tilapia, and N. tilapia fish 59 , 80 , 81 . Also, it was observed that poultry by-product meal did not change hematology data in gilthead seabream 82 . Conversely, another study implied that there was an increase in the hemoglobin level of Mozambique tilapia that received a diet supplemented with black soldier fly pre-pupae 60 . The differences among these results may have been related to protein source quality and processing, fish species and size, experimental period, and culture systems. The variations in these findings could have been caused by the fish species, the study duration, the culture methods, and the quality or processing of the protein source. Biochemical parameters were used to inspect the effects of feed additives, detect stress, and assess the possible negative impact of immunostimulants on the immune system of the fish 83 . The liver markers did not display significant variation among treatments. However, T PM treatment exhibited the lowest ALT. All detected values remained in the normal range for ALT (28.3–121 U/L) 84 . This consistency among groups indicated that these alternatives did not affect overall liver integrity and protein metabolism and offered hepatoprotective effects as fish meal. In terms of kidney function, all creatinine levels showed consistent values with the reference limits, and creatinine (0–0.8mg/dL) 85 . In addition, urea levels did not significantly differ among groups, indicating a stable nitrogen metabolism and excretion rate. Plasma urea content in aquatic animals is the second most important nitrogen excretion product after ammonia, whose changes were used to evaluate the digestion of amino acids, proteins, and kidney function 86 . The lipid profile results demonstrated that T MIX had significantly higher cholesterol levels compared to T PM , and a numerical increase compared to T FM and T IM . The elevation in cholesterol under T MIX treatment may reflect alterations in lipid metabolism or absorption; however, since no significant alterations were detected in triglycerides, HDL, LDL, and VLDL levels, the overall lipid metabolic status appeared to remain stable among groups. Overall, most liver, kidney, and lipid parameters remained unaffected by the dietary treatments. These findings suggest that the tested diets are generally safe for tilapia health. Our findings came in harmony with Oliveira, et al. 87 who found that blood parameters in N. Tilapia (creatinine, total serum protein, HDL, LDL, AST, and ALT) showed no differences between treatments containing 0%, 33%, 66%, and 100% BSFM as a substitute for FM. Also, FM with BSFM replacement up to 140 g/kg BSFM has no effects on total protein, albumin, globulin, AST, and ALT in carp 88 . Dietary BSFM does not affect plasma metabolites, such as total protein, albumin, globulin, and total lipids in snakehead juveniles 72 . In contrast, total cholesterol and circulating triglycerides were lower in the animals fed 100% of BSFLM in their diet. Also, for Jian carp, with a drop in cholesterol levels when fed diets containing 2.6–10.6% BSFM (lowering FM from 7.5–0%) 89 . Fish fed 100% BSFLM replacing FM had lower albumin values. High values for albumins could be associated with an impaired immune system in tilapia or protein synthesis in tilapia liver tissues 90 . Besides, Abdullahi, et al. 91 showed that serum albumin and plasma urea levels in the diet containing 50% and 100% PM were augmented compared to the FM group. They reported that the triglyceride significantly reduced compared to those in the control group. Lin and Luo 92 revealed that the amount of liver enzymes of AST, ALP, and ALT increased significantly with the replacement of 100% PBM with fishmeal. These differences in biochemical parameters can vary depending on various issues such as season and environmental circumstances, and stressors, even within the same species 87 . The microbial quality of fish fillets can be directly impacted by feed if it is microbiologically deficient, and indirectly by inadequate breeding conditions and management, which can alter water parameters 93 . It was observed that the APC counts decreased in T PM and T IM , due to their synergistic influence. Furthermore, all detectable values in the different groups were below the maximum allowable limit of 7 log cfu/g, as specified by the International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Foods 94 for fresh fish. Therefore, these values in all diets did not pose a significant risk to public health. The findings indicate that including insect meal in diets did not have a significant impact on the microbiological profile of the fish. Stenberg, et al. 95 noted that insect meals contain high levels of antibacterial agents and bioactive components that enhance the overall health of fish. Also, chitin and antimicrobial peptides present in larvae can be utilized to create new antimicrobial products, possibly decreasing the need for antimicrobial medications in aquaculture 96 . The existence of coliform bacteria in fish indicated environmental contamination, as coliforms were not part of the normal bacterial flora in fish. The standard limits of total coliforms and fecal coliforms for fresh water were 100 MPN/g 97 . Our findings revealed that the T IM sample was within the acceptable limits due to the antimicrobial activity of insect diets. Rimoldi, et al. 98 mentioned that high-fat content and carbohydrates in insect diets could modify microbial populations. Notably, all samples tested negative for Escherichia coli , yeast, and mold, indicating effective inhibition of pathogenic and spoilage organisms among groups. This suggests that the tested fish groups were microbiologically safe for human consumption. Within our results, the T IM group had the lowest liver TNF-α and the highest IL-10 levels compared to other groups. It suggested that Tilapia fish fed BSFLM were in a healthy state without being exposed to toxic environments or being infected by pathogens. These findings highlighted the crucial role of cytokines in regulating the inflammatory process, which is vital for modulating immune response in both health and disease. TNF-α, recognized as the initial proinflammatory cytokine released in response to pathogens, amplifies the acute phase of the immune response by promoting vascular permeability and drawing in inflammatory cells. IL-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine, moderates inflammation by suppressing macrophage activation and the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β 99 . The balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines is crucial for an effective immune response against pathogens while protecting healthy tissues from damage. 100 . Zhang, et al. 44 indicated that the cytokines (IL-10, IL-1β, TNF − α, and IL-8) were upregulated significantly (P < 0.05) in rainbow trout fish that received a diet containing BSFLM meal with increasing fish meal substitution levels of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. These results may be attributed to insect-based diets that primarily contain chitin, a molecule that has a valuable modulatory impact on the innate immunity of various fish species. For instance, the inclusion of chitin in diets based on black soldier fly larvae might stimulate the innate immune response and enhance resistance to bacterial infections 44 . A prolonged subclinical inflammatory response in fish resulted in consistently reduced performance and lower feed intake, as energy was diverted towards cellular defense mechanisms instead of being utilized for production. Our results indicated that T IM achieved the highest level of IL-10. Consequently, the energy and nutrients that would typically be used for inflammatory reactions could instead be allocated for productive purposes. Optimal diets for aquaculture fish require various analytical methods to assess their health effects. Histomorphology studies serve as reliable biomarkers for assessing fish health status 101 . The relationship between nutritional absorption and assimilation is linked to immune function and the structural characteristics of the intestine, especially the diameter and arrangement of the microvilli 102 . The health of the intestinal lining cells is essential for nutrient absorption and overall fish well-being. Gut damage can result in decreased disease resistance, immune problems, loss of appetite, and stunted growth 103 . Histological analyses showed that BSFLM and PM were well accepted by N. tilapia. Similarly, replacing fish meal with insect and PM meals could improve gut histomorphology in European Seabass 103 , 104 . The liver is a vital indicator of health due to its roles in energy storage, metabolism, detoxification, and immune protection 104 , 105 . The histological findings indicated positive liver health in all fish fed various experimental diets, consistent with prior research showing that replacing fish meal with insect meal and PM did not affect the liver histomorphology of European Seabass 104 . Additionally, recent research has found that incorporating BSFLM and PM into diets devoid of FM led to enhanced gut and liver health in both gilthead seabream and rainbow trout 106 – 108 . Also, the liver of tilapia fish remained unchanged when the protein from fishmeal was entirely substituted with the protein from poultry meal 70 . In our study, the histological examination of the kidney in different experimental dietary groups revealed no signs of acute or chronic inflammation in the kidney. This result agreed with the study, which showed that there was no difference in the photomicrographs of rainbow trout 78 and Atlantic salmon 109 fish fed insect meal-based diets. Investigators observed that the inclusion of the incorporation of Musca domestica larva meal into the diets of tilapia did not induce any metabolic stress, as it seems to be devoid of any compounds that could generate reactive oxygen species, leading to oxidative stress. 110 . The spleen histological structure showed no significant changes among groups. The same result was observed by Elia, et al. 111 who stated that the architecture of liver, spleen, and gut histological characteristics were not significantly changed by substituting 20% and 40% of BSFLM meal with 25% and 50% of FM, indicating no detrimental effects on the digestive ability of rainbow trout. The immunostaining results for NF-κB revealed negative expression among groups, with no significant differences in staining intensity, indicating that none of the diets induced an inflammatory response. NF-κB has a central role in immune and inflammatory signaling regulation, and its activation is often associated with tissue stress or immune challenge 112 . The absence of detectable NF-κB activation suggests that the experimental diets, including BSFLM and PM or both, were well-tolerated and did not provoke pro-inflammatory signaling in the target tissues. This supports the immunological safety of these alternatives as replacements for traditional fish meal in formulated diets. Such findings were aligned with previous studies reporting that BSFLM and PM do not adversely affect immune parameters when included at appropriate levels and may even support mucosal integrity and immune homeostasis 113 , 114 . Conclusion Black soldier fly larvae meal (T IM ) has shown general potential in improving growth parameters, carcass traits, tissue quality, and immune response in Nile tilapia. This alternative not only offers comparable nutritional benefits to fish meal but also provides functional advantages, particularly in terms of antioxidant protection, lipid stability, and product safety. These qualities support the use of BSFLM in cost-effective and sustainable aqua feed formulations. We recommend that future research focus on the long-term performance of Nile Tilapia in commercial farming conditions using BSFLM. Declarations Acknowledgement s The authors would like to express their gratitude to Dr. Manal Mahmoud, a professor of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition at FVM, SCU, Egypt, for recommending the research topic and helping with the manuscript review. They also extend their heartfelt thanks to Ahmed Kamel, a Demonstrator in Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition at FVM, SCU, Egypt, for his support with the practical section of the study. The authors would like to acknowledge the Deanship of Graduate Studies and Scien-tific Research, Taif University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia for funding this work. This research was funded by the Hungarian National Research, Development, and Innovation Office, grant number TKP2021-NVA-22. This work was also supported by the Flagship Research Groups Programme of the Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences. Funding The work was funded by the Deanship of Graduate Studies and Scientific Research, Taif University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Competing Interests There are no conflicts of interest Author contribution All authors contributed to the conception and design of the research. 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Alhumedi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Taif University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"M.","middleName":"","lastName":"Alhumedi","suffix":""},{"id":511539498,"identity":"48dc286d-4d54-40cb-ab30-99d35ce8aa84","order_by":8,"name":"Atef Fathy Ahmed","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Taif University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Atef","middleName":"Fathy","lastName":"Ahmed","suffix":""},{"id":511539499,"identity":"a204050c-09ed-4285-905e-97c1565deea7","order_by":9,"name":"Tamer E. Moussa-Ayoub","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Suez Canal University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tamer","middleName":"E.","lastName":"Moussa-Ayoub","suffix":""},{"id":511539500,"identity":"eb38ed4d-99c6-45ab-94d2-0d3ff0cdf48e","order_by":10,"name":"Mohamed E. Salem","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAx0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYLCCBww2cvwMDGwkaElgSDOWbCBRy6HEDQeI1aLbwP7wQ2LOAWPjG8nPHnyoYJDnFzuAX4vZAR5jicRtd+TMbqSZG844w2A4c3YCQS0MQC3PjM1uJJhJ87YxJBjcJqiF/fGPxG2HEzfPSP9GrBYGMwmQlg0SOcTacpjHzCJxW5qxxJk3ZZIzzkgQ4Zfj7Y9vfNwGjMr29G0SHyps5PmlCWhhYIYxBMAqJQgoRwH8B0hRPQpGwSgYBSMJAAAtSUSbxkCxfwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Suez Canal University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohamed","middleName":"E.","lastName":"Salem","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-08-14 12:53:33","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7374073/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7374073/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-43600-x","type":"published","date":"2026-03-19T15:59:04+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":91015408,"identity":"8a4dcea7-f55c-4d10-a86b-0b431862da1b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-10 16:39:46","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":148954,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDevelopmental stages of the Black Soldier Fly (\u003cem\u003eHermetia illucens\u003c/em\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7374073/v1/af05e19efd2b9e55bcffa111.png"},{"id":91014835,"identity":"1c917b64-4537-4179-88eb-1e9598ac19cb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-10 16:31:46","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":32302,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe survival rate % of Nile Tilapia (0˗10 wks.). \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eMeans having separate letters are significantly different from each other, \u003cem\u003eP \u0026lt; 0.05.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7374073/v1/c65f3c6fafd9d68b05021f6c.png"},{"id":91014836,"identity":"d0df7907-4a0f-40e7-bd91-640320e98cbd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-10 16:31:46","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":52085,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLiver TNF-α and IL-10 (pg/mL) level among treatment groups at 10 weeks. \u003c/strong\u003eMeans having separate letters are significantly different from each other, \u003cem\u003eP \u0026lt; 0.05.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7374073/v1/7ec0712d6dbc27c1445791df.png"},{"id":91015650,"identity":"81e99f4f-4f81-4c5c-b688-ae9f4000a9d4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-10 16:47:46","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":511362,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhotomicrograph of H\u0026amp;E-stained sections from the intestine of N. tilapia (Scale bar 100 μm) showing: \u003c/strong\u003enormal architectures of simple columnar enterocytes lining mucosal villi (V), submucosal layer, and muscular layer (M) \u003cstrong\u003e(A-D). \u003c/strong\u003eEnhanced absorption surface area in the T\u003csub\u003eFM\u003c/sub\u003e group \u003cstrong\u003e(A)\u003c/strong\u003e and T\u003csub\u003eIM \u003c/sub\u003egroup \u003cstrong\u003e(C),\u003c/strong\u003e followed by\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003ethe\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003eT\u003csub\u003ePM\u003c/sub\u003e group \u003cstrong\u003e(B). \u003c/strong\u003eThe lowest values of intestinal parameters at the T\u003csub\u003eMIX\u003c/sub\u003e group\u003cstrong\u003e (D).\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7374073/v1/a07d6bf3e42c713e463d04de.png"},{"id":91015413,"identity":"5e92e5c7-b73a-4861-80b0-d612ec522f27","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-10 16:39:46","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":594809,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhotomicrograph of H\u0026amp;E-stained sections from the liver (Scale bar 20 μm) showing: \u003c/strong\u003enormally arranged vacuolated hepatic cells (H), exocrine pancreatic acini (PA), and portal vein (PV) in all examined groups (T\u003csub\u003eFM\u003c/sub\u003e, T\u003csub\u003ePM\u003c/sub\u003e, T\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e, and T\u003csub\u003eMIX\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003cstrong\u003e (A-D)\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7374073/v1/ecb9e26189549c37a60b778c.png"},{"id":91014842,"identity":"15a980b4-0316-4619-b37e-bdcb76a23a70","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-10 16:31:46","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":601061,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhotomicrograph of H\u0026amp;E-stained sections from Kidney (Scale bar 20 μm) showing: \u003c/strong\u003enormal morphology of renal tubules \u003cstrong\u003e(arrows)\u003c/strong\u003e, glomerular corpuscles \u003cstrong\u003e(arrowheads),\u003c/strong\u003e and other stromal structures in all examined groups (T\u003csub\u003eFM\u003c/sub\u003e, T\u003csub\u003ePM\u003c/sub\u003e, T\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e, and T\u003csub\u003eMIX\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003cstrong\u003e (A-D)\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7374073/v1/a95d763d99b6991b7d952ef9.png"},{"id":91016266,"identity":"51817d32-036b-48a3-9bc5-ed0bff9a4906","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-10 16:55:46","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":663738,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhotomicrograph of H\u0026amp;E-stained sections from spleen (Scale bar 20 μm) showing: A:\u003c/strong\u003e normal histological structures of white pulps (WP) around ellipsoidal arterioles (arrowheads) with areas of melanomacrophages centers beside normal red pulps (RP) in all examined groups \u003cstrong\u003e(A-D)\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003eIncreased size of white pulp lymphoid follicles at group T\u003csub\u003eFM\u003c/sub\u003e, T\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e, and T\u003csub\u003ePM\u003c/sub\u003e in comparison with group T\u003csub\u003eMIX\u003c/sub\u003e. An abundant area of melanomacropahages centers (MMCs) within white pulp areas at group T\u003csub\u003eMIX\u003c/sub\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e(D)\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7374073/v1/6a2d12c9338e9c223baed2cd.png"},{"id":91015412,"identity":"b87fb1c3-ee94-4008-a542-cf5c8c9fc843","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-10 16:39:46","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":239074,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eI.\u003c/strong\u003e Immunohistochemical detection of NF-κB expression in hepatic tissue of N. tilapia. photomicrographs showing predominantly negative NF-κB immunoreactivity (blue arrow) in hepatocytes and hepatopancreatic cells among all experimental groups: A (control, T\u003csub\u003eFM\u003c/sub\u003e), B (poultry meal, T\u003csub\u003ePM\u003c/sub\u003e), C (insect meal, T\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e), and F (insect meal + poultry meal, T\u003csub\u003eMIX\u003c/sub\u003e). Rare, weakly positive cells showing non-specific staining (red arrows). scale bar=100 μm.