Provenance study of Tang-dynasty black-glazed porcelains unearthed at the Yingou site

Provenance study of Tang-dynasty black-glazed porcelains unearthed at the Yingou site | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Provenance study of Tang-dynasty black-glazed porcelains unearthed at the Yingou site Caoyuan Ma, Hongjie Luo, Fen Wang, Jianfeng Zhu, Deyi Wang, Tian Wang, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8241520/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 21 Jan, 2026 Read the published version in npj Heritage Science → Version 1 posted 11 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study investigates the provenance of Tang-dynasty black-glazed porcelain excavated from the Yingou site in Fuping, Shaanxi, through comparative analysis with authenticated Tang-dynasty Yaozhou kiln samples. A multi-analytical approach combining EDXRF, ICP–MS, XRD, SEM–EDS and Raman spectroscopy reveals that the Yingou samples exhibit minimal internal variability and share the high-alumina, low-silica signature characteristic of northern porcelains. Their glaze compositions, microstructural features, and diffusion behaviours closely match those of the Yaozhou samples. Major, trace, and rare-earth-element patterns show substantial overlap, with no meaningful compositional separation. These results indicate that the black-glazed porcelains unearthed at the Yinguo site from the Tang Dynasty are very closely related in provenance to the black-glazed porcelains of the Tang-dynasty Yaozhou kiln. Although further sampling and stratigraphic integration could more precisely determine their place of origin, the existing evidence strongly supports that they share a common or highly similar production framework. Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Introduction The Yingou Site, as shown in Fig. 1 , located in Fuping County, Weinan City, Shaanxi Province, has been archaeologically confirmed as a large, multi-component archaeological complex encompassing diverse cultural sites, including urban foundations and ceramic relics. Before systematic excavations at the site, several locations from different historical periods had already been documented in the Fuping area. The site’s discovery provides crucial evidence for researching craft-production systems in northern China during the Tang and Song periods and attests to a strong continuity of regional civilization. Black-glazed porcelains plays a crucial role in the history of Chinese ceramics. Its firing techniques originated from the experimental stages of southern celadon kilns during the Eastern Han Dynasty. During the Tang Dynasty, northern kilns, building upon the expertise from southern porcelain production, achieved both maturity and innovation in black-glazed porcelain craftsmanship. By the Song Dynasty, black-glazed porcelain reached its zenith, driven by the popular culture of tea competitions. From 2011 to 2013, the Yingou site underwent systematic excavation for archaeological research purposes. The site includes a variety of kiln-like structures, such as round, semicircular, and horseshoe shapes, exhibit typical characteristics of northern kilns. Among the numerous porcelain samples recovered was a group of high quality black-glazed porcelains. These porcelains are distinguished by their refined craftsmanship, uniformly smooth and lustrous glazes, and minimal decorative patterns. Geographically, the Yingou site is located in close proximity to the renowned Yaozhou kilns. This geographical and administrative context has sparked ongoing scholarly debate over the provenance of the black-glazed porcelains excavated at the Yingou site: specifically, whether these Tang-dynasty porcelains were locally produced or from elsewhere? Junding Xia 1 carried out thermoluminescence (TL) dating on porcelain unearthed from the Yingou site. The results indicate that the celadon and black-glazed porcelain samples date to approximately 1200–1550 years ago, corresponding to the Tang dynasty. Chuan Li 2 analyzed the chemical compositions of the bodies and glazes of several black porcelain sherds unearthed from the Yingou site and compared them with Jian kiln black porcelain. The results indicate that the Yingou bodies are characterized by a distinct “high-alumina, low-silica” composition, thereby effectively excluding the possibility that the black-glazed porcelains from Yingou was produced at the Jian kiln. Song Liu 3 employed portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) to compare the chemical compositions of the bodies and glazes of Qingbai porcelain sherds unearthed from the Yingou site and the Hutian kiln. The results show that both belong to high silica, low alumina porcelains, but they differ markedly in several trace elements.Tiequan Zhu 4 , 5 investigated trace elements in the bodies of Qingbai porcelain from the Xicun kiln using LA-ICP-MS. The results indicate that thin-walled vessels unearthed at the Xicun kiln site were produced at the Hutian kiln, whereas thick-walled vessels were fired locally at Xicun. The concentrations of trace elements (V, Rb, Ba, Ta, Pb, and Th), together with the Nb/Ta ratio, can be used to discriminate between products from the Xicun and Chaozhou kilns. This approach further demonstrates the effectiveness of trace elements as indicators for determining ceramic provenance. Jingyi Shen 6 used LA-ICP-MS to investigate trace elements in the glazes of Yaozhou kiln celadon from the Tang to Five Dynasties periods and found that glazes with the same geological signature were employed across different historical periods. According to the literature, this raw material may correspond to the so-called “Fuping glaze stone”, providing strong material evidence for the close relationship between the Yingou site and the Yaozhou kiln. Ke Shi 7 conducted multiple analyses and characterizations of unearthed Jun-glazed wares—using ED-XRF, ICP-MS, and SEM-EDS—the results indicate that some of the artifacts unearthed in Inner Mongolia may have originated from the Ding kiln in Hebei, while other artifacts are very likely from the Jun kilns in central and western Henan. As discussed above, although some preliminary research has been carried out on the celadon and Qingbai porcelain unearthed at the Yingou site, very limited work has focused on black porcelain. Black porcelain is generally considered to be produced from relatively high grade raw materials with complex chemical compositions and compared with celadon and white porcelain, its manufacture depends more strongly on locally available resources. Consequently, provenance studies based on black porcelain are of particular importance for determining the place of production with greater accuracy. Previous studies have examined Yingou celadon, Qingbai porcelain, and regional clay resources, establishing that the area contains abundant kaolin and related raw materials suitable for ceramic production. Compositional analyses have excluded a Jian kiln origin and identified similarities and differences with other northern kilns. Trace-element studies on Yaozhou glazes further suggest that certain raw materials may have been sourced from the Fuping region. However, no study has yet undertaken a systematic, multi-method comparison specifically targeting Yingou black-glazed porcelain, despite its high provenance sensitivity and its greater reliance on local raw-material systems compared with celadon and white porcelains. This study addresses this gap by analyzing the major, trace, and rare-earth element compositions, mineralogical phases, and microstructural characteristics of Yingou black-glazed poecelains using EDXRF, ICP-MS, XRD, SEM–EDS, and Raman spectroscopy. By comparing 15 samples from Yingou site with 8 authenticated Tang-dynasty Yaozhou kiln black-glazed porcelains, we aim to clarify whether the Yingou black-glazed poecelains were locally produced or formed part of the Yaozhou technological system. Methods A total of 15 Tang-dynasty black-glazed porcelains excavated from the Yingou site and 8 Tang-dynasty black-glazed porcelains from Yaozhou kiln were selected for analysis, descriptions of their bodies and glazes are given in Table 1, and representative photos are shown in Fig. 2 . The samples were sectioned using an SYJ-160 low-speed cutting machine and then embedded in epoxy resin for subsequent analyses. Table.1. Samples selection Samples Kiln Appearance T-YG−1、T-YG−3 ~ 7、T-YG−9 ~ 17 Yingou archaeological Site Beige body、 black glaze surface T-YZY−1 ~ 8 Yaozhou kiln Grey body、 black glaze surface Cross-sections of all samples were examined using a KEYENCE VHX-7000 optical microscope to document microstructural features and to guide the selection of analytical points. The chemical compositions of the cross-sections were measured with an XGT-7200V X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRF). For each sample, three to five spots were selected on the body region while explicitly avoiding glaze–body transition zones to prevent compositional mixing. The instrument was operated at 30 kV and 0.8 mA with a 120 s acquisition time, and mean values were calculated for subsequent interpretation. Trace element concentrations were obtained using a NexION 5000 ICP-MS system. Prior to analysis, 100 mg of each powdered sample was digested in a closed-vessel system with a mixed acid matrix (HNO 3 -HF-HCl) at 180°C for 90 min. Excess HF was removed by repeated evaporation with HNO 3 . The digested solutions were diluted to 50 mL with ultrapure water. QA/QC procedures included analysis of procedural blanks, duplicate digestions (RSD < 5%), and the certified reference material GBW 07105 (Chinese pottery clay), which showed recoveries of 92–105%. Each ICP-MS measurement consisted of 20 scans and triplicate runs. Raman spectra were acquired using a Renishaw inVia confocal micro-Raman spectrometer to characterize crystalline phases at the glaze–body interface. A 532 nm excitation laser was applied at 1.31 mW to avoid thermal alteration, with an integration time of 10 s and three accumulations per spectrum. Raman spectral data were compared with the RRuff Raman standard spectral database (website: https://rruff.info/ ). The microstructure and elements were observed using a FlexSEM 1000II scanning electron microscope equipped with an EDS detector. The polished cross-section was coated with gold and analyzed at an accelerating voltage of 20 kV. Results and discussion The chemical compositions of all sample bodies are summarized in Table 2. The results indicate that the Tang-dynasty Yingou black-glazed porcelain bodies exhibit the typical high-alumina and low-silica characteristics of northern porcelains.The main oxide contents in the bodies are as follows: the mean SiO 2 content is 67.66%, and the mean Al 2 O 3 content is 21.91%. These values are very close to those of Tang-dynasty Yaozhou kiln samples (mean SiO 2 67.98%; mean Al 2 O 3 22.10%). This similarity suggests that the Tang-dynasty Yingou samples may have shared highly consistent raw-material choices and body recipes with those of the Yaozhou kiln. The Yingou site in Fuping County, Shaanxi Province, is located in close proximity to the Yaozhou kiln in Tongchuan City, Shaanxi Province. Given that raw materials for porcelain production were typically obtained locally, it is reasonable to infer that Yingou black porcelains most likely made use of kaolin or clay resources similar to, or even identical with, those exploited by the Yaozhou kiln, suggesting a relatively close geological relationship between the two areas. Table.2. XRF datas for body of all