Effect of SiO2 Nano-particles on Electrical Conductivity Studies of PVA/PVP Polymer Blend Doped with Ammonium Iodide

Effect of SiO2 Nano-particles on Electrical Conductivity Studies of PVA/PVP Polymer Blend Doped with Ammonium Iodide | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Effect of SiO2 Nano-particles on Electrical Conductivity Studies of PVA/PVP Polymer Blend Doped with Ammonium Iodide Bhavani macha, Praveen Ramisetti, A. Raju, M. Prasad This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6202200/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 16 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Silicon dioxide nanoparticles are incorporated in the films of polymer blend electrolytes of Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and Polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) doped with Ammonium iodide salt by using solution casting method. The functional groups present in PVA/PVP/NH 4 I and SiO 2 polymer blend were found through FTIR studies. Amorphous nature of films was confirmed by the analysis of XRD and also observed that amorphous nature has been increased by adding Nano filler. SEM micrographs are used to find the surface morphology and found that surface become smooth with the addition of Nano fillers. The ionic conductivity and dielectric behavior has been investigated using impedance spectroscopy at various temperatures and found that the base matrix dielectric properties were improved with the addition of Nano filler silicon dioxide. Obtained the maximum conductivity for the optimized sample 0.5wt% of SiO 2 doped blend polymer at room temperature is 3.9 x 10 − 4 S/cm − 1 and found that the ionic conductivity values of all the prepared films have been enhanced gradually with temperature. And also it was observed that the dielectric properties were increased with temperature. Glass transition temperature of the polymer nano-composites was calculated from the DSC thermo grams and observed the falling off T g value with the addition of SiO 2 . Polymer electrolytes PVA PVP NH4I electrolytes polymer composite electrolytes SiO2 Nano composite electrolyte Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15 Figure 16 1. Introduction In recent decades, polymeric electrolytes have attracted great attention in the fabrication of electrochemical devices like solar cells, battery devices, super capacitors, fuel cells, etc. due to their several benefits over liquid electrolytes [ 1 ]. Crystallinity and a low value of ionic conductivity were the two major drawbacks of solid polymer electrolytes [ 2 ]. To overcome these problems, polymer blending is one of the best approaches. The research on the blending of polymers with suitable additives such as salts, plasticizers, and nanofillers can give better results to enhance the ionic conductivity compared to a single salt-doped polymer [ 3 ]. Blending of polymers improves their thermal, structural, electrical, and mechanical properties and also gives them good control over the properties of polymer electrolytes, which cannot be achieved by individual polymers [ 4 ]. The dissolved ionic salt in an appropriate polymer blend enhances the ionic conductivity at room temperature. In addition to excellent ionic conductivity, good chemical stability, easy handling, low cost, and the high surface area, the nanoparticles perform a crucial role in enhancing the conductivity of polymer materials when added to the base matrix [ 5 ]. When a fraction of nanoparticles is added to a polymer blend doped with salt, the resultant structure plays a prominent role in facilitating ion transport [ 6 ]. This is due to the increased area of contact between the filler and polymer matrix. It was already reported that the incorporation of nanocomposites into the base matrix will increase the salt dissociation as well as the production of free cations to develop the dielectric properties of the polymer electrolytes [ 7 ]. The insertion of nanofillers in polymeric electrolytes has gained more interest because the crystallinity of blend film decreased, which in turn greatly influenced the ionic conductivity of the material [ 8 ]. The reduction in crystallinity in polymeric materials underlies properties like conductivity and mechanical strength [ 9 ]. This crystallinity may be affected by temperature, the amount of salt, and the kind of nanofillers added to the host matrix. Moreover, the size of the filler and the nature of its interaction with the polymer host material play a major role in improving the dielectric properties to achieve desired applications [ 10 ]. The present study comprises the polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and the copolymer polyvinylpyrrillodine (PVP) has been used as the host matrix. Moreover, the two polymers are semi-crystalline, water-soluble, and have good charge storage capacity, as well as enhanced electrical and optical properties that depend on doping fillers. The two polymers were chosen for blending because they are biocompatible, environmentally safe, easily processable, and biodegradable [ 11 ]. The interchain hydrogen bonding took place between PVA and PVP [ 12 ]. This work is focused on the use of ammonium iodide, which acts as a good proton donor [ 13 ]. Due to the compatibility between PVA and PVP, the number of polar groups has increased due to the bonding of ammonium ions, which improves the ionic conductivity. The foremost aim of the current studies is to develop a new SPE using PVA/PVP and 25 wt. % of NH 4 I doped with different compositions of SiO 2 (0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.5%,0.75%, and 1%). This study concludes that the optimised amount of SiO 2 nanofiller in PVA/PVP/NH 4 I polymer electrolyte increases the ionic conductivity and potential window. The characterization techniques XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDAX, DSC, and EIS were employed on prepared PVA/PVP/NH 4 I polymer electrolytes incorporated with various weight percentages of silicon nanocomposites to examine their crystallinity, functional groups, morphology, and, thermal and impedance studies. 2. Experimental Section 2.1. Materials: Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) of 1,40,000 g was purchased from Loba Chemistry Private Limited, and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) of molecular weight 40,000 g was purchased from SD Fine Chemicals. The doped salt material, ammonium iodide, was purchased from SD FineChemical. 40 nm-sized SiO 2 nanoparticles were purchased from Sigma Aldrich, and double-deionized water was used as a solvent to prepare PVA-PVP-NH4I-SiO 2 polymer blend films. 2.2. Synthesis of Solid polymer composite electrolyte For making the solid polymer blend electrolyte film, solution casting technique was employed. 75wt. % of PVA and 25wt. % of PVP matrixwith ammonium iodide salt, it was optimized for the 25wt. % of NH 4 I. Now this optimized composition (PVA/PVP/25wt. % of NH 4 I) of the polymer matrix was treated as representative sample (RS). To get the better dielectric properties of this blend we used SiO 2 as Nano filler. To make the blend polymer electrolytes, 75wt. % of PVA was dissolved in ddH 2 O and allowed to stir for 4 hours. After the dissolution of the polymer PVA, the separately dissolved 25wt. % of PVP was mixed with the PVA solution and this was allowed for stirring to get clear solution. Now the optimized composition 25wt. % of ammonium iodide salt was dissolved in D.D water H 2 O separately then added to polymeric solution and make stirring to obtain homogeneous mixture. To add filler into the host blend polymer matrix, different quantities such as 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 0.75 and 1 weight percentages of SiO 2 was added to prepared mixture and then stirred till obtain homogeneous solution. The ultimate viscous solutions were placed into petri dishes and were dried at normal room temperature to get polymer electrolyte films. 3. Results and discussions 3.1. XRD Analysis To find out the crystallinity of prepared SPEs, XRD analysis was used. The Fig. 1 . represents the XRD variation of the base matrix PVA/PVP/25wt. % NH 4 I added by various weight percentages of SiO 2 nanoparticles [ 14 , 15 ]. From the graph, it was observed that the peak height decreased to 22 0 , which indicates a systematic reduction then crystallinity of the base matrix with the addition of SiO 2 nanoparticles up to 0.5 weight percent, which gives favourable conditions for the ionic conduction. And at higher filler concentrations, the peak height increased, which indicates that the crystallinity of the base matrix increased. It was reported that the incorporation of moderate amount (0.5wt. %) nanofiller had a significant complexion behaviour compared to other compositions due to the aggregation nanofiller into the polymer host. 3.2. FTIR analysis Table 1 Assignments of bands in spectra of FTIR for PVA/PVP/25wt.% NH4I polymer matrix with various wt. % of SiO2 Nanocomposites Band assignment 0.1% 0.2% 0.3% 0.5% 0.75% 1% O-H bending 3356 3353 3354 3355 3348 3346 CH2 asymmetric stretching 2979 2970 2981 2979 2948 2980 C = O stretching 1713 1713 1712 1711 1714 1713 C = C stretching 1644 1642 1643 1644 1646 1646 C-H bending 1423 1422 1421 1423 1424 1424 C-H wagging 1378 1377 1376 1377 1375 1378 C-N stretching 1267 1270 1267 1268 1262 1260 C-O stretching 1082 1084 1087 1086 1087 1085 C-N stretching 1028 1024 1026 1028 1027 1028 The spectrum of FTIR was used to confirm the bonding and coordination among the polymers, NH 4 I, and the SiO 2 nanofiller in the SPEs. Figure 2 shows the spectra of FTIR for polymer electrolytes in the base matrix and the base matrix with various concentrations of SiO 2 fillers. Table 1 shows the assigned bands and corresponding peaks in the FTIR spectra of prepared polymer composite electrolytes. The O-H intermolecular hydrogen bond shows at a strong peak at 3300cm − 1 that the corresponding mode of stretching is present in the polymer blend, while it became broad because of the N-H bending and was seen at 3364cm − 1 in the polymer blend with ammonium iodide salt, and in 0.5wt.% SiO 2 doped sample (optimum sample), this peak appeared at 3355cm − 1 . The C = O stretching in PVA/PVP at 1723cm − 1 [ 16 ] is moved to 1711cm − 1 in the optimum sample. The vibrational peaks at 2931cm − 1 , 1642cm − 1 correspond to CH 2 asymmetric and C = C symmetric stretching of PVA/PVP/25 wt.%NH 4 I, which get shifted to 2981cm − 1 and 1646cm − 1 in the optimum sample respectively. The significant peaks were observed at 1713cm − 1 , 1423cm − 1 and 1378cm − 1 in polymer blend which can be assigned to [ 17 ] C = O stretching, C-H bending and C-H wagging respectively. The peaks identified at 1264cm − 1 and 1028cm − 1 are belongs to C-O and C-N stretching of polymer blend. From FTIR spectra it was observed that, with addition of SiO 2 nanoparticle to the base matrix gives the variation of absorption intensity of the vibrational modes because of interaction of hydroxyl groups with nanoparticles and also identified the small shift in peak positions which is shown in Table 1 . 3.3. SEM analysis SEM images of a representative sample and nano-SiO 2 -doped composite polymer electrolytes are shown in Fig. 3 . A homogeneous rough surface of the base matrix was observed from the SEM micrograph, which shows the presence of miscibility in the blend of PVA and PVP without cracks and voids, which was also reported by the earlier studies on the PVA/PVP blend [ 18 , 19 ], [ 20 ]. From the figures, it was clear that the surface morphology of the representative sample was changed due to the addition of SiO2 nanofillers in resultant solid polymer composite electrolytes. We can observe the change in morphology as rough to smooth surface from 0.1wt. % to 0.5wt. % of SiO 2 in polymer blend, due to the enhancement of the amorphous region. Well dispersed spherical particles of in different sizes were observed from the micrographs of composite electrolytes. Because of the interaction among the ‘hydroxyl’ (-OH) groups of polymer and the nanoparticles, the association between the polymer blend and the nanofillers can be observed from the high-resolution SEM images Beyond 0.5 wt.