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eII. \u003c/strong\u003eThe percentages of expression of NF-κB in the hepatic tissue of all experimental groups\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7374073/v1/3f008fcf9e77ad8f769c18d6.png"},{"id":105224095,"identity":"b6e219bc-ac2d-43c8-b33c-57bea379275b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-23 16:12:24","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":6850905,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7374073/v1/66caa992-3bba-436e-aac4-09288fc7fa07.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Effects of substituting fish meal with poultry by-products and/or black soldier fly larvae on the growth performance, chemical composition, bioactivity, and hematological, microbial, histological, and immunohistochemical parameters of Nile tilapia","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eAccording to a report from the Food and Agriculture Organization \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Egypt ranked first in Africa and sixth globally in aquaculture in 2018. One of the main fish species cultivated in Egypt is Nile tilapia (\u003cem\u003eOreochromis niloticus\u003c/em\u003e), which holds significant economic value \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Its popularity can be attributed to its ability to adapt to various environmental conditions, consume a wide range of diets, and exhibit rapid growth \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. As global demand for fish continues to rise, driven by population growth and changing dietary preferences, the need for sustainable production of Nile tilapia has become increasingly important \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor many years, fishmeal (FM) has been the main protein source in aquatic nutrition due to its palatable flavor, balanced amino acid profile, and ease of digestion, which are vital features for improving nutrient absorption and utilization \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Natural sources of fish meal have remained stable over the past decade, but demand and prices are rising drastically \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. This highlights the need for sustainable, inexpensive, low-trophic substitutes for aquaculture protein.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePlant-based protein sources, such as soybean meal, corn gluten, peanut meal, and rapeseed meal, are frequently utilized as alternatives to fishmeal. These substitutes are favored due to their widespread availability, competitive pricing, and consistent supply \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. However, these ingredients frequently present significant defects, including amino acid imbalances and anti-nutritive elements, which hinder nutrient digestion and absorption, resulting in low utilization for aquatic animals \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnimal by-products such as poultry by-product meal, meat meal, and tankage offer major potential as cost-effective diet components in fish production \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. These ingredients are excellent sources of high-quality protein, essential amino acids, and energy content, like FM \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Although its nutritional compositions are easily modified by many conditions, such as the type of raw material, processing technique, and originality \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. While it offers a potentially cost-effective and protein-rich substitute, its use in aquafeeds is associated with several health, environmental, and technological concerns, including the risk of pathogen transmission, contamination with heavy metals, and difficulties in processing and standardization\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. These limitations have prompted a shift towards more sustainable and biosecure alternatives.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRecently, more innovative raw materials, such as insect meal (IM), have been proven to be highly valuable as an unconventional protein source \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Several studies on the partial and total substitution of insect meal for FM in fish and shrimp culture exist \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR18\" citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Owing to its high nutritional content, affordable price, and accessibility, insect meal has been used in aquatic nutrition \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Additionally, there is an increasing global interest in insect protein, not just for animal feed but also for human food systems, backed by supportive regulatory frameworks and an increase in consumer acceptance\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. A variety of insect species are used in aquatic feed, with the black soldier fly (\u003cem\u003eHermetia illucens\u003c/em\u003e) being particularly valued. This species effectively converts food waste into high-quality protein. Its larvae have a crude protein content of 42.1%, whereas defatted one has 56.9%, which is slightly less than fish meal and comparable to soybean meal. Moreover, the amino acid profile of larvae is superior, making them a favorable alternative to fish meal \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. In Nile tilapia, 80 g/kg inclusion of black soldier meal (BSM) successfully substituted for 70 g/kg of fish meal (FM) and 350 g/kg of soybean meal (SBM) without adversely affecting growth rate or feed efficiency \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. In modern aquaculture, fish farmers prioritize economic returns, as feed costs represent nearly half of their operating expenses. Reducing these costs is vital for profitability and sustainability. So, BSM offers a cost-effective protein alternative \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen introducing new ingredients, it is necessary to verify that they do not harm fish growth and health. Studies on the use of black soldier larvae in aquafeed are limited. Additionally, a few studies have investigated immune responses as the activation of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), which is crucial for regulating inflammatory responses. For this reason, a Nile tilapia was selected to evaluate the impact of substituting fish meal with poultry byproduct meal and/or defatted black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFLM) on growth performance, economic evaluation, chemical analysis profile, carcass morphometric indices, hematology, serum biochemical parameters, liver cytokines assay, muscle microbial load, organs histomorphology, and NF-κB Immunohistochemistry.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical agreement\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll experimental procedures involving fish were conducted following the guidelines and regulations of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Egypt. The experimental protocols were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Egypt (Approval No: SCU-VET-AREC \u0026ndash; R- 2025020). \u0026nbsp;All methods are reported in accordance with the ARRIVE guidelines (https://arriveguidelines.org).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExperimental diet\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInsect meal was sourced from EGY MAG\u0026reg; Biotechnology Company in Egypt. The larvae were cultivated using food residues, specifically organic matter and waste from fruits and vegetables. They were harvested 14 days before reaching the pupal stage and then oven-dried at 50 \u0026deg;C for 24 hours. After drying, the larvae were processed into a uniform powder using a feed mill and stored at 4 \u0026deg;C until needed. The insect meal contains the following nutritional values: 5281.9 Kcal/kg of gross energy, 55% crude protein, 2.5% calcium, 1% phosphorus, 2.1% lysine, and 0.9% methionine. A diagram illustrating the developmental stages of \u003cem\u003eHermetia illucens\u003c/em\u003e is provided in \u003cstrong\u003eFig. 1\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDiet ingredients such as fish meal, poultry byproduct, soybean meal, corn gluten, yellow corn, wheat flour, and sunflower oil were acquired from a feed enterprise. The ingredients were ground into a fine powder, analyzed for proximate composition, and then processed into 2.5 mm pellets using a feed pelleting machine. The pelleted diets were dried at 25 \u0026deg;C for 12 hours in a cool, ventilated space and then stored at -20 \u0026deg;C until needed. The experimental diets were formulated based on 33% crude protein (isonitrogenous) content and 4588.91 gross energy Kcal/kg diet (isocaloric) \u003cstrong\u003e\u003csup\u003e24\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e,\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eTable 1\u003cstrong\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eDiets were subjected to chemical analysis, antioxidant activity, and total phenolic content.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe calcium, phosphorus, lysine, and methionine requirements of fish were determined according to \u003cstrong\u003eNRC \u003csup\u003e25\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e,\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eTable 4.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1. The composition and calculated chemical analysis of the experimental diets for Nile tilapia (0-10 weeks).\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;(1)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"735\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 254px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIngredients\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(g/kg)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT\u003csub\u003eFM\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT\u003csub\u003ePM\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT\u003csub\u003eMIX\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 254px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFish meal\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(71.3% CP)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e210.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 254px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePoultry byproduct meal\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(64.7% CP)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e232.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e130.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 254px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBlack soldier fly larvae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(55 % CP)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e230.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e130.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 254px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCorn gluten (66.24% CP)\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 254px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSoyabean meal (43 % CP)\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e250.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e250.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e316.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e239.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 254px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGround yellow corn (7.11% CP)\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e160.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e160.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e149.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 254px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWheat flour\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(10.33% CP)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e206.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e204.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e200.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e200.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 254px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSunflower oil\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 254px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLimestone (38% Ca)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 254px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eL \u0026ndash; Lysine (purity 99%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 254px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDL \u0026ndash; Methionine (purity 98%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 254px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVitamins \u0026amp; Mineral premix\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csup\u003e(2)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 254px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVitamin C (mg/kg)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 254px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1000.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1000.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1000.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1000.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 254px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCalculated composition\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 481px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 254px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCrude protein\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(g/kg)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e330.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e330.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e330.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e330.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 254px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGE (Kcal /kg)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csup\u003e(2)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4588.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4588.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4588.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4588.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 254px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCalorie/ Protein ratio (C/P)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1390.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1390.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1390.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1390.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 254px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCalcium\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(g/kg)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 254px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhosphores\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(g/kg)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 254px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLysine\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(g/kg)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 254px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethionine\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(g/kg)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(1) Diets formulated according to the protein and energy requirements of Nile Tilapia \u003cstrong\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(2) Vitamin premix: Vit. A 12.50 x10 \u003csup\u003e5\u003c/sup\u003e IU, vit. D\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e 5 x10 \u003csup\u003e6\u003c/sup\u003e IU, vit. E 5 x10 \u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e mg, vit. k\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e 3.5 x10 \u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e mg, vit. B\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e 2 x10 \u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e mg, vit. B\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e 5.5 x10 \u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e mg, vit. B\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e 2 x10\u003csup\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003evit. B\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003e 20 x10 \u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e mcg, biotin 10 x10 \u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e mcg, pantothenic acid 12 x10 \u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e mg, nicotinic acid 4 x10 \u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e mg, folic acid 10 x10 \u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e mg, BHT 500 mg, and calcium carbonate as carrier up to 500 g (Vilofoss \u0026reg; Vitamin mix- Deutsche Vilomix GmbH Co. Patch No.1507, production date: 10.01.2024, expiry date: 10.01.2025). \u0026nbsp; Mineral premix: manganese oxide 80 x 10 \u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e mg, zinc oxide75 \u0026nbsp; mg, iron sulphate 45 x 10 \u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e mg, copper sulphate 5 x 10 3 mg, potassium iodide 13 x 10 \u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e mg, sodium selenate 300 mg, cobalt sulphate100 mg, and calcium carbonate as carrier up to 500 g (Vilofoss \u0026reg; Trace elrement- Deutsche Vilomix GmbH Co. Patch No.1517, production date: 10.01.2024, expiry date: 10.01.2025).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(3) Gross Energy was calculated as 23.9, 39.8, and 17.6 kJ/g for protein, lipid, and NFE, respectively \u003cstrong\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExperimental design and feeding regime\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA total of one hundred sixty-eight healthy Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fish fry were collected from the Fisheries Research Institute at SCU and transferred to the Farming and Technology Institute at SCU for the experiment. Initially, the fish were acclimated for two weeks and fed a basal meal. After this adaptation period, they were randomly assigned to four groups. Each group consisted of 42 fish and was then divided into three replicates (14 fish per replicate). Each replicate was put and fed separately in a glass aquarium (90 \u0026times; 50 \u0026times; 40 cm), featuring 30% daily water changes using clean, dechlorinated water. The first control group (T\u003csub\u003eFM\u003c/sub\u003e) was fed a basal meal containing 20% fish meal. The second, third, and fourth groups were fed a basal meal where the fish meal was replaced with poultry by-product meal (T\u003csub\u003ePM\u003c/sub\u003e), insect meal (T\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e) sourced from de-fatted black soldier fly larvae (\u003cem\u003eHermetia illucens\u003c/em\u003e), and a mixture of poultry and insect meal (T\u003csub\u003eMIX\u003c/sub\u003e), respectively. The fish were fed at a rate of 3% of their body weight twice daily, at 8:00 a.m. and 2:00 p.m., for 10 weeks. Mortality was monitored daily, and the fish mass was measured every two weeks to adjust feeding amounts accordingly. The aquaria were equipped with automatic aerators, and daily monitoring of dissolved oxygen, pH, and temperature was conducted. Water conditions were maintained at pH 7.6 and a temperature of 28.22 \u0026plusmn; 0.13 \u0026deg;C, with dissolved oxygen levels above 5.0 mg/L, ammonia levels below 1.0 mg/L, and nitrate concentrations under 1.7 mg/L \u003cstrong\u003e\u003csup\u003e26\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExperimental parameters\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSampling\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe body weight of fish from all groups and replicates was measured every two weeks. After 10 weeks of being fed the experimental diets, the fish were subjected to various analyses. To minimize handling stress, three random fish samples from each replicate were fasted for 24 hours before sampling, and then anesthetized with a clove oil solution (12.5 mg/L) \u003cstrong\u003e\u003csup\u003e27\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e. Blood samples were collected from the caudal vein using a clean syringe and divided into two portions. One portion was placed in heparinized Eppendorf tubes for hematological assays, while the other portion was transferred to non-heparinized tubes. For biochemical analysis, serum from the non-heparinized blood was obtained through centrifugation at 3500\u0026times;g for 15 minutes. Additionally, at the end of the experimental period, fish were humanely euthanized using an overdose of clove oil (200 mg/L) until complete cessation of opercular movement was observed, after which immediate dissection and tissue collection were performed. Then, three other random fish samples from each replicate were taken to assess carcass indices. Also, three fish from each replicate were used to determine the microbial quality of the fish. Another three random fish samples were stored at -20\u0026deg;C for proximate analysis. Frozen muscle and liver samples were preserved in labeled Eppendorf tubes at -20\u0026deg;C to evaluate total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, MDA content, and liver cytokine assays. For histopathological examination, tissues from the intestine, liver, kidney, and spleen were removed and immediately fixed in 10% formalin.