samples(wt%) Na 2 O MgO Al 2 O 3 SiO 2 P 2 O 5 K 2 O CaO TiO 2 MnO 2 Fe 2 O 3 T-YG-1 0.61 0.74 20.66 69.14 0.00 3.15 0.57 1.10 0.03 4.02 T-YG-3 1.56 1.13 22.40 66.83 0.00 1.76 0.47 1.80 0.01 4.04 T-YG-4 1.53 1.26 22.42 66.65 0.01 1.96 0.67 1.31 0.02 4.18 T-YG-5 1.76 0.68 21.56 67.82 0.00 2.33 0.48 1.26 0.06 4.08 T-YG-6 2.09 0.82 21.86 67.85 0.00 1.33 0.53 2.56 0.02 2.95 T-YG-7 0.64 0.91 21.70 66.96 0.03 2.00 0.61 1.40 0.03 5.72 T-YG-9 1.24 0.83 20.98 68.09 0.00 3.12 0.51 1.04 0.02 4.17 T-YG-10 0.78 1.21 25.37 65.58 0.00 1.89 0.51 1.97 0.01 2.68 T-YG-11 2.19 1.15 24.99 63.07 0.00 1.78 0.49 2.15 0.01 4.16 T-YG-12 1.00 0.89 22.82 68.40 0.00 1.92 0.48 1.62 0.01 2.85 T-YG-13 1.23 0.58 20.01 70.08 0.00 2.32 0.75 1.32 0.04 3.68 T-YG-14 0.67 1.22 22.55 65.75 0.00 2.47 0.56 1.69 0.03 5.06 T-YG-15 1.96 0.65 20.32 69.34 0.00 2.45 0.83 1.18 0.02 3.25 T-YG-16 1.01 0.93 19.35 71.70 0.00 1.80 0.50 1.91 0.01 2.79 T-YG-17 1.33 0.66 21.68 67.57 0.00 2.31 0.71 1.20 0.03 4.50 T-YZY-1 0.69 0.97 19.91 71.42 0.00 1.75 0.36 1.88 0.01 3.02 T-YZY-2 0.55 0.75 24.26 65.44 0.00 1.92 1.07 2.17 0.01 3.83 T-YZY-3 1.89 0.70 22.84 66.81 0.00 2.10 0.64 1.18 0.02 3.82 T-YZY-4 2.01 0.55 25.15 62.45 0.00 1.54 0.34 1.94 0.02 6.00 T-YZY-5 1.24 1.25 20.99 67.98 0.00 1.40 0.63 1.70 0.01 4.80 T-YZY-6 0.69 0.96 21.29 70.19 0.00 1.51 0.49 1.96 0.01 2.90 T-YZY-7 1.57 1.08 22.91 67.91 0.00 1.90 0.63 1.63 0.01 2.36 T-YZY-8 1.18 0.82 19.46 71.67 0.00 1.72 0.40 1.86 0.00 2.89 Figure 3 presents box plots of the main oxide contents in the bodies of the black porcelain samples. First, the Tang-dynasty Yingou samples and the Tang-dynasty Yaozhou kiln samples display very similar median values and dispersion ranges for SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , and MgO. Second, the TiO 2 contents of the Tang-dynasty Yingou samples (mean of 1.57%) differ only slightly from those of the Tang-dynasty Yaozhou kiln samples (mean 1.79%), and the Fe 2 O 3 contents of the Tang-dynasty Yingou samples (mean 3.88%) and the Tang-dynasty Yaozhou kiln samples (mean 3.77%) are similarly distributed and relatively high. During high temperature firing, the similar ionic radii of Ti 4+ , Fe 2+ , and Fe 3+ (rTi 4+ = 0.068 nm, rFe 2+ = 0.077 nm, rFe 3+ = 0.069 nm) 8 allow iron–titanium solid solutions to form readily, thereby producing a darker body color. Because the iron content in all samples is higher than the titanium content, the overall body color appears predominantly gray 9 .However, the relatively high TiO 2 contents of the Tang-dynasty Yaozhou kiln samples enhance the yellow component of the body color, resulting in an overall grayish-yellow appearance.These observations are consistent with those reported in reference 9 : black porcelain bodies from the Yaozhou kiln of the Tang dynasty are predominantly dark gray, with some examples appearing gray, yellow, or grayish-yellow in tone, and most are coarse and relatively heavy. With respect to fluxing components, the K 2 O contents of the Tang-dynasty Yaozhou kiln samples (median ≈ 1.73%) are slightly lower than those of the Tang-dynasty Yingou site samples (median ≈ 2.20%). This difference may reflect variations in the proportions of fluxing agents or raw materials used in the Yingou black porcelain bodies. The CaO contents of the Tang-dynasty Yingou and Yaozhou kiln samples differ very little (median values of 0.58% and 0.57%, respectively), suggesting that the calcareous content of the clays and the control of the firing atmosphere were broadly similar. A principal component analysis (PCA) was carried out on seven oxides (MgO, Al 2 O 3 , SiO 2 , K 2 O, CaO, TiO 2 and Fe 2 O 3 ) in the chemical-composition dataset for the sample bodies. Principal components 1 (34.6%) and 2 (27.7%) together account for 62.3% of the total variance, which adequately captures the overall differences among the samples. In the PC1–PC2 score plot, the two sample groups show substantial overlap with no clear boundary, indicating that their overall chemical compositions are similar and do not exhibit pronounced separation by provenance. In comparison, the T-YG samples exhibit greater dispersion along PC1, whereas the T-YZY samples are more tightly clustered. This slight separation occurs primarily along PC1 and is likely related to intrinsic factors such as variations in raw-material proportions within each group. Overall, however, the two groups show highly consistent body elemental compositions, indicating that the raw-material sources for the ceramic bodies were very similar. The chemical compositions of the glaze layers of the black porcelain samples are summarized in Table 3. For the Tang-dynasty black porcelain unearthed at the Yingou site, the mean SiO 2 and Al 2 O 3 contents are 64.66% and 11.86%, respectively, whereas for the Tang-dynasty Yaozhou kiln black porcelain samples the corresponding values are 66.27% and 10.51%. Because the T-YZY group has a higher SiO 2 content and a lower Al 2 O 3 content, the proportion of clay in the glaze is reduced, and the glaze is therefore expected to appear clearer (more transparent). Both T-YG (mean CaO 5.80%) and T-YZY (mean CaO 7.11%) contain relatively high amounts of CaO, which is conducive to enhancing the gloss and melt fluidity of the glaze 10 . Consequently, the glazes of both sample groups can be regarded as relatively high in quality. Both groups also show high Fe 2 O 3 contents (T-YG mean 7.81%; T-YZY mean 7.56%), indicating that iron is the principal chromophore responsible for the black glaze coloration in both sample groups, which is consistent with the established color-development mechanism of black-glazed porcelain. Table.3. XRF datas for glaze of all samples(wt%) Na 2 O MgO Al 2 O 3 SiO 2 P 2 O 5 K 2 O CaO TiO 2 MnO 2 Fe 2 O 3 T-YG-1 2.07 4.39 14.39 63.18 0.36 4.23 2.79 0.86 0.08 7.64 T-YG-3 4.02 3.93 9.91 62.56 0.01 3.16 7.46 0.63 0.13 8.20 T-YG-4 1.21 3.36 11.06 68.04 0.19 2.96 4.94 0.80 0.11 7.34 T-YG-5 1.52 3.11 11.68 64.91 0.13 4.51 5.61 0.78 0.12 7.63 T-YG-6 2.13 2.64 13.57 65.20 0.09 2.61 5.20 1.50 0.08 6.99 T-YG-7 1.71 3.39 12.31 64.75 0.04 2.81 5.52 0.83 0.16 8.48 T-YG-9 0.58 3.44 12.58 66.16 0.33 3.82 4.05 0.98 0.17 7.89 T-YG-10 3.32 3.22 10.65 64.83 0.00 2.75 7.84 0.69 0.12 6.58 T-YG-11 1.50 4.74 11.29 61.03 0.01 2.16 8.13 0.74 0.15 10.27 T-YG-12 0.52 3.22 13.33 67.53 0.13 3.07 4.06 1.00 0.10 7.04 T-YG-13 2.85 3.64 11.95 63.69 0.08 3.09 5.87 0.76 0.13 7.95 T-YG-14 0.79 3.39 12.35 64.34 1.74 2.91 6.31 0.85 0.11 7.21 T-YG-15 2.26 3.67 11.04 64.29 0.04 3.21 5.96 0.69 0.12 8.72 T-YG-16 4.44 3.88 10.71 63.74 0.12 2.60 6.23 0.64 0.13 7.50 T-YG-17 1.63 3.11 11.03 65.67 0.00 3.00 7.06 0.70 0.12 7.66 T-YZY-1 1.61 3.55 10.48 63.68 0.12 2.88 9.21 0.70 0.14 7.62 T-YZY-2 3.17 2.95 10.01 67.97 0.17 2.41 6.32 0.67 0.12 6.21 T-YZY-3 0.43 3.63 11.64 65.31 0.17 3.35 5.96 0.86 0.18 8.47 T-YZY-4 1.58 2.71 10.49 67.50 0.00 3.17 6.66 0.68 0.12 7.09 T-YZY-5 0.99 3.01 11.02 67.50 0.09 2.86 6.44 0.76 0.14 7.18 T-YZY-6 1.02 2.48 9.41 71.39 0.00 2.92 5.56 0.66 0.12 6.44 T-YZY-7 1.07 4.85 10.49 61.13 0.00 2.33 8.90 0.66 0.14 10.44 T-YZY-8 1.88 3.27 10.53 65.70 0.07 2.87 7.83 0.67 0.13 7.05 Cluster analysis based on seven oxides (MgO, Al 2 O 3 , SiO 2 , K 2 O,CaO, TiO 2 , and Fe 2 O 3 ) in the glaze composition datasets of the above samples was carried out, as shown in Fig. 4. Principal components 1, 2, and 3 (PC1 = 43.0%, PC2 = 32.4%, PC3 = 13.8%) together account for 89.2% of the total variance, indicating that these three components adequately capture the main differences among the samples. In the plot, each sphere represents an individual sample, and each ellipsoidal surface denotes the confidence region of a sample group in multidimensional space.As shown in the figure, the ellipsoids corresponding to the Tang-dynasty Yingou samples and the Tang-dynasty Yaozhou kiln samples are relatively compact and largely overlapping, and their confidence regions likewise exhibit a high degree of overlap. This indicates that the main chemical characteristics of the Tang-dynasty Yingou black porcelains and the Tang-dynasty Yaozhou kiln black porcelains are highly similar, and further suggests that the glaze composition ratios and technological control in the two sample groups are broadly comparable. The use of rare earth elements (REEs) in geochemical studies is now well established, and they have been widely employed as effective geochemical indicators 11 . According to previous studies, the types of raw materials used for porcelain production vary between regions, and the corresponding REE contents also differ. Moreover, because rare earth elements are highly stable, their abundances do not readily undergo significant changes over time 12 . Therefore, REE signatures can be used to constrain the provenance of the raw materials employed in the production of Tang-dynasty black porcelain unearthed at the Yingou site.In this study, the average rare earth element (REE) abundances of chondrites reported by Boynton (1984) 13 were used as the reference standard. Following published procedures 14 , 15 , 16 , the REE contents of the Tang-dynasty black porcelain samples excavated from the Yingou site were normalized to chondrite, and the logarithms of the normalized values were plotted with log-normalized REE content on the vertical axis and atomic number on the horizontal axis. In addition, trace elements such as Zr, Nb, Cr, Ni, V, Sr, Rb, Tl and Pb were employed as auxiliary tracers to more accurately constrain the provenance of the Tang-dynasty black porcelain samples from Yingou site. Table.4. ICP-MS datas of body from Tang Yingou site and Yaozhou kiln(ppm) Sample La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu T-YG-1 63.79 182.99 15.98 91.24 7.45 1.53 4.25 0.56 3.42 0.88 2.88 0.36 2.78 0.32 T-YG-4 33.03 93.21 9.62 52.54 5.13 1.10 3.05 0.42 2.49 0.81 2.42 0.31 2.53 0.26 T-YG-5 5.94 21.14 1.89 11.87 1.20 0.26 0.98 0.12 1.02 0.31 0.95 0.13 1.04 0.11 T-YG-9 5.16 14.06 1.78 8.87 1.45 0.28 1.25 0.19 1.56 0.50 1.64 0.21 1.70 0.20 T-YG-13 19.73 55.16 5.21 30.63 2.73 0.52 1.71 0.21 1.29 0.35 1.34 0.13 1.39 0.12 T-YZY-2 14.97 36.25 3.29 18.74 1.45 0.30 1.26 0.24 1.89 0.55 2.10 0.28 2.42 0.32 T-YZY-3 8.64 27.01 3.08 17.36 2.34 0.63 1.97 0.29 2.15 0.69 2.11 0.25 1.86 0.20 T-YZY-4 27.08 80.98 8.03 44.64 3.89 0.83 2.59 0.33 2.27 0.55 1.63 0.18 1.45 0.12 T-YZY-5 38.52 90.43 11.24 57.79 8.42 1.80 7.73 1.40 10.11 2.70 9.12 1.38 9.42 1.28 T-YZY-6 47.62 110.31 15.53 76.41 12.55 2.32 10.87 1.97 13.60 4.07 13.14 1.78 13.75 1.89 Sample Zr Nb Cr Ni V Sr Rb Tl Pb T-YG-1 377.51 11.54 58.41 101.07 20.88 0.15 64.75 0.71 33.22 T-YG-4 683.21 16.28 34.38 197.55 61.21 0.19 163.96 0.61 41.47 T-YG-5 306.32 10.57 56.49 101.10 20.85 0.13 51.61 1.04 36.80 T-YG-9 416.47 12.88 44.42 119.19 21.32 0.14 44.82 0.81 29.50 T-YG-13 427.76 10.84 65.99 93.90 22.65 0.11 73.16 0.99 43.25 T-YZY-2 755.57 26.07 21.52 172.45 35.35 0.20 95.99 0.51 34.35 T-YZY-3 406.59 11.84 44.09 111.31 40.65 0.21 90.16 0.84 48.06 T-YZY-4 552.01 20.57 66.10 204.49 68.70 0.14 168.83 0.51 48.41 T-YZY-5 545.45 21.32 35.49 136.40 26.12 0.42 117.84 0.38 38.53 T-YZY-6 681.24 24.17 33.59 142.30 34.00 0.43 126.28 0.34 40.61 Box plots were constructed for the nine trace elements listed in Table 4 (excluding the rare earth elements) to present the results more intuitively. As shown in Fig. 5 , the overall contents of Zr, Nb and Rb in the Tang-dynasty Yaozhou-kiln black-porcelain samples are slightly higher (Zr mostly 500–750 ppm, Nb mostly > 20 ppm, Rb mostly 90–170 ppm), whereas the Tang-dynasty black-porcelain samples unearthed from the Yingou site show relatively lower levels (Zr approximately 300–680 ppm, Nb