% of SiO 2 concentrations which was also confirmed in the conductivity studies in the next sections. From the literature this surface roughness is related in straight to the conductivity of the electrolyte, and they concluded that the medium with smooth surface can freely conduct the ions which cause improvement in the ion conduction. 3.4 EDAX spectra Figure 4shows the spectra of energy dispersive X-ray (EDAX) of PVA/PVP/NH 4 I base matrix inserted with various wt. % of nano SiO 2 , it contains the strong peaks at 0.28 keV, 0.53 keV and 3.93 keV which are corresponding to the characteristic x-rays of Carbon, Oxygen and Iodine elements respectively. Along with C, O and I elements there exists a peak at 1.8 keV which corresponding to the Si element in PVA/PVP/NH 4 I/SiO 2 EDAX spectra. 3.5. DSC analysis DSC was used to find thermodynamic properties like glass transition temperature (T g ) and melting temperature (T m ) for the prepared PEs. DSC thermograms of the representative sample and PVA/PVP/NH 4 I/SiO 2 solid composite polymer electrolytes are displayed in Fig. 5 . From the figure, the first endothermic peak, which represents the glass transition of the base matrix, was observed at 92°C, andthe single T g value was observed in the representative sample, which specifies the formation of a complex between the polymer blend and ammonium iodide. From the figure, we can observe the decrease in T g values with the addition of SiO 2 to the representative sample up to 0.5 wt. % SiO 2 . This is because of the plasticizing effect of the SiO 2 onh the polymer chain, which leads to high segmental motion in the host matrix, and hence increases the conductivity of the electrolyte significantly. Beyond 0.5 wt. % filler concentration, the T g value increased with the SiO 2 concentration, similar results were reported in the literature [ 21 , 22 ]. The second endothermic peak represents the melting temperature (T m ) of the sample, the T m of the PVPVP/25 wt. %NH 4 I electrolyte was observed at 203 o C. The T m value tends toward the low temperature side with the concentration of SiO 2 , which indicates the increasing the material amorphousity. T g as well as T m values of prepared polymer electrolyte samples are mentioned in below Table 2 [ 23 ]. Table 2 T g and T m values of PVA/PVP/25wt. % NH 4 I with various weight percentages of SiO 2 Nanocomposites Composite Glass Transition Temperature (T g ) Melting temperature (T m ) PVA/PVP/25%NH 4 I 92 0 C 203 0 C PVA/PVP/25%NH 4 I 0.1% ZrO 2 90 0 C 202 0 C PVA/PVP/25%NH 4 I 0.2% ZrO 2 88 0 C 200 0 C PVA/PVP/25%NH 4 I 0.3% ZrO 2 83 0 C 201 0 C PVA/PVP/25%NH 4 I 0.5% ZrO 2 82 0 C 199 0 C PVA/PVP/25%NH 4 I 0.75% ZrO 2 91 0 C 202 0 C PVA/PVP/25%NH 4 I 1% ZrO 2 93 0 C 206 0 C 3.6. AC Impedance spectroscopic study The electric and dielectric properties of the electrolyte materials are studied using impedance spectroscopy. The electric and dielectric properties of various compositions of silicon dioxide nanofiller incorporated in a polymer blend were studied through impedance analysis, and we observed the variation of electrical properties with the weight percent of SiO 2 ,as well as the effect of temperature on electrolyte properties. 3.6.1. Cole-Cole plots The Nyquist plots of the base matrix and the base matrix with various concentrations of SiO 2 are shown in Fig. 6 . The representation of Nyquist plots contains a semicircular curve with a slanted projection, which signifies an ionic conducting electrolyte. This semicircular behaviour is the consequence of the parallel combination of bulk resistance (which is caused by the movement of ions) and bulk capacitance (which is caused by the static polymer chain) of the polymer electrolyte [ 24 ]. The spike gives the double-layered capacitance on account of the polarisation at the electrode-electrolyte interface [ 25 ]. By using the equation σ dc = t / R b A, the DC conductivity values are calculated. Here the bulk resistance (R b ) was found from the semicircle intercept with the X-axis as shown in Fig. 6 . A represents the electrode’s cross-sectional area (cm 2 ), and t represents the thickness of the film (cm). From the Cole-Cole plots, it was found that with the addition of filler, the semicircle decreased, which is because of the increase of amorphous behaviour in polymeric films, and hence the bulk resistance of composite polymer electrolytes was decreased [ 26 ]. Until 0.5 wt. % SiO 2 concentration in polymer electrolyte, the bulk resistance decreased, and after this, at higher concentrations of SiO 2 , the bulk resistance increased with the SiO 2 concentration. As shown in Fig. 6 . the lowest bulk resistance was observed in the sample PVA/PVP/NH 4 I/0.5 wt. % SiO 2 . This could be linked with the information that the optimised composition looks more amorphous detected in studies of thermodynamical, XRD, and FESEM. This low R b values causes the improvement in movement and diffusion of ions in the polymer matrix; hence with the addition of SiO 2 nanoparticles the conductivity enhances. Up to 0.5 wt. % oSiO2, there is increase conductivity, and after this, at higher concentrations oSiO2, the conductivity is reduced. The highest conductivity of 3.9 x 10 − 4 Sem/cm was observed in the sample PVA/PVNH 4 I/0.5wt. %SiO 2 . The addition of SiO 2 at low concentrations affects the structure of polymer; it reduces the crystallinity of polymer, which leads the favourable conditions for the fluctuation of ions in the polymer electrolyte. However, if more wt. %nanofillers added to the base matrix, the crystalline phases were increased in the electrolyte system, hence, the crystalline phase blocks the motion of ions, which leads an increase in R b and therefore a decline of conductivity was observed beyond the 0.5 wt. % of SiO 2 nanoparticles. Conductivity values are given in Table 3 . Table 3 DC conductivity values of PVA/PVP/25wt. % NH 4 I with various weight percentages of SiO 2 nanoparticles at room temperature Composition (PVA/PVP:NH 4 I) Conductivity (S.cm − 1 ) PVA/PVP/ NH 4 I/0.1wt. % of Nano SiO 2 1.11 x 10 − 4 PVA/PVP/ NH 4 I/0.2wt. % of Nano SiO 2 1.65 x 10 − 4 PVA/PVP/ NH 4 I/0.3wt. % of Nano SiO 2 1.43 x 10 − 4 PVA/PVP/ NH 4 I/0.5wt. % of Nano SiO 2 3.9 x 10 − 4 PVA/PVP/ NH 4 I/0.75wt. % of Nano SiO 2 4.69 x 10 − 6 PVA/PVP/ NH 4 I/1 wt. % of Nano SiO 2 3.73 x 10 − 6 Figure 8 . shows the Cole-Cole plots of polymer blend matrix with various compositions of SiO 2 Nanofiller at various temperatures are displayed in Fig. 7 . From these graphs, it can be observable that because of decrease in crystalline nature of the SPEs with the raise of temperature, the value of R b is decreased, therefore the semicircle disappeared. As a result, the Nyquist plots consists of a slanted spike at both frequency regions, it tells that the polymer contains resistive component only. With the raise of temperature, the R b values declines and hence the resultant conductivity enhanced with the temperature. 3.6.2. Frequency-Dependent Conductivity The variation of conductivity with frequency of the prepared SPEs was calculated with help of measured impedance values by following Eq. (2). \(\:{\sigma\:}\left({\omega\:}\right)\) = \(\:\frac{\text{d}{\text{Z}}^{{\prime\:}}}{\text{A}({\text{Z}}^{{\prime\:}2}+{\text{Z}}^{{\prime\:}{\prime\:}2})}\) ----------- (1) The variation of frequency dependent conductivity with filler concentration is shown in Fig. 8 . The insertion of SiO 2 fillers into the base matrix increases the conductivity of the SPE. The incorporation of filler weakens the coordinative bonds among the molecules in the polymer chain and improves coordination between the cations and OH groups existing in the polymer, which improves the amorphous region in the base matrix. This coordination provides more conducting sites and also free charge carriers. Furthermore, the uniform dispersion of SiO 2 nanoparticles into the base matrix creates an active ionic tunnel, which helps facilitate the migration of charge carriers. This effect of SiO 2 on the complexion between the ions and the polymer was also reported earlier. The conductivity increases gradually up to 0.5 wt. % of SiO 2 concentration. More than 0.5weight percent of filler concentration causes the decline in conductivity, because the excess amount of filler causes the inflexible polymer chains and also creates the agglomerates. The inflexible polymer chain causes the drop in ion motion. The agglomeration creates the ion pairs and inhibits active ionic tunneling. As shown in Fig. 8 the variation of conductivity with frequency of base matrix with Nano filler can be explained in two parts, one is frequency independent plateau region, which indicates the σ dc at the low frequency side and second one is frequency dependent dispersion region which indicates the σ ac at the high frequency side. Total conductivity was explained with the Jonscher power law: σ (ω) = σ dc + Aω S ----------(2) The factor “A” gives the polarizability strength and the exponent “S” gives fluctuations with temperature, which explains the kind of conduction mechanism intricate in the electrolyte materials. The slope of the curve was equivalent to an S value in the high frequency dispersion region. Figure shows the frequency range used in the present investigation to calculate the S value. Previous studies reported that conductivity in SPEs is varies with temperature because the structure of the material changes with the temperature. Figure 9 . represents the change in conductivity of all the prepared samples with temperatures in the range from 303K to343K. It was found that the conductivity improved with temperature for all the samples. This enhancement in the conductivity is due to the transformation of the structure of the polymer electrolyte with temperature from semi-crystalline to amorphous, and with an increase in temperature, the mobility of the ions improved, which gave the enhancement in conductivity at higher temperatures [ 27 ]. The conduction mechanism involved in the SPE system is given by the S-value variation with temperature. In the present investigation, S values declined with temperature, which tells us that the CBH model is the dominant mechanism involved in the process of conduction in the prepared SPEs. 3.7. Dielectric analysis 3.7.1. Dielectric behaviour The complex permittivity is defined as ε* = ε' – jε" ---------------- (3) Here ε' & ε" are the real & imaginary parts of complex permittivity ε*. Figure 10 . Represents the change in dielectric constant Ԑ' and dielectric loss Ԑ’’ at applied frequency for the polymer blend host matrix PVA/PVP/NH 4 I loaded with SiO 2 nanoparticles. Due to the charge carriers' accumulation, the values of Ԑ are high at lower frequencies [ 28 , 29 ]. It was observed that Ԑ' declined systemically with the rise of frequency, which is due to the blockage of ion migration or diffusion [ 30 , 31 ] This decline of dielectric constant with frequency for prepared electrolyte films at various temperatures may be ascribed to a lowering of the number of dipoles, which contribute to the structure of the dipole or polarization and are no longer able to respond to the applied electric field [ 25 ]. It was understood that the value of Ԑ' raises with the addition of SiO 2 to the PVA/PVP/NH 4 I matrix at room temperature, because of the increase in localization of charge carriers. A sample of 0.5 wt. % SiO 2 -doped PVA/PVP/NH 4 I exhibits a higher Ԑ' compared with other investigated samples. The decline in dielectric constant was identified with applied frequency and becomes constant at high-frequency regions, which, by cause of the large periodic reversal of the field at the interface, can lead to a lower charge carrier’s contribution. 