Assessing the relationship between spiritual intelligence and care burden in family caregivers of older adults with chronic diseases

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Spiritual intelligence is also one of the psychological components that can lead to self-control and maintaining inner peace in difficult situations. This study aimed to assess the relationship between spiritual intelligence and care burden in family caregivers of the elderly with chronic diseases. Methods This cross-sectional correlational study was conducted in 2022–2023 in Tehran. Several 263 qualified family caregivers were included in the survey by multi-stage sampling method from comprehensive health service centers. The criteria for entering the research included: caring for people over 60 years old with chronic disease, ability to speak Persian, not suffering from psychological disorders, and caring for the elderly at least 20 hours a week for at least 6 months. Data were collected through demographic information questionnaires, Zarit Burden Interview (22 items), and spiritual intelligence self-report inventory (24 items) and were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression statistical tests and SPSS 22 version. P-values ≤ 0.05 were considered significant. Results A total of 263 family caregivers completed the research tools. Their average age was 46.88 ± 11.71 years, and most were women (81.4%). The results showed that there is an inverse and significant relationship between spiritual intelligence and care burden (p = 0.002, r (263) =-0.19). The results of multiple regression showed that there is a significant multiple relationship between spiritual intelligence and the demographic characteristics of caregivers and the elderly with care burden (P = 0.000, F (12,199) = 6.11, R 2 = 0.27, R = 0.52). Conclusions In this study, family caregivers had an average care burden and a high level of spiritual intelligence. Care burden affects various aspects of the life of family caregivers of older adults with chronic diseases and is related to spiritual intelligence. Considering that informal caregivers play an important role in caring for older adults with chronic diseases; Therefore, identifying factors related to care burden helps to design appropriate interventions to reduce the care burden of this group. Care burden Spiritual Intelligence Family caregivers Older adults Background The global population of older adults is growing as a result of improved healthcare quality, increased public health, medical science advances, improved nutritional status, and increased life expectancy ( 1 ). The World Health Organization (WHO) projects that the number of elderly people aged over 60 will rise by 10% between 2015 and 2050 and reach 923 million by 2050 ( 1 , 2 ). The population of older adults in Iran is predicted to rise to 10.5% in 2025 and to 21.7% in 2050 ( 3 ). The increased population of older adults has raised the prevalence of chronic diseases because older adults are susceptible to various chronic diseases due to changes in their physiological, cognitive, and emotional status ( 4 ). Chronic diseases affect the performance of older adults and prolong their treatment periods, preventing them from doing daily activities properly ( 5 ). Chronic diseases in older adults are associated with declining functional status and quality of life, social isolation, and increased reliance on caregivers ( 5 – 7 ). Individuals who provide care for patients with chronic and debilitating diseases are known as caregivers ( 8 ). There are two types of caregivers: formal caregivers, who have received professional training, and informal caregivers, or family caregivers, who have not received training and frequently include a patient's spouse, children, relatives, and neighbors ( 9 , 10 ). The need for family caregivers has increased as a result of the growing number of older adults, the prevalence of their chronic diseases, and rising healthcare costs ( 11 ). Family caregivers experience higher levels of stress, financial strain, and emotional exhaustion than formal caregivers due to the long hours of caregiving ( 12 – 15 ). Furthermore, the ongoing psychological and physical stress associated with providing long-term care for elderly patients with chronic diseases can impose a great care burden on caregivers ( 16 ). Care burden refers to a negative response to how caregiving affects a caregiver's social, professional, and personal roles ( 17 ). Zarit et al . defined care burden as the perceived adverse effects of caregiving on one's emotional, social, financial, and physical functioning ( 18 ). As viewed by Beach et al ., the increased care burden on caregivers can cause family caregivers to experience adverse outcomes such as anxiety and depression, burnout, exhaustion, occupational issues, a lack of personal time, disruptions to social interactions and leisure activities, and family problems ( 19 ). Therefore, it will negatively affect their efficiency ( 20 ). Among family caregivers, spouses may bear a greater level of care burden than other family members ( 21 ). Reportedly, the Asian caregivers of elderly patients with chronic diseases bear a low to moderate care burden ( 22 ). Studies indicate that care burden is influenced by two groups of factors: the older adult’s characteristics and the caregiver's characteristics. The older adult’s characteristics include functional dependence, affliction with multiple diseases, and memory and sleep disorders However, the caregiver's characteristics include old age, female gender, elderly spouse, low educational attainment, affliction with depression, social isolation, low income, long duration of caregiving, and no support from others ( 22 – 24 ). It has also been reported that the type of disease can determine the severity of care burden ( 25 ), with caregivers for patients with brain injuries from accidents experiencing a higher level of care burden than caregivers for cancer patients ( 26 ). Another study showed an inverse correlation between care burden and the health status of caregivers ( 27 ). Spirituality and its dimensions, e.g. , spiritual intelligence, are recognized as important factors influencing mental health ( 28 ). Spiritual intelligence develops a person's ability to apply spirituality in practice ( 29 , 30 ). Although a potential relationship seems to exist between spiritual intelligence and care burden, a few studies have addressed such a relationship. Spiritual intelligence refers to a set of spiritual resources, capacities, and abilities that can improve one’s mental health and flexibility ( 31 ). Spiritual intelligence can help caregivers manage their conditions and improve their clinical competency ( 32 ). Spirituality can serve as a powerful shield and coping mechanism to deal with the complexities of care burden. In other words, spirituality provides a framework that enables caregivers to derive valuable meaning from their experiences. Such understanding helps them manage unpleasant emotions such as sadness, guilt, anger, and loneliness, as well as stress and anxiety, while also encouraging peace, acceptance, and self-reflection. Furthermore, spirituality fosters empathy and compassion for oneself and others, allowing caregivers to better perceive the views of those they care for ( 33 ). Kaur et al. developed a model of caring behaviors for nurses and showed that spiritual intelligence positively affected the emotional intelligence and caring behaviors of nurses. Their findings also indicated that caregivers with higher levels of spiritual intelligence perceived higher self-efficacy in caring for patients ( 34 ). The long-term care of older adults with chronic diseases can impose a high level of care burden on family caregivers. Since higher-quality care requires maintaining the health status and enhancing the quality of life of family caregivers, we must identify the factors affecting care burden. Moreover, spiritual intelligence, as a component of mental health and adaptation, and car burden seem to be correlated. Considering the paucity of relevant studies, this study aimed to assess the relationship between spiritual intelligence and care burden in family caregivers of the elderly with chronic diseases in Tehran within 2022–2023. Methods Design: This cross-sectional correlational study was conducted in 2023–2024 in urban health care centers affiliated with Tehran University of Medical Sciences in Iran which analyzed the relationship between spiritual intelligence and care burden among the family caregivers of older adults with chronic diseases . Setting and sample The study population comprised family caregivers of older adults with chronic diseases, who had records in the urban health care centers. Multistage sampling was employed to select the participants from 33 health centers. Accordingly, a random number table was employed to select 50 samples in equal proportion from each of the five randomly chosen centers (265 people total). Family caregivers included spouses, children, or relatives. The inclusion criteria encompassed caring for people aged 60 years and older with a chronic disease for at least 20 hours a week for at least 6 months, speaking Farsi, and non-affliction with psychological disorders (self-reported). The only exclusion criterion was incomplete questionnaire delivery (at least 20%). The sample size was considered 291 by assuming a confidence level of 95%, a test power of 90%, a correlation coefficient of at least 0.2 between spiritual intelligence and care burden to establish a significant relationship, and an attrition rate of 10%. Data collection: A demographics questionnaire, the Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI) , and the Spiritual Intelligence Self-Report Inventory (SISRI) were used for data collection. The demographics questionnaire was an author-made form consisting of two sections, i.e. , the caregiver and the older adult, both of which were filled out by the caregiver. The caregiver section included items about age, gender, marital status, insurance coverage, educational attainment, job, income level, income adequacy, housing status, number of children, underlying disease, medications, kinds of family relationships with the older adult, duration of care (months), mean hours of care per week, and periodic medication examinations. The older adult section also included different items about age, gender, marital status, number of children, people with whom they live, job, educational attainment, income level, income adequacy, insurance coverage, type of chronic disease, duration of illness, and medications. Developed by Zarit (1985) in Sweden, the Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI) is a 