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGrowth performance\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEvery two weeks, all fish from each replicate \u0026nbsp;were weighed to determine the following growth indicators as follows \u003cstrong\u003eSangsawang, et al. \u003csup\u003e22\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWeight gain (WG) (g) = final wt. (g) \u0026ndash; initial wt. (g).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFeed conversion ratio (FCR) = feed intake (g) / WG (g).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWG% = 100 X (final wt., g \u0026ndash; initial wt., g)/ initial wt.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSpecific growth rate% (SGR) = [Ln (final wt., g) \u0026ndash; Ln (initial wt., g)/ experimental days] \u0026times; 100\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eProtein efficiency ratio (PER) = WG (g) / protein intake (g).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSurvival rate% = 100 \u0026times; (initial fish number \u0026ndash; dead fish number) ∕ initial fish number.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEconomic evaluation\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe feed cost to produce one kilogram (kg) of body weight at the end of the study period was analyzed to evaluate the economic parameters of the control diet vs the test diet \u003cstrong\u003e\u003csup\u003e28\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChemical\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;composition and bioactivity\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eprofile of experimental diets and carcasses of N. tilapia\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProximate composition of experimental diets and whole carcasses\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIngredients, experimental diets, and whole fish carcasses were analyzed for moisture, crude protein, crude fat, and ash following the methods outlined by \u003cstrong\u003e\u003csup\u003e29\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e Moisture content was determined by drying the samples at 105 \u0026deg;C until a constant weight was achieved. Crude protein was assessed using the Kjeldahl method (Kjeldahl- ATN-300 BonninTech, China), with nitrogen content multiplied by 6.25 to calculate the protein content. Ash content was analyzed by incinerating the samples at 550 \u0026deg;C for 12 hours. Crude fat was quantified using the Soxhlet method with extraction by petroleum ether. All analyses were conducted in triplicate.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col start=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal phenolic content (TPC) in experimental diets and N. tilapia muscle.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Folin-Ciocalteu technique was used to determine the total phenolic content \u003cstrong\u003e\u003csup\u003e30\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003ewith slight modifications. First, extraction was carried out by adding 50 mL of methanol to one gram of the sample, which was then homogenized for 4 hours at 45\u0026deg;C and filtered. Next, 900 \u0026mu;L of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent was mixed thoroughly with 100 \u0026mu;L of the extract and allowed to stand for five minutes. After that, 0.75 mL of a 7% sodium bicarbonate solution was added to the mixture, which was vortexed for 30 seconds and then left to settle in the dark for 60 minutes. The absorbance was measured using a PG spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 725 nm. The phenolic content was calculated using gallic acid as a standard and expressed as mg/100g on dry basis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3. Antioxidant activity determination in experimental diets and Nile tilapia muscle through DPPH assay\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to \u003cstrong\u003eTamsen, et al. \u003csup\u003e31\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was utilized as a free radical to assess antioxidant activity. One gram of the sample was mixed with 50 milliliters of methanol and shaken for three hours at room temperature. Afterward, the mixture was centrifuged for 20 minutes at 3000 rpm. Next, 3.9 mL of the DPPH methanol solution was combined with 100 \u0026mu;L of the methanolic extract (supernatant) of the sample. This mixture was then incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes in the dark. Finally, the absorbance was measured at 517 nm using a PG spectrophotometer (PG Instruments Ltd., Felsted, Dunmow, UK). To determine the % DPPH radical scavenging activity, the following formula was used:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAntioxidant activity% = (Abs blank \u0026ndash;Abs sample)/ Abs blank * 100\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col start=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLipid Peroxidation (MDA content) of N. tilapia muscle\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe malondialdehyde (MDA) content of fish muscle was measured using fish MDA ELISA kits (Cat. No. EK750261) from AFG Bioscience LLC, Northbrook, Illinois, USA, following the method of \u003cstrong\u003eBotsoglou, et al. \u003csup\u003e32\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCarcass morphometric indices\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe carcass morphometric indices were determined as follows \u003cstrong\u003e\u003csup\u003e18\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDressing% = (dressed carcass weight / live weight) x 100.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHepatosomatic index (HIS%) = (hepatopancreas weight/body weight) x 100.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVisceral index (VI%) = 100 \u0026ndash; (visceral weight (g)/body weight (g)).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHematological parameters\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and platelet values were measured using a blood cell analyzer (Tecom 5000, 2017, China). The red blood cell (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) counts were determined according to the method described by \u003cstrong\u003e\u003csup\u003e33\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eDifferential counts of lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils were identified by smears stained with Wright Giemsa.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSerum biochemical parameters\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were detected colorimetrically by a semi-auto chemistry analyzer (Mindray, India) using chemical kits provided by Bio Med \u003csup\u003e\u0026reg;\u003c/sup\u003e Diagnostic Co., Egypt, following the manufacturer\u0026apos;s instructions. \u0026nbsp;Serum total proteins and albumins were measured according to \u003cstrong\u003e\u003csup\u003e34\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e, while globulin and A/G ratio were calculated mathematically. Creatinine and urea were measured calorimetrically using available kits from SPECTRUM \u003csup\u003e\u0026reg;\u003c/sup\u003e Co., Egypt,\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003eaccording to standard protocols \u003cstrong\u003e\u003csup\u003e35\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e. Serum cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry using the commercial kits provided by Bio Med \u0026reg; Diagnostic Co., Egypt, while very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) was calculated mathematically.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLiver cytokines assay\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLiver tissues were collected and homogenized in a glass homogenizer at a ratio of 1:10 in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) with a pH of 7.4. After homogenization, the mixture was centrifuged at 5000 x g for 5 minutes at a temperature between 6 and to 8\u0026deg;C. The supernatant was then carefully removed for cytokine analysis.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor measuring fish interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels in the liver, fish IL-10 ELISA kits (Cat. No. QS0059FI SL0043Ch) from Sun Long Biotech Co., LTD, China, were utilized following the manufacturer\u0026apos;s instructions. Additionally, fish tumor necrosis factor-\u0026alpha; (TNF-\u0026alpha;) levels were quantitatively determined using fish TNF-\u0026alpha; ELISA kits (Cat. No. SL0055FI) from Sun Long Biotech Co., LTD, as per the manufacturer\u0026apos;s protocol.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMicrobial load examination\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThree fish samples were collected from each replicate to assess the microbial load. Aseptically, 10 grams of the blended sample were removed from the Petri dish, and 90 mL of sterile buffered peptone water was added. After two minutes, the samples were homogenized. The pour plate method (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) was employed to determine aerobic plate counts (APC). Violet red bile (VRB) agar was used to measure the total coliform count, while \u003cem\u003eEscherichia coli\u003c/em\u003e (\u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e) colonies were grown on eosin methylene blue (EMB) agar plates to confirm the presence of typical purple colonies. On Slant Agar, presumed colonies that appeared blue-black with dark centers and a green metallic sheen were streaked. The results are reported as log CFU/g of sample. Molds and yeasts were identified using plate count agar that contained 100 \u0026micro;g/ml of cidostane \u003cstrong\u003e\u003csup\u003e36\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOrgan histomorphology\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLiver, kidney, spleen, and the initial segment of the small intestine samples were gathered from each fish (three fish/group). Organs measuring about 0.5 mm were preserved for 24 hours in a 10% buffered neutral formalin solution, dehydrated using a sequence of increasing ethanol concentrations (from 70% to 100%), cleaned in xylene, and then embedded in paraffin wax. Paraffin sections were cut with a microtome to a thickness of 5-7 \u0026mu;m \u003cstrong\u003e(Leica RM 2155, England)\u003c/strong\u003e. Routine staining procedures were conducted using Harris\u0026apos; Hematoxylin and Eosin (H\u0026amp;E) stain \u003cstrong\u003e\u003csup\u003e37\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e. Photomicrographs were captured using an Olympus BX-41 research microscope, equipped with a digital AMT camera and its image-capturing software \u003cstrong\u003e(AMT V600.259)\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e50 well-aligned villi were inspected from each section of all intestinal segments to measure the intestinal villi length, width, and absorption surface area. The intestinal villi length was assessed from their tip to the base, and the width was assessed at the half-height point. These parameters were analyzed using Image J software \u003cstrong\u003e(version 1.33\u0026ndash;1.34; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA)\u003c/strong\u003e. Absorption surface area was calculated as follows: ASA (mm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) = villus height x villus width \u003cstrong\u003e\u003csup\u003e38\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eImmunohistochemical investigation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLiver samples were preserved in 4% paraformaldehyde at pH 7.4 for 48 hours. The fixed tissue was processed on positively charged slides for NF-\u0026kappa;B immunostaining, deparaffinized in xylene, and rehydrated through decreasing alcohol concentrations. Sections were treated with an endogenous peroxidase blocking solution (DAKO reagent, Cat. No S2001)\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csup\u003e37\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e The primary antibody used was anti-mouse polyclonal NF-\u0026kappa;B (1:100 dilution, catalog # sc-8008, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Heidelberg, Germany). Slides were rinsed three times in 0.1 M PBS (pH 7.4) with 0.5% Triton X-100 for 5 minutes each and then incubated for 4 hours at room temperature with biotinylated goat anti-mouse IgG (1:600, catalog # 31800, Invitrogen, Waltham, MA, USA). For detection, slides were treated with 3,3ˋ-diaminobenzidine (DAB) for 30 minutes and counterstained with Mayer̛ s hematoxylin. The slides were then examined under a microscope for target protein expression \u003cstrong\u003e\u003csup\u003e37\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e. The percentage of immunoreactivity intensity was determined using Image J software \u003cstrong\u003e(version 1.33-1.34; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatistical analysis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this study, we conducted an analysis using the SPSS program (SPSS Statistics 20 for Windows) to compare the means and standard errors of various groups. We performed a one-way ANOVA, followed by a Duncan test as a post hoc analysis to identify differences among the groups \u003cstrong\u003e\u003csup\u003e39\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e For each parameter, we reported the mean \u0026plusmn; standard error (SE), along with P-values indicating linear (\u003cem\u003el)\u003c/em\u003e and quadratic (\u003cem\u003eQ\u003c/em\u003e) effects. The Significant differences were considered at \u003cem\u003eP \u0026lt; 0.05\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eGrowth performance\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e displays the overall growth data of Nile Tilapia. The final BW, weight gain, WG%, and SGR% of fish in T\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e did not differ significantly from fish in T\u003csub\u003eFM\u003c/sub\u003e (\u003cem\u003eP\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/em\u003e). Besides, T\u003csub\u003eFM\u003c/sub\u003e and T\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e significantly achieved the best FCR. Linear and quadratic contrasts of cumulative feed intake and protein intake didn\u0026rsquo;t reveal significant changes among groups (\u003cem\u003eP\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/em\u003e). T\u003csub\u003eFM\u003c/sub\u003e had the greatest PER than T\u003csub\u003ePM\u003c/sub\u003e and T\u003csub\u003eMIX\u003c/sub\u003e. PER of T\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e was not significantly different from T\u003csub\u003eFM,\u003c/sub\u003e T\u003csub\u003ePM,\u003c/sub\u003e or T\u003csub\u003eMIX\u003c/sub\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe overall growth performance of Nile Tilapia fed on different experimental diets from 0\u0026ndash;10 weeks.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGroup\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eContrast P value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eParameter\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePooled SEM \u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLinear\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQuadratic\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eInitial weight (g/fish)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.85 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.02 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.84 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.26\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFinal body weight (g/fish)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.33 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.89 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 1.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.21 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.08 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 1.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWeight gain (g/fish)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.48\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.86 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 1.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.37 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.81 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 1.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFI (g/fish)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41.81 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 1.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.78 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 1.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41.16 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.37 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFCR\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.70 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.25 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.84 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.18\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWG (%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e206.53 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 5.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e148.59 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 14.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e188.96 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 3.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e154.07 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 18.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSGR (%/day)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.58 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.29 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.49 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.35 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eProtein intake\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.79 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.12 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.58 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.32 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePER\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.76 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.35 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.63 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.43 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003eData are presented as mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SEM. * Pooled SEM\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;pooled standard error of the mean. Means in the same row with separate superscripts differ significantly at \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003eT\u003csub\u003eFM\u003c/sub\u003e: Control basal diet with 20% fish meal. T\u003csub\u003ePM\u003c/sub\u003e: Test diet with the substitution of FM with poultry by-product meal (PM). T\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e: Test diet with the substitution of FM with insect meal (IM). T\u003csub\u003eMIX\u003c/sub\u003e: Test diet with the substitution of FM with a mixture of PM and IM.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eSurvival rate\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThere were no significant variances \u003cem\u003e(P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/em\u003e in survival rates between the T\u003csub\u003eFM\u003c/sub\u003e, T\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e, and T \u003csub\u003ePM\u003c/sub\u003e groups. While T\u003csub\u003eMIX\u003c/sub\u003e had the lowest survival rates (Fig.\u0026nbsp;2).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec22\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eEconomic evaluation\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e presents a comparison of economic parameters. The feed cost per kilogram of diet varied significantly among the groups, ranging from 35.89 L.E. for T\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e to 57.673 L.E. for T\u003csub\u003eFM\u003c/sub\u003e. T\u003csub\u003eFM\u003c/sub\u003e had the highest feed cost per fish, amounting to 2.41 L.E., which was significantly higher than the costs for T\u003csub\u003ePM\u003c/sub\u003e, T\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e, and T\u003csub\u003eMIX\u003c/sub\u003e. The differences were highly significant (\u003cem\u003eP\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/em\u003e for both contrasts). In terms of selling prices, T\u003csub\u003eFM\u003c/sub\u003e also recorded the highest at 4.36 L.E., which was significantly higher than those for T\u003csub\u003ePM\u003c/sub\u003e and T\u003csub\u003eMIX\u003c/sub\u003e, although the difference compared to T\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e was not quite significant (\u003cem\u003eP\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.09\u003c/em\u003e). Notably, T\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e generated the highest net revenue at 1.015 L.E., whereas T\u003csub\u003eFM\u003c/sub\u003e had the lowest net revenue at 0.448 L.E. T\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e also achieved the best economic efficiency, with a score of 32.85, significantly outperforming T\u003csub\u003eFM\u003c/sub\u003e (\u003cem\u003eP\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.04\u003c/em\u003e). Additionally, it was observed that reducing feed costs, as demonstrated in the T\u003csub\u003ePM\u003c/sub\u003e and T\u003csub\u003eMIX\u003c/sub\u003e groups, is crucial for enhancing net revenue and economic efficiency.