3.7.2Dielectric Modulus The electric modulus in complex is expressed as the inverse of permittivity in complex form and is described by the formula M* = M ’ + jM ’’ = \(\:\frac{1}{{\text{Ɛ}}^{\text{*}}}\) …………… (4) Here M’ is the real and M’’ is the imaginary components of dielectric modulus. Figure 11 . shows the dependence of dielectric modulus with frequency for various compositions (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 0.75, and 1wt. %) of nanofiller SiO 2 loaded in polymer host matrix PVA/PVP/NH 4 I. At lower frequencies the imaginary part of the electric modulus facilitated to zero due to the lesser contribution of the electrode’s polarization [ 32 ]. At high frequencies the electric modulus increases and reaches its maximum value. The contribution of relaxation time can be explained with this broad behaviour of the M’’ peaks. These peaks of electric modulus are shifted towards a larger frequency region with the raising temperature due to the speed motion of ions, which in turn reduces the relaxation time.The variation of M” with temperature is shown in Fig. 12 . Table 4 Relaxation time of PVA/PVP/25wt.% NH 4 I doped with various wt. % of SiO 2 S. No. Composition (PVA/PVP:NH 4 I) Relaxation time (sec) 1. PVA/PVP/NH 4 I/0.1wt.% SiO 2 2.65 x 10 − 7 2. PVA/PVP/NH 4 I/0.2wt.% SiO 2 2.24 x 10 − 7 3. PVA/PVP/NH 4 I/0.3wt.% SiO 2 1.87 x 10 − 7 4. PVA/PVP/NH 4 I/0.5wt.% SiO 2 1.58 x 10 − 7 5. PVA/PVP/NH 4 I/0.75wt.% SiO 2 3.25 x10 − 7 6. PVA/PVP/NH 4 I/1wt.% SiO 2 8.6 x 10 − 7 3.7.3. Tangent loss It is clear from the Fig. 13 .That, the loss of tangent peak shifted to the larger frequency side with raising concentration of nano SiO 2 in polymer blends and that this shift occurs maximum at high frequency for the composition 0.5wt. % of nanofiller in the polymer host matrix could be due to the dipolar relaxation [ 33 ]. At the low frequency to the, the dispersion was observed due interfacial-polarization mechanism [ 34 ]. Because of the charge carrier’s enhancement and the resultant increase in conductivity, the maximum value of tangent loss for all samples increases with increasing temperature. If \(\:{\gamma\:}\) is the relaxation time and ‘w’ = 2 \(\:{\pi\:}\) f; where f is the dielectric relaxation peak frequency and the absorption peak is calculated as “w \(\:{\gamma\:}"\) = 1. The least relaxation time 1.58x10 −7 seconds is achieved for 0.5wt. % of nanofiller incorporated in PVA/PVP/NH 4 I polymer matrix. The variation of tangent loss with temperature is shown in Fig. 14 . 4. Conclusions PVA/PVP/NH 4 I polymer matrix incorporated with various weight percentages Nanosilicon dioxide filler for electrolyte films has been designed by solution casting technique. Increased amorphousness of the solid composite polymer electrolyte films with the addition of nanofiller was confirmed by XRD. The chemical complexion and various functional groups presented in the samples were found through FT-IR analysis. The interaction of nanocomposites with polymer chains was confirmed by the SEM micrographs, which also confirmed that, the addition of nanoparticles enhances the surface smoothness. From DSC thermograms, we found that the T g and T m values are tending towards the lower temperature side with the addition of nanoparticles. EDX studies confirmed the presence of carbon, oxygen, iodine, and silicon elements in polymer matrixes and also confirmed with their presence at atomic as well as weight percentages. The enhancement of conductivity with addition of nanofillers to NH 4 I salt doped PVA/PVP polymer was calculated by Cole-Cole plots and the bulk resistance values decreased with the addition of nanoparticles. It was concluded that the conductivity at ambient temperature has calculated for all prepared solid composite polymer electrolytefilms, and it was found that maximum conductivity is observed for 0.5wt. % of added Nano SiO 2 into polymer blend, and this value is improved gradually with raising the temperature. It has been observed that dielectric constant values are increase with the incorporation of nanofillerer into polymer matrix up to 0.5wt. %. From tangent peak analysis, it was found that the less relaxation time is 1.58 x 10 − 7 sec for the electrolyte composition PVA/PVP/NH4I/0.5wt. % SiO 2 . Declarations Acknowledgements The authors gratefully thank to the head, department of physics, Osmania University for providing the experimental facility. Funding Acknowledgement The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. Author Contribution Bhavani macha: Conceptualization, Methodology and Writing – original draft. 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BĂRBOIU, Characteristics of compatible binary polymer blends deduced from DSC thermograms. 1. A study on polyvinyl alcohol–polyvinyl pyrrolidone mixtures. 2008. 53(2): p. 127–131. Ramya, C., et al., Conductivity and thermal behavior of proton conducting polymer electrolyte based on poly (N-vinyl pyrrolidone). 2006. 42(10): p. 2672–2677. Hema, M., et al., FTIR, XRD and ac impedance spectroscopic study on PVA based polymer electrolyte doped with NH4X (X = Cl, Br, I). 2009. 355(2): p. 84–90. Jothi, M.A., et al., Promising biodegradable polymer blend electrolytes based on cornstarch: PVP for electrochemical cell applications. 2021. 44(1): p. 1–12. Hamid, F.A., F.M. Salleh, and N.S. Mohamed. The conductivity and stability of polymer composite solid electrolyte upon addition of graphene. in AIP Conference Proceedings. 2017. AIP Publishing LLC. Kao, K.C., Dielectric phenomena in solids. 2004: Elsevier. Armstrong, R., et al., The AC impedance of powdered and sintered solid ionic conductors. 1974. 53(3): p. 389–405. Perepechko, I.J.M.M.P., Introduction to polymer physics, 1978. Arya, A. and A.J.J.o.P.C.M. Sharma, Structural, electrical properties and dielectric relaxations in Na+-ion-conducting solid polymer electrolyte. 2018. 30(16): p. 165402. Singh, P., et al., Vibrational, thermal and ion transport properties of PVA-PVP-PEG-MeSO4Na based polymer blend electrolyte films. 2018. 494: p. 21–30. Tareev, B.M., Physics of dielectric materials. 1975: Mir publishers. Wu, K., et al., FTIR and TGA studies of poly (4-vinylpyridine-co-divinylbenzene)–Cu (II) complex. 2003. 79(2): p. 195–200. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Raju","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Kakatiya University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"A.","middleName":"","lastName":"Raju","suffix":""},{"id":434564516,"identity":"de4c6a3f-bf96-4c51-a88c-f63a0c31b4e6","order_by":3,"name":"M. Prasad","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA60lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYNACtn928uzNBxgYG6ACCYS1HEg27DmWQJoWxoYbPgYILfiAufThxx9+lN1hZpzB803i5w4bOQb2wwcYHu7ArcWyL81MsufcMz526d5tkr1n0owZeNISGBLP4NZicIbBjIG3jZmZcc7ZbRK8bYcTGyR4DBgS2/BpYf/88W8bM9AvOc8k/xKnhcdAGmg4SAubNFG2WPbwlEnLnEsDBbKxtWxbmjEb0C8H8Gkx52Hf/PFNmQ0oKh/efNtmI8fPfvjgw5/4HIbEZpEAkWxAfAC3BlQtzB/wqRwFo2AUjIKRCwDvY1HYQNC21wAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Osmania University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"M.","middleName":"","lastName":"Prasad","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-03-11 10:53:13","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6202200/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6202200/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":79362037,"identity":"0f6afb60-bd8c-4697-b54a-3ddd7e1bf605","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-27 12:35:31","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":301330,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eVariation of intensity in XRD pattern of PVA/PVP/25wt. % NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eI with various wt. % of SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e Nanocomposites\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"figure1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6202200/v1/c7f931c73cb8f0cf643913ec.png"},{"id":79361703,"identity":"07f62be3-4d03-415c-a717-025afbaa312b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-27 12:27:31","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":107727,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eVariation of intensity in FTIR spectrum of PVA/PVP/25wt. % NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eI with various\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eweight percentages of SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e Nanocomposites\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"figure2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6202200/v1/800a395f50eb4ce95502bf48.png"},{"id":79362047,"identity":"3bbfc525-dfff-4bc5-b365-6a7cc866e415","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-27 12:35:31","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":604382,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSEM images of PVA/PVP/25wt.% NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eI (A) with various weight percentages of SiO\u003csub\u003e2 \u003c/sub\u003e(0.1 wt% (B), 0.2 wt% (C), 0.3 wt% (D), Nanocomposites\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"figure3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6202200/v1/274df15a1f89e6da29349831.png"},{"id":79361697,"identity":"3823163f-3008-47e8-932f-b0af499369a0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-27 12:27:31","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":655160,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEDAX images of PVA/PVP/25wt. % NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eI with various wt.%SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e Nanocomposites\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"figure4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6202200/v1/0d4d74ca1eb7440170404806.png"},{"id":79361682,"identity":"83c8e713-d949-46b4-9b09-8f19e4234b31","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-27 12:27:31","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":231536,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDSC thermo grams of\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; PVA/PVP/25wt. % NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eI with different weight percentages of SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e nano composites\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"figure5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6202200/v1/915e76b68f3efd199f7bfe61.png"},{"id":79361688,"identity":"dff0b001-26e3-44d9-9bb1-c6eaec3dda91","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-27 12:27:31","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":268662,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCole-Cole plots of PVA/PVP/25wt. % NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eI with various weight percentages of SiO\u003csub\u003e2 \u003c/sub\u003enanocomposites at room temperature\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"figure6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6202200/v1/660107b8153b07770b61295d.png"},{"id":79361689,"identity":"c3902c7d-928f-42ba-9dad-26a20e8be792","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-27 12:27:31","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":202128,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCole-Cole plots of PVA/PVP/25wt. % NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eI with various weight percentages of\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e Nanocomposites at different temperatures\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"figure7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6202200/v1/45269af16bd64a5c859b4249.png"},{"id":79361687,"identity":"1f67c2a1-e680-4281-b946-71915da968db","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-27 12:27:31","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":231174,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eChange in conductivity with applied frequency for PVA/PVP/25wt. % NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eI with various weight percentages of SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e Nanocomposites at room temperature\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"figure8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6202200/v1/90da35a41842297b1e79a5b9.png"},{"id":79361692,"identity":"91353c7c-c872-407f-aba7-bcc3e6f1fc13","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-27 12:27:31","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":787711,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eChange in conductivity with frequency for PVA/PVP/25wt. % NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eI with various\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; weight percentages of SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e Nanocomposites at different temperatures\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"figure9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6202200/v1/27ffb2dd1af62b87abfd356e.png"},{"id":79362948,"identity":"094c68a2-39a5-421a-a232-bf7124b30f4a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-27 12:43:31","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":124648,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eChange in Ɛ’ and Ɛ’’ with applied frequency for PVA/PVP/25wt.% NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eI with various weight percentages of SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e Nanocomposites at room temperature\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"figure10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6202200/v1/9b4e213d3a94e4a7512b25dc.png"},{"id":79361710,"identity":"e5f5dab9-7c72-443c-a787-df9135048fc9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-27 12:27:32","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":622412,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eChange in ’ with applied frequency for PVA/PVP/25wt. % NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eI with various weight percentages of SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e nanocomposites at different temperatures\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"figure11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6202200/v1/fbcceef1219e6bba54a713e7.png"},{"id":79363367,"identity":"94425813-acb0-4b2b-b098-b7ccce4763c7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-27 12:51:31","extension":"png","order_by":12,"title":"Figure 12","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":513707,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eChange in ’’ with applied frequency for PVA/PVP/25wt. % NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eI with various weight percentages of SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e nanocomposites at different temperatures\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"figure12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6202200/v1/7999780839ff7629dacb82e2.png"},{"id":79362063,"identity":"9fbbe82b-a387-4cd2-a303-37c609c25bd8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-27 12:35:33","extension":"png","order_by":13,"title":"Figure 13","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":100710,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eChange in electric modulus with applied frequency for PVA/PVP/25wt. % NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eI with various weight percentages of SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e Nanocomposites at room temperature\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"figure13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6202200/v1/577a04dac564bfbc226e4511.png"},{"id":79361715,"identity":"3a4ad3fe-5073-4f7f-886f-8a71c4d55069","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-27 12:27:32","extension":"png","order_by":14,"title":"Figure 14","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":482547,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eChange in electric modulus with applied frequency for PVA/PVP/25wt. % NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eI with various weight percentages of SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e Nanocomposites at room temperature\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"figure14.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6202200/v1/66a8bfd666882664ef4aa52f.png"},{"id":79362069,"identity":"a4f4f0e3-1de2-4b5c-91b6-b1e560155a77","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-27 12:35:33","extension":"png","order_by":15,"title":"Figure 15","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":636263,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eChange in Tan δ with applied frequency for PVA/PVP/25wt.% NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eI withvarious weight percentages of SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e nanocomposites at room temperature\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"figure15.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6202200/v1/ea22ee05c5a2107844aa0098.png"},{"id":79363366,"identity":"724e4013-0c4f-421e-9a59-98337e837cc3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-27 12:51:31","extension":"jpg","order_by":16,"title":"Figure 16","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":75164,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eChange in Tan δ with applied frequency of PVA/PVP/25wt. % NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eI with various weight percentages of SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e nanocomposites at different temperatures\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"figure16.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6202200/v1/a16294ebf8b4f4ae3973a493.jpg"},{"id":79364090,"identity":"678c740c-f1bb-459c-97d0-b7b55687ad41","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-27 12:59:39","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":5326181,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6202200/v1/d6f6db2a-b7cb-4d73-895c-356ed10fe338.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Effect of SiO2 Nano-particles on Electrical Conductivity Studies of PVA/PVP Polymer Blend Doped with Ammonium Iodide","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn recent decades, polymeric electrolytes have attracted great attention in the fabrication of electrochemical devices like solar cells, battery devices, super capacitors, fuel cells, etc. due to their several benefits over liquid electrolytes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Crystallinity and a low value of ionic conductivity were the two major drawbacks of solid polymer electrolytes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. To overcome these problems, polymer blending is one of the best approaches. The research on the blending of polymers with suitable additives such as salts, plasticizers, and nanofillers can give better results to enhance the ionic conductivity compared to a single salt-doped polymer [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Blending of polymers improves their thermal, structural, electrical, and mechanical properties and also gives them good control over the properties of polymer electrolytes, which cannot be achieved by individual polymers [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. The dissolved ionic salt in an appropriate polymer blend enhances the ionic conductivity at room temperature. In addition to excellent ionic conductivity, good chemical stability, easy handling, low cost, and the high surface area, the nanoparticles perform a crucial role in enhancing the conductivity of polymer materials when added to the base matrix [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen a fraction of nanoparticles is added to a polymer blend doped with salt, the resultant structure plays a prominent role in facilitating ion transport [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. This is due to the increased area of contact between the filler and polymer matrix. It was already reported that the incorporation of nanocomposites into the base matrix will increase the salt dissociation as well as the production of free cations to develop the dielectric properties of the polymer electrolytes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe insertion of nanofillers in polymeric electrolytes has gained more interest because the crystallinity of blend film decreased, which in turn greatly influenced the ionic conductivity of the material [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. The reduction in crystallinity in polymeric materials underlies properties like conductivity and mechanical strength [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. This crystallinity may be affected by temperature, the amount of salt, and the kind of nanofillers added to the host matrix. Moreover, the size of the filler and the nature of its interaction with the polymer host material play a major role in improving the dielectric properties to achieve desired applications [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe present study comprises the polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and the copolymer polyvinylpyrrillodine (PVP) has been used as the host matrix. Moreover, the two polymers are semi-crystalline, water-soluble, and have good charge storage capacity, as well as enhanced electrical and optical properties that depend on doping fillers. The two polymers were chosen for blending because they are biocompatible, environmentally safe, easily processable, and biodegradable [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. The interchain hydrogen bonding took place between PVA and PVP [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. This work is focused on the use of ammonium iodide, which acts as a good proton donor [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. Due to the compatibility between PVA and PVP, the number of polar groups has increased due to the bonding of ammonium ions, which improves the ionic conductivity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe foremost aim of the current studies is to develop a new SPE using PVA/PVP and 25 wt. % of NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eI doped with different compositions of SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.5%,0.75%, and 1%). This study concludes that the optimised amount of SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e nanofiller in PVA/PVP/NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eI polymer electrolyte increases the ionic conductivity and potential window. The characterization techniques XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDAX, DSC, and EIS were employed on prepared PVA/PVP/NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eI polymer electrolytes incorporated with various weight percentages of silicon nanocomposites to examine their crystallinity, functional groups, morphology, and, thermal and impedance studies.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Experimental Section","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1. Materials:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePolyvinyl alcohol (PVA) of 1,40,000 g was purchased from Loba Chemistry Private Limited, and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) of molecular weight 40,000 g was purchased from SD Fine Chemicals. The doped salt material, ammonium iodide, was purchased from SD FineChemical. 40 nm-sized SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e nanoparticles were purchased from Sigma Aldrich, and double-deionized water was used as a solvent to prepare PVA-PVP-NH4I-SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e polymer blend films.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2. Synthesis of Solid polymer composite electrolyte\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor making the solid polymer blend electrolyte film, solution casting technique was employed. 