22-item questionnaire that evaluates the personal, social, emotional, and economic dimensions of caregivers. The items are scored on a 5-point Likert scale (from 0: never to 4: always). The total score in this tool ranges between 0 and 88. Moreover, the scores 0–20, 21–40, 41–60, and 61–88 indicate no care burden, low care burden, low to moderate care burden, moderate to severe care burden, and severe care burden, respectively. The reliability coefficient of the original version of ZBI was reported to be 0.71 by the test-retest method, and its internal consistency was reported to be 0.91 by Cronbach's alpha ( 35 ). Navidian et al . (2008) translated and evaluated this tool psychometrically in Iran. The reliability coefficient of the Farsi version was reported to be 0.94 by the test-retest method, and its qualitative content validity was evaluated as appropriate. The congruent validity of the Farsi version was also confirmed by calculating the correlation coefficient with the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (r = 0.89) and the Beck Depression Inventory (r = 0.67) ( 36 ). The Spiritual Intelligence Self-Report Inventory (SISRI) was developed by King (2009) to measure the spiritual intelligence of caregivers of older adults with chronic diseases. This tool consists of 24 items in four subscales: critical existential thinking (7 items), personal meaning production (5 items), transcendental awareness (7 items), and conscious state expansion (5 items). The items are scored on a 5-point Likert scale (from 0: false to 4: true). The total score ranges between 0 and 96, and higher scores indicate higher levels of spiritual intelligence. Based on Cronbach's alpha calculation, the reliability of the original version of SISRI was reported to be 0.95 ( 37 ). Raghib et al . (2010) validated this tool in Iran. The Farsi version of this tool had a reliability coefficient of 0.88 based on internal consistency and Cronbach's alpha calculations. The convergence validity of this version was also confirmed by calculating its correlation coefficient with the spiritual experience questionnaire (r = 0.66) ( 38 ). All measurement tools were self-reported, and they were filled out in person or via telephone calls. The tools were expected to be completed in no more than 15 minutes. Ethical considerations: The Ethics approved this study in the Research Committee of the Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Moreover, the participants were briefed on the research objectives and procedures and then asked to fill out the informed consent forms before entering the study. They were also assured that their personal information would be kept confidential. Statistical analyses: Since the skewness and kurtosis values for data on all research variables ranged between − 2 and + 2, the resultant data followed a normal distribution pattern. Statistical data analysis was then conducted in SPSS 22. Descriptive statistics (frequency, mean, standard deviation, and percentage) were used to describe the data related to demographics, care burden, and spiritual intelligence. In addition, the correlation between the research variables was examined using the Pearson correlation coefficient. The significance level was determined to be 0.05. Findings In this study, 263 caregivers of older adults with chronic diseases completed the demographics form, ZBI , and SISRI . The data showed that most of the family caregivers were female (81.4%) and married (70.3%) with a mean age of 46.88 ± 11.71 (Table 1 to 4 ). In addition, the mean values obtained for the study variables were as follows: 43.37 ± 15.71 for care burden, 94.82 ± 8.69 for spiritual intelligence, 27.96 ± 3.28 for critical existential thinking, 20.34 ± 2.01 for personal meaning production, 26.18 ± 2.60 for transcendental awareness, and 20.32 ± 2.23 for conscious state expansion (Tables 5 and 6 ). The Pearson correlation coefficient showed an inverse significant correlation between spiritual intelligence and care burden (r=-0.19, P = 0.002). Moreover, “critical existential thinking” and “conscious state expansion” showed the highest correlation with care burden (r=-0.21, P = 0.001) (Table 7 ). The regression analysis also demonstrated that there was a significant relationship between the care burden of family caregivers of older adults with chronic diseases and the spiritual intelligence and demographics of caregivers and older adults. In addition, the income status level of caregivers (r=-0.22, P = 0.001) and older adults (r=-33, P = 0.001) exhibited the highest correlation with care burden (Tables 8 , 9 , and 10 ). Table 1 Caregiver characteristic Characteristic n(%) Gender Male 49(18.6) Female 214(81.4) Marital status Single 55(20.9) Married 185(70.3) divorced 11(4.2) Widowed 10(3.8) Separated 2(0.8) Educational level Illiterate 40(15.3) High school 71(27.1) Diploma 33(12.6) College Education 118( 45 ) Insurance status Yes 235(90.4) No 25(9.6) Income Sufficient 61(23.3) Somewhat enough 87(33.2) Insufficient 11(4.2) No income 103(39.3) Employment status Housewife 125(47.5) Unemployed 33(12.5) Employed 96(36.5) Retried 9(3.4) Housing status Personal 208(79.6) rental 54(20.6) Disease background Yes 47( 18 ) no 214(82) Taking medication Yes 49(18.7) No 213(81.3) Family relationship with the elderly Wife/Husband 63(24.1) Daughter/son 146(55.9) Relatives 52(19.9) Periodic visit Yes 125(47.5) No 138(52.5) Periodic tests Yes 137(52.1) No 126(47.9) Table 2 Descriptive information of caregiver Variable Minimum Maximum Mean SD Age 19 77 46.88 11.71 No. of children 0 9 2.1 2.2 Care hours during the week 1 170 72.52 43.5 Table 3 Elderly characteristic Characteristic n(%) Gender Female 129(49) Male 134(51) Marital status Married 107(40.8) Single 2(0.8) Widowed 153(58.4) Income status Sufficient 135(51.5) Somewhat enough 71(27.1) Insufficient 25(9.5) No income 31(11.8) Employment status Housewife 106(40.9) Unemployed 29(11.2) employed 4(1.5) Retired 120(46.3) People who live with the elderly Wife and children 43(16.4) Children 97( 37 ) Single 56(21.4) Relatives 3(1.1) Income status Yes 245(93.5) No 17(6.5) Taking medication Yes 236(95.2) No 12(4.8) Care received Full 83(31.6) relative 149(56.7) Table 4 Descriptive information on elderly Variable Minimum Maximum Mean SD Age 60 94 75.52 7.18 No. of children 0 12 5.44 2.09 The duration of disease(month) 1 480 84.54 68.4 Table 5 Burden of the care Variable Minimum Maximum Mean SD Skewness kurtosis Burden of the care 24 88 43.37 15.71 0.968 0.018 Table 6 Spiritual intelligence Variable Minimum Maximum Mean SD Skewness kurtosis Spiritual intelligence 62 119 94.82 8.69 0.001 1.94 Critical existential thinking 17 35 27.96 3.28 -0.752 1.98 Personal meaning production 13 25 20.34 2.01 -0.262 1.25 Transcendental consciousness 16 34 26.18 2.60 0.434 1.35 Expanding the state of consciousness 13 25 20.32 2.23 0.404 1.15 Table 7 Pearson correlation results Variable R N Sig. Spiritual intelligence -0.19 263 0.002 Critical existential thinking -0.21 263 0.001 Personal meaning production -0.17 263 0.004 Transcendental consciousness -0.03 263 0.757 Expanding the state of consciousness -0.21 263 0.001 Table 8 The results of Pearson's correlation coefficient between caregiver demographic characteristics and care burden in older adult family caregivers. Variable Burden of care R N Sig. Caregiver age -0.16 263 0.008 Caregiver sex 0.08 263 0.159 Marital status -0.07 240 0.234 Number of children -0.17 261 0.007 Caregiver income -0.22 262 0.001 Housing 0.17 262 0.006 Insurance 0.13 260 0.036 Disease background -0.06 261 0.297 The amount of care for the elderly -0.11 240 0.084 Education 0.13 262 0.038 Periodic visit -0.03 263 0.565 Periodic testes 0.07 263 0.242 Table 9 Results of Pearson's correlation coefficient between the demographic characteristics of older adults and care burden in family caregivers. Variable Burden of care R N Sig. Elderly age -0.06 263 0.288 Elderly sex -0.058 263 0.352 Marital status 0.09 259 0.111 Number of children -0.15 262 0.014 Elderly income -0.33 262 0.001 Insurance 0.23 262 0.001 Disease background -0.18 249 0.004 The duration of the disease 0.13 220 0.041 Taking medication 0.01 248 0.794 Type of care received 0.12 232 0.066 Table 10 The results of multiple regression analysis between spiritual intelligence and demographic characteristics of the caregiver and older adults with care burden in family caregivers. Source SS df MS F Sig. Regression 14571.7 12 1214.31 6.11 0.001 Residual 39536.4 199 198.67 Total 13549.5 211 R = 0.52, R 2 = 0.270 Durbin-Watson 2.06 Table 10 Regression coefficients. B SE Beta t Sig. Tolerance VIF Constant 65.76 16.1 0 4.08 0.001 - - Spiritual intelligence -0.312 0.117 -0.117 -2.67 0.008 0.833 1.2 Caregiver age 0.028 0.132 0.02 0.214 0.831 0.403 2.48 The number of children of caregivers -0.817 0.649 -0.111 -1.25 0.210 0.472 2.11 Caregiver income -1.83 0.892 -0.137 -2.05 0.041 0.819 1.22 Caregiver insurance status -0.302 3.53 0.006 -0.085 0.932 0.841 1.18 Housing status 0.534 2.48 0.014 0.215 0.830 0.892 1.12 Education of caregiver -0.991 1.35 -0.071 -0.730 0.466 0.391 2.55 The number of children of elderly 0.926 0.506 -0.121 -1.83 0.069 0.845 1.18 Elderly income 4.4 1.02 0.288 4.31 0.001 0.824 1.21 Elderly insurance 11.7 4.4 0.171 2.68 0.008 0.906 1.10 The duration of elderly disease 0.019 0.016 0.082 1.21 0.225 0.814 1.22 Chronic disease 0.437 0.457 -0.067 -0.955 0.340 0.747 1.33 Discussion This study analyzed the relationship between spiritual intelligence and care burden among the family caregivers of older adults with chronic diseases in Tehran within 2023–24. The results revealed an inverse significant relationship between spiritual intelligence and care burden in the family caregivers of older adults with chronic diseases. The correlation between these two variables was not very strong (r (263) = -0.19, p = 0.002). Fallah et al . also reported a lower level of care burden in caregivers of cancer patients with higher levels of spiritual intelligence experienced (r=-0.63, P < 0.001). They recommended that the spiritual intelligence of caregivers of patients in oncology and radiotherapy centers should be enhanced to improve the health status of caregivers ( 39 ). These different results regarding the intensity of the correlation between care burden and spiritual intelligence in these two studies can be attributed to differences in the study populations. The caregivers of hospitalized cancer patients experience higher levels of care burden than those of older adults with chronic diseases due to the nature, severity, and care requirements of cancers. The different sample sizes in these two studies could have affected the intensity of the relationship between care burden and spiritual intelligence. Another study