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe economic evaluation of the different experimental diets fed to Nile Tilapia.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGroup\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eContrast P value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eParameter\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003eFM\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003ePM\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003eMIX\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePooled SEM \u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLinear\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQuadratic\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNumber of fish/ replicates\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePrice/fish (L.E)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFeed cost/kg diet (L.E)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57.673\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38.64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.312\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFinal wt. (kg)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0363 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.0008\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0299 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0342 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.0005\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0311 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0009\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.261\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFeed intake /fish (kg)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0418 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0397 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0411 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0403 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.0004\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0004\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.428\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.450\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFeed cost / fish (L.E)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.41 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.43 \u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.59 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.007\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.51 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal cost /fish (L.E) *\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.91 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.93 \u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.09 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.007\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.01 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSelling price (L.E)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.36 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.59\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.11 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.73 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.260\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNet revenue (L.E) **\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.448 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.659 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.015 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.723 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.102\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.118\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEconomic efficiency ***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.46 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 1.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.37 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 5.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.85 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 2.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.014 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 6.59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003eData are presented as mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SEM. * Pooled SEM\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;pooled standard error of the mean. Means in the same row with separate superscripts differ significantly at \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003e* = Price/fish (L.E)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Feed cost / fish (LE). ** = Selling price (L.E) \u0026ndash; Total cost /fish (L.E). \u003cb\u003e***\u003c/b\u003e = Net revenue (L.E)/ Total cost /fish (L.E) X 100.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003eT\u003csub\u003eFM\u003c/sub\u003e: Control basal diet with 20% fish meal. T\u003csub\u003ePM\u003c/sub\u003e: Test diet with the substitution of FM with poultry by-product meal (PM). T\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e: Test diet with the substitution of FM with insect meal (IM). T\u003csub\u003eMIX\u003c/sub\u003e: Test diet with the substitution of FM with a mixture of PM and IM.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4: Chemical composition, phenolic content, and antioxidant activity of experimental diets, whole carcass, and fish muscle of Nile Tilapia.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"900\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 749px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroup\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eContrast P value \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParameter\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT\u003csub\u003eFM\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT\u003csub\u003ePM\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 105px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT\u003csub\u003eMIX\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePooled SEM \u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLinear\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQuadratic\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\" style=\"width: 900px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExperimental diets\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eon a wet basis %) \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMoisture\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.10 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.52 \u003csup\u003ed\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.90 \u003csup\u003ea\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 105px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.83 \u003csup\u003ec\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCrude Protein\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.80 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.65 \u003csup\u003ea\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.85 \u003csup\u003ea\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 105px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.77 \u003csup\u003ea\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.737\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCrude Fat\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.16 \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.75 \u003csup\u003eb\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.56 \u003csup\u003ea\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 105px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.78\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAsh\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.26 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.29 \u003csup\u003ed\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.87 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 105px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.72 \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal phenolic content (mg/100g)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.00 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.93\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.33\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 105px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.16\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.424\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAntioxidant activity\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e(%DPPH radical scavenging activity)\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.63 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.53\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.63\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 105px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.71\u003csup\u003eb\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.275\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\" style=\"width: 900px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhole carcass (\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eon a wet basis %) \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMoisture\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.21\u003csup\u003ea\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.22 \u003csup\u003eb\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.23 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 105px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.04 \u003csup\u003eb\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCrude Protein\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.93 \u003csup\u003eab\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.03 \u003csup\u003eab\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.88 \u003csup\u003eb\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 105px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.11 \u003csup\u003ea\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.147\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.204\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCrude Fat\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.33 \u003csup\u003ec\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.94 \u003csup\u003eb\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.11 \u003csup\u003eb\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 105px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.46 \u003csup\u003ea\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAsh\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.55 \u003csup\u003ea\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.71 \u003csup\u003ed\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.22 \u003csup\u003eb\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 105px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.97 \u003csup\u003ec\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\" style=\"width: 900px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFish Muscle\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal phenolic content\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e(\u003cstrong\u003emg/100g)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.85\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.38\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.76\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 105px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.59\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAntioxidant activity\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e(%DPPH radical scavenging activity)\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.70 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.55\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.44\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 105px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.78\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.142\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMDA (pg/mg)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.87\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.14\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.79\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 105px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.84\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003eThe analysis done according to \u003cstrong\u003eAOAC \u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e Data are presented as mean \u0026plusmn;\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003eSEM. * Pooled SEM = pooled standard error of the mean. Means in the same row with separate superscripts differ significantly at \u003cem\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.05. T\u003csub\u003eFM\u003c/sub\u003e: Control basal diet with 20% fish meal. \u0026nbsp;T\u003csub\u003ePM\u003c/sub\u003e: Test diet with the substitution of FM with poultry by-product meal (PM). \u0026nbsp;T\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e: Test diet with the substitution of FM with insect meal (IM). T\u003csub\u003eMIX\u003c/sub\u003e: Test diet with the substitution of FM with a mixture of PM and IM.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec23\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eChemical composition profile of experimental diets and carcasses of Nile tilapia\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e presents the results of the chemical composition assay. The moisture content varies significantly among the different treatments (\u003cem\u003eQP\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.004\u003c/em\u003e), with T\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e having the highest moisture level and T\u003csub\u003ePM\u003c/sub\u003e showing the lowest. The crude protein content remained stable across all dietary treatments, indicating a consistent protein formulation. Fat content increased progressively, with T\u003csub\u003eMIX\u003c/sub\u003e exhibiting the highest amount of fat and T\u003csub\u003eFM\u003c/sub\u003e the lowest (\u003cem\u003elP\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/em\u003e). TFM also had the highest ash content, followed by T\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e, while T\u003csub\u003ePM\u003c/sub\u003e had the lowest ash content, with all \u003cem\u003eP-values\u003c/em\u003e being less than 0.001.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe whole-body composition analysis revealed that T\u003csub\u003eFM\u003c/sub\u003e and T\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e had the highest moisture content, while T\u003csub\u003ePM\u003c/sub\u003e and T\u003csub\u003eMIX\u003c/sub\u003e had slightly lower moisture levels. Significant differences were noted in the protein content, with T\u003csub\u003eMIX\u003c/sub\u003e exhibiting the highest protein value, whereas T\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e had the lowest at 20.88%. There were no significant differences in protein content between T\u003csub\u003eFM\u003c/sub\u003e and T\u003csub\u003ePM\u003c/sub\u003e. Additionally, T\u003csub\u003eMIX\u003c/sub\u003e had the highest fat content, while T\u003csub\u003eFM\u003c/sub\u003e recorded the lowest fat value (\u003cem\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0001\u003c/em\u003e). TFM also had the highest ash content, followed by T\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e, while T\u003csub\u003ePM\u003c/sub\u003e had the lowest ash content (\u003cem\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.002\u003c/em\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe total phenolic content of the experimental meals showed significant variation among the groups (\u003cem\u003eP\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/em\u003e). The highest phenolic content was found in the T\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e group, followed by T\u003csub\u003eFM\u003c/sub\u003e and T\u003csub\u003eMIX\u003c/sub\u003e, while T\u003csub\u003ePM\u003c/sub\u003e displayed the lowest level. Additionally, the total phenolic content in the fish muscle reflected the trends observed in the meals, with a significant increase noted among treatments (from T\u003csub\u003ePM\u003c/sub\u003e to T\u003csub\u003eMIX\u003c/sub\u003e/T\u003csub\u003eFM\u003c/sub\u003e to T\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e), all \u003cem\u003eP-values\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSimilarly, the antioxidant activity (%) in the meals also differed significantly between treatments (\u003cem\u003eQP\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/em\u003e). The T\u003csub\u003eFM\u003c/sub\u003e group exhibited the highest antioxidant activity, whereas T\u003csub\u003ePM\u003c/sub\u003e had the lowest. T\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e and T\u003csub\u003eMIX\u003c/sub\u003e showed statistically similar antioxidant activities. In terms of muscle antioxidant activity, significant variation was present, with T\u003csub\u003eFM\u003c/sub\u003e and T\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e recording the highest values, while T\u003csub\u003ePM\u003c/sub\u003e again had the lowest. A significant quadratic contrast was observed (\u003cem\u003eQP\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/em\u003e). Notable differences were also seen in the MDA content of the muscle among the groups, with T\u003csub\u003ePM\u003c/sub\u003e registering the highest value and T\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e showing the lowest. There were no significant differences between T\u003csub\u003eFM\u003c/sub\u003e, T\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e, and T\u003csub\u003eMIX\u003c/sub\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec24\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eCarcass morphometric indices\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003eFM\u003c/sub\u003e and T\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e showed significantly higher live body weights, dressing weights, and dressing percentages. T\u003csub\u003eFM\u003c/sub\u003e and T\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e had significantly heavier livers than T\u003csub\u003ePM\u003c/sub\u003e and T\u003csub\u003eMIX\u003c/sub\u003e (\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003el\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003eP = 0.01\u003c/em\u003e). T\u003csub\u003eFM\u003c/sub\u003e had a superior HSI significantly higher than T\u003csub\u003eMIX\u003c/sub\u003e (\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003el\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003eP = 0.01\u003c/em\u003e), but not for T\u003csub\u003ePM\u003c/sub\u003e and T\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e. Also, T\u003csub\u003eFM\u003c/sub\u003e had the highest visceral weight, significantly different from T\u003csub\u003ePM\u003c/sub\u003e. No significant changes were found in the visceral index among treatments (All \u003cem\u003eP-values\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/em\u003e), Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCarcass morphometric indices of Nile tilapia fed on different experimental diets.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGroup\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eContrast P value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eParameter\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003eFM\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003ePM\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003eMIX\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePooled SEM \u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLinear\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQuadratic\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLive body weight (g/fish)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43.88 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 2.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.23 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 1.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.95 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 2.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.25 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 5.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.127\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.220\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDressing wt.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.18 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn;2.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.77 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 1.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.67 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 2.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.49 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026plusmn; 5.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.152\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.259\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDressing (%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e83.54 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 2.