Integrated Farming System -A Viable Farming System for Livelihood Security, Resource Conservation, Sustainable Production, Carbon Sequestration, Energy Use Efficiency and Environmental protection in South India

Integrated Farming System -A Viable Farming System for Livelihood Security, Resource Conservation, Sustainable Production, Carbon Sequestration, Energy Use Efficiency and Environmental protection in South India | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Integrated Farming System -A Viable Farming System for Livelihood Security, Resource Conservation, Sustainable Production, Carbon Sequestration, Energy Use Efficiency and Environmental protection in South India Rudragouda F. Channagouda This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9318472/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Recently Indian agriculture is faced by several complex challenges like declining productivity, poor resource use efficiency, lesser share in Indian economy (14.4%); high dependence of population on agriculture and allied sectors (52%); more thrust on annual cereal crop production etc. Integrated farming system (IFS) is considered as one of the best viable option towards farming system approach through intensification of small holder farm income to ensure livelihood and income. Integrated Farming system approach includes crops and subsidiary enterprises (Dairy, Sheep etc.,). Accordingly, the land was divided component wise into per cent area out of 1.0 ha. Growing cropping systems like paddy-paddy /paddy-finger millet/paddy-pulse with 50 per cent area in order to meet the family food requirement and in addition to get better profit out of these produce. The five years pooled data revealed rice production for 5000 m 2 was (4191 kg) of rice. Production from horticulture components was 2730 kg /year, dairy (720 lit /year) yield), sheep unit (152 kg/year) and vermicompost unit (8 t/year). Similarly, the net returns from various components viz. , crops (Rs. 54707 ), Horticulture (Rs.79161), Dairy (Rs.4, 21600) and sheep unit (Rs.52000). The total quantity of produce recycled was (24580 kg) worth of Rs.49160. Effective recycling of farm waste in terms of vermicompost/compost can save Rs.18197 by addition of 768.2 kg of nutrients in-terms of N, P & K. The total annual mandays generated out of various components varied from 671 mandays. Energy use efficiency was 3.81%, carbon sink was 13640 CO 2− e in kg and improved carbon sequestration and negative trend was noticed in GHG emission (CO 2 -e : -4093.0) Agronomy Yield mandays recycle socio-economic NPK carbon sequestration greenhouse Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Introduction Recently Indian agriculture faces serious problems in attaining sustainability and profitability of the farming due to reduce in land holding. The average size of the landholding has declined to 1.7 ha during 2023–224 from 2.28 ha in 1970-71. If this trend continues, the average size of holding in India would be very less as 0.52 ha in 2030 and would be further reduced to 0.28 ha in 2050 (Anon, 2025). Majority farmers are financially handicapped, their holdings are small, resource poor and frequently posed to diverse risk conditions. Under this prevailing situation, call for an alternative viable farming system which synergetic integrate agriculture and subsidiary enterprises to make farming more profitable, employment generative and reduce global warming and attain sustainability is much necessary. The income for an average farmer from crops alone is not sufficient to sustain his family and sometimes entirely crop loss due to biotic and abiotic stress condition. The farmer has to be get assured and regular income only possible through integrated farming system for including subsidiary enterprises. Integrated farming boosts farm resilience, income, and sustainability by combining crops, livestock, fish, and trees, creating closed-loop systems that recycle nutrients (manure for fertilizer, crop waste for feed), reduce costs on external inputs (fertilizers, pesticides), improve soil health and water retention, diversify income streams, and enhance food security by providing a balanced diet and stable year-round produce, all while minimizing environmental impact.. On the contrary, cropping system