approximately 10–16 ppm, Rb mostly 40–160 ppm).The median values and distribution ranges of Cr, Ni, Ti, V, Sr, Tl and Pb show a high degree of overlap, indicating that the two groups share broadly consistent patterns in key trace-element compositions. Although the Yaozhou kiln samples exhibit slightly higher contents of some elements (such as Zr, Nb and Rb), these differences are mainly expressed as minor trace-element enrichment, which is more likely related to sample-specific characteristics than to any fundamental difference in elemental provenance. Overall, the trace-element compositions of the two groups are therefore regarded as consistent, and the observed differences fall within the normal range of raw-material variability. The rare earth element (REE) distribution patterns for the ceramic bodies of Tang-dynasty black porcelain samples from the Yingou site and Tang-dynasty Yaozhou kiln black porcelain samples are shown in Fig. 6 . As illustrated, the overall REE distribution characteristics of the two sample sets are broadly consistent: the contents of the light REEs from La to Nd are markedly higher than those of the other REEs, with log 10 normalized values above 1. In addition, the REE distribution curves of the three sample groups are generally similar and follow nearly identical trends. These features indicate that the raw materials used to prepare the bodies of the two sets of black porcelain samples most likely derive from geologically similar sources. According to historical records, the Yaozhou kiln industry expanded progressively in area from the Tang to the Song dynasty, and large-scale ceramic remains uncovered in subsequent archaeological excavations led later generations to refer to the complex as the “ten-mile-long kiln site”. The porcelain clay used at the Yaozhou kilns was reportedly extracted from collapsed rock formations beneath the loess terraces on both banks of the Qishui River. In addition, “ni chi” clay was the principal body material used in the ancient Yaozhou kilns, with further sources located along the Xiaoqing River, at Tuhuang Gou and beneath nearby terraces 17 . These accounts indicate that more than one clay source existed in the vicinity of the ancient Yaozhou kiln sites 18 , which may also help to explain the slight differences in trace-element compositions observed in the ceramic bodies of the Yingou samples compared with those from the Yaozhou kiln 19 , 20 . The cross-sectional structures of representative black porcelain samples from different periods and locations were examined using an optical microscope (OM) with extended depth of field. As shown in Fig. 7 , the Tang-dynasty Yingou sample contains bubbles within the glaze and exhibits a fine black glaze layer; the body includes partially unmelted particles, has a beige tone and relatively coarse texture, and short needle-like crystals can be observed at the body–glaze interface. The Tang-dynasty Yaozhou kiln sample likewise contains bubbles in the glaze, with a dark-brown, relatively translucent glaze layer in which distinct layered colour bands can be seen near the surface; the body is rough and heavy, densely packed with fine particles and grey in colour, and the body–glaze interface is particularly prominent, displaying neatly arranged needle-like crystalline precipitates. Representative samples were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), and the results are presented in Fig. 8 . As shown in the figure, representative black-porcelain samples from the Yingou site and the Yaozhou kiln display distinct diffraction peaks at 2θ ≈ 16.3°, 26°, 33°, 35°, 40.8° and 60°, which match the standard reference pattern for mullite (3Al 2 O 3 ·2SiO 2 , PDF#89-2645). Characteristic peaks near 2θ ≈ 26.6°, 50° and 59° correspond to quartz (SiO 2 , PDF#65–0466), and the peak at around 2θ ≈ 21.9° is attributable to cristobalite (SiO 2 , PDF#39-1425). The diffraction-peak positions of the two sample groups are nearly identical over the range 2θ = 10°–80°, indicating that their main crystalline phases are essentially the same. To further compare the compositions and contents of the ceramic bodies and glazes, EDS elemental mapping and semi-quantitative analysis were carried out on polished cross-sections of the samples. As shown in Fig. 9 , the Si distribution in the bodies of T-YG-12 and T-YZY-7 exhibits pronounced blocky enrichment, which is most likely attributable to residual, incompletely melted quartz particles formed during firing. The spatial distribution of Si also differs between phases: in both T-YG-12 and T-YZY-7, Si enrichment in the glaze is markedly higher than in the body, whereas the Al distribution shows the opposite pattern, with stronger enrichment in the ceramic body than in the glaze. At the body–glaze interface, both T-YG-12 and T-YZY-7 display a distinct Ca-enriched band. Figure 10 shows the crystalline phases at the body–glaze interface of representative Tang-dynasty black porcelain samples from the Yingou site and the Yaozhou kiln, as identified by Raman spectroscopy. The peaks marked in red in T-YG-12 (198, 484, 506, 556 and 768 cm − 1 ) and T-YZY-7 (484, 506, 556 and 761 cm − 1 ) correspond to anorthite. In addition, the peaks near 678 cm − 1 (T-YG-12) and 667 cm − 1 (T-YZY-7) are identified, on the basis of comparison with the Raman database, as O–Si–O asymmetric stretching vibrations in SiO 2 crystals.In addition, the band at 205 cm − 1 observed in T-YZY-7 is consistent with the characteristic Raman band of quartz, whereas the bands at 983 cm − 1 in T-YG-12 and 999 cm − 1 in T-YZY-7 are attributable to vibrations of the glassy phase 21 . This behaviour is likely due to the crystals being located very close to the glaze layer, so that during Raman analysis the laser spot simultaneously excites signals from the adjacent glassy matrix 22 . The foregoing spectroscopic and phase analyses indicate that the Yingou black porcelains were produced using mature firing technology, yield high quality porcelains, and basically similar to Yaozhou kiln black porcelain. Conclusion On the basis of the foregoing experimental analyses and discussion of the results, the following conclusions can be drawn: The major oxides in the bodies of both sample groups display the typical high alumina, low silica characteristics of northern porcelains. The glaze are calcium-alkaline glaze dominated by CaO + MgO, with Na 2 O + K 2 O as subordinate fluxes, and the relatively high Fe 2 O 3 contents are consistent with the development of black glaze coloration. XRD analyses show that the principal crystalline phases in the bodies of both groups are mullite, quartz and cristobalite. Cross-sectional microscopy combined with elemental mapping reveals similar body–glaze transition zones and Ca-enriched bands, and Raman spectroscopy identifies these as anorthite, indicating an overall consistency in technological tradition between the two sample groups. The shapes of the rare earth element distribution curves and the positions of their peaks and troughs are generally consistent, indicating that the clay raw materials derive from similar geological sources. Although trace elements such as Zr, Nb and Rb are slightly enriched in the Yaozhou samples, the overall trace-element patterns overlap closely and remain within the normal range of variability expected for the raw materials. Integrating compositional, microstructural, and REE evidence, the Tang-dynasty black-glazed porcelains from the Yingou site and those from the Yaozhou kiln clearly derive from the same or highly comparable raw-material and production system. Although future work should expand the sample pool and incorporate stratigraphic constraints, the conclusions established here remain well supported by the current analytical dataset. Declarations Author contributions Caoyuan Ma was responsible for the experimental work and wrote both the initial draft and the final version. Hongjie Luo is responsible for overall supervision and providing methodology. Fen Wang was involved in the experimental design and drafting of the manuscript. Jianfeng Zhu provided financial support and experimental design. Deyi Wang provided samples support. Tian Wang provided support for the testing equipment. Chen Chen provided the parts of the article manuscript involved. Data availability Data is provided within the manuscript or supplementary information files. Funding Declaration This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 52272020), the Shaanxi Province Technology Innovation Guidance Special Project (2024QY-SZX-04), and the Central Guidance Fund for Local Science and Technology Development Project (2024ZY-JCYJ-04-06). Competing interests The author declares no competing interests. Publish declaration All authors have agreed to the publication of this manuscript. Ethical approval This study did not involve human participants, human tissue, personal data, animals, or any procedures requiring ethical approval. According to the institutional guidelines of the Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, research involving archaeological ceramic sherds does not fall under the scope of ethics committee or institutional review board oversight. Therefore, no ethical review or approval was required, and all analyses were conducted in accordance with institutional and national research guidelines. References Xia J, Wang D. TL dating of porcelains from Fuping Yingou remains in Shaanxi(富平银沟遗址陶瓷标本热释光测年研究). China Ceramics . S1, 50–65 + 190 (2017). (in Chinese). Li C, Zhang X. Considerations to Fuping Yingou ceramic specimens from technological perspective(关于富平银沟遗址陶瓷标本的工艺思考). China Ceramics . S1, 107–121 + 189 (2017). (in Chinese). Liu S, Li Q. Chemical analysis of glaze and body for ceramic wares collected from Yingou site in Fuping(富平银沟遗址陶瓷标本胎釉化学成分检测). China Ceramics . S1, 66–81 + 189 (2017). (in Chinese). Zhu T, et al. Study on the provenance of Xicun Qingbai wares from the northern Song dynasty of China. Archaeometry. 2012;54:475–88. Wang M, Zhu T, Zhang W, Mai D, Huang J. Provenance of Qingbai wares from Shabian kiln archaeological site in the Northern Song dynasty using XRF and LA-ICP‐MS*. Archaeometry. 2020;62:538–49. Shen J, et al. Chemical and strontium isotope analysis of Yaozhou celadon glaze. Archaeometry. 2019;61:1039–52. Shi K, Yong M, Dong L. Composition and microstructure of Yuan Dynasty Jun glazed stoneware from Yanjialiang site, Inner Mongolia, China. npj Herit. 2025;13:157. Shi P, et al. Coloring and translucency mechanisms of Five dynasty celadon body from Yaozhou kiln. Ceram Int. 2017;43:11616–22. Hay R, Haider S, AlTantawi A, Celik K. Color modification of ceramics with controlled firing. 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J Cult Herit. 2008;9:55–60. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 21 Jan, 2026 Read the published version in npj Heritage Science → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 22 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 22 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 18 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 16 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 10 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 10 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 10 Dec, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 09 Dec, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 09 Dec, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 09 Dec, 2025 First submitted to journal 09 Dec, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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14:48:19","extension":"html","order_by":24,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":145060,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8241520/v1/15e41e668b242776e5ed4de7.html"},{"id":98237435,"identity":"7ad2fb90-4603-4373-8603-bbd574326f9a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-15 14:48:18","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":285748,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGeographical location map of the Yingou site and Yaozhou kiln\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8241520/v1/486bc735e5d6c86d68910c1e.png"},{"id":98433430,"identity":"6543b0e7-07b1-4a8d-81d0-d0b15b408345","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-17 16:50:44","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":248852,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePhotos of the black porcelain from Tang Dynasty Yingou site and Yaozhou kiln\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8241520/v1/e7e30f678017f9a871f8279e.png"},{"id":98432921,"identity":"a3479482-db03-4919-a923-57586fc948de","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-17 16:50:07","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":296035,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDistribution maps of major oxide contents and principal component analysis (PCA) of samples from Yingou site and Yaozhou kiln.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8241520/v1/770263c6378cf21c7b213ccd.png"},{"id":98434401,"identity":"1b16e5eb-8678-4639-a4ab-28fda8068750","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-17 16:52:03","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":296016,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e3D Cluster Analysis of Glaze Layers on Samples from Yingou site and Yaozhou kiln\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8241520/v1/937f727642b60da134e4a6f7.png"},{"id":98237445,"identity":"bc8c468d-0934-4d1b-ab58-2a23f8f9b2e4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-15 14:48:18","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":273523,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eBox plots of trace elements in representative samples from Yingou site and Yaozhou kiln\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8241520/v1/011c7fd0719a7934699b2fd4.png"},{"id":98432506,"identity":"6c4422ae-f2b1-4b30-b362-9577b1b3b48e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-17 16:49:37","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":246500,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDistribution pattern of rare earth elements in representative samples from Yingou site and Yaozhou kiln\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8241520/v1/b1295fba3ba3af6b071502b2.png"},{"id":98237442,"identity":"29f96f04-30a7-4c11-bcaf-4923617282e3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-15 14:48:18","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":189929,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(a)-(b):OM images of the cross-section of T-YG-12 and T-YZY-7\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8241520/v1/802287f93fb68c89ba28ee8d.png"},{"id":98434444,"identity":"395e4039-11db-4055-848a-182187896409","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-17 16:52:08","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":250588,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eXRD pattern of body of representative samples from Yingou site and Yaozhou kiln\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8241520/v1/6a04df175eefe377ab70aae2.png"},{"id":98432537,"identity":"d995a97e-5617-40c3-b483-9b343da9f278","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-17 16:49:40","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":990768,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(a)-(b):Elemental mapping distribution of Si、Al、Fe、Ca and Mg in the cross-section of T-YG-12 and T-YZY-7\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8241520/v1/05d15c8d4c1519580ffe6a61.png"},{"id":98237449,"identity":"e2a74e43-51c6-493e-9f60-0056bffa85ea","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-15 14:48:18","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":251997,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eRaman spectras of crystal at Glaze-body interface of T-YG-12 and T-YZY-7\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8241520/v1/9860715612ee23049037ed64.png"},{"id":101151735,"identity":"010f31ea-c980-42f1-8db7-65af0e8bb1f1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-26 16:03:47","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":4267999,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8241520/v1/47c7786e-620e-405d-b275-c788925a5962.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Provenance study of Tang-dynasty black-glazed porcelains unearthed at the Yingou site","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe Yingou Site, as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, located in Fuping County, Weinan City, Shaanxi Province, has been archaeologically confirmed as a large, multi-component archaeological complex encompassing diverse cultural sites, including urban foundations and ceramic relics. Before systematic excavations at the site, several locations from different historical periods had already been documented in the Fuping area. The site\u0026rsquo;s discovery provides crucial evidence for researching craft-production systems in northern China during the Tang and Song periods and attests to a strong continuity of regional civilization.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBlack-glazed porcelains plays a crucial role in the history of Chinese ceramics. Its firing techniques originated from the experimental stages of southern celadon kilns during the Eastern Han Dynasty. During the Tang Dynasty, northern kilns, building upon the expertise from southern porcelain production, achieved both maturity and innovation in black-glazed porcelain craftsmanship. By the Song Dynasty, black-glazed porcelain reached its zenith, driven by the popular culture of tea competitions. From 2011 to 2013, the Yingou site underwent systematic excavation for archaeological research purposes. The site includes a variety of kiln-like structures, such as round, semicircular, and horseshoe shapes, exhibit typical characteristics of northern kilns. Among the numerous porcelain samples recovered was a group of high quality black-glazed porcelains. These porcelains are distinguished by their refined craftsmanship, uniformly smooth and lustrous glazes, and minimal decorative patterns. Geographically, the Yingou site is located in close proximity to the renowned Yaozhou kilns. This geographical and administrative context has sparked ongoing scholarly debate over the provenance of the black-glazed porcelains excavated at the Yingou site: specifically, whether these Tang-dynasty porcelains were locally produced or from elsewhere?\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eJunding Xia\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e carried out thermoluminescence (TL) dating on porcelain unearthed from the Yingou site. The results indicate that the celadon and black-glazed porcelain samples date to approximately 1200\u0026ndash;1550 years ago, corresponding to the Tang dynasty. Chuan Li\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e analyzed the chemical compositions of the bodies and glazes of several black porcelain sherds unearthed from the Yingou site and compared them with Jian kiln black porcelain. The results indicate that the Yingou bodies are characterized by a distinct \u0026ldquo;high-alumina, low-silica\u0026rdquo; composition, thereby effectively excluding the possibility that the black-glazed porcelains from Yingou was produced at the Jian kiln. Song Liu\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e employed portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) to compare the chemical compositions of the bodies and glazes of Qingbai porcelain sherds unearthed from the Yingou site and the Hutian kiln. The results show that both belong to high silica, low alumina porcelains, but they differ markedly in several trace elements.Tiequan Zhu\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e investigated trace elements in the bodies of Qingbai porcelain from the Xicun kiln using LA-ICP-MS. The results indicate that thin-walled vessels unearthed at the Xicun kiln site were produced at the Hutian kiln, whereas thick-walled vessels were fired locally at Xicun. The concentrations of trace elements (V, Rb, Ba, Ta, Pb, and Th), together with the Nb/Ta ratio, can be used to discriminate between products from the Xicun and Chaozhou kilns. This approach further demonstrates the effectiveness of trace elements as indicators for determining ceramic provenance. Jingyi Shen\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e used LA-ICP-MS to investigate trace elements in the glazes of Yaozhou kiln celadon from the Tang to Five Dynasties periods and found that glazes with the same geological signature were employed across different historical periods. According to the literature, this raw material may correspond to the so-called \u0026ldquo;Fuping glaze stone\u0026rdquo;, providing strong material evidence for the close relationship between the Yingou site and the Yaozhou kiln. Ke Shi\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e conducted multiple analyses and characterizations of unearthed Jun-glazed wares\u0026mdash;using ED-XRF, ICP-MS, and SEM-EDS\u0026mdash;the results indicate that some of the artifacts unearthed in Inner Mongolia may have originated from the Ding kiln in Hebei, while other artifacts are very likely from the Jun kilns in central and western Henan. As discussed above, although some preliminary research has been carried out on the celadon and Qingbai porcelain unearthed at the Yingou site, very limited work has focused on black porcelain. Black porcelain is generally considered to be produced from relatively high grade raw materials with complex chemical compositions and compared with celadon and white porcelain, its manufacture depends more strongly on locally available resources. Consequently, provenance studies based on black porcelain are of particular importance for determining the place of production with greater accuracy.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrevious studies have examined Yingou celadon, Qingbai porcelain, and regional clay resources, establishing that the area contains abundant kaolin and related raw materials suitable for ceramic production. Compositional analyses have excluded a Jian kiln origin and identified similarities and differences with other northern kilns. Trace-element studies on Yaozhou glazes further suggest that certain raw materials may have been sourced from the Fuping region. However, no study has yet undertaken a systematic, multi-method comparison specifically targeting Yingou black-glazed porcelain, despite its high provenance sensitivity and its greater reliance on local raw-material systems compared with celadon and white porcelains.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study addresses this gap by analyzing the major, trace, and rare-earth element compositions, mineralogical phases, and microstructural characteristics of Yingou black-glazed poecelains using EDXRF, ICP-MS, XRD, SEM\u0026ndash;EDS, and Raman spectroscopy. By comparing 15 samples from Yingou site with 8 authenticated Tang-dynasty Yaozhou kiln black-glazed porcelains, we aim to clarify whether the Yingou black-glazed poecelains were locally produced or formed part of the Yaozhou technological system.