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e92.72 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e88.82 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 1.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e90.84 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn;3.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.148\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.143\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLiver wt.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.91\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.947 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.11\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.62 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.385\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHepatosomatic index (HIS)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.30 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.21 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.04 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.82 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.893\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eVisceral wt.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.69 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.45 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn;0.41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.28 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.75 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.171\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.239\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eVisceral index (VI)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.30 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 1.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.26 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn;1.37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.01\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.18 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 1.28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.936\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.946\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003eData are presented as mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SEM. * Pooled SEM\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;pooled standard error of the mean. Means in the same row with separate superscripts differ significantly at \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003eT\u003csub\u003eFM\u003c/sub\u003e: Control basal diet with 20% fish meal. T\u003csub\u003ePM\u003c/sub\u003e: Test diet with the substitution of FM with poultry by-product meal (PM). T\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e: Test diet with the substitution of FM with insect meal (IM). T\u003csub\u003eMIX\u003c/sub\u003e: Test diet with the substitution of FM with a mixture of PM and IM.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec25\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eHematology (Complete blood picture, CBC)\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe means of red blood cells, PCV, Hb, MCV, MCH, and MCHC were not statistically different among groups. White blood cells, differential leukocyte counts (lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils), and platelets had minimal changes among groups with no significant effect detected (All \u003cem\u003eP-values\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/em\u003e). The hematological indices varied from the normal values for healthy fish (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eComplete blood picture (CBC) of Nile tilapia fed on different experimental diets.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGroup\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eContrast P value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eParameter\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003eFM\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003ePM\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003eMIX\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePooled SEM \u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLinear\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQuadratic\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRBCs (10^\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e \u003cb\u003eU/L)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.82 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.69 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn;0.52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.51\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.70 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.672\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.581\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePCV %\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.00 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 1.52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.33 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn;2.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.73 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn;3.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.23 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 2.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.038\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.699\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHb (g/dl)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.05 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.26 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn;1.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.23 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn;0.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.36 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.502\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.225\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.656\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMCV (fl)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e95.67 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 6.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e96.83 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn;7.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e114.80 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn;15.41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e111.93 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 6.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.166\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.842\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMCH (pg)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.10 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 2.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.37 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn;4.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.60 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn;1.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38.26 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 2.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.783\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMCHC (g/dl)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.59 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 2.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.32 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn;2.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.30 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.30 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.182\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.736\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWBCs (10^\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e \u003cb\u003eU/L)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e81.33 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 11.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e86.66 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 27.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e74.33 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 73.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e68.00 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 80.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e70.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.477\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.720\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLymphocytes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e94.66 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 2.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e96.33 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn;.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e95.00 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e94.33 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn;1.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.716\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.424\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNeutrophils\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.66 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.66 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.00 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.33 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.327\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.747\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMonocytes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.33 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 1.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.00 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.33 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn;0.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.66 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 1.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.730\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.446\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEosinophils\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.33 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn;0.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.66 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.33 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.620\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBasophils\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.33 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn;.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.33 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.195\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePlatelets (10^\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e \u003cb\u003eu/L)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e104.33 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 9.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e105.33 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 14.49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85.00 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 5.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e115.00 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 20.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.851\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.313\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003eData are presented as mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SEM (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6). * Pooled SEM\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;pooled standard error of the mean. Means in the same row with separate superscripts differ significantly at \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003eT\u003csub\u003eFM\u003c/sub\u003e: Control basal diet with 20% fish meal. T\u003csub\u003ePM\u003c/sub\u003e: Test diet with the substitution of FM with poultry by-product meal (PM). T\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e: Test diet with the substitution of FM with insect meal (IM). T\u003csub\u003eMIX\u003c/sub\u003e: Test diet with the substitution of FM with a mixture of PM and IM.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec26\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eSerum biochemical parameters\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eRegarding the data related to the liver function test. For the ALT level, T\u003csub\u003ePM\u003c/sub\u003e had the lowest significant value compared to T\u003csub\u003eFM\u003c/sub\u003e and T\u003csub\u003eMIX\u003c/sub\u003e. However, T\u003csub\u003ePM\u003c/sub\u003e did not significantly differ from T\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e. No differences in either linear or quadratic contrasts among groups were observed in AST, ALP, total protein, albumin, globulin, and A/G ratio. For the creatinine level, there was a significant quadratic effect (\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eQ\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003eP = 0.014\u003c/em\u003e). T\u003csub\u003ePM\u003c/sub\u003e was significantly raised than the other groups. For urea, no significant differences among groups were found. Concerning the data related to the lipid profile, T\u003csub\u003eMIX\u003c/sub\u003e showed higher cholesterol levels, either significantly compared to T\u003csub\u003ePM\u003c/sub\u003e or numerically compared to T\u003csub\u003eFM\u003c/sub\u003e and T\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e. Other parameters, including triglycerides, HDL, LDL, and VLDL, did not vary significantly among groups \u003cem\u003e(\u003c/em\u003eAll \u003cem\u003eP-values\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/em\u003e, Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSerum biochemical parameters of Nile Tilapia fed on different experimental diets.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGroup\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eContrast P value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eParameter\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003eFM\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003ePM\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003eMIX\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePooled SEM \u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLinear\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQuadratic\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eALT (U/l)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.55 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 2.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.68 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 2.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.48 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 1.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.90 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 2.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.222\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.096\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAST (U/l)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.86 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 2 .63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.88 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 2.49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.68 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 2.59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.40 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 1.37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.740\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.515\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eALP\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.36 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.96 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 1.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.72 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 2.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.86 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 1.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.336\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.235\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal protein (g/dl)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.01 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.33 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.72 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.60 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.249\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.482\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAlbumin (g/dl)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.83 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.81 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.70 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.79 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.717\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.721\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGlobulin (g/dl)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.17 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.52 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.01 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.80 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.294\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.372\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA/G ratio\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.92 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.87\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.92 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.03 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.429\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.465\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCreatinine (g/dl)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.37 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.60 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.38 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.39 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.424\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.014\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eUrea (g/dl)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.61 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.21 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.30 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.42 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.689\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.390\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCholesterol (mg/dl)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e152.18 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 4.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e143.03 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 6.54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e152.94 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 10.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e172.02 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 8.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.061\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.072\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTriglyceride (mg/dl)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e259.66 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 14.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e270.11 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 18.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e273.38 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn;1 7.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e257.26 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 13.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.983\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.433\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHDL (mg/dl)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.08 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 2.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.28 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 1.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.58 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 2.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.26 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.908\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.937\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLDL (mg/dl)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e69.16 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 6.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58.72 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 9.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66.68 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 13.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e90.30 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 10.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.142\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.102\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eVLDL mg/dl)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51.93 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 2.