has failed to attain sustained livelihood security and also resulted in decrease in productivity, resource use efficiency and ultimately less profitability (Jayanthi et al , 2003). Integrated farming system has been widely reported that IFS approach increases productivity by 2–3 times, creates additional employment, save 40–60% resources and ensure 100% household nutritional security (Mahapatra 1994, Rathore and Bhatt 2008) An economic assessment of farming systems aims at finding the magnitude of profits from each component of the farming system and also to enhance the utilization capacity of locally available resources (Jayanthi et al , 2002). Keeping all these factors, the present study has been conducted on “Integrated Farming System -A Viable Farming System for Livelihood Security, Resource Conservation, Sustainable Production, Carbon Sequestration and Better Energy Use Efficiency under Biotic and Abiotic Stress” in Bhadra command of Karnataka. Material and Methods The study has been conducted on “Integrated Farming System -A Viable Farming System for Livelihood Security, Resource Conservation, Sustainable Production, Carbon Sequestration and Better Energy Use Efficiency under Biotic and Abiotic Stress” with an area of 1.0 ha at Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station, Kathalagere, Davangere district of Karnataka state under Bhadra command area during 2019–2023. Out of one hectare area, 0.50 hectare was allotted for crop component (Cereals, pulses and millets), 0.35 hectare was taken up with Horticulture crops (Arecanut, Coconut, Banana, Drumstick and Vegetables). Diary and Sheep components were also introduced as additional components with buffalo (one) + cow (two) and sheep (10 + 1). Green fodder block was fixed in an area of 0.03 hectare (Fig. 1 ). Additional components like compost (2 units), vermicompost (2 units) and Azolla (1 units) were included subsequently in the system. Cow dung, urine, sheep excreta, farm wastes and crop residues were properly recycled by composting (FYM and vermicompost) and incorporated in to the soil. Similarly, Azolla was released in to paddy field as source of nitrogen fixer and also used as animal feed in limited quantity (1:10 ratio of azolla and feed). Cost of production includes all (fixed and variable costs) input cost, labour and machineries were subjected for calculation. Sustainable Yield Index (SYI) was calculated by using following formula $$\:\text{S}\text{u}\text{s}\text{t}\text{a}\text{i}\text{n}\text{a}\text{b}\text{l}\text{e}\:\text{y}\text{i}\text{e}\text{l}\text{d}\:\text{i}\text{n}\text{d}\text{e}\text{x}\:\left(\text{S}\text{Y}\text{I}\right)=\frac{\text{y}-{\sigma\:}\:}{\text{y}\:\text{m}\text{a}\text{x}\:}$$ 1 ……………………………. where, y=average yield of a treatment over the years, 𝜎=standard deviation (SD) and y max= observed maximum yield of a plot over the years. Sustainable value index (SVI) was calculated by using following formula $$\:\text{S}\text{u}\text{s}\text{t}\text{a}\text{i}\text{n}\text{a}\text{b}\text{l}\text{e}\:\text{v}\text{a}\text{l}\text{u}\text{e}\:\text{i}\text{n}\text{d}\text{e}\text{x}\:\left(\text{S}\text{V}\text{I}\right)=\frac{\text{y}-{\sigma\:}\:}{\text{v}\:\text{m}\text{a}\text{x}\:}$$ 2 ……………………… where, y=average net profit over the years, 𝜎=standard deviation (SD) and vmax=maximum net profit obtain in any of the year. Viable IFS model Components of IFS model Area (m 2 ) % Crop Components: Paddy-paddy /Finger millet /Pulses 5000 50 Horticulture Components: Vegetable Unit (Cluster Bean, Tomato, Chilly, Bhendi and Ridge Guard) 1000 10 Arecanut garden (Channagiri Local) 500 05 Coconut + Arecanut + banana inter cropping 1000 10 Drum stick (PKM-1) 500 05 Banana (Sole Crop) 500 05 Banana (Elakki) + Drum Stick inter cropping (PKM-1) 400 04 Fodder Block (CO-3) 300 03 Infrastructures: 1. Farm house 800 08 2. Dairy (3) + Sheep Unit (13 no’s) 3. Vermi-Compost Pit (3-Nos.)