75wt. % of PVA and 25wt. % of PVP matrixwith ammonium iodide salt, it was optimized for the 25wt. % of NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eI. Now this optimized composition (PVA/PVP/25wt. % of NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eI) of the polymer matrix was treated as representative sample (RS). To get the better dielectric properties of this blend we used SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e as Nano filler. To make the blend polymer electrolytes, 75wt. % of PVA was dissolved in ddH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO and allowed to stir for 4 hours. After the dissolution of the polymer PVA, the separately dissolved 25wt. % of PVP was mixed with the PVA solution and this was allowed for stirring to get clear solution. Now the optimized composition 25wt. % of ammonium iodide salt was dissolved in D.D water H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO separately then added to polymeric solution and make stirring to obtain homogeneous mixture. To add filler into the host blend polymer matrix, different quantities such as 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 0.75 and 1 weight percentages of SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e was added to prepared mixture and then stirred till obtain homogeneous solution. The ultimate viscous solutions were placed into petri dishes and were dried at normal room temperature to get polymer electrolyte films.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results and discussions","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1. XRD Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo find out the crystallinity of prepared SPEs, XRD analysis was used. The Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. represents the XRD variation of the base matrix PVA/PVP/25wt. % NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eI added by various weight percentages of SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e nanoparticles [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. From the graph, it was observed that the peak height decreased to 22\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e, which indicates a systematic reduction then crystallinity of the base matrix with the addition of SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e nanoparticles up to 0.5 weight percent, which gives favourable conditions for the ionic conduction. And at higher filler concentrations, the peak height increased, which indicates that the crystallinity of the base matrix increased. It was reported that the incorporation of moderate amount (0.5wt. %) nanofiller had a significant complexion behaviour compared to other compositions due to the aggregation nanofiller into the polymer host.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2. FTIR analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssignments of bands in spectra of FTIR for PVA/PVP/25wt.% NH4I polymer matrix with various wt. % of SiO2 Nanocomposites\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBand assignment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.75%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eO-H bending\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3356\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3353\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3354\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3355\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3348\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3346\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCH2 asymmetric stretching\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2979\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2970\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2981\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2979\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2948\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2980\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;O stretching\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1713\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1713\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1712\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1711\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1714\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1713\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C stretching\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1644\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1642\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1643\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1644\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1646\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1646\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC-H bending\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1423\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1422\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1421\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1423\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1424\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1424\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC-H wagging\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1378\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1377\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1376\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1377\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1375\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1378\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC-N stretching\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1267\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1270\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1267\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1268\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1262\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1260\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC-O stretching\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1082\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1084\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1087\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1086\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1087\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1085\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC-N stretching\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1028\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1026\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1028\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1027\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1028\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe spectrum of FTIR was used to confirm the bonding and coordination among the polymers, NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eI, and the SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e nanofiller in the SPEs. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e shows the spectra of FTIR for polymer electrolytes in the base matrix and the base matrix with various concentrations of SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e fillers. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e shows the assigned bands and corresponding peaks in the FTIR spectra of prepared polymer composite electrolytes. The O-H intermolecular hydrogen bond shows at a strong peak at 3300cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e that the corresponding mode of stretching is present in the polymer blend, while it became broad because of the N-H bending and was seen at 3364cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e in the polymer blend with ammonium iodide salt, and in 0.5wt.% SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e doped sample (optimum sample), this peak appeared at 3355cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. The C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;O stretching in PVA/PVP at 1723cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e] is moved to 1711cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e in the optimum sample. The vibrational peaks at 2931cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, 1642cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e correspond to CH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e asymmetric and C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C symmetric stretching of PVA/PVP/25 wt.%NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eI, which get shifted to 2981cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and 1646cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e in the optimum sample respectively. The significant peaks were observed at 1713cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, 1423cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and 1378cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e in polymer blend which can be assigned to [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e] C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;O stretching, C-H bending and C-H wagging respectively. The peaks identified at 1264cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and 1028cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e are belongs to C-O and C-N stretching of polymer blend. From FTIR spectra it was observed that, with addition of SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e nanoparticle to the base matrix gives the variation of absorption intensity of the vibrational modes because of interaction of hydroxyl groups with nanoparticles and also identified the small shift in peak positions which is shown in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3. SEM analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSEM images of a representative sample and nano-SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-doped composite polymer electrolytes are shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. A homogeneous rough surface of the base matrix was observed from the SEM micrograph, which shows the presence of miscibility in the blend of PVA and PVP without cracks and voids, which was also reported by the earlier studies on the PVA/PVP blend [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. From the figures, it was clear that the surface morphology of the representative sample was changed due to the addition of SiO2 nanofillers in resultant solid polymer composite electrolytes. We can observe the change in morphology as rough to smooth surface from 0.1wt. % to 0.5wt. % of SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e in polymer blend, due to the enhancement of the amorphous region. Well dispersed spherical particles of in different sizes were observed from the micrographs of composite electrolytes. Because of the interaction among the \u0026lsquo;hydroxyl\u0026rsquo; (-OH) groups of polymer and the nanoparticles, the association between the polymer blend and the nanofillers can be observed from the high-resolution SEM images Beyond 0.5 wt.% of SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e concentrations which was also confirmed in the conductivity studies in the next sections. From the literature this surface roughness is related in straight to the conductivity of the electrolyte, and they concluded that the medium with smooth surface can freely conduct the ions which cause improvement in the ion conduction.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.4 EDAX spectra\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure 4shows the spectra of energy dispersive X-ray (EDAX) of PVA/PVP/NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eI base matrix inserted with various wt. % of nano SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, it contains the strong peaks at 0.28 keV, 0.53 keV and 3.93 keV which are corresponding to the characteristic x-rays of Carbon, Oxygen and Iodine elements respectively. Along with C, O and I elements there exists a peak at 1.8 keV which corresponding to the Si element in PVA/PVP/NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eI/SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e EDAX spectra.