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54.02 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 3.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54.67 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 3.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51.45 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 2.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.983\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.433\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003eData are presented as mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SEM (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6). * Pooled SEM\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;pooled standard error of the mean. Means in the same row with separate superscripts differ significantly at \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003eT\u003csub\u003eFM\u003c/sub\u003e: Control basal diet with 20% fish meal. T\u003csub\u003ePM\u003c/sub\u003e: Test diet with the substitution of FM with poultry by-product meal (PM). T\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e: Test diet with the substitution of FM with insect meal (IM). T\u003csub\u003eMIX\u003c/sub\u003e: Test diet with the substitution of FM with a mixture of PM and IM.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec27\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMicrobial load of muscle fillets\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e presents the microbial load of fish muscle fillets. Fish samples from the T\u003csub\u003eFM\u003c/sub\u003e and T\u003csub\u003eMIX\u003c/sub\u003e groups exhibited statistically similar Aerobic Plate Count (APC) values, which were significantly higher than those of the T\u003csub\u003ePM\u003c/sub\u003e and T\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e groups (\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003el\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e = 0.05). Fish from the T\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e group had a significantly lower total coliform count compared to the other groups (all \u003cem\u003eP-values\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/em\u003e). Additionally, fish from the T\u003csub\u003eFM\u003c/sub\u003e and T\u003csub\u003ePM\u003c/sub\u003e groups did not differ statistically from each other, while the T\u003csub\u003eMIX\u003c/sub\u003e group had the highest coliform count (T\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026lt; T\u003csub\u003eFM\u003c/sub\u003e/T\u003csub\u003ePM\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026lt; T\u003csub\u003eMIX\u003c/sub\u003e). No colonies of \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e, yeast, or mold were detected in any of the fish fillet samples from all groups.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMuscle fillets microbial load of Nile Tilapia at the end of the study period (10 weeks).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGroup\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eContrast P value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eParameter\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003eFM\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003ePM\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003eMIX\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSEM \u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLinear\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQuadratic\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAerobic Plate Count (APC)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.37\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.16\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.17\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.52\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal coliform\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.27\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.35\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.01\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.84\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEscherichia coli (E. coli)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMolds and yeasts\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003eData are presented as mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SEM (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6). * Pooled SEM\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;pooled standard error of the mean. Means in the same row with separate superscripts differ significantly at \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec28\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLiver cytokines assay\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e significantly showed the lowest liver TNF-α level compared to T\u003csub\u003eFM\u003c/sub\u003e, T\u003csub\u003ePM\u003c/sub\u003e, and T\u003csub\u003eMIX\u003c/sub\u003e \u003cem\u003e(\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003el\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u0026lt; 0.05)\u003c/em\u003e. For IL-10 level, significant differences were shown among groups \u003cem\u003e(\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003el\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u0026lt; 0.05)\u003c/em\u003e, with the T\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e group exhibiting higher levels followed by T\u003csub\u003eFM\u003c/sub\u003e, T\u003csub\u003eMIX,\u003c/sub\u003e then T\u003csub\u003ePM\u003c/sub\u003e (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e).\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec29\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eOrgan histomorphology\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll the experimental groups exhibited a normal architecture of the intestine. There were no noticeable signs of inflammation or damage \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eFig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003eA-D\u003cb\u003e).\u003c/b\u003e Morphometric analysis of intestinal sections by ImageJ software is presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e. The data revealed that T\u003csub\u003eFM\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026amp; T\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e groups had the highest villous length, either significantly compared to T\u003csub\u003eMIX\u003c/sub\u003e or numerically compared to T\u003csub\u003ePM\u003c/sub\u003e. Also, T\u003csub\u003eFM\u003c/sub\u003e had the maximum villous width compared to the T\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026amp; T\u003csub\u003eMIX\u003c/sub\u003e groups. The significantly highest recorded absorption surface area (ASA) was detected in the T\u003csub\u003eFM\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026amp; T\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e groups compared to T\u003csub\u003eMIX\u003c/sub\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab9\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 9\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIntestinal histomorphology of Nile Tilapia fed different experimental diets.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGroup\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eContrast P value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eParameter\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003eFM\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003ePM\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003eMIX\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePooled SEM \u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLinear\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQuadratic\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eVillous length (VL) \u0026micro;m\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e530.11\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;58.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e463.44 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 11.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e574.27\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;75.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e351.97 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 30.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.162\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eVillous width (VW) \u0026micro;m\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e89.74 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 6.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e82.19 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 4.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e67.08 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 6.73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64.25\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.676\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAbsorption surface area (ASA) \"mm\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e \u003cb\u003e\"\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.054 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.005\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.040 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.045 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.003\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.024 \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.374\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003eData are presented as mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SEM. * Pooled SEM\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;pooled standard error of the mean. Means in the same row with separate superscripts differ significantly at \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003eT\u003csub\u003eFM\u003c/sub\u003e: Control basal diet with 20% fish meal. T\u003csub\u003ePM\u003c/sub\u003e: Test diet with the substitution of FM with poultry by-product meal (PM). T\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e: Test diet with the substitution of FM with insect meal (IM). T\u003csub\u003eMIX\u003c/sub\u003e: Test diet with the substitution of FM with a mixture of PM and IM.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003e.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003e1 Guo, Y. X. \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Partial replacement of soybean meal by sesame meal in diets of juvenile Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus L. \u003cb\u003e42\u003c/b\u003e, 1298\u0026ndash;1307, \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2010.02718.x\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1111/j.1365-2109.2010.02718.x\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e (2011).\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003e2 Schulz, C., Knaus, U., Wirth, M. \u0026amp; Rennert, B. Effects of varying dietary fatty acid profile on growth performance, fatty acid, body and tissue composition of juvenile pike perch (Sander lucioperca). \u003cem\u003eAquaculture nutrition\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003e11\u003c/b\u003e, 403\u0026ndash;413 (2005).\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003e3 AOAC. (AOAC, Washington, DC, 2002).\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll experimental groups displayed normal liver structure, including lipid droplets in the cytoplasm of the hepatocytes and central hepatocyte nuclei. Also, normal exocrine pancreatic acini were observed. There were no indications of capillary hyperemia, vacuolar degeneration, vasodilatation, or hepatocyte ballooning in the different groups \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eFig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003eA-D\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll experimental groups showed normal architecture of renal parenchyma with well-defined renal glomeruli and tubules \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eFig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003eA-D\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe histological analysis of the spleen showed a normal structure of white pulp around ellipsoidal arterioles in all examined groups. Moreover, areas of melanomacrophage centers (MMCs) beside normal red pulp were noticed \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eFig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003eA-D\u003cb\u003e).\u003c/b\u003e The size of white pulp lymphoid follicles increased in T\u003csub\u003eFM\u003c/sub\u003e, T\u003csub\u003ePM,\u003c/sub\u003e and T\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e groups \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eFig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003eA-C\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e in comparison with the T\u003csub\u003eMIX\u003c/sub\u003e group \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eFig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003eD\u003cb\u003e).\u003c/b\u003e An Abundant area of MMCs within white pulp was observed in the T\u003csub\u003eMIX\u003c/sub\u003e group \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eFig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003eD\u003cb\u003e).\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eLiver NF-κB immunohistochemistry\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eImmunostaining for NF-κB marker revealed negative expression in all dietary experimental groups \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eFig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cb\u003eI).\u003c/b\u003e The mean percentage area of NF-κB immunostaining intensity showed no significant changes among experimental groups \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eFig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cb\u003eII).\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe overall growth performance indicated that the insect meal group (T\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e) achieved the greatest growth data and nutrient utilization, as did the fish meal group (T\u003csub\u003eFM\u003c/sub\u003e). These results were in harmony with \u003cb\u003eDevic, et al.\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e,\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003eNairuti, et al.\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, who demonstrated that incorporating various levels of BSFLM as an alternative to fishmeal did not negatively affect growth indices. Further, \u003cb\u003eTippayadara, et al.\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e showed that growth performance was unaffected by the addition of BSFLM up to 100% in N. tilapia diets. \u003cb\u003eMuin, et al.\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e noted that Tilapia could ideally consume BSFLM at a maximum inclusion level of 50%. However, the specific growth rates (SGR) and feed conversion ratios (FCR) were not adversely impacted by replacing fish meal with BSFLM up to 100%. \u003cb\u003eWachira, et al.\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e found that Nile Tilapia fed a diet supplemented with up to 67% BSFLM did not show any compromise in growth quality measures.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe improved growth indices observed in the T\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e group, similar to those in the fish meal group, can be attributed to the inclusion of Black Soldier Fly Larvae in their diets. BSFLM is rich in lauric acid, chitin, and antimicrobial peptides, which may enhance fish welfare, reduce the prevalence of aquatic diseases, and increase resistance to bacterial and parasitic infections. Additionally, it has been reported that adding BSFLM to diets increases the biodiversity of intestinal bacterial composition, which is often associated with the host's health in various fish species \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Furthermore, BSFLM is recognized as a valuable source of omega-3, omega-6, and omega-9 fatty acids \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, a structure that could enhance the host's growth performance. Lastly, dietary insect meal may increase the mucosal surface area in fish, potentially explaining the improvements in feed conversion ratio and feed utilization \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn contrast, \u003cb\u003eDietz and Liebert\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e reported that N. Tilapia experienced negative effects when soy protein concentrate was completely replaced with 100% partially defatted black soldier fly (BSF) meal. \u003cb\u003eFayed, et al.\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e found that the growth rate of Nile Tilapia decreased when their diet included 30% fish meal (FM) replacement with BSF larvae meal (BSFLM). These variations in growth performance may stem from differences in the composition of the insect meal and the experimental conditions used. In a related study, \u003cb\u003eKroeckel, et al.\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e demonstrated that adding defatted BSFLM significantly reduced the final weight, feed intake, and specific growth rate (SGR) of juvenile turbot. Also, \u003cb\u003eGuerreiro, et al.\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e also showed that switching from 17%, 35%, and 52% FM to BSFLM resulted in a linear decrease in the growth of meagre. These negative effects could be attributed to the presence of chitin, which may hinder growth performance and feed utilization in these species \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e52\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. As an omnivorous species, Nile Tilapia has a high capacity for consuming plankton and possesses certain advantages when it comes to breaking down chitin. The digestion of chitin relies on chitinolytic enzymes, which are vital to the digestive physiology of Nile Tilapia \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e53\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Furthermore, incorporating chitin into their diet may help combat bacterial infections and enhance the diversity of the gut microbiota \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDespite variations in final weight, feed intake per fish remains consistent across different treatments. This suggests that factors such as feed quality or composition may be more important for weight gain than the quantity of feed provided. This is in accordance \u003cb\u003eLimbu, et al.\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e55\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, who noticed that N. tilapia fed diets supplemented with BSFLM up to 75% did not show any noticeable changes in feed intake. On the other hand, earlier research revealed that feeding N. tilapia up to 100% BSFLM reduced their feed intake \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e56\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. This was correlated to the decreased palatability of the feed. These differences may arise from the methods used in insect meal preparation (full-fat or defatted meal), additional dietary components, and the duration of the experiment.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003ePM\u003c/sub\u003e and T\u003csub\u003eMIX\u003c/sub\u003e demonstrated the best growth data, showing no significant difference from T\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e. Poultry by-product meal is a popular alternative to fish meal (FM) in aquaculture feed formulations due to its wide availability, high protein content, and excellent source of phospholipids and cholesterol \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e57\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Consequently, numerous studies have explored various fish and crustacean species fed diets containing different amounts of poultry by-product meal. However, the findings of these studies have varied considerably, as poultry meals can differ in digestibility, processing methods, nutrient composition, and proportions of their components (bone, meat, blood, etc.). Nevertheless, when high-quality poultry meal was used, many species were able to accept up to 100% substitution levels \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e58\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSurvival rate is a vital parameter in determining the production efficiency of Nile tilapia. Fish physiological activities have a chief role in their survival rates; thus, appropriate feeding schedules and accommodation of fish to their habitats are critical. T\u003csub\u003eFM\u003c/sub\u003e had a perfect survival rate, also the T\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e group and T\u003csub\u003ePM\u003c/sub\u003e group showed normal survival rates. This suggests excellent conditions conducive to the health and growth of experimental diets. In the same trend, \u003cb\u003eDevic, et al.\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e showed that tilapia fish consumed a diet including BSFLM at 80% had the highest survival rate (90%), while the group fed 30% BSFLM had the lowest survival rate (81%). Also, \u003cb\u003eTippayadara, et al.