showed a positive correlation between spiritual intelligence and the resilience of caregivers. In other words, spiritual intelligence is more likely to help increase one’s capacity to manage stress and maintain well-being in challenging caregiving situations ( 40 ). Given the mediating role of resilience in the relationship between spiritual intelligence and care burden, the results of the foregoing study can be integrated with those of this study. Accordingly, caregivers with higher spiritual intelligence may be more resilient, something which may help them better manage caregiving challenges and experience lower levels of care burden. Another study analyzed the effects of spirituality on care burden and the quality of life in informal caregivers of older adults and showed that higher levels of spirituality were associated with lower care burden and better quality of life ( 41 ). The results of both studies emphasized that spirituality had an inverse relationship with care burden and improved the quality of life and coping skills among caregivers. The multiple regression analysis in this study demonstrated the significant relationship of care burden with demographics of caregivers and older adults (age, educational attainment, and income level), social support (number of children), and health-related variables (insurance status and duration of disease). These factors emphasize the multidimensional nature of care burden as well as the importance of considering different factors when assessing and addressing caregiving challenges. Denis Tuttle et al . reported a significant relationship between care burden and caregivers' age, educational attainment, and income level, as well as the mean duration of caregiving (hours), demonstrating the effects of various demographic-economic factors on caregiving challenges ( 42 ). At the same time, caregivers who suffer from chronic diseases usually experience higher levels of care burden due to the need to manage their health status while caring for another patient. This issue adds to the complexities of the caregiving role and increases the challenges and stress of these caregivers. As viewed by Vigna et al ., spirituality can serve as a source of strength and flexibility for caregivers and help them cope with caregiving challenges while managing their health status ( 33 ). Ding et al . emphasized that the duration of the disease and the functional ability of the care recipient could significantly affect the care burden of caregivers ( 43 ). Caregivers of patients with chronic diseases may experience different levels of care burden based on the specific characteristics of the disease ( 44 ). For example, caregivers of patients with mental illnesses or advanced chronic diseases such as cancer experience higher levels of care burden because such patients are dependent on their caregivers and need to be admitted to medical centers more frequently. Moreover, frequent admissions require caregivers to spend more time and money, bear higher levels of anxiety and stress, and change their daily routines ( 45 ). Although this study and the research literature corroborate the inverse and significant relationship between spiritual intelligence and care burden, further studies on specific chronic diseases must be conducted to achieve more reliable results and a more in-depth understanding of care burden. The study results indicated that cultural factors such as family structure, attitude towards health and illness, financial issues, and religious beliefs significantly affected the care burden of caregivers of older adults with chronic diseases. According to Faronbi et al ., cultural beliefs and practices can affect caregiving roles, support systems received by caregivers from family and community, and caregivers' perception of their responsibilities ( 46 ). Therefore, cultural factors seem to affect the relationship between care burden and spiritual intelligence. In a country like Iran where spirituality plays a prominent role, cultural factors may further affect the interaction between these two variables. This necessitates a deeper understanding of different cultural contexts in this regard ( 39 ). Limitations: The present study had limitations that challenge the generalizability of the findings. This study was performed only on older adult caregivers in a city in Iran. Repeating similar studies on larger samples of family caregivers of older people is suggested in different areas. Additionally, as this research was conducted in a predominantly religious country, the concept of spirituality and its influence on caregiving burden may vary across more secular sociocultural contexts. Conclusion The research findings demonstrated an inverse significant relationship between spiritual intelligence and care burden in caregivers of older adults with chronic diseases. Since the family caregivers of patients with chronic diseases are usually overlooked while bearing a great care burden, we need to achieve a deeper understanding of the complicated relationship of spiritual intelligence with demographics and other mediating variables to develop effective interventions for supporting these caregivers. The findings also highlight the need for developing comprehensive approaches that consider all the factors affecting caregivers' well-being. Therefore, future studies are recommended to employ more comprehensive methods to analyze multiple factors that affect the well-being of caregivers. Moreover, the study of the complicated interaction of spiritual intelligence with demographic-economic factors, cultural elements, and other mediating variables can help develop comprehensive strategies to support and reduce the care burden of the family caregivers of older adults with chronic diseases. Declarations Funding: The financial source for this project was provided by the Students' Scientific Research Center of TUMS (SSRC) at Tehran University of Medical Sciences in Tehran, Iran. Authors' contributions: Data curation: Me.Pa. Za.AM. Sa.BR. Al.BH. Formal analysis: Me.Pa. Sa.Ba Funding acquisition:Na.Ni. Me.Pa. Sa.BR Methodology: Na.Ni. Me.Pa. Sa.BR, project administration: Na.Ni. Me.Pa. Sa.BR visualization: Na.Ni. Me.Pa. Sa.BR. Fa.AM. Al.BH. Writing– original draft: Me.Pa. Sa.BR. Fa.AM. Al.BH. Writing– review & editing: Me.Pa. Sa.BR. Za.AM. Acknowledgments: The authors would like to thank everyone who helped us with this research project, especially the caregivers of older adults with chronic diseases Availability of data and materials: The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available. This is to maintain the confidentiality of the participants' information. 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Associations of stressors and uplifts of caregiving with caregiver burden and depressive mood: a meta-analysis. J Gerontol Ser B Psychol Sci social Sci. 2003;58(2):P112–28. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/58.2.p112 . Isac C, Lee P, Arulappan J. Older adults with chronic illness - Caregiver burden in the Asian context: A systematic review. Patient Educ Couns. 2021;104(12):2912–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2021.04.021 . Sabzalipoor f, Fotoukian Z, Ahmadi h, Jannat Alipour Z. Factors related to the care burden in family caregivers of the elderly with chronic diseases - a review study %J. J Casp Health Aging. 2021;6(1):29–52. (Persian). Adelman RD, Tmanova LL, Delgado D, Dion S, Lachs MS. Caregiver burden: a clinical review. JAMA. 2014;311(10):1052–60. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.304 . Rezaei H, Niksima SH, Ghanei Gheshlagh R. Burden of Care in Caregivers of Iranian patients with chronic disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2020;18(1):261. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-020-01503-z . Harding R, Gao W, Jackson D, Pearson C, Murray J, Higginson, IJJJop et al. Comparative analysis of informal caregiver burden in advanced cancer, dementia, and acquired brain injury. 2015;50(4):445–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2015.04.005 . Abdollahpour I, Nedjat S, Noroozian M, Salimi Y, Majdzadeh R. Caregiver Burden:The Strongest Predictor of Self-Rated Health in Caregivers of Patients With Dementia. 2014;27(3):172–80. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891988714524627 . Safavi M, Yahyavi ST, Narab HF, Yahyavi SH. Association between spiritual intelligence and stress, anxiety, and depression coping styles in patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy in university hospitals of Tehran University of medical science. J Cancer Res Ther. 2019;15(5):1124–30. https://doi.org/10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_382_17 . Emamgholian F, Hosseinabadi-farahani M, Keshavarz MJIJPN. Relationship between Spiritual Intelligence and Competences in Providing Spiritual care in Nursing Students. 2017;5(5):57–63. Rostami S, Medipour-Rabori R, Bagherian B, Sabzevari SJIJNROA. Study the relationship between spiritual intelligence with Self-Esteem and life expectancy in cancer patients referring to the oncology department of Kerman University of Medical Sciences hospitals. 2022;17(4). (Persian). Moallemi, SJIjohrb. addiction. Spiritual intelligence and high risk behaviors. 2014;3(1). https://doi.org/10.5812/ijhrba.18477 . Riahi S, Goudarzi F, Hasanvand S, Abdollahzadeh H, Ebrahimzadeh F, Dadvari Z. Assessing the Effect of Spiritual Intelligence Training on Spiritual Care Competency in Critical Care Nurses. J Med Life. 2018;11(4):346–54. https://doi.org/10.25122/jml-2018-0056 . Vigna PM, de Castro I, Fumis RRL. Spirituality alleviates the burden on family members caring for patients receiving palliative care exclusively. BMC Palliat care. 2020;19(1):77. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12904-020-00585-2 . Kaur D, Sambasivan M, Kumar N. Effect of spiritual intelligence, emotional intelligence, psychological ownership and burnout on caring behaviour of nurses: a cross-sectional study. J Clin Nurs. 2013;22(21–22):3192–202. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.12386 . Zarit SH, Reever KE, Bach-Peterson J. Relatives of the impaired elderly: correlates of feelings of burden. Gerontologist. 1980;20(6):649–55. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/20.6.649 . Navidian A, Bahari FJPJPR. Burden experienced by family caregivers of patients with mental disorders. 2008:19–28. (Persian). King DB, DeCicco TL. A Viable Model and Self-Report Measure of Spiritual Intelligence. Int J Transpers Stud. 2009;28(1):68–85. https://dx.doi.org/10.24972/its.2009.28.1.68 . Raghib M, Siadat A, Hakiminya B, Ahmadi J. The validation of King’s Spiritual Intelligence Scale (SISRI-24) among students at University of Isfahan %J. Psychol Achievements. 