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eA total of 15 Tang-dynasty black-glazed porcelains excavated from the Yingou site and 8 Tang-dynasty black-glazed porcelains from Yaozhou kiln were selected for analysis, descriptions of their bodies and glazes are given in Table\u0026nbsp;1, and representative photos are shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. The samples were sectioned using an SYJ-160 low-speed cutting machine and then embedded in epoxy resin for subsequent analyses.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable.1.\u003c/b\u003e Samples selection\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSamples\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKiln\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAppearance\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT-YG\u0026minus;1、T-YG\u0026minus;3\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;7、T-YG\u0026minus;9\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYingou archaeological Site\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBeige body、\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eblack glaze surface\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT-YZY\u0026minus;1\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYaozhou kiln\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrey body、\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eblack glaze surface\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCross-sections of all samples were examined using a KEYENCE VHX-7000 optical microscope to document microstructural features and to guide the selection of analytical points. The chemical compositions of the cross-sections were measured with an XGT-7200V X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRF). For each sample, three to five spots were selected on the body region while explicitly avoiding glaze\u0026ndash;body transition zones to prevent compositional mixing. The instrument was operated at 30 kV and 0.8 mA with a 120 s acquisition time, and mean values were calculated for subsequent interpretation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTrace element concentrations were obtained using a NexION 5000 ICP-MS system. Prior to analysis, 100 mg of each powdered sample was digested in a closed-vessel system with a mixed acid matrix (HNO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e-HF-HCl) at 180\u0026deg;C for 90 min. Excess HF was removed by repeated evaporation with HNO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e. The digested solutions were diluted to 50 mL with ultrapure water. QA/QC procedures included analysis of procedural blanks, duplicate digestions (RSD\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;5%), and the certified reference material GBW 07105 (Chinese pottery clay), which showed recoveries of 92\u0026ndash;105%. Each ICP-MS measurement consisted of 20 scans and triplicate runs.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRaman spectra were acquired using a Renishaw inVia confocal micro-Raman spectrometer to characterize crystalline phases at the glaze\u0026ndash;body interface. A 532 nm excitation laser was applied at 1.31 mW to avoid thermal alteration, with an integration time of 10 s and three accumulations per spectrum. Raman spectral data were compared with the RRuff Raman standard spectral database (website: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://rruff.info/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://rruff.info/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe microstructure and elements were observed using a FlexSEM 1000II scanning electron microscope equipped with an EDS detector. The polished cross-section was coated with gold and analyzed at an accelerating voltage of 20 kV.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results and discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe chemical compositions of all sample bodies are summarized in Table\u0026nbsp;2. The results indicate that the Tang-dynasty Yingou black-glazed porcelain bodies exhibit the typical high-alumina and low-silica characteristics of northern porcelains.The main oxide contents in the bodies are as follows: the mean SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e content is 67.66%, and the mean Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e content is 21.91%. These values are very close to those of Tang-dynasty Yaozhou kiln samples (mean SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e 67.98%; mean Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e 22.10%). This similarity suggests that the Tang-dynasty Yingou samples may have shared highly consistent raw-material choices and body recipes with those of the Yaozhou kiln. The Yingou site in Fuping County, Shaanxi Province, is located in close proximity to the Yaozhou kiln in Tongchuan City, Shaanxi Province. Given that raw materials for porcelain production were typically obtained locally, it is reasonable to infer that Yingou black porcelains most likely made use of kaolin or clay resources similar to, or even identical with, those exploited by the Yaozhou kiln, suggesting a relatively close geological relationship between the two areas.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable.2.\u003c/b\u003e XRF datas for body of all samples(wt%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabb\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"11\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNa\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMgO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eK\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCaO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMnO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT-YG-1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e69.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT-YG-3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT-YG-4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT-YG-5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e67.82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT-YG-6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e67.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT-YG-7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT-YG-9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e68.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT-YG-10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT-YG-11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.99\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT-YG-12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e68.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT-YG-13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e70.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT-YG-14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT-YG-15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e69.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT-YG-16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e71.70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT-YG-17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e67.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT-YZY-1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e71.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT-YZY-2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT-YZY-3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66.81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT-YZY-4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT-YZY-5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.99\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e67.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT-YZY-6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e70.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT-YZY-7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e67.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT-YZY-8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e71.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e presents box plots of the main oxide contents in the bodies of the black porcelain samples. First, the Tang-dynasty Yingou samples and the Tang-dynasty Yaozhou kiln samples display very similar median values and dispersion ranges for SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, and MgO. Second, the TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e contents of the Tang-dynasty Yingou samples (mean of 1.57%) differ only slightly from those of the Tang-dynasty Yaozhou kiln samples (mean 1.79%), and the Fe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e contents of the Tang-dynasty Yingou samples (mean 3.88%) and the Tang-dynasty Yaozhou kiln samples (mean 3.77%) are similarly distributed and relatively high. During high temperature firing, the similar ionic radii of Ti\u003csup\u003e4+\u003c/sup\u003e, Fe\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e, and Fe\u003csup\u003e3+\u003c/sup\u003e (rTi\u003csup\u003e4+\u003c/sup\u003e = 0.068 nm, rFe\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e = 0.077 nm, rFe\u003csup\u003e3+\u003c/sup\u003e = 0.069 nm)\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e allow iron\u0026ndash;titanium solid solutions to form readily, thereby producing a darker body color. Because the iron content in all samples is higher than the titanium content, the overall body color appears predominantly gray\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.However, the relatively high TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e contents of the Tang-dynasty Yaozhou kiln samples enhance the yellow component of the body color, resulting in an overall grayish-yellow appearance.These observations are consistent with those reported in reference\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e: black porcelain bodies from the Yaozhou kiln of the Tang dynasty are predominantly dark gray, with some examples appearing gray, yellow, or grayish-yellow in tone, and most are coarse and relatively heavy.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWith respect to fluxing components, the K\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO contents of the Tang-dynasty Yaozhou kiln samples (median\u0026thinsp;\u0026asymp;\u0026thinsp;1.73%) are slightly lower than those of the Tang-dynasty Yingou site samples (median\u0026thinsp;\u0026asymp;\u0026thinsp;2.20%). This difference may reflect variations in the proportions of fluxing agents or raw materials used in the Yingou black porcelain bodies. The CaO contents of the Tang-dynasty Yingou and Yaozhou kiln samples differ very little (median values of 0.58% and 0.57%, respectively), suggesting that the calcareous content of the clays and the control of the firing atmosphere were broadly similar.