\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e declared that BSFLM up to 100% did not adversely impact the survival rate in tilapia fish. The survival rate of the fry was unaffected by substituting BSFLM diets at all levels for FM. \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e55\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, similar data were recorded in European sea bass (\u003cem\u003eDicentrarchus labrax\u003c/em\u003e) \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e59\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Moreover, \u003cb\u003eUshakova, et al.\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e60\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e found that the survival rate of Mozambique tilapia fed BSFLM pre-pupae at a rate of 0.5 g/kg feed did not differ significantly. T\u003csub\u003eMIX\u003c/sub\u003e had the lowest survival rate but did not differ significantly from T\u003csub\u003ePM\u003c/sub\u003e. This drop in the survival rate of T\u003csub\u003eMIX\u003c/sub\u003e may indicate some underlying issues, such as minor stressors. Most mortalities were noted a day after weekly weighing or sampling, which could be due to sustained stress.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eManaging feed costs while maintaining quality is essential for optimizing economic efficiency in fish farming. T\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e achieved a comparable selling price while keeping costs lower, resulting in better profitability with the greatest economic efficiency % than the T\u003csub\u003eFM\u003c/sub\u003e group. This indicates that T\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e optimizes feed use and cost management while maintaining reasonable growth and selling prices. Our research aligns with the conclusions of \u003cb\u003eLimbu, et al.\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e55\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, which indicated that incorporating BSFLM into the diets of N. tilapia fry at levels of 75% and 100% resulted in a higher profit index than a diet that contained entirely 100% FM. \u003cb\u003eWachira, et al.\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e revealed that the total profit margin of the N. tilapia fed a 100% BSFM was higher than that of the control. Additionally, N. tilapia juveniles that were given diets with 25%, 50%, and 100% of partially defatted BSFLM replacing fish meal experienced lower feed expenses and increased profits, resulting in greater economic efficiency compared to the control group \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e61\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. \u003cb\u003eAbdel-Tawwab, et al.\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e59\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e documented similar results in European sea bass, where BSFLM lowered feed expenses and improved overall profit.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlso, reducing feed costs, as seen in T\u003csub\u003ePM\u003c/sub\u003e and T\u003csub\u003eMIX\u003c/sub\u003e, appears critical for improving economic outcomes. More studies indicate these alternatives are more cost-effective than FM due to local availability at lower prices. Our data agreed with \u003cb\u003eEl-Sayed\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e62\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, who noted that the cost-benefit analyses indicated that PM was a good protein source for N. tilapia. In addition, the economic assessment of animal by-product meal for tilapia fish revealed that these alternatives were economically higher than fish meal, even at total replacement rates \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e63\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Also, the result shown by \u003cb\u003ePalupi, et al.\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e64\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, indicated that including PM at a high level of up to 30% as a replacement for FM was both achievable and more cost-effective. Also, \u003cb\u003eEid, et al.\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e65\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e found that the diet of all fishmeal (PM0) had the maximum feed price per kg of production.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe chemical analysis of all experimental diets revealed that the dry matter content exceeded 90%. Similar studies, such as those conducted by \u003cb\u003eWachira, et al.\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e have reported dry matter levels greater than 90%, indicating an improved shelf life for these diets. Additionally, it was noted that the crude fat content was highest in the T\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e group and lowest in the T\u003csub\u003eFM\u003c/sub\u003e group. The inclusion of Black Soldier Fly Larvae Meal (BSFLM) increased the lipid content of the diets due to its high fat composition. Similarly, \u003cb\u003eGarc\u0026iacute;a Barroso, et al.\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e66\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e observed higher crude fat in the diets in which BSFLM was included up to 100% than in the FM control diet. The elevated fat content provides essential fatty acids and helps in the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K). It also has a protein-sparing effect by supplying a non-protein energy source. Furthermore, the presence of beneficial medium-chain fatty acids, such as lauric acid, found in BSFL, enhances gut health and immunity due to their antimicrobial properties \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e67\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The variation in ash content among the diets reflects differences in their inherent mineral compositions. Fish meal is naturally rich in minerals such as calcium and phosphorus, owing to the inclusion of bone and scale matter, which contributes to its high ash content. In contrast, BSFLM provides moderate mineral content through its exoskeleton and internal mineral stores. Poultry by-product meal, often processed with lower bone content, yields the lowest ash value, indicating a reduced presence of minerals. These differences are significant, as they not only influence the nutritional adequacy of feeds but also raise environmental concerns related to mineral excretion, particularly in aquaculture systems.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn our study, the proximate composition of the whole body revealed significant differences among the experimental groups. Proximate analysis plays a crucial role in the food industry, particularly for food product development and quality control \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e68\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. A rise in moisture content was directly linked to higher protein levels in animal body tissues, attributed to the superior water retention capacity of proteins \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e69\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Our results revealed that the moisture and crude protein content of T\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e did not significantly differ from the body composition of the T\u003csub\u003eFM\u003c/sub\u003e group. The crude fat content was significantly elevated in all treatments compared to T\u003csub\u003eFM\u003c/sub\u003e. Ash content varies, suggesting alterations in mineral composition among groups.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe current findings on the effects of diet composition on meat and protein content were in line with other researchers. \u003cb\u003eMuin, et al.\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e showed that BSFLM addition in the diet had a variable degree of influence on the crude fat content of the fish body, where increased crude fat levels were found in O. niloticus. The current findings support \u003cb\u003eMahmoud, et al.\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR70\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e70\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, who concluded that body lipid was increased with higher FM substitution with PM in N. tilapia diets. It can be due to the high fat content of the poultry byproducts, viscera, and skin \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR71\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e71\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn contrast, other studies observed that the diet composition had no significant effect on protein and fat content in fish flesh \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR72\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e72\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR73\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e73\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Also, \u003cb\u003eDevic, et al.\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e revealed comparable outcomes when examining the proximate composition of N. tilapia fed different amounts of BSFLM. These discrepancies could be attributed to differences in the proximate composition of BSFLM because of different rearing substrates\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIt was stated that when 100% poultry by-product meal was added, the tilapia carcass proximate composition showed no change in moisture, lipid, protein, or ash content \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR74\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e74\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The alterations may be due to the varied quality of PM, which was significantly influenced by their processing methods.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe total phenolic content in the fish muscle mirrored the trends observed in the diets. It increased significantly among treatments (T\u003csub\u003ePM\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026rarr; T\u003csub\u003eMIX\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026amp;T\u003csub\u003eFM\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026rarr; T\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e). Besides, the muscle antioxidant activity recorded the highest values in T\u003csub\u003eFM\u003c/sub\u003e and T\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e. BSFLM had a higher level of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity, which are influenced by their rearing substrate and processing methods. Their antioxidant properties derive from phenolics, peptides, chitin, and tocopherols in larvae \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Additionally, feeding BSFLM with polyphenol-rich agricultural by-products can significantly enhance their bioactive profile, making BSFLM a promising functional feed ingredient for improving oxidative stability \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e75\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. From a practical perspective, the increase in phenolic content in fish muscle has important implications for product quality and shelf life. Enhanced antioxidant levels in fish tissue can reduce lipid oxidation, improve sensory attributes, and potentially offer added nutritional benefits to consumers. Furthermore, these findings support the strategic inclusion of phenolic-rich ingredients in aquafeeds as a functional approach to improving fish health and resilience. It was also reported that T\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e had the lowest MDA levels in fish muscle, a marker of lipid peroxidation, suggesting superior oxidative stability and potential anti-inflammatory effects of the insect-based meal.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOur findings indicated that T\u003csub\u003eFM\u003c/sub\u003e and T\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e significantly enhanced live body weight, dressing weights, and dressing percentages in N. Tilapia. This suggested that both meals provided excellent nutrition, supporting growth and carcass yield. The increased body weight was likely due to the high-quality protein and favorable amino acid profiles in fish meal and BSFLM diets, which meet the needs of rapidly growing fish \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR76\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e76\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Moreover, the significantly heavier liver weights and superior HSI observed in fish fed fish meal and BSFLM could indicate higher metabolic activity or nutrient storage capacities. In fish, liver size can reflect both growth rate and metabolic processing of nutrients \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR77\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e77\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, suggesting that T\u003csub\u003eFM\u003c/sub\u003e and T\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e diets promoted not only somatic growth but also internal organ development with better feed utilization efficiency. These results are consistent with previous studies that have reported the effectiveness of black soldier fly larvae \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e55\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The visceral index was used as an indicator of gut health since the viscera impacts digestion, secretion of enzymes, and nutrient absorption. They are frequently used to evaluate the biological states and nutritional attributes of fish \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Our study showed that T\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e does not affect visceral index and gut health in Nile tilapia. This agreed with research by \u003cb\u003eTippayadara, et al.\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, who mentioned that the level of BSFLM up to 100% in tilapia diets did not have harmful effects on somatic indexes. Also, \u003cb\u003eRenna, et al.\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR78\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e78\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e proved the same findings in yellow catfish and rainbow trout.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHematological indices of fish were considered important components for estimating the overall health condition and biological stress responses of fish fed formulated diets \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR79\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e79\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Our study verified that N. tilapia fed on insect meal and poultry by-product meal or mixture of both did not have abnormal effect on hematological parameters, and the values were considered within the normal range for healthy fish \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR79\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e79\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. This result was in agreement with studies, which reported that substitution of fish meal with insect meal had no adverse effect on hematological values in European sea bass, hybrid tilapia, and N. tilapia fish \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e59\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR80\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e80\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR81\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e81\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Also, it was observed that poultry by-product meal did not change hematology data in gilthead seabream \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR82\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e82\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Conversely, another study implied that there was an increase in the hemoglobin level of Mozambique tilapia that received a diet supplemented with black soldier fly pre-pupae \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e60\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The differences among these results may have been related to protein source quality and processing, fish species and size, experimental period, and culture systems. The variations in these findings could have been caused by the fish species, the study duration, the culture methods, and the quality or processing of the protein source.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBiochemical parameters were used to inspect the effects of feed additives, detect stress, and assess the possible negative impact of immunostimulants on the immune system of the fish \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR83\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e83\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The liver markers did not display significant variation among treatments. However, T\u003csub\u003ePM\u003c/sub\u003e treatment exhibited the lowest ALT. All detected values remained in the normal range for ALT (28.3\u0026ndash;121 U/L) \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR84\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e84\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. This consistency among groups indicated that these alternatives did not affect overall liver integrity and protein metabolism and offered hepatoprotective effects as fish meal. In terms of kidney function, all creatinine levels showed consistent values with the reference limits, and creatinine (0\u0026ndash;0.8mg/dL) \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR85\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e85\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. In addition, urea levels did not significantly differ among groups, indicating a stable nitrogen metabolism and excretion rate. Plasma urea content in aquatic animals is the second most important nitrogen excretion product after ammonia, whose changes were used to evaluate the digestion of amino acids, proteins, and kidney function \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR86\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e86\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The lipid profile results demonstrated that T\u003csub\u003eMIX\u003c/sub\u003e had significantly higher cholesterol levels compared to T\u003csub\u003ePM\u003c/sub\u003e, and a numerical increase compared to T\u003csub\u003eFM\u003c/sub\u003e and T\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e. The elevation in cholesterol under T\u003csub\u003eMIX\u003c/sub\u003e treatment may reflect alterations in lipid metabolism or absorption; however, since no significant alterations were detected in triglycerides, HDL, LDL, and VLDL levels, the overall lipid metabolic status appeared to remain stable among groups. Overall, most liver, kidney, and lipid parameters remained unaffected by the dietary treatments. These findings suggest that the tested diets are generally safe for tilapia health.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOur findings came in harmony with \u003cb\u003eOliveira, et al.\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR87\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e87\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e who found that blood parameters in N. Tilapia (creatinine, total serum protein, HDL, LDL, AST, and ALT) showed no differences between treatments containing 0%, 33%, 66%, and 100% BSFM as a substitute for FM. Also, FM with BSFM replacement up to 140 g/kg BSFM has no effects on total protein, albumin, globulin, AST, and ALT in carp \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR88\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e88\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Dietary BSFM does not affect plasma metabolites, such as total protein, albumin, globulin, and total lipids in snakehead juveniles \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR72\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e72\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn contrast, total cholesterol and circulating triglycerides were lower in the animals fed 100% of BSFLM in their diet. Also, for Jian carp, with a drop in cholesterol levels when fed diets containing 2.6\u0026ndash;10.6% BSFM (lowering FM from 7.5\u0026ndash;0%) \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR89\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e89\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Fish fed 100% BSFLM replacing FM had lower albumin values. High values for albumins could be associated with an impaired immune system in tilapia or protein synthesis in tilapia liver tissues \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR90\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e90\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Besides, \u003cb\u003eAbdullahi, et al.