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.5. DSC analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eDSC was used to find thermodynamic properties like glass transition temperature (T\u003csub\u003eg\u003c/sub\u003e) and melting temperature (T\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e) for the prepared PEs. DSC thermograms of the representative sample and PVA/PVP/NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eI/SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e solid composite polymer electrolytes are displayed in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e. From the figure, the first endothermic peak, which represents the glass transition of the base matrix, was observed at 92\u0026deg;C, andthe single T\u003csub\u003eg\u003c/sub\u003e value was observed in the representative sample, which specifies the formation of a complex between the polymer blend and ammonium iodide. From the figure, we can observe the decrease in T\u003csub\u003eg\u003c/sub\u003e values with the addition of SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e to the representative sample up to 0.5 wt. % SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e. This is because of the plasticizing effect of the SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eonh the polymer chain, which leads to high segmental motion in the host matrix, and hence increases the conductivity of the electrolyte significantly. Beyond 0.5 wt. % filler concentration, the T\u003csub\u003eg\u003c/sub\u003e value increased with the SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e concentration, similar results were reported in the literature [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. The second endothermic peak represents the melting temperature (T\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e) of the sample, the T\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e of the PVPVP/25 wt. %NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eI electrolyte was observed at 203\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC. The T\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e value tends toward the low temperature side with the concentration of SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, which indicates the increasing the material amorphousity. T\u003csub\u003eg\u003c/sub\u003e as well as T\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e values of prepared polymer electrolyte samples are mentioned in below Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003eg\u003c/sub\u003e and T\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e values of PVA/PVP/25wt. % NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eI with various weight percentages of SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eNanocomposites\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComposite\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlass Transition Temperature (T\u003csub\u003eg\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMelting temperature (T\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePVA/PVP/25%NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92 \u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e203 \u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePVA/PVP/25%NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eI 0.1% ZrO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90 \u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e202 \u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePVA/PVP/25%NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eI 0.2% ZrO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88 \u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e200 \u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePVA/PVP/25%NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eI 0.3% ZrO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83 \u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e201 \u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePVA/PVP/25%NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eI 0.5% ZrO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82 \u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e199 \u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePVA/PVP/25%NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eI 0.75% ZrO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91 \u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e202 \u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePVA/PVP/25%NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eI 1% ZrO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93 \u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e206 \u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.6. AC Impedance spectroscopic study\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe electric and dielectric properties of the electrolyte materials are studied using impedance spectroscopy. The electric and dielectric properties of various compositions of silicon dioxide nanofiller incorporated in a polymer blend were studied through impedance analysis, and we observed the variation of electrical properties with the weight percent of SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e,as well as the effect of temperature on electrolyte properties.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.6.1. Cole-Cole plots\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Nyquist plots of the base matrix and the base matrix with various concentrations of SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e are shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e. The representation of Nyquist plots contains a semicircular curve with a slanted projection, which signifies an ionic conducting electrolyte. This semicircular behaviour is the consequence of the parallel combination of bulk resistance (which is caused by the movement of ions) and bulk capacitance (which is caused by the static polymer chain) of the polymer electrolyte [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. The spike gives the double-layered capacitance on account of the polarisation at the electrode-electrolyte interface [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. By using the equation σ\u003csub\u003edc\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;t / R\u003csub\u003eb\u003c/sub\u003e A, the DC conductivity values are calculated. Here the bulk resistance (R\u003csub\u003eb\u003c/sub\u003e) was found from the semicircle intercept with the X-axis as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e. A represents the electrode\u0026rsquo;s cross-sectional area (cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e), and t represents the thickness of the film (cm).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom the Cole-Cole plots, it was found that with the addition of filler, the semicircle decreased, which is because of the increase of amorphous behaviour in polymeric films, and hence the bulk resistance of composite polymer electrolytes was decreased [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. Until 0.5 wt. % SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e concentration in polymer electrolyte, the bulk resistance decreased, and after this, at higher concentrations of SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, the bulk resistance increased with the SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e concentration.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e. the lowest bulk resistance was observed in the sample PVA/PVP/NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eI/0.5 wt. % SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e. This could be linked with the information that the optimised composition looks more amorphous detected in studies of thermodynamical, XRD, and FESEM. This low R\u003csub\u003eb\u003c/sub\u003e values causes the improvement in movement and diffusion of ions in the polymer matrix; hence with the addition of SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e nanoparticles the conductivity enhances. Up to 0.5 wt. % oSiO2, there is increase conductivity, and after this, at higher concentrations oSiO2, the conductivity is reduced. The highest conductivity of 3.9 x 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/sup\u003eSem/cm was observed in the sample PVA/PVNH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eI/0.5wt. %SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e. The addition of SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e at low concentrations affects the structure of polymer; it reduces the crystallinity of polymer, which leads the favourable conditions for the fluctuation of ions in the polymer electrolyte. However, if more wt. %nanofillers added to the base matrix, the crystalline phases were increased in the electrolyte system, hence, the crystalline phase blocks the motion of ions, which leads an increase in R\u003csub\u003eb\u003c/sub\u003e and therefore a decline of conductivity was observed beyond the 0.5 wt. % of SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e nanoparticles. Conductivity values are given in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDC conductivity values of PVA/PVP/25wt. % NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eI with various weight percentages of SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e nanoparticles at room temperature\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComposition (PVA/PVP:NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConductivity (S.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePVA/PVP/ NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eI/0.1wt. % of Nano SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11 x 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePVA/PVP/ NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eI/0.2wt. % of Nano SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.65 x 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePVA/PVP/ NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eI/0.3wt. % of Nano SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.43 x 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePVA/PVP/ NH\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eI/0.5wt. % of Nano SiO\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.9 x 10\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePVA/PVP/ NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eI/0.75wt. % of Nano SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.69 x 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;6\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePVA/PVP/ NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eI/1 wt. % of Nano SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.73 x 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;6\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e. shows the Cole-Cole plots of polymer blend matrix with various compositions of SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e Nanofiller at various temperatures are displayed in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e. From these graphs, it can be observable that because of decrease in crystalline nature of the SPEs with the raise of temperature, the value of R\u003csub\u003eb\u003c/sub\u003e is decreased, therefore the semicircle disappeared. As a result, the Nyquist plots consists of a slanted spike at both frequency regions, it tells that the polymer contains resistive component only. With the raise of temperature, the R\u003csub\u003eb\u003c/sub\u003e values declines and hence the resultant conductivity enhanced with the temperature.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.6.2. Frequency-Dependent Conductivity\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe variation of conductivity with frequency of the prepared SPEs was calculated with help of measured impedance values by following Eq.\u0026nbsp;(2).