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA principal component analysis (PCA) was carried out on seven oxides (MgO, Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, K\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO, CaO, TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and Fe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e) in the chemical-composition dataset for the sample bodies. Principal components 1 (34.6%) and 2 (27.7%) together account for 62.3% of the total variance, which adequately captures the overall differences among the samples. In the PC1\u0026ndash;PC2 score plot, the two sample groups show substantial overlap with no clear boundary, indicating that their overall chemical compositions are similar and do not exhibit pronounced separation by provenance. In comparison, the T-YG samples exhibit greater dispersion along PC1, whereas the T-YZY samples are more tightly clustered. This slight separation occurs primarily along PC1 and is likely related to intrinsic factors such as variations in raw-material proportions within each group. Overall, however, the two groups show highly consistent body elemental compositions, indicating that the raw-material sources for the ceramic bodies were very similar.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe chemical compositions of the glaze layers of the black porcelain samples are summarized in Table\u0026nbsp;3. For the Tang-dynasty black porcelain unearthed at the Yingou site, the mean SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e contents are 64.66% and 11.86%, respectively, whereas for the Tang-dynasty Yaozhou kiln black porcelain samples the corresponding values are 66.27% and 10.51%. Because the T-YZY group has a higher SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e content and a lower Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e content, the proportion of clay in the glaze is reduced, and the glaze is therefore expected to appear clearer (more transparent). Both T-YG (mean CaO 5.80%) and T-YZY (mean CaO 7.11%) contain relatively high amounts of CaO, which is conducive to enhancing the gloss and melt fluidity of the glaze\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Consequently, the glazes of both sample groups can be regarded as relatively high in quality. Both groups also show high Fe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e contents (T-YG mean 7.81%; T-YZY mean 7.56%), indicating that iron is the principal chromophore responsible for the black glaze coloration in both sample groups, which is consistent with the established color-development mechanism of black-glazed porcelain.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable.3.\u003c/b\u003e XRF datas for glaze of all samples(wt%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabc\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"11\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNa\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMgO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eK\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCaO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMnO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT-YG-1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT-YG-3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT-YG-4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e68.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT-YG-5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT-YG-6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.99\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT-YG-7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT-YG-9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT-YG-10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT-YG-11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e61.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT-YG-12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e67.53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT-YG-13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT-YG-14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT-YG-15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT-YG-16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT-YG-17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT-YZY-1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT-YZY-2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e67.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT-YZY-3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT-YZY-4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e67.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT-YZY-5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e67.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT-YZY-6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e71.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT-YZY-7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e61.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT-YZY-8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65.70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCluster analysis based on seven oxides (MgO, Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, K\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO,CaO, TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, and Fe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e) in the glaze composition datasets of the above samples was carried out, as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;4. Principal components 1, 2, and 3 (PC1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;43.0%, PC2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;32.4%, PC3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;13.8%) together account for 89.2% of the total variance, indicating that these three components adequately capture the main differences among the samples. In the plot, each sphere represents an individual sample, and each ellipsoidal surface denotes the confidence region of a sample group in multidimensional space.As shown in the figure, the ellipsoids corresponding to the Tang-dynasty Yingou samples and the Tang-dynasty Yaozhou kiln samples are relatively compact and largely overlapping, and their confidence regions likewise exhibit a high degree of overlap. This indicates that the main chemical characteristics of the Tang-dynasty Yingou black porcelains and the Tang-dynasty Yaozhou kiln black porcelains are highly similar, and further suggests that the glaze composition ratios and technological control in the two sample groups are broadly comparable.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe use of rare earth elements (REEs) in geochemical studies is now well established, and they have been widely employed as effective geochemical indicators\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. According to previous studies, the types of raw materials used for porcelain production vary between regions, and the corresponding REE contents also differ. Moreover, because rare earth elements are highly stable, their abundances do not readily undergo significant changes over time\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Therefore, REE signatures can be used to constrain the provenance of the raw materials employed in the production of Tang-dynasty black porcelain unearthed at the Yingou site.In this study, the average rare earth element (REE) abundances of chondrites reported by Boynton (1984)\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e were used as the reference standard. Following published procedures\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, the REE contents of the Tang-dynasty black porcelain samples excavated from the Yingou site were normalized to chondrite, and the logarithms of the normalized values were plotted with log-normalized REE content on the vertical axis and atomic number on the horizontal axis. In addition, trace elements such as Zr, Nb, Cr, Ni, V, Sr, Rb, Tl and Pb were employed as auxiliary tracers to more accurately constrain the provenance of the Tang-dynasty black porcelain samples from Yingou site.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable.4.\u003c/b\u003eICP-MS datas of body from Tang Yingou site and Yaozhou kiln(ppm)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabd\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"23\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c14\" colnum=\"14\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c15\" colnum=\"15\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c16\" colnum=\"16\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c17\" colnum=\"17\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c18\" colnum=\"18\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c19\" colnum=\"19\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c20\" colnum=\"20\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c21\" colnum=\"21\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c22\" colnum=\"22\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c23\" colnum=\"23\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSample\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLa\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCe\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePr\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNd\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSm\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEu\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGd\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTb\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDy\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEr\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTm\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c22\" namest=\"c21\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYb\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c23\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLu\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT-YG-1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e182.99\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e91.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c22\" namest=\"c21\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c23\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT-YG-4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e93.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52.54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c22\" namest=\"c21\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c23\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT-YG-5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c22\" namest=\"c21\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c23\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT-YG-9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c22\" namest=\"c21\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c23\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT-YG-13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c22\" namest=\"c21\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c23\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT-YZY-2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c22\" namest=\"c21\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c23\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT-YZY-3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c22\" namest=\"c21\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c23\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT-YZY-4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c22\" namest=\"c21\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c23\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT-YZY-5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38.52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e90.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c22\" namest=\"c21\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c23\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT-YZY-6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47.62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e110.