+ Compost Pit (1-No.) 4. Azolla Unit (2-Nos.) 5. Road and bunds 6. Border crop (teak − 74 no’s and Glyricidia 16 no’s) Total 10000 100 Conventional cropping system (rice-rice) The rice–rice cropping sequence is widely practiced across South India. To enable comparison with the developed IFS model, this system was established on a separate adjacent plot of 500 m². The evaluation focused on productivity, economic returns, soil characteristics, energy use, and environmental effects. The crop was managed in accordance with the recommended agronomic practices of Keladi Shivappa Nayaka Agricultural and Horticultural University, Shivamogga, Karnataka. Data on all inputs and outputs were systematically collected and subsequently standardized to a per-hectare basis for comparison with the IFS model. Statistical analysis The standard error of the mean (SEM) was calculated by dividing the standard deviation by the square root of the number of observations (sample size). All analyses and figures were generated using Origin Pro software (Origin, 2024, 10.1, Origin Lab Corporation, USA). Results and Discussion Productivity, profitability, and employment in IFS vs. rice-rice systems The five years pooled data revealed that significantly higher overall productivity was obtained in integrated farming system (Table 1 and Fig. 3 ) as rice production for 5000 m 2 was (4191 kg) of rice. Production from horticulture components was 2730 kg /year, dairy (720 lit /year) yield), sheep unit (152 kg/year) and vermicompost unit (8 t/year) over monocropping of rice (5600 kg) per hectare. The higher productivity in integrated system due to IFS is to derive a set of resource development and utilization practices, which leads to substantial and sustained increase in agricultural production (Rathore and Bhatt 2008). Liyanage et al. (1993) showed that the integration of legume-based pasture and dairy cattle yielded 17% more nuts and 11% more copra, while maintaining the nutrient status of the soil above the critical level, despite reduced application of fertilizer. Jayanthi et al. (2000) reported highest productivity of 33.5 t/ha of rice grain equivalent yield by integrating pigeon pea+ fish + mushroom and rice-based cropping applied with composted pigeon manure compared to rice alone in the cropping system. Similarly, the net returns Rs. 251807 from various components viz. , crops (Rs. 54707), Horticulture (Rs.79161), Dairy (Rs.4, 21600) and sheep unit (Rs.52000) in integrated farming system over monocropping of paddy crop (Rs. 98560/ha). Similarly, The higher B:C ratio (3.12) and Monetary Efficiency(Rs. 689 /day) were noticed in integrated farming system over monocropping system (2.21, Rs. 270). Higher net return in integrated farming system is due to better resource use efficiency through recycling the waste and by-product within the enterprises. In fact, resource recycling reduces the production cost leads to higher net returns and less dependcy on external inputs over monocropping. Application of FYM, fallen leaves, and litter enhance the soil organic matter which in turn boosts crop yields leading to higher returns with a lesser dependency on mineral fertilizers (Sudha et al., 2021). Apart from growing crop component alone other subsidiary enterprises are significantly contributing in improvement of net profit of farmer, these results are with the finding of Ramrao et al . (2005), Sharma et al. (2008) and Channabasavanna et. al. , (2009). Table 1 Yield and ceconomics of Integrated Farming System model (1.0 Ha) over mono cropping Component Area (sq.mt) Production (kg) Net Returns (Rs./year) B:C Monetary Efficiency (Rs /day Paddy- Paddy 5000 4191 54707 2.25 150.0 Arecanut (64No's) + Coconut (18No's)+ Banana Vegetable units 2000 2730 92500 4.26 253 Dairy (Milk) 2000 720 21600 2.30 60 Sheep 152 52000 3.32 142 Vermicompost/others 3213 21500 2.90 58 Fisharies 80 9500 2.58 26 Boundary plantation (Teak) 1000 100 - 0.00 - Total 10,000 15873 251807 3.12 689 Monocropping 10000 5680 98560 2.21 270 Employment generation The total annual mandays generated in integrated farming system was 671 man days from model of 1.0 ha area (Fig. 3 ) involving crops, dairy, fishery, poultry, rabbit,goat,mushroom, biogas plant, fruit trees and agro-forestry. Similar results noticed at IARI, New Delhi, resulted in net returns of Rs. 3,78,784/ha/year with an employment generation of 628 man-days (Singh et al ., 2020 ). Similar results were employment opportunities in the IFS model were about three times higher than in the conventional rice–wheat system. Most of the work (nearly 80%) came from crop production and dairy activities, while sectors like horticulture, aquaculture, and tree-based