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{\\sigma\\:}\\left({\\omega\\:}\\right)\\)\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/span\u003e= \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\frac{\\text{d}{\\text{Z}}^{{\\prime\\:}}}{\\text{A}({\\text{Z}}^{{\\prime\\:}2}+{\\text{Z}}^{{\\prime\\:}{\\prime\\:}2})}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e ----------- (1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe variation of frequency dependent conductivity with filler concentration is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e. The insertion of SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e fillers into the base matrix increases the conductivity of the SPE. The incorporation of filler weakens the coordinative bonds among the molecules in the polymer chain and improves coordination between the cations and OH groups existing in the polymer, which improves the amorphous region in the base matrix. This coordination provides more conducting sites and also free charge carriers. Furthermore, the uniform dispersion of SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e nanoparticles into the base matrix creates an active ionic tunnel, which helps facilitate the migration of charge carriers. This effect of SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e on the complexion between the ions and the polymer was also reported earlier. The conductivity increases gradually up to 0.5 wt. % of SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e concentration. More than 0.5weight percent of filler concentration causes the decline in conductivity, because the excess amount of filler causes the inflexible polymer chains and also creates the agglomerates. The inflexible polymer chain causes the drop in ion motion. The agglomeration creates the ion pairs and inhibits active ionic tunneling. As shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e the variation of conductivity with frequency of base matrix with Nano filler can be explained in two parts, one is frequency independent plateau region, which indicates the σ\u003csub\u003edc\u003c/sub\u003e at the low frequency side and second one is frequency dependent dispersion region which indicates the σ\u003csub\u003eac\u003c/sub\u003e at the high frequency side. Total conductivity was explained with the Jonscher power law:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eσ (ω) = σ\u003csub\u003edc\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Aω\u003csup\u003eS\u003c/sup\u003e ----------(2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe factor \u0026ldquo;A\u0026rdquo; gives the polarizability strength and the exponent \u0026ldquo;S\u0026rdquo; gives fluctuations with temperature, which explains the kind of conduction mechanism intricate in the electrolyte materials. The slope of the curve was equivalent to an S value in the high frequency dispersion region. Figure shows the frequency range used in the present investigation to calculate the S value. Previous studies reported that conductivity in SPEs is varies with temperature because the structure of the material changes with the temperature. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e. represents the change in conductivity of all the prepared samples with temperatures in the range from 303K to343K. It was found that the conductivity improved with temperature for all the samples. This enhancement in the conductivity is due to the transformation of the structure of the polymer electrolyte with temperature from semi-crystalline to amorphous, and with an increase in temperature, the mobility of the ions improved, which gave the enhancement in conductivity at higher temperatures [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]. The conduction mechanism involved in the SPE system is given by the S-value variation with temperature. In the present investigation, S values declined with temperature, which tells us that the CBH model is the dominant mechanism involved in the process of conduction in the prepared SPEs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.7. Dielectric analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.7.1. Dielectric behaviour\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe complex permittivity is defined as\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eε* = ε' \u0026ndash; jε\" ---------------- (3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHere ε' \u0026amp; ε\" are the real \u0026amp; imaginary parts of complex permittivity ε*.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure\u003cspan refid=\"Fig10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e. Represents the change in dielectric constant Ԑ' and dielectric loss Ԑ\u0026rsquo;\u0026rsquo; at applied frequency for the polymer blend host matrix PVA/PVP/NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eI loaded with SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e nanoparticles. Due to the charge carriers' accumulation, the values of Ԑ are high at lower frequencies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]. It was observed that Ԑ' declined systemically with the rise of frequency, which is due to the blockage of ion migration or diffusion [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e] This decline of dielectric constant with frequency for prepared electrolyte films at various temperatures may be ascribed to a lowering of the number of dipoles, which contribute to the structure of the dipole or polarization and are no longer able to respond to the applied electric field [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt was understood that the value of Ԑ' raises with the addition of SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e to the PVA/PVP/NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eI matrix at room temperature, because of the increase in localization of charge carriers. A sample of 0.5 wt. % SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-doped PVA/PVP/NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eI exhibits a higher Ԑ' compared with other investigated samples.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe decline in dielectric constant was identified with applied frequency and becomes constant at high-frequency regions, which, by cause of the large periodic reversal of the field at the interface, can lead to a lower charge carrier\u0026rsquo;s contribution.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.7.2Dielectric Modulus\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe electric modulus in complex is expressed as the inverse of permittivity in complex form and is described by the formula\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eM* = M\u003cb\u003e\u0026rsquo;\u003c/b\u003e + jM\u003cb\u003e\u0026rsquo;\u0026rsquo;\u003c/b\u003e = \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\frac{1}{{\\text{Ɛ}}^{\\text{*}}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e \u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip; (4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHere M\u0026rsquo; is the real and M\u0026rsquo;\u0026rsquo; is the imaginary components of dielectric modulus. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig11\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e. shows the dependence of dielectric modulus with frequency for various compositions (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 0.75, and 1wt. %) of nanofiller SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e loaded in polymer host matrix PVA/PVP/NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eI. At lower frequencies the imaginary part of the electric modulus facilitated to zero due to the lesser contribution of the electrode\u0026rsquo;s polarization [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]. At high frequencies the electric modulus increases and reaches its maximum value. The contribution of relaxation time can be explained with this broad behaviour of the M\u0026rsquo;\u0026rsquo; peaks. These peaks of electric modulus are shifted towards a larger frequency region with the raising temperature due to the speed motion of ions, which in turn reduces the relaxation time.The variation of M\u0026rdquo; with temperature is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig12\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelaxation time of PVA/PVP/25wt.% NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eI doped with various wt. % of SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS. No.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComposition (PVA/PVP:NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelaxation time (sec)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePVA/PVP/NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eI/0.1wt.% SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.65 x 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePVA/PVP/NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eI/0.2wt.% SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.24 x 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePVA/PVP/NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eI/0.3wt.% SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.87 x 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePVA/PVP/NH\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eI/0.5wt.% SiO\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.58 x 10\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePVA/PVP/NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eI/0.75wt.% SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.25 x10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePVA/PVP/NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eI/1wt.% SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 x 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.7.3. Tangent loss\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt is clear from the Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig13\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e.That, the loss of tangent peak shifted to the larger frequency side with raising concentration of nano SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e in polymer blends and that this shift occurs maximum at high frequency for the composition 0.5wt. % of nanofiller in the polymer host matrix could be due to the dipolar relaxation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]. At the low frequency to the, the dispersion was observed due interfacial-polarization mechanism [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBecause of the charge carrier\u0026rsquo;s enhancement and the resultant increase in conductivity, the maximum value of tangent loss for all samples increases with increasing temperature. If \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{\\gamma\\:}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e is the relaxation time and \u0026lsquo;w\u0026rsquo; = 2\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{\\pi\\:}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003ef; where f is the dielectric relaxation peak frequency and the absorption peak is calculated as \u0026ldquo;w\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{\\gamma\\:}\u0026quot;\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e = 1. The least relaxation time 1.58x10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;7\u003c/sup\u003eseconds is achieved for 0.5wt. % of nanofiller incorporated in PVA/PVP/NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eI polymer matrix. The variation of tangent loss with temperature is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig14\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003ePVA/PVP/NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eI polymer matrix incorporated with various weight percentages Nanosilicon dioxide filler for electrolyte films has been designed by solution casting technique. Increased amorphousness of the solid composite polymer electrolyte films with the addition of nanofiller was confirmed by XRD. The chemical complexion and various functional groups presented in the samples were found through FT-IR analysis. The interaction of nanocomposites with polymer chains was confirmed by the SEM micrographs, which also confirmed that, the addition of nanoparticles enhances the surface smoothness. From DSC thermograms, we found that the T\u003csub\u003eg\u003c/sub\u003e and T\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e values are tending towards the lower temperature side with the addition of nanoparticles. EDX studies confirmed the presence of carbon, oxygen, iodine, and silicon elements in polymer matrixes and also confirmed with their presence at atomic as well as weight percentages. The enhancement of conductivity with addition of nanofillers to NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eI salt doped PVA/PVP polymer was calculated by Cole-Cole plots and the bulk resistance values decreased with the addition of nanoparticles. It was concluded that the conductivity at ambient temperature has calculated for all prepared solid composite polymer electrolytefilms, and it was found that maximum conductivity is observed for 0.5wt. % of added Nano SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e into polymer blend, and this value is improved gradually with raising the temperature. It has been observed that dielectric constant values are increase with the incorporation of nanofillerer into polymer matrix up to 0.5wt. %. From tangent peak analysis, it was found that the less relaxation time is 1.58 x 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/sup\u003e sec for the electrolyte composition PVA/PVP/NH4I/0.5wt. % SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors gratefully thank to the head, department of physics, Osmania University for providing the experimental facility.