2010;17(1):141–64. (Persian). Fallah B, Nasiriani K, Adham M, Fallah Faragheh A, Fathi F, Shamsi F, et al. The Relationship between Caregiver Burden and Spiritual Intelligence in Caregivers of Breast Cancer Patients %J. J Kerman Univ Med Sci. 2023;30(3):146–52. https://doi.org/10.34172/jkmu.2023.24 . Marzban A, Fereidooni-Moghadam M, Ghezelbash S. The relationship between spiritual intelligence and resilience in family caregivers of patients with chronic mental disorders. 2022;58(4):2846–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.13132 . Türkben Polat H, Kiyak S. Spiritual Well-Being and Care Burden in Caregivers of Patients with Breast Cancer in Turkey. J Relig Health. 2023;62(3):1950–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-022-01695-2 . Tuttle D, Griffiths J, Kaunnil A. Predictors of caregiver burden in caregivers of older people with physical disabilities in a rural community. PLoS ONE. 2022;17(11):e0277177. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277177 . Ding TYG, De Roza JG, Chan CY, Lee PSS, Ong SK, Lew KJ, et al. Factors associated with family caregiver burden among frail older persons with multimorbidity. BMC Geriatr. 2022;22(1):160. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-022-02858-2 . Liu Z, Heffernan C, Tan J. Caregiver burden: A concept analysis. Int J Nurs Sci. 2020;7(4):438–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2020.07.012 . Adib-Hajbaghery M, Ahmadi B. Caregiver Burden and Its Associated Factors in Caregivers of Children and Adolescents with Chronic Conditions. Int J community based Nurs midwifery. 2019;7(4):258–69. https://doi.org/10.30476/ijcbnm.2019.73893.0 . Faronbi JO, Faronbi GO, Ayamolowo SJ, Olaogun AA. Caring for the seniors with chronic illness: The lived experience of caregivers of older adults. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2019;82:8–14. https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.archger.2019.01.013. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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The World Health Organization (WHO) projects that the number of elderly people aged over 60 will rise by 10% between 2015 and 2050 and reach 923\u0026nbsp;million by 2050 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The population of older adults in Iran is predicted to rise to 10.5% in 2025 and to 21.7% in 2050 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). The increased population of older adults has raised the prevalence of chronic diseases because older adults are susceptible to various chronic diseases due to changes in their physiological, cognitive, and emotional status (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Chronic diseases affect the performance of older adults and prolong their treatment periods, preventing them from doing daily activities properly (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). Chronic diseases in older adults are associated with declining functional status and quality of life, social isolation, and increased reliance on caregivers (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR6\" citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndividuals who provide care for patients with chronic and debilitating diseases are known as caregivers (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e). There are two types of caregivers: formal caregivers, who have received professional training, and informal caregivers, or family caregivers, who have not received training and frequently include a patient's spouse, children, relatives, and neighbors (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e). The need for family caregivers has increased as a result of the growing number of older adults, the prevalence of their chronic diseases, and rising healthcare costs (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e). Family caregivers experience higher levels of stress, financial strain, and emotional exhaustion than formal caregivers due to the long hours of caregiving (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR13 CR14\" citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, the ongoing psychological and physical stress associated with providing long-term care for elderly patients with chronic diseases can impose a great care burden on caregivers (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e). Care burden refers to a negative response to how caregiving affects a caregiver's social, professional, and personal roles (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e). Zarit \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. defined care burden as the perceived adverse effects of caregiving on one's emotional, social, financial, and physical functioning (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e). As viewed by Beach \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., the increased care burden on caregivers can cause family caregivers to experience adverse outcomes such as anxiety and depression, burnout, exhaustion, occupational issues, a lack of personal time, disruptions to social interactions and leisure activities, and family problems (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, it will negatively affect their efficiency (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e). Among family caregivers, spouses may bear a greater level of care burden than other family members (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e). Reportedly, the Asian caregivers of elderly patients with chronic diseases bear a low to moderate care burden (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e). Studies indicate that care burden is influenced by two groups of factors: the older adult\u0026rsquo;s characteristics and the caregiver's characteristics. The older adult\u0026rsquo;s characteristics include functional dependence, affliction with multiple diseases, and memory and sleep disorders However, the caregiver's characteristics include old age, female gender, elderly spouse, low educational attainment, affliction with depression, social isolation, low income, long duration of caregiving, and no support from others (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR23\" citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e). It has also been reported that the type of disease can determine the severity of care burden (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e), with caregivers for patients with brain injuries from accidents experiencing a higher level of care burden than caregivers for cancer patients (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e). Another study showed an inverse correlation between care burden and the health status of caregivers (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e). Spirituality and its dimensions, \u003cem\u003ee.g.\u003c/em\u003e, spiritual intelligence, are recognized as important factors influencing mental health (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e). Spiritual intelligence develops a person's ability to apply spirituality in practice (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e). Although a potential relationship seems to exist between spiritual intelligence and care burden, a few studies have addressed such a relationship.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpiritual intelligence refers to a set of spiritual resources, capacities, and abilities that can improve one\u0026rsquo;s mental health and flexibility (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e). Spiritual intelligence can help caregivers manage their conditions and improve their clinical competency (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e). Spirituality can serve as a powerful shield and coping mechanism to deal with the complexities of care burden. In other words, spirituality provides a framework that enables caregivers to derive valuable meaning from their experiences. Such understanding helps them manage unpleasant emotions such as sadness, guilt, anger, and loneliness, as well as stress and anxiety, while also encouraging peace, acceptance, and self-reflection. Furthermore, spirituality fosters empathy and compassion for oneself and others, allowing caregivers to better perceive the views of those they care for (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e). Kaur \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e developed a model of caring behaviors for nurses and showed that spiritual intelligence positively affected the emotional intelligence and caring behaviors of nurses. Their findings also indicated that caregivers with higher levels of spiritual intelligence perceived higher self-efficacy in caring for patients (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe long-term care of older adults with chronic diseases can impose a high level of care burden on family caregivers. Since higher-quality care requires maintaining the health status and enhancing the quality of life of family caregivers, we must identify the factors affecting care burden. Moreover, spiritual intelligence, as a component of mental health and adaptation, and car burden seem to be correlated. Considering the paucity of relevant studies, this study aimed to assess the relationship between spiritual intelligence and care burden in family caregivers of the elderly with chronic diseases in Tehran within 2022\u0026ndash;2023.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDesign:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e This cross-sectional correlational study was conducted in 2023\u0026ndash;2024 in urban health care centers affiliated with Tehran University of Medical Sciences in Iran which analyzed the relationship between spiritual intelligence and care burden among the family caregivers of older adults with chronic diseases .\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSetting and sample\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study population comprised family caregivers of older adults with chronic diseases, who had records in the urban health care centers. Multistage sampling was employed to select the participants from 33 health centers. Accordingly, a random number table was employed to select 50 samples in equal proportion from each of the five randomly chosen centers (265 people total). Family caregivers included spouses, children, or relatives. The inclusion criteria encompassed caring for people aged 60 years and older with a chronic disease for at least 20 hours a week for at least 6 months, speaking Farsi, and non-affliction with psychological disorders (self-reported). The only exclusion criterion was incomplete questionnaire delivery (at least 20%).