farming contributed mainly seasonal or part-time jobs. This diversification ensured year-round labour demand, supporting more stable rural incomes and better use of family labour (Rakshit Bhaga et al ., 2025). Resource recycling for improved soil health in the IFS model The total quantity of produce recycled was (32132 kg) worth of Rs.48398. Effective recycling of (Fig. 2 ) farm waste in terms of vermicompost/compost can save Rs.12634 by addition of 462.5 kg of nutrients in-terms of N, P & K. The IFS is effective utilization of natural resource and one product become inputs for crops (Table 2 – 6 ) leading less dependency on purchased of external inputs like fertilizer, organic inputs and others etc. , (Choudhury et al., 2022). Integrated farming system recorded lower bulk density (1.27 Mg/m 3 ), soil organic carbon and carbon stock over conventional system (1.52 Mg/m 3 , 6.25 g/kg ,carbon stock 2.07 Mg C/ha), available N( 292.2,kg ha − 1 ), available P 2 O 5 43.9,kg ha − 1 ), available K 2 O ( 194.7,kg ha − 1 ), available zinc ( 1.68 mg kg − 1 ), available iron (29.72 mg kg − 1 ), available copper (2.41 mg kg − 1 ), available zinc (17.45mg kg − 1 ), Fungi (57 cfu/g of soil), Bacteria (142 cfu/g of soil) and Actinomycetes (51cfu/g of soil) over monocropping (1.52, 4.21, 8.20, 179.3, 32.6, 136.3, 1.23, 21.9, 1.50 ,14.6, 25, 54 and 16, respectively). The improvement in soil chemical and biological properties in integrated farming system can be attributed to multiple interacting factors. The movement of fish within the field disturbs and mixes the soil, which enhances aeration and helps distribute nutrients (Venkatesh Paramesh et al. , 2021) more evenly. At the same time, the addition of poultry droppings introduces organic matter and essential nutrients into the system (Rakshit Bhaga et al ., 2025).supporting microbial growth and soil fertility. Furthermore, cowpea, being a legume, contributes to nitrogen enrichment through biological fixation. These combined effects result in better soil health and increased biological activity. The improved in soil chemical and biological properties in the rice-fish-cowpea system observed due to continuous movement and churning of soil by the addition and recycling of organic wastages, vermicompost and poultry manures to soil on the farm itself (Nayak et al. 2018). Rakshit Bhaga et al ., 2025 indicated that the integrated farming system (IFS), including crop, horticulture, and agroforestry components, consistently recorded greater soil organic carbon (SOC) levels than the traditional rice–wheat system. In addition, the availability of primary nutrients—nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium—was enhanced under the IFS approach. A similar pattern was noted for micronutrients (zinc, iron, copper, and manganese), where all IFS components not only improved their status relative to initial levels but also maintained higher concentrations compared to the conventional system. Table 2 Total recyclable nutrients (kg) Components Pooled data of total produce recycled (kg/lit./Nos.) 2020 to 2024 Pooled data of Value of recycled product (Rs.) 2020 to 2024 Crops (Paddy straw, weeds and crop residue) 9658 15878 Horticulture(Crop residue & Banana waste) 3560 3160 Dairy (Dung, urine & shed waste) 8882 400 Sheep (Dung & litter) 3728 11184 Vermicompost (Raw dung, urine and shed waste) 4086 17432 Other units (Dried leaves & coconut plant debris) 2218 344 TOTAL 32132 48398 Table 3 Total amount of nutrient added through recycling and its market value during Recyclable farm waste Quantity (kg) Nutrient content (%) and total recyclable nutrients (kg) Quantity of fertilizers (kg) In terms of rupees (Rs.) N (kg) P (kg) K (kg) Vermicompost 3217 32.17 11.91 17.05 540.5 (Urea) 3784 Cow dung 7754 85.29 33.34 36.44 489.2 (SSP) 4256 Sheep litter 4462 131.63 33.02 81.65 229.7 (MOP) 4594 Total 15433 249.09 78.27 135.14 - 12634 Table 4 Bulk density, SOC and carbon stock as influenced by different cultivation system Cultivation Systems BD (Mg m − 3 ) SOC (g/kg) Carbon Stock (Mg C/ha) 0–15 15–30 30–45 45–60 0–15 15–30 30–45 45–60 0–15 15–30 30–45 45–60 Integrated farming system 1.27 1.28 1.36 1.37 6.25 5.79 5.69 5.51 12.07 11.94 11.89 11.46 Monocropping 1.30 1.33 1.49 1.52 4.21 4.20 4.16 4.11 8.20 8.18 7.92 7.62 Table 5 Soil properties