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding Acknowledgement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBhavani macha: Conceptualization, Methodology and Writing \u0026ndash; original draft. Praveen Ramisetti: Data correction and Software. A.RAJU: Validation, Visualization and Investigation Prof.M.Prasad: Supervision, Writing \u0026ndash; review \u0026amp; editing.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSingh, P., P. Gupta, and A.J.P.B.C.M. Saroj, Ion dynamics and dielectric relaxation behavior of PVA-PVP-NaI-SiO2 based nano-composites polymer blend electrolytes. 2020. 578: p. 411850.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKundu, D., et al., The emerging chemistry of sodium ion batteries for electrochemical energy storage. 2015. 54(11): p. 3431\u0026ndash;3448.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSamir, M.A., et al. 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Kumar, Preparation and characterization of PEG\u0026ndash;Mg (CH3COO) 2\u0026ndash;CeO2 composite polymer electrolytes for battery application. 2014. 37(2): p. 309\u0026ndash;314.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNithya, S., et al., AC impedance studies on proton-conducting PAN: NH4SCN polymer electrolytes. 2014. 20(10): p. 1391\u0026ndash;1398.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHuang, S.-J., H.-K. Lee, and W.-H.\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003eJ.J.o.t.K\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://J.J.o.t.K\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.C.S. 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Ahmed, Wound healing activity of Chitosan/Polyvinyl Alcohol embedded by gold nanoparticles prepared by nanosecond laser ablation. 2020. 1217: p. 128401.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eChoudhary, S., Structural, morphological, thermal, dielectric, and electrical properties of alumina nanoparticles filled PVA-PVP blend matrix-based polymer nanocomposites. Polymer Composites, 2018. 39(S3): p. E1788-E1799.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZidan, H.M., et al., Characterization and some physical studies of PVA/PVP filled with MWCNTs. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 2019. 8(1): p. 904\u0026ndash;913.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eChoudhary, S. and R.J. Sengwa, ZnO nanoparticles dispersed PVA\u0026ndash;PVP blend matrix based high performance flexible nanodielectrics for multifunctional microelectronic devices. Current Applied Physics, 2018. 18(9): p. 1041\u0026ndash;1058.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eScience, A.i.M.J.A.i.M.S. Engineering, and Engineering, Retracted: Structural and Electrical Properties of Graphene Oxide-Doped PVA/PVP Blend Nanocomposite Polymer Films. 2021. 2021: p. 1\u0026ndash;1.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRajeswari, N., et al., Lithium ion conducting solid polymer blend electrolyte based on bio-degradable polymers. 2013. 36(2): p. 333\u0026ndash;339.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGRIGORAŞ, V.C. and V.J.R.R.d.c. BĂRBOIU, Characteristics of compatible binary polymer blends deduced from DSC thermograms. 1. A study on polyvinyl alcohol\u0026ndash;polyvinyl pyrrolidone mixtures. 2008. 53(2): p. 127\u0026ndash;131.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRamya, C., et al., Conductivity and thermal behavior of proton conducting polymer electrolyte based on poly (N-vinyl pyrrolidone). 2006. 42(10): p. 2672\u0026ndash;2677.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHema, M., et al., FTIR, XRD and ac impedance spectroscopic study on PVA based polymer electrolyte doped with NH4X (X\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Cl, Br, I). 2009. 355(2): p. 84\u0026ndash;90.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJothi, M.A., et al., Promising biodegradable polymer blend electrolytes based on cornstarch: PVP for electrochemical cell applications. 2021. 44(1): p. 1\u0026ndash;12.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHamid, F.A., F.M. Salleh, and N.S. Mohamed. The conductivity and stability of polymer composite solid electrolyte upon addition of graphene. in AIP Conference Proceedings. 2017. AIP Publishing LLC.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKao, K.C., Dielectric phenomena in solids. 2004: Elsevier.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eArmstrong, R., et al., The AC impedance of powdered and sintered solid ionic conductors. 1974. 53(3): p. 389\u0026ndash;405.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePerepechko, I.J.M.M.P., Introduction to polymer physics, 1978.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eArya, A. and A.J.J.o.P.C.M. Sharma, Structural, electrical properties and dielectric relaxations in Na+-ion-conducting solid polymer electrolyte. 2018. 30(16): p. 165402.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSingh, P., et al., Vibrational, thermal and ion transport properties of PVA-PVP-PEG-MeSO4Na based polymer blend electrolyte films. 2018. 494: p. 21\u0026ndash;30.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTareev, B.M., Physics of dielectric materials. 1975: Mir publishers.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWu, K., et al., FTIR and TGA studies of poly (4-vinylpyridine-co-divinylbenzene)\u0026ndash;Cu (II) complex. 2003. 79(2): p. 195\u0026ndash;200.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"ionics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":" Learn more about [Ionics](https://www.springer.com/journal/11581) ","snPcode":"11581","submissionUrl":"https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/ionics","title":"Ionics","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Polymer electrolytes, PVA, PVP, NH4I electrolytes, polymer composite electrolytes, SiO2 Nano composite electrolyte","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6202200/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6202200/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eSilicon dioxide nanoparticles are incorporated in the films of polymer blend electrolytes of Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and Polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) doped with Ammonium iodide salt by using solution casting method. The functional groups present in PVA/PVP/NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eI and SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e polymer blend were found through FTIR studies. Amorphous nature of films was confirmed by the analysis of XRD and also observed that amorphous nature has been increased by adding Nano filler. SEM micrographs are used to find the surface morphology and found that surface become smooth with the addition of Nano fillers. The ionic conductivity and dielectric behavior has been investigated using impedance spectroscopy at various temperatures and found that the base matrix dielectric properties were improved with the addition of Nano filler silicon dioxide. Obtained the maximum conductivity for the optimized sample 0.5wt% of SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e doped blend polymer at room temperature is \u003cb\u003e3.9 x 10\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e S/cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003eand found that the ionic conductivity values of all the prepared films have been enhanced gradually with temperature. And also it was observed that the dielectric properties were increased with temperature. Glass transition temperature of the polymer nano-composites was calculated from the DSC thermo grams and observed the falling off T\u003csub\u003eg\u003c/sub\u003e value with the addition of SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Effect of SiO2 Nano-particles on Electrical Conductivity Studies of PVA/PVP Polymer Blend Doped with Ammonium Iodide","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-03-27 12:27:25","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6202200/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-04-10T22:11:30+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-04-04T08:58:52+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-03-29T07:12:01+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-03-27T02:33:56+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-03-26T04:24:07+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-03-23T17:19:00+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"330719279895765255789302560611837384276","date":"2025-03-21T16:34:42+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"266281643780547897507381136236157538011","date":"2025-03-21T12:29:12+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"301899508079876496293375415201431378847","date":"2025-03-21T08:44:13+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"185026286124141762766348967541268847029","date":"2025-03-19T14:04:34+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"294774802216781343320262024616501382812","date":"2025-03-19T13:34:00+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"78734575178302671322667259835472785437","date":"2025-03-19T11:49:19+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-03-19T11:41:47+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-03-19T09:23:46+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-03-19T09:19:49+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Ionics","date":"2025-03-11T10:41:38+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"ionics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":" Learn more about [Ionics](https://www.springer.com/journal/11581) ","snPcode":"11581","submissionUrl":"https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/ionics","title":"Ionics","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"293b96ee-07f3-4def-95b4-647c8e33dd63","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 27th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-08-02T20:23:21+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-03-27 12:27:25","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6202200","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6202200","identity":"rs-6202200","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}