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe sample size was considered 291 by assuming a confidence level of 95%, a test power of 90%, a correlation coefficient of at least 0.2 between spiritual intelligence and care burden to establish a significant relationship, and an attrition rate of 10%.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData collection:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA demographics questionnaire, the \u003cem\u003eZarit Burden Interview (ZBI)\u003c/em\u003e, and the \u003cem\u003eSpiritual Intelligence Self-Report Inventory (SISRI)\u003c/em\u003e were used for data collection.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe demographics questionnaire was an author-made form consisting of two sections, \u003cem\u003ei.e.\u003c/em\u003e, the caregiver and the older adult, both of which were filled out by the caregiver. The caregiver section included items about age, gender, marital status, insurance coverage, educational attainment, job, income level, income adequacy, housing status, number of children, underlying disease, medications, kinds of family relationships with the older adult, duration of care (months), mean hours of care per week, and periodic medication examinations. The older adult section also included different items about age, gender, marital status, number of children, people with whom they live, job, educational attainment, income level, income adequacy, insurance coverage, type of chronic disease, duration of illness, and medications.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeveloped by Zarit (1985) in Sweden, the \u003cem\u003eZarit Burden Interview (ZBI)\u003c/em\u003e is a 22-item questionnaire that evaluates the personal, social, emotional, and economic dimensions of caregivers. The items are scored on a 5-point Likert scale (from 0: never to 4: always). The total score in this tool ranges between 0 and 88. Moreover, the scores 0\u0026ndash;20, 21\u0026ndash;40, 41\u0026ndash;60, and 61\u0026ndash;88 indicate no care burden, low care burden, low to moderate care burden, moderate to severe care burden, and severe care burden, respectively. The reliability coefficient of the original version of \u003cem\u003eZBI\u003c/em\u003e was reported to be 0.71 by the test-retest method, and its internal consistency was reported to be 0.91 by Cronbach's alpha (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e). Navidian \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. (2008) translated and evaluated this tool psychometrically in Iran. The reliability coefficient of the Farsi version was reported to be 0.94 by the test-retest method, and its qualitative content validity was evaluated as appropriate. The congruent validity of the Farsi version was also confirmed by calculating the correlation coefficient with the \u003cem\u003eHamilton Anxiety Scale\u003c/em\u003e (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.89) and the \u003cem\u003eBeck Depression Inventory\u003c/em\u003e (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.67) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eSpiritual Intelligence Self-Report Inventory (SISRI)\u003c/em\u003e was developed by King (2009) to measure the spiritual intelligence of caregivers of older adults with chronic diseases. This tool consists of 24 items in four subscales: critical existential thinking (7 items), personal meaning production (5 items), transcendental awareness (7 items), and conscious state expansion (5 items). The items are scored on a 5-point Likert scale (from 0: false to 4: true). The total score ranges between 0 and 96, and higher scores indicate higher levels of spiritual intelligence. Based on Cronbach's alpha calculation, the reliability of the original version of \u003cem\u003eSISRI\u003c/em\u003e was reported to be 0.95 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e). Raghib \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. (2010) validated this tool in Iran. The Farsi version of this tool had a reliability coefficient of 0.88 based on internal consistency and Cronbach's alpha calculations. The convergence validity of this version was also confirmed by calculating its correlation coefficient with the spiritual experience questionnaire (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.66) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll measurement tools were self-reported, and they were filled out in person or via telephone calls. The tools were expected to be completed in no more than 15 minutes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEthical considerations:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e The Ethics approved this study in the Research Committee of the Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Moreover, the participants were briefed on the research objectives and procedures and then asked to fill out the informed consent forms before entering the study. They were also assured that their personal information would be kept confidential.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical analyses:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSince the skewness and kurtosis values for data on all research variables ranged between \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2 and +\u0026thinsp;2, the resultant data followed a normal distribution pattern. Statistical data analysis was then conducted in SPSS 22. Descriptive statistics (frequency, mean, standard deviation, and percentage) were used to describe the data related to demographics, care burden, and spiritual intelligence. In addition, the correlation between the research variables was examined using the Pearson correlation coefficient. The significance level was determined to be 0.05.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Findings","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study, 263 caregivers of older adults with chronic diseases completed the demographics form, \u003cem\u003eZBI\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eSISRI\u003c/em\u003e. The data showed that most of the family caregivers were female (81.4%) and married (70.3%) with a mean age of 46.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.71 (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e to \u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, the mean values obtained for the study variables were as follows: 43.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.71 for care burden, 94.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.69 for spiritual intelligence, 27.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.28 for critical existential thinking, 20.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.01 for personal meaning production, 26.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.60 for transcendental awareness, and 20.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.23 for conscious state expansion (Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Pearson correlation coefficient showed an inverse significant correlation between spiritual intelligence and care burden (r=-0.19, P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.002). Moreover, \u0026ldquo;critical existential thinking\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;conscious state expansion\u0026rdquo; showed the highest correlation with care burden (r=-0.21, P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe regression analysis also demonstrated that there was a significant relationship between the care burden of family caregivers of older adults with chronic diseases and the spiritual intelligence and demographics of caregivers and older adults. In addition, the income status level of caregivers (r=-0.22, P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001) and older adults (r=-33, P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001) exhibited the highest correlation with care burden (Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan refid=\"Tab9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, and \u003cspan refid=\"Tab11\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCaregiver characteristic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCharacteristic\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49(18.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e214(81.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarital status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55(20.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e185(70.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edivorced\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11(4.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWidowed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10(3.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeparated\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2(0.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducational level\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIlliterate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40(15.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh school\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71(27.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiploma\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33(12.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCollege Education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e118(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInsurance status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e235(90.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25(9.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncome\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSufficient\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61(23.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSomewhat enough\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87(33.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInsufficient\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11(4.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo income\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e103(39.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmployment status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHousewife\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e125(47.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnemployed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33(12.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmployed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96(36.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRetried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9(3.