as influenced by different cultivation system Systems Available N (kg ha − 1 ) Available P 2 O 5 (kg ha − 1 ) Available K 2 O (kg ha − 1 ) Available zinc (mg kg − 1 ) Available iron ( mg kg − 1 ) Available copper ( mg kg − 1 ) Available manganese ( mg kg − 1 ) Integrated farming system 292.2 43.9 194.7 1.68 29.72 2.41 17.45 Monocropping 179.3 32.6 136.3 1.23 21.9 1.50 14.6 Table 6 Microbial load in soil as influenced by different cultivation system Systems Fungi (cfu/g of soil) Bacteria (cfu/g of soil) Actinomycetes (cfu/g of soil) Integrated farming system 57 142 51 Monocropping 25 54 16 The IFS model for improved energetics and reduced environmental impact The total energy input (96597 MJ), total energy output (367760 MJ), energy use efficiency was 3.81%, carbon sink was 13640 CO 2− e in kg, carbon source 9547.9 CO 2− e in kg and improved carbon sequestration (Figs. 4 & 5 ) and negative trend was noticed in GHG emission (CO 2 -e : -4093.0) in integrated farming system over conventional farming system (63595 MJ, 225338 MJ and 3.54%, respectively). IFS reduced global warming (Table 7 – 8 ) potential by 26.2% compared to the rice-rice system. Kumar et al. (2023) also reported that renewable energy, energy use efficiency and energy productivity share was increased with increasing the organic nutrient sources such as FYM, PGPR, Panchagavya, etc . to the total nutrient management. Integrated farming requires a lower share of non-renewable resources (Deike et al., 2008). The higher share of renewable energy is also an indication of farm sustainability. An Integrated Farming System (IFS) reshapes the farm into a self-sustaining unit that renews its own resources and captures carbon. The strength of this approach lies in how different components interact and support each other, rather than how each performs individually. The key insight is that true climate resilience in agriculture comes from linking farm enterprises in a way that allows continuous recycling of nutrients and energy. By doing so, farms can transition from being sources of greenhouse gas emissions to systems that help mitigate them (Rakshit Bhaga et al ., 2025). Table 7 Energy Budgeting of Integrated Farming System Crop component Total Energy input (MJ) Total Energy Output (MJ) Energy use Efficiency (%) Paddy-paddy cropping system 63595 225338 3.54 Vegetables 9853 6685 0.68 Fodder 2409 78807 32.71 Arecanut (64No's) 4422 29197 6.60 Arecanut + Coconut (18No's)+ Banana 11319 22950 2.03 Dairy (Milk) 10431 944 0.09 Sheep 2835 3839 1.35 Total 96597 367760 3.81 Table 8 carbon sink in Integrated Farming System Sl. No. Components CO 2− e in kg Carbon Source 1 Inter Cropping System 968.06 2 Banana Sole 289.6 Banana + Drumstick intercrop 161.1 3 Fodder 66.3 4 Arecanut Sole (64 No's) 271.6 5 Arecanut (69No's) + Coconut (8 No's) + Banana (60 No's) intercrop 458.3 6 Horticultural-Vegetable crops 380.2 7 Paddy-special 3402.0 8 Dairy (Cattle ) 2563.9 9 Sheep 933.5 10 Pond 53.4 Total 9547.9 Carbon Sink 1 Agro-Forestry 1966.2 2 Total Bio-mass/compost added 11674.0 Total 13640.9 GHG- IFS -4093.0 Sustainable yield index, value index and system economic efficiency of Integrated farming system The integrated farming system having a sustainable yield index of 0.70 and sustainable value index of 0.76 and (Fig. 6 ) system economic efficiency of 479. It clarifies the benefits from different combinations/unit area, higher sustainability (Table 9 ) index and net returns was achieved in IFS system over conventional farming system (Vittal et al., 2002). These findings indicate that the IFS approach improves soil health not just by supplying organic matter but by creating functional ecological links among different farm components. The main insight is that maintaining soil over the long term depends on recycling nutrients and supporting biological regeneration, rather than relying on external fertilizers (Rakshit Bhaga et al ., 2025). Table 9 Sustainable yield, value index and system economic efficiency of irrigated IFS model Systems Year Sustainable yield index Sustainable value index System economic efficiency IFS 2020–2024 0.70 0.76 479 Convention cultivation 2020–2024 0.13 0.19 156 Conclusion Integrated Farming Systems (IFS) improve farm productivity, increase income, generate employment, and help maintain soil