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76.41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c22\" namest=\"c21\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c23\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSample\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eZr\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNb\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCr\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNi\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSr\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRb\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTl\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c23\" namest=\"c22\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePb\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT-YG-1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e377.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58.41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e101.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c23\" namest=\"c22\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT-YG-4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e683.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e197.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e61.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e163.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c23\" namest=\"c22\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT-YG-5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e306.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56.49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e101.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c23\" namest=\"c22\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT-YG-9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e416.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e119.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44.82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c23\" namest=\"c22\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT-YG-13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e427.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65.99\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e93.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e73.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c23\" namest=\"c22\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT-YZY-2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e755.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e172.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e95.99\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c23\" namest=\"c22\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT-YZY-3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e406.59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e111.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e90.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c23\" namest=\"c22\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT-YZY-4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e552.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e204.49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e68.70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e168.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c23\" namest=\"c22\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48.41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT-YZY-5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e545.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e136.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e117.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c23\" namest=\"c22\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38.53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT-YZY-6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e681.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e142.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e126.28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c23\" namest=\"c22\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBox plots were constructed for the nine trace elements listed in Table\u0026nbsp;4 (excluding the rare earth elements) to present the results more intuitively. As shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, the overall contents of Zr, Nb and Rb in the Tang-dynasty Yaozhou-kiln black-porcelain samples are slightly higher (Zr mostly 500\u0026ndash;750 ppm, Nb mostly\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;20 ppm, Rb mostly 90\u0026ndash;170 ppm), whereas the Tang-dynasty black-porcelain samples unearthed from the Yingou site show relatively lower levels (Zr approximately 300\u0026ndash;680 ppm, Nb approximately 10\u0026ndash;16 ppm, Rb mostly 40\u0026ndash;160 ppm).The median values and distribution ranges of Cr, Ni, Ti, V, Sr, Tl and Pb show a high degree of overlap, indicating that the two groups share broadly consistent patterns in key trace-element compositions. Although the Yaozhou kiln samples exhibit slightly higher contents of some elements (such as Zr, Nb and Rb), these differences are mainly expressed as minor trace-element enrichment, which is more likely related to sample-specific characteristics than to any fundamental difference in elemental provenance. Overall, the trace-element compositions of the two groups are therefore regarded as consistent, and the observed differences fall within the normal range of raw-material variability.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe rare earth element (REE) distribution patterns for the ceramic bodies of Tang-dynasty black porcelain samples from the Yingou site and Tang-dynasty Yaozhou kiln black porcelain samples are shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e. As illustrated, the overall REE distribution characteristics of the two sample sets are broadly consistent: the contents of the light REEs from La to Nd are markedly higher than those of the other REEs, with log\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e normalized values above 1. In addition, the REE distribution curves of the three sample groups are generally similar and follow nearly identical trends. These features indicate that the raw materials used to prepare the bodies of the two sets of black porcelain samples most likely derive from geologically similar sources.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccording to historical records, the Yaozhou kiln industry expanded progressively in area from the Tang to the Song dynasty, and large-scale ceramic remains uncovered in subsequent archaeological excavations led later generations to refer to the complex as the \u0026ldquo;ten-mile-long kiln site\u0026rdquo;. The porcelain clay used at the Yaozhou kilns was reportedly extracted from collapsed rock formations beneath the loess terraces on both banks of the Qishui River. In addition, \u0026ldquo;ni chi\u0026rdquo; clay was the principal body material used in the ancient Yaozhou kilns, with further sources located along the Xiaoqing River, at Tuhuang Gou and beneath nearby terraces\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. These accounts indicate that more than one clay source existed in the vicinity of the ancient Yaozhou kiln sites\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, which may also help to explain the slight differences in trace-element compositions observed in the ceramic bodies of the Yingou samples compared with those from the Yaozhou kiln\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe cross-sectional structures of representative black porcelain samples from different periods and locations were examined using an optical microscope (OM) with extended depth of field. As shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, the Tang-dynasty Yingou sample contains bubbles within the glaze and exhibits a fine black glaze layer; the body includes partially unmelted particles, has a beige tone and relatively coarse texture, and short needle-like crystals can be observed at the body\u0026ndash;glaze interface. The Tang-dynasty Yaozhou kiln sample likewise contains bubbles in the glaze, with a dark-brown, relatively translucent glaze layer in which distinct layered colour bands can be seen near the surface; the body is rough and heavy, densely packed with fine particles and grey in colour, and the body\u0026ndash;glaze interface is particularly prominent, displaying neatly arranged needle-like crystalline precipitates.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRepresentative samples were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), and the results are presented in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e. As shown in the figure, representative black-porcelain samples from the Yingou site and the Yaozhou kiln display distinct diffraction peaks at 2θ\u0026thinsp;\u0026asymp;\u0026thinsp;16.3\u0026deg;, 26\u0026deg;, 33\u0026deg;, 35\u0026deg;, 40.8\u0026deg; and 60\u0026deg;, which match the standard reference pattern for mullite (3Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026middot;2SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, PDF#89-2645). Characteristic peaks near 2θ\u0026thinsp;\u0026asymp;\u0026thinsp;26.6\u0026deg;, 50\u0026deg; and 59\u0026deg; correspond to quartz (SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, PDF#65\u0026ndash;0466), and the peak at around 2θ\u0026thinsp;\u0026asymp;\u0026thinsp;21.9\u0026deg; is attributable to cristobalite (SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, PDF#39-1425). The diffraction-peak positions of the two sample groups are nearly identical over the range 2θ\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10\u0026deg;\u0026ndash;80\u0026deg;, indicating that their main crystalline phases are essentially the same.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo further compare the compositions and contents of the ceramic bodies and glazes, EDS elemental mapping and semi-quantitative analysis were carried out on polished cross-sections of the samples. As shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, the Si distribution in the bodies of T-YG-12 and T-YZY-7 exhibits pronounced blocky enrichment, which is most likely attributable to residual, incompletely melted quartz particles formed during firing. The spatial distribution of Si also differs between phases: in both T-YG-12 and T-YZY-7, Si enrichment in the glaze is markedly higher than in the body, whereas the Al distribution shows the opposite pattern, with stronger enrichment in the ceramic body than in the glaze. At the body\u0026ndash;glaze interface, both T-YG-12 and T-YZY-7 display a distinct Ca-enriched band.