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHousing status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePersonal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e208(79.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003erental\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54(20.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisease background\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eno\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e214(82)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTaking medication\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49(18.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e213(81.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFamily relationship with the elderly\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWife/Husband\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63(24.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDaughter/son\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e146(55.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelatives\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52(19.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePeriodic visit\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e125(47.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e138(52.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePeriodic tests\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e137(52.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e126(47.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescriptive information of caregiver\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMinimum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaximum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo. of children\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCare hours during the week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e170\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eElderly characteristic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCharacteristic\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e129(49)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e134(51)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarital status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e107(40.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2(0.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWidowed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e153(58.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncome status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSufficient\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e135(51.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSomewhat enough\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71(27.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInsufficient\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25(9.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo income\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31(11.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmployment status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHousewife\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e106(40.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnemployed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29(11.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eemployed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4(1.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRetired\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e120(46.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePeople who live with the elderly\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWife and children\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43(16.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChildren\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56(21.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelatives\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3(1.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncome status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e245(93.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17(6.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTaking medication\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e236(95.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12(4.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCare received\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFull\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83(31.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003erelative\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e149(56.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescriptive information on elderly\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMinimum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaximum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo. of children\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe duration of disease(month)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e480\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBurden of the care\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMinimum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaximum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkewness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ekurtosis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBurden of the care\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.968\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpiritual intelligence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMinimum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaximum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkewness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ekurtosis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpiritual intelligence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e119\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCritical existential thinking\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.752\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePersonal meaning production\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.262\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTranscendental consciousness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.434\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExpanding the state of consciousness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.404\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePearson correlation results\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSig.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpiritual intelligence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e263\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCritical existential thinking\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e263\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePersonal meaning production\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e263\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTranscendental consciousness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e263\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.757\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExpanding the state of consciousness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e263\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of Pearson's correlation coefficient between caregiver demographic characteristics and care burden in older adult family caregivers.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBurden of care\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSig.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCaregiver age\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e263\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCaregiver sex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e263\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.159\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarital status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e240\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.234\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of children\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e261\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCaregiver income\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e262\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHousing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e262\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInsurance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e260\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.036\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisease background\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e261\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.297\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe amount of care for the elderly\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e240\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.084\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e262\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.038\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePeriodic visit\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e263\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.565\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePeriodic testes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e263\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.242\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab9\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 9\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResults of Pearson's correlation coefficient between the demographic characteristics of older adults and care burden in family caregivers.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBurden of care\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSig.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eElderly age\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e263\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.288\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eElderly sex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e263\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.352\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarital status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e259\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.111\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of children\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e262\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.014\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eElderly income\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e262\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInsurance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e262\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisease background\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e249\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe duration of the disease\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e220\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.041\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTaking medication\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e248\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.794\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eType of care received\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e232\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.066\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab10\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 10\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of multiple regression analysis between spiritual intelligence and demographic characteristics of the caregiver and older adults with care burden in family caregivers.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSource\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSig.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegression\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14571.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1214.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResidual\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39536.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e199\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e198.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13549.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e211\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.52, \u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.270\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDurbin-Watson\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab11\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 10\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegression coefficients.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBeta\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003et\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSig.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTolerance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVIF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpiritual intelligence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.312\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.117\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.117\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.833\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCaregiver age\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.028\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.132\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.214\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.831\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.403\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe number of children of caregivers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.817\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.649\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.111\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.210\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.472\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCaregiver income\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.892\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.137\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.041\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.819\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCaregiver insurance status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.302\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.085\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.932\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.841\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHousing status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.534\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.014\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.215\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.830\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.892\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducation of caregiver\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.991\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.071\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.730\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.466\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.391\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe number of children of elderly\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.926\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.506\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.121\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.069\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.845\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eElderly income\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.288\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.824\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eElderly insurance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.171\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.906\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe duration of elderly disease\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.016\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.082\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.225\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.814\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChronic disease\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.437\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.457\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.067\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.955\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.340\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.747\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study analyzed the relationship between spiritual intelligence and care burden among the family caregivers of older adults with chronic diseases in Tehran within 2023\u0026ndash;24. The results revealed an inverse significant relationship between spiritual intelligence and care burden in the family caregivers of older adults with chronic diseases. The correlation between these two variables was not very strong (r \u003csub\u003e(263)\u003c/sub\u003e = -0.19, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.002). Fallah \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. also reported a lower level of care burden in caregivers of cancer patients with higher levels of spiritual intelligence experienced (r=-0.63, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). They recommended that the spiritual intelligence of caregivers of patients in oncology and radiotherapy centers should be enhanced to improve the health status of caregivers (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e). These different results regarding the intensity of the correlation between care burden and spiritual intelligence in these two studies can be attributed to differences in the study populations. The caregivers of hospitalized cancer patients experience higher levels of care burden than those of older adults with chronic diseases due to the nature, severity, and care requirements of cancers. The different sample sizes in these two studies could have affected the intensity of the relationship between care burden and spiritual intelligence. Another study showed a positive correlation between spiritual intelligence and the resilience of caregivers. In other words, spiritual intelligence is more likely to help increase one\u0026rsquo;s capacity to manage stress and maintain well-being in challenging caregiving situations (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e). Given the mediating role of resilience in the relationship between spiritual intelligence and care burden, the results of the foregoing study can be integrated with those of this study. Accordingly, caregivers with higher spiritual intelligence may be more resilient, something which may help them better manage caregiving challenges and experience lower levels of care burden. Another study analyzed the effects of spirituality on care burden and the quality of life in informal caregivers of older adults and showed that higher levels of spirituality were associated with lower care burden and better quality of life (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e). The results of both studies emphasized that spirituality had an inverse relationship with care burden and improved the quality of life and coping skills among caregivers.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe multiple regression analysis in this study demonstrated the significant relationship of care burden with demographics of caregivers and older adults (age, educational attainment, and income level), social support (number of children), and health-related variables (insurance status and duration of disease). These factors emphasize the multidimensional nature of care burden as well as the importance of considering different factors when assessing and addressing caregiving challenges. Denis Tuttle \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. reported a significant relationship between care burden and caregivers' age, educational attainment, and income level, as well as the mean duration of caregiving (hours), demonstrating the effects of various demographic-economic factors on caregiving challenges (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e). At the same time, caregivers who suffer from chronic diseases usually experience higher levels of care burden due to the need to manage their health status while caring for another patient. This issue adds to the complexities of the caregiving role and increases the challenges and stress of these caregivers. As viewed by Vigna \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., spirituality can serve as a source of strength and flexibility for caregivers and help them cope with caregiving challenges while managing their health status (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e). Ding \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. emphasized that the duration of the disease and the functional ability of the care recipient could significantly affect the care burden of caregivers (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e). Caregivers of patients with chronic diseases may experience different levels of care burden based on the specific characteristics of the disease (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e). For example, caregivers of patients with mental illnesses or advanced chronic diseases such as cancer experience higher levels of care burden because such patients are dependent on their caregivers and need to be admitted to medical centers more frequently. Moreover, frequent admissions require caregivers to spend more time and money, bear higher levels of anxiety and stress, and change their daily routines (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e). Although this study and the research literature corroborate the inverse and significant relationship between spiritual intelligence and care burden, further studies on specific chronic diseases must be conducted to achieve more reliable results and a more in-depth understanding of care burden.