health. By combining multiple farm activities such as crops, livestock, fisheries, and horticulture, IFS ensures sustainable production and supports farmers’ livelihoods. Promoting this approach can help double farmers’ earnings, meet household nutritional needs, enhance carbon storage, improve energy efficiency, and lower greenhouse gas emissions, making agriculture more sustainable and climate-friendly. Declarations Acknowledgements The authors gratefully acknowledge Professor Dr. H. B. Babalad for his advice on Organic farming practices for meticulous conducting of experiment and analysis of data Disclosure statement No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s). Data availability statement The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, I to upon reasonable request . Declaration of funding No funding was received References B. Sudha, J. John, A.V. Meera, A. Sajeena, D. Jacob, J.S. Bindhu Coconut based integrated farming: a climate-smart model for food security and economic prosperity J. Plant. Crops, 49 (2021), pp. 104-110 B.U. Choudhury, G. Nengzouzam, S. Mandal, B.K. Sethy, S. Hazarika, V.K. Mishra., 2022, Channabasavanna, A. S., Biradar, D. P., Prabhudev, K. N. & Mahabhaleswar Hegde. 2009. Development of profitable integrated farming system model for small and medium farmers of Tungabhadra project area of Karnataka. Karnataka Journal of Agric. Sci., 22(1), pp. 25-27. D. Kumar, M. Singh, S. Kumar, R.K. Meena, R. Kumar, M.R. Yadav, M. Kushwaha, G. Makarana, S. Bhattacharjee, S. Kashyap, B. Biswal, P. Rajesh Kumar., 2023, Energy budgeting and carbon footprints estimation of fodder maize varieties sown under different nutrient management practices in Indo-Gangetic plains of India Agro Sur, 13 (2023), p. 981, Deike, B. Pallutt, O. Christen Investigations on the energy efficiency of organic and integrated farming with specific emphasis on pesticide use intensity Eur. J. Agron., 28 (2008), pp. 461-470, 10.1016 Jayanthi C, Rangasamy A and Chinnusamy C. 2000. Water budgeting for components in lowland integrated farming systems. Madras Agricultural Journal 87: 411-414 Jayanthi, C., Baluswamy, M., Chinnusamy, C and Mythily, S., 2003, Integrated nutrient supply system of linked components in lowland integrated farming system. Indian journal of Agronomy. , 48: 241- 246 Liyanage de Silva M, Jayasundara H P S, Fernando D N S, Fernando M I N and Liyanage de Silva M. 1993. Integration of legume based pasture and cattle into coconut farming systems in Sri Lanka. Journal of Asian Farming Systems Association 1: 579–588. Long-term effect of integrated farming systems on soil erosion in hilly micro-watersheds (Indian Eastern Himalayas) Land Degrad. Dev., 33, pp. 2554-2566 Nayak P K, Nayak A K, Panda B B, Lal B, Gautam P, Poonam A, Shahid M, Tripathi R, Kumar U and Mohapatra S D. 2018. Ecological mechanism and diversity in rice based integrated farming system. Ecological Indicators . 91: 359–75. Rakshit Bhaga , SohanSingh Walia, Venkatesh Paramesha, Gurmeet,Singh Dheri , Natesan Ravisankar , Sunil Kumar, Gurshaminder Singh and Kartik Sharma, 2025. Sustainability assessment of integrated vs. conventional farming: Life cycle and energy flow perspectives in the subtropical North-Western India Environmental and Sustainability Indicators. 28:101015 Ramrao, W. Y., Tiwari, S. P. & Singh, P. 2005. Crop-livestock integrated farming system for augmenting socio-economic status of smallholder tribal of Chhattisgarh in central India. Livestock Research for Rural development, Volume 17, Article# 90 Retrieved May 17, 2006, from http://www.cipav.org.co Rathore S S and Bhatt B P. 2008. Productivity improvement in jhum fields through an integrated farming system. Indian Journal of Agronomy 53(4): 167–171 Sharma, Y. K., Bangarva, G.S. & Sharma, S.K. 2008. Farming System Based Constraints Faced by Farmers. Indian Research Journal of Extension Education , 8 (1), pp. 57-59. Singh1, S. S. Rathore, K Singh, Pravin K Upadhyay and Kapila Shekhawat.,2025 Integrated farming system approach for enhanced farm productivity, climate resilience and doubling farmers’ income Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 90 (8): 1378–88 Venkatesh Paramesh, Chakurkar, Tejasvi Bhagat, G. B., Sreekanth, H. B., Chetan kumar, Solomon Rajkumar, P. P., Gokuldas, Gopal, R., Mahajan, K. K., Manohara and Rravisankar, N., 2021. Impact of integrated farming system on residue recycling, nutrient budgeting and soil healthIndian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 91 (1): 44–8 Vittal, K.P.R., Maruthi, Sankar, G.R., Singh, H.P., Sharma, J.S., 2002. Sustainability index. Sustainability of Practices of Dryland Agriculture: Methodology and Assessment. All India Coordinated Research Project for Dryland Agriculture, Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad, 4–9. Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9318472","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":617446775,"identity":"c48adc12-ce7f-4087-be4a-4fda7ef01232","order_by":0,"name":"Rudragouda F. Channagouda","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA8UlEQVRIie3PMWvCQBTA8Xc8eC6n8wnFfIWTQnVo8atECnFR6OhoCcQlHyCBQj9DKej6QiCT38BFcHVIcMkg2DNrNbFbh/tPx+N+PB6AzfYfQwbOS+qZp+b5MwC1mgi5IonDzmNFNp4ZYDPBVFJvvDAELgSayCDAHUv5NFkv/S9md+V0EEReTG+Th4w0q6E3+9hkb4Zs+wECduPVbaKcEFjLbBapqU6LcisMIWzXEZLALp0nyjnoy5bRfYSJXKVkRcZ3ENLJe0j9SHrVLa8BCr/+FsL98VSSo1rpd27Iy+fST/KihlxLLP7232az2Wy/+gFWfVLLQhpiLAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"University of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Shivamogga, Karnataka, India","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rudragouda","middleName":"F.","lastName":"Channagouda","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-04-04 07:27:12","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9318472/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9318472/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":106339756,"identity":"64e6f937-3e03-4f17-b990-d71b171f0593","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-07 15:26:40","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":34419,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eLegend not included with this version.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9318472/v1/ac62a8c0c83efd3d05399b88.png"},{"id":106339755,"identity":"46057e66-1656-4a80-ad99-d9d87a5da23b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-07 15:26:40","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":33579,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal recyclable nutrients (kg)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9318472/v1/a0d45f65fb1224fb93f75fd9.png"},{"id":106339754,"identity":"f581ee5c-4166-42b4-9a33-554fb2f911d0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-07 15:26:40","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":38014,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEmployment Generation in Different Components\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9318472/v1/845db294d75b38a1a5dceb16.png"},{"id":106339753,"identity":"fdca97cf-405c-439d-9d15-fe6d33b79a91","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-07 15:26:40","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":14977,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCarbon source and carbon sink\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9318472/v1/88f4dd34458b5757b8f54fbe.png"},{"id":106339763,"identity":"f1ff6f33-496f-4244-8916-2633dab8ab49","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-07 15:26:42","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":12877,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCarbon sink in different systems\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9318472/v1/a6e3673b93c0bf5f281404cf.png"},{"id":106339751,"identity":"c7de89ee-2282-4128-91c3-1d3cb7b667bd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-07 15:26:39","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":22220,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSustainable yield, sustainable value index under different system\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9318472/v1/0f49183c157c422f1f8cf4a2.png"},{"id":106340098,"identity":"2054104d-ce8b-4a57-9dfb-75a4aee6bb95","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-07 15:27:26","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1499875,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9318472/v1/80a4146d-6883-40c6-85f1-14920b6c15ca.