\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR91\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e91\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e showed that serum albumin and plasma urea levels in the diet containing 50% and 100% PM were augmented compared to the FM group. They reported that the triglyceride significantly reduced compared to those in the control group. \u003cb\u003eLin and Luo\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR92\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e92\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e revealed that the amount of liver enzymes of AST, ALP, and ALT increased significantly with the replacement of 100% PBM with fishmeal. These differences in biochemical parameters can vary depending on various issues such as season and environmental circumstances, and stressors, even within the same species \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR87\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e87\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe microbial quality of fish fillets can be directly impacted by feed if it is microbiologically deficient, and indirectly by inadequate breeding conditions and management, which can alter water parameters \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR93\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e93\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. It was observed that the APC counts decreased in T\u003csub\u003ePM\u003c/sub\u003e and T\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e, due to their synergistic influence. Furthermore, all detectable values in the different groups were below the maximum allowable limit of 7 log cfu/g, as specified by the International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Foods \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR94\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e94\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e for fresh fish. Therefore, these values in all diets did not pose a significant risk to public health. The findings indicate that including insect meal in diets did not have a significant impact on the microbiological profile of the fish. \u003cb\u003eStenberg, et al.\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR95\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e95\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e noted that insect meals contain high levels of antibacterial agents and bioactive components that enhance the overall health of fish. Also, chitin and antimicrobial peptides present in larvae can be utilized to create new antimicrobial products, possibly decreasing the need for antimicrobial medications in aquaculture \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR96\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e96\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The existence of coliform bacteria in fish indicated environmental contamination, as coliforms were not part of the normal bacterial flora in fish. The standard limits of total coliforms and fecal coliforms for fresh water were 100 MPN/g \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR97\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e97\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Our findings revealed that the T\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e sample was within the acceptable limits due to the antimicrobial activity of insect diets. \u003cb\u003eRimoldi, et al.\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR98\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e98\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e mentioned that high-fat content and carbohydrates in insect diets could modify microbial populations. Notably, all samples tested negative for \u003cem\u003eEscherichia coli\u003c/em\u003e, yeast, and mold, indicating effective inhibition of pathogenic and spoilage organisms among groups. This suggests that the tested fish groups were microbiologically safe for human consumption.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWithin our results, the T\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e group had the lowest liver TNF-α and the highest IL-10 levels compared to other groups. It suggested that Tilapia fish fed BSFLM were in a healthy state without being exposed to toxic environments or being infected by pathogens. These findings highlighted the crucial role of cytokines in regulating the inflammatory process, which is vital for modulating immune response in both health and disease. TNF-α, recognized as the initial proinflammatory cytokine released in response to pathogens, amplifies the acute phase of the immune response by promoting vascular permeability and drawing in inflammatory cells. IL-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine, moderates inflammation by suppressing macrophage activation and the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR99\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e99\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines is crucial for an effective immune response against pathogens while protecting healthy tissues from damage.\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR100\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. \u003cb\u003eZhang, et al.\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e indicated that the cytokines (IL-10, IL-1β, TNF\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;α, and IL-8) were upregulated significantly \u003cem\u003e(P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/em\u003e in rainbow trout fish that received a diet containing BSFLM meal with increasing fish meal substitution levels of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. These results may be attributed to insect-based diets that primarily contain chitin, a molecule that has a valuable modulatory impact on the innate immunity of various fish species. For instance, the inclusion of chitin in diets based on black soldier fly larvae might stimulate the innate immune response and enhance resistance to bacterial infections \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. A prolonged subclinical inflammatory response in fish resulted in consistently reduced performance and lower feed intake, as energy was diverted towards cellular defense mechanisms instead of being utilized for production. Our results indicated that T\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e achieved the highest level of IL-10. Consequently, the energy and nutrients that would typically be used for inflammatory reactions could instead be allocated for productive purposes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOptimal diets for aquaculture fish require various analytical methods to assess their health effects. Histomorphology studies serve as reliable biomarkers for assessing fish health status \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR101\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e101\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The relationship between nutritional absorption and assimilation is linked to immune function and the structural characteristics of the intestine, especially the diameter and arrangement of the microvilli \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR102\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e102\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The health of the intestinal lining cells is essential for nutrient absorption and overall fish well-being. Gut damage can result in decreased disease resistance, immune problems, loss of appetite, and stunted growth \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR103\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e103\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Histological analyses showed that BSFLM and PM were well accepted by N. tilapia. Similarly, replacing fish meal with insect and PM meals could improve gut histomorphology in European Seabass \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR103\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e103\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR104\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e104\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe liver is a vital indicator of health due to its roles in energy storage, metabolism, detoxification, and immune protection \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR104\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e104\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR105\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e105\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The histological findings indicated positive liver health in all fish fed various experimental diets, consistent with prior research showing that replacing fish meal with insect meal and PM did not affect the liver histomorphology of European Seabass \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR104\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e104\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Additionally, recent research has found that incorporating BSFLM and PM into diets devoid of FM led to enhanced gut and liver health in both gilthead seabream and rainbow trout \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR107\" citationid=\"CR106\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e106\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR108\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e108\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Also, the liver of tilapia fish remained unchanged when the protein from fishmeal was entirely substituted with the protein from poultry meal \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR70\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e70\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. In our study, the histological examination of the kidney in different experimental dietary groups revealed no signs of acute or chronic inflammation in the kidney. This result agreed with the study, which showed that there was no difference in the photomicrographs of rainbow trout \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR78\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e78\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e and Atlantic salmon \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR109\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e109\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e fish fed insect meal-based diets. Investigators observed that the inclusion of the incorporation of \u003cem\u003eMusca domestica\u003c/em\u003e larva meal into the diets of tilapia did not induce any metabolic stress, as it seems to be devoid of any compounds that could generate reactive oxygen species, leading to oxidative stress. \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR110\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e110\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The spleen histological structure showed no significant changes among groups. The same result was observed by \u003cb\u003eElia, et al.\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR111\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e111\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e who stated that the architecture of liver, spleen, and gut histological characteristics were not significantly changed by substituting 20% and 40% of BSFLM meal with 25% and 50% of FM, indicating no detrimental effects on the digestive ability of rainbow trout.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe immunostaining results for NF-κB revealed negative expression among groups, with no significant differences in staining intensity, indicating that none of the diets induced an inflammatory response. NF-κB has a central role in immune and inflammatory signaling regulation, and its activation is often associated with tissue stress or immune challenge \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR112\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e112\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The absence of detectable NF-κB activation suggests that the experimental diets, including BSFLM and PM or both, were well-tolerated and did not provoke pro-inflammatory signaling in the target tissues. This supports the immunological safety of these alternatives as replacements for traditional fish meal in formulated diets. Such findings were aligned with previous studies reporting that BSFLM and PM do not adversely affect immune parameters when included at appropriate levels and may even support mucosal integrity and immune homeostasis \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR113\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e113\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR114\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e114\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eBlack soldier fly larvae meal (T\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e) has shown general potential in improving growth parameters, carcass traits, tissue quality, and immune response in Nile tilapia. This alternative not only offers comparable nutritional benefits to fish meal but also provides functional advantages, particularly in terms of antioxidant protection, lipid stability, and product safety. These qualities support the use of BSFLM in cost-effective and sustainable aqua feed formulations. We recommend that future research focus on the long-term performance of Nile Tilapia in commercial farming conditions using BSFLM.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/strong\u003es\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors would like to express their gratitude to Dr. Manal Mahmoud, a professor of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition at FVM, SCU, Egypt, for recommending the research topic and helping with the manuscript review. They also extend their heartfelt thanks to Ahmed Kamel, a Demonstrator in Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition at FVM, SCU, Egypt, for his support with the practical section of the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors would like to acknowledge the Deanship of Graduate Studies and Scien-tific Research, Taif University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia for funding this work. This research was funded by the Hungarian National Research, Development, and Innovation Office, grant number TKP2021-NVA-22. This work was also supported by the Flagship Research Groups Programme of the Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe work was funded by the Deanship of Graduate Studies and Scientific Research, Taif University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere are no conflicts of interest\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contribution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors contributed to the conception and design of the research. Heba Alian led the preparation of the initial draft of the manuscript and provided methodological support for the experimental procedures. Samar Aref, Fatma Khodary,\u0026nbsp;Andr\u0026aacute;s Sz\u0026eacute;k\u0026aacute;cs, Omar Saeed, Mohamed Hamdy Eid, Abdallah Elshawadfy Elwakeel, M. Alhumedi, Atef Fathy Ahmed,\u0026nbsp;Tamer Moussa Ayoub and Mohamed Salem were responsible for the collection and analysis of data, along with statistical assessments, with assistance from Heba Alian. Each author carefully reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication:\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability Statement:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll data are provided within the article.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFAO. The state of world fsheries and aquaculture. Rev Fish Sci Aquac 26. (2020). 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Dev.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003e7\u003c/b\u003e, 1000389. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9546.1000389\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.4172/2155-9546.1000389\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e (2015).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Nile Tilapia, Black soldier fly larvae, Poultry by-product, Growth performance, Bioactivity","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7374073/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7374073/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe demand for fishmeal is increasing, but its supply is stagnating or even declining. There is an urgent need to find an eco-friendly and cost-effective alternative protein source. This study evaluated poultry by-product and insect meal as alternatives to fishmeal for the health performance and bioactivity of Nile Tilapia. A Nile tilapia fry was divided into four groups with three replicates (No\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;168). The first group was fed a basal diet containing 20% fishmeal (T\u003csub\u003eFM\u003c/sub\u003e). The second, third, and fourth groups received a basal diet where the fishmeal was substituted with poultry by-product meal (T\u003csub\u003ePM\u003c/sub\u003e), insect meal from \u003cem\u003eHermetia illucens\u003c/em\u003e (T\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e), and a mixture of poultry by-product and insect meal (T\u003csub\u003eMIX\u003c/sub\u003e), respectively. The overall growth performance data indicated that T\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e achieved the best growth rates and feed utilization, comparable to T\u003csub\u003eFM\u003c/sub\u003e (\u003cem\u003eP\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/em\u003e. T\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e, followed by T\u003csub\u003ePM\u003c/sub\u003e and T\u003csub\u003eMIX\u003c/sub\u003e, achieved a comparable high selling price while maintaining a lower total cost, resulting in better economic efficiency compared to T\u003csub\u003eFM\u003c/sub\u003e. The T\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e diet also exhibited the highest total phenolic content, and both T\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e and T\u003csub\u003eFM\u003c/sub\u003e showed superior antioxidant activity in the diets and the fish muscle. There were no abnormal hematological or serum biochemical parameters observed in Nile Tilapia fed insect meal and/or poultry by-product (all \u003cem\u003eP-values\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/em\u003e). The fish fillet samples from all groups were microbiologically safe for human consumption. Fish fed T\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e displayed the lowest levels of TNF-α and the highest levels of IL-10 \u003cem\u003e(P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/em\u003e. All the groups exhibited normal architecture of the internal organs. The highest recorded absorption surface area (ASA) was found in both T\u003csub\u003eFM\u003c/sub\u003e and T\u003csub\u003eIM\u003c/sub\u003e diets. Immunostaining for NF-κB showed no significant changes among the experimental groups. Based on this study, we suggest that the insect meal can be a sustainable and cost-effective substitute for conventional fishmeal in aquaculture feed formulations.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Effects of substituting fish meal with poultry by-products and/or black soldier fly larvae on the growth performance, chemical composition, bioactivity, and hematological, microbial, histological, and immunohistochemical parameters of Nile tilapia","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-09-10 16:31:41","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7374073/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-10-06T07:32:01+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-04T19:00:56+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-09-29T14:26:46+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"265664863979019644091296324995396703825","date":"2025-09-05T13:09:53+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"161218844668632809014179448680957050905","date":"2025-09-04T06:41:34+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-09-04T06:07:05+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-09-04T06:00:16+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-08-25T08:25:54+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-08-20T19:02:39+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2025-08-20T18:56:43+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"7b502056-698a-4a8b-990a-092d363363da","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 10th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":54326443,"name":"Biological sciences/Biochemistry"},{"id":54326444,"name":"Biological sciences/Biotechnology"},{"id":54326445,"name":"Biological sciences/Zoology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-23T16:08:57+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7374073","link":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-43600-x","journal":{"identity":"scientific-reports","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Scientific Reports"},"publishedOn":"2026-03-19 15:59:04","publishedOnDateReadable":"March 19th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-09-10 16:31:41","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1038/s41598-026-43600-x","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-43600-x","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7374073","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7374073","identity":"rs-7374073","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}