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e shows the crystalline phases at the body\u0026ndash;glaze interface of representative Tang-dynasty black porcelain samples from the Yingou site and the Yaozhou kiln, as identified by Raman spectroscopy. The peaks marked in red in T-YG-12 (198, 484, 506, 556 and 768 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e ) and T-YZY-7 (484, 506, 556 and 761 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e ) correspond to anorthite. In addition, the peaks near 678 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (T-YG-12) and 667 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (T-YZY-7) are identified, on the basis of comparison with the Raman database, as O\u0026ndash;Si\u0026ndash;O asymmetric stretching vibrations in SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e crystals.In addition, the band at 205 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e observed in T-YZY-7 is consistent with the characteristic Raman band of quartz, whereas the bands at 983 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e in T-YG-12 and 999 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e in T-YZY-7 are attributable to vibrations of the glassy phase\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. This behaviour is likely due to the crystals being located very close to the glaze layer, so that during Raman analysis the laser spot simultaneously excites signals from the adjacent glassy matrix\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe foregoing spectroscopic and phase analyses indicate that the Yingou black porcelains were produced using mature firing technology, yield high quality porcelains, and basically similar to Yaozhou kiln black porcelain.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eOn the basis of the foregoing experimental analyses and discussion of the results, the following conclusions can be drawn:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe major oxides in the bodies of both sample groups display the typical high alumina, low silica characteristics of northern porcelains. The glaze are calcium-alkaline glaze dominated by CaO\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;MgO, with Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;K\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO as subordinate fluxes, and the relatively high Fe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e contents are consistent with the development of black glaze coloration. XRD analyses show that the principal crystalline phases in the bodies of both groups are mullite, quartz and cristobalite. Cross-sectional microscopy combined with elemental mapping reveals similar body\u0026ndash;glaze transition zones and Ca-enriched bands, and Raman spectroscopy identifies these as anorthite, indicating an overall consistency in technological tradition between the two sample groups.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe shapes of the rare earth element distribution curves and the positions of their peaks and troughs are generally consistent, indicating that the clay raw materials derive from similar geological sources. Although trace elements such as Zr, Nb and Rb are slightly enriched in the Yaozhou samples, the overall trace-element patterns overlap closely and remain within the normal range of variability expected for the raw materials.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIntegrating compositional, microstructural, and REE evidence, the Tang-dynasty black-glazed porcelains from the Yingou site and those from the Yaozhou kiln clearly derive from the same or highly comparable raw-material and production system. Although future work should expand the sample pool and incorporate stratigraphic constraints, the conclusions established here remain well supported by the current analytical dataset.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCaoyuan Ma was responsible for the experimental work and wrote both the initial draft and the final version. Hongjie Luo is responsible for overall supervision and providing methodology. Fen Wang was involved in the experimental design and drafting of the manuscript. Jianfeng Zhu provided financial support and experimental design. Deyi Wang provided samples support. Tian Wang provided support for the testing equipment. Chen Chen provided the parts of the article manuscript involved.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData is provided within the manuscript or supplementary information files.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding Declaration\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 52272020), the Shaanxi Province Technology Innovation Guidance Special Project (2024QY-SZX-04), and the Central Guidance Fund for Local Science and Technology Development Project (2024ZY-JCYJ-04-06).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe author declares no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePublish declaration\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors have agreed to the publication of this manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical approval\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study did not involve human participants, human tissue, personal data, animals, or any procedures requiring ethical approval. According to the institutional guidelines of the Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, research involving archaeological ceramic sherds does not fall under the scope of ethics committee or institutional review board oversight. Therefore, no ethical review or approval was required, and all analyses were conducted in accordance with institutional and national research guidelines.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eXia J, Wang D. TL dating of porcelains from Fuping Yingou remains in Shaanxi(富平银沟遗址陶瓷标本热释光测年研究). \u003cem\u003eChina Ceramics\u003c/em\u003e. S1, 50\u0026ndash;65\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;190 (2017). (in Chinese).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLi C, Zhang X. Considerations to Fuping Yingou ceramic specimens from technological perspective(关于富平银沟遗址陶瓷标本的工艺思考). \u003cem\u003eChina Ceramics\u003c/em\u003e. S1, 107\u0026ndash;121\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;189 (2017). 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Archaeometry. 2019;61:1039\u0026ndash;52.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eShi K, Yong M, Dong L. Composition and microstructure of Yuan Dynasty Jun glazed stoneware from Yanjialiang site, Inner Mongolia, China. npj Herit. 2025;13:157.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eShi P, et al. Coloring and translucency mechanisms of Five dynasty celadon body from Yaozhou kiln. Ceram Int. 2017;43:11616\u0026ndash;22.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHay R, Haider S, AlTantawi A, Celik K. Color modification of ceramics with controlled firing. Ceram Int. 2024;50:566\u0026ndash;74.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eYang T et al. Mixed-alkaline earth effects on the network structure and properties of alkali-free aluminosilicate glasses. J Non-cryst Solids. 634 (2024).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGao S, Wedepohl K. 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Syria Journal Archaeol Science. 2018;90:12\u0026ndash;38.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCui J, et al. Chemical analysis of white porcelains from the Ding Kiln site, Hebei Province, China. J Archaeol Sci. 2012;39:818\u0026ndash;27.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eChen P, et al. Nondestructive study of glassy matrix of celadons prepared in different firing temperatures. J Raman Spectrosc. 2021;52:1360\u0026ndash;70.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eColomban P. On-site Raman identification and dating of ancient glasses: A review of procedures and tools. J Cult Herit. 2008;9:55\u0026ndash;60.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"npj-heritage-science","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"hsci","sideBox":"Learn more about [Heritage Science](http://heritagesciencejournal.springeropen.com)","snPcode":"40494","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/40494/3","title":"npj Heritage Science","twitterHandle":"@SpringerOpen","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC/SO AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8241520/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8241520/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study investigates the provenance of Tang-dynasty black-glazed porcelain excavated from the Yingou site in Fuping, Shaanxi, through comparative analysis with authenticated Tang-dynasty Yaozhou kiln samples. A multi-analytical approach combining EDXRF, ICP\u0026ndash;MS, XRD, SEM\u0026ndash;EDS and Raman spectroscopy reveals that the Yingou samples exhibit minimal internal variability and share the high-alumina, low-silica signature characteristic of northern porcelains. Their glaze compositions, microstructural features, and diffusion behaviours closely match those of the Yaozhou samples. Major, trace, and rare-earth-element patterns show substantial overlap, with no meaningful compositional separation. These results indicate that the black-glazed porcelains unearthed at the Yinguo site from the Tang Dynasty are very closely related in provenance to the black-glazed porcelains of the Tang-dynasty Yaozhou kiln. Although further sampling and stratigraphic integration could more precisely determine their place of origin, the existing evidence strongly supports that they share a common or highly similar production framework.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Provenance study of Tang-dynasty black-glazed porcelains unearthed at the Yingou site","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-12-15 14:48:11","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8241520/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-12-22T10:32:33+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-22T10:13:04+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-18T13:41:35+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-16T05:46:39+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"104353043749120166984214648801799879570","date":"2025-12-10T14:09:03+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"97361997505581324574141002459608055294","date":"2025-12-10T05:44:57+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"323387735067240138032166126196154849451","date":"2025-12-10T05:40:22+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-12-10T04:47:54+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-12-09T14:46:09+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-12-09T10:36:50+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"npj heritage science","date":"2025-12-09T10:26:17+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"npj-heritage-science","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"hsci","sideBox":"Learn more about [Heritage Science](http://heritagesciencejournal.springeropen.com)","snPcode":"40494","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/40494/3","title":"npj Heritage Science","twitterHandle":"@SpringerOpen","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC/SO AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"d6d831e3-f4b9-4123-a1e5-67fbf912c292","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 15th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-01-26T16:00:56+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-8241520","link":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s40494-026-02321-0","journal":{"identity":"npj-heritage-science","isVorOnly":false,"title":"npj Heritage Science"},"publishedOn":"2026-01-21 15:57:50","publishedOnDateReadable":"January 21st, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-12-15 14:48:11","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1038/s40494-026-02321-0","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s40494-026-02321-0","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8241520","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8241520","identity":"rs-8241520","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}