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study results indicated that cultural factors such as family structure, attitude towards health and illness, financial issues, and religious beliefs significantly affected the care burden of caregivers of older adults with chronic diseases. According to Faronbi \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., cultural beliefs and practices can affect caregiving roles, support systems received by caregivers from family and community, and caregivers' perception of their responsibilities (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, cultural factors seem to affect the relationship between care burden and spiritual intelligence. In a country like Iran where spirituality plays a prominent role, cultural factors may further affect the interaction between these two variables. This necessitates a deeper understanding of different cultural contexts in this regard (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eLimitations:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe present study had limitations that challenge the generalizability of the findings. This study was performed only on older adult caregivers in a city in Iran. Repeating similar studies on larger samples of family caregivers of older people is suggested in different areas. Additionally, as this research was conducted in a predominantly religious country, the concept of spirituality and its influence on caregiving burden may vary across more secular sociocultural contexts.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe research findings demonstrated an inverse significant relationship between spiritual intelligence and care burden in caregivers of older adults with chronic diseases. Since the family caregivers of patients with chronic diseases are usually overlooked while bearing a great care burden, we need to achieve a deeper understanding of the complicated relationship of spiritual intelligence with demographics and other mediating variables to develop effective interventions for supporting these caregivers. The findings also highlight the need for developing comprehensive approaches that consider all the factors affecting caregivers' well-being. Therefore, future studies are recommended to employ more comprehensive methods to analyze multiple factors that affect the well-being of caregivers. Moreover, the study of the complicated interaction of spiritual intelligence with demographic-economic factors, cultural elements, and other mediating variables can help develop comprehensive strategies to support and reduce the care burden of the family caregivers of older adults with chronic diseases.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe financial source for this project was provided by the Students\u0026apos; Scientific Research Center of TUMS (SSRC) at Tehran University of Medical Sciences in Tehran, Iran.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026apos; contributions:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData curation: Me.Pa. Za.AM. Sa.BR. Al.BH.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFormal analysis: Me.Pa. Sa.Ba\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFunding acquisition:Na.Ni. Me.Pa. Sa.BR\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMethodology: Na.Ni. Me.Pa. Sa.BR,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eproject administration: Na.Ni. Me.Pa. Sa.BR\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003evisualization: Na.Ni. Me.Pa. Sa.BR. Fa.AM. Al.BH.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWriting\u0026ndash; original draft: Me.Pa. Sa.BR. Fa.AM. Al.BH.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWriting\u0026ndash; review \u0026amp; editing: Me.Pa. Sa.BR. Za.AM.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments:\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors would like to thank everyone who helped us with this research project, especially the caregivers of older adults with chronic diseases\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available. This is to maintain the confidentiality of the participants\u0026apos; information. However, the corresponding author can provide access to the datasets upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe research received approval from the Medical Ethics Committee of Tehran University of Medical Sciences under the reference number IR.TUMS.FNM.REC.1401.189. Prior to participation, all individuals provided written informed consent. All procedures adhered to the appropriate guidelines and regulations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of Interest statement:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no\u0026nbsp;Conflict of Interest.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKanasi E, Ayilavarapu S, Jones J. The aging population: demographics and the biology of aging. Periodontol 2000. 2016;72(1):13\u0026ndash;8. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1111/prd.12126\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1111/prd.12126\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eChatterji S, Byles J, Cutler D, Seeman T, Verdes E. 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Caring for the seniors with chronic illness: The lived experience of caregivers of older adults. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2019;82:8\u0026ndash;14. https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.archger.2019.01.013.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Care burden, Spiritual Intelligence, Family caregivers, Older adults","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4343106/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4343106/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eIntroduction:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eProviding care to older adults with chronic diseases can make their family caregivers face care burdens as a set of physical, psychological, social, and economic problems. Spiritual intelligence is also one of the psychological components that can lead to self-control and maintaining inner peace in difficult situations. This study aimed to assess the relationship between spiritual intelligence and care burden in family caregivers of the elderly with chronic diseases.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis cross-sectional correlational study was conducted in 2022\u0026ndash;2023 in Tehran. Several 263 qualified family caregivers were included in the survey by multi-stage sampling method from comprehensive health service centers. The criteria for entering the research included: caring for people over 60 years old with chronic disease, ability to speak Persian, not suffering from psychological disorders, and caring for the elderly at least 20 hours a week for at least 6 months. Data were collected through demographic information questionnaires, Zarit Burden Interview (22 items), and spiritual intelligence self-report inventory (24 items) and were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression statistical tests and SPSS 22 version. P-values\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05 were considered significant.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 263 family caregivers completed the research tools. Their average age was 46.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.71 years, and most were women (81.4%). The results showed that there is an inverse and significant relationship between spiritual intelligence and care burden (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.002, r\u003csub\u003e(263)\u003c/sub\u003e=-0.19). The results of multiple regression showed that there is a significant multiple relationship between spiritual intelligence and the demographic characteristics of caregivers and the elderly with care burden (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000, F\u003csub\u003e(12,199)\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6.11, R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.27, R\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.52).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, family caregivers had an average care burden and a high level of spiritual intelligence. Care burden affects various aspects of the life of family caregivers of older adults with chronic diseases and is related to spiritual intelligence. Considering that informal caregivers play an important role in caring for older adults with chronic diseases; Therefore, identifying factors related to care burden helps to design appropriate interventions to reduce the care burden of this group.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Assessing the relationship between spiritual intelligence and care burden in family caregivers of older adults with chronic diseases","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-06-04 18:02:49","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4343106/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"ed3d6665-cd8d-4f11-8c51-0b32dbb00574","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 4th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-10-04T08:53:58+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-06-04 18:02:49","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4343106","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4343106","identity":"rs-4343106","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}