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIntegrated Farming System -A Viable Farming System for Livelihood Security, Resource Conservation, Sustainable Production, Carbon Sequestration, Energy Use Efficiency and Environmental protection in South India\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eRecently Indian agriculture faces serious problems in attaining sustainability and profitability of the farming due to reduce in land holding. The average size of the landholding has declined to 1.7 ha during 2023\u0026ndash;224 from 2.28 ha in 1970-71. If this trend continues, the average size of holding in India would be very less as 0.52 ha in 2030 and would be further reduced to 0.28 ha in 2050 (Anon, 2025). Majority farmers are financially handicapped, their holdings are small, resource poor and frequently posed to diverse risk conditions. Under this prevailing situation, call for an alternative viable farming system which synergetic integrate agriculture and subsidiary enterprises to make farming more profitable, employment generative and reduce global warming and attain sustainability is much necessary.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe income for an average farmer from crops alone is not sufficient to sustain his family and sometimes entirely crop loss due to biotic and abiotic stress condition. The farmer has to be get assured and regular income only possible through integrated farming system for including subsidiary enterprises. Integrated farming boosts farm resilience, income, and sustainability by combining crops, livestock, fish, and trees, creating closed-loop systems that recycle nutrients (manure for fertilizer, crop waste for feed), reduce costs on external inputs (fertilizers, pesticides), improve soil health and water retention, diversify income streams, and enhance food security by providing a balanced diet and stable year-round produce, all while minimizing environmental impact.. On the contrary, cropping system has failed to attain sustained livelihood security and also resulted in decrease in productivity, resource use efficiency and ultimately less profitability (Jayanthi \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e, 2003). Integrated farming system has been widely reported that IFS approach increases productivity by 2\u0026ndash;3 times, creates additional employment, save 40\u0026ndash;60% resources and ensure 100% household nutritional security (Mahapatra 1994, Rathore and Bhatt 2008)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAn economic assessment of farming systems aims at finding the magnitude of profits from each component of the farming system and also to enhance the utilization capacity of locally available resources (Jayanthi \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e, 2002). Keeping all these factors, the present study has been conducted on \u0026ldquo;Integrated Farming System -A Viable Farming System for Livelihood Security, Resource Conservation, Sustainable Production, Carbon Sequestration and Better Energy Use Efficiency under Biotic and Abiotic Stress\u0026rdquo; in Bhadra command of Karnataka.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Material and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe study has been conducted on \u0026ldquo;Integrated Farming System -A Viable Farming System for Livelihood Security, Resource Conservation, Sustainable Production, Carbon Sequestration and Better Energy Use Efficiency under Biotic and Abiotic Stress\u0026rdquo; with an area of 1.0 ha at Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station, Kathalagere, Davangere district of Karnataka state under Bhadra command area during 2019\u0026ndash;2023. Out of one hectare area, 0.50 hectare was allotted for crop component (Cereals, pulses and millets), 0.35 hectare was taken up with Horticulture crops (Arecanut, Coconut, Banana, Drumstick and Vegetables). Diary and Sheep components were also introduced as additional components with buffalo (one)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;cow (two) and sheep (10\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;1). Green fodder block was fixed in an area of 0.03 hectare (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Additional components like compost (2 units), vermicompost (2 units) and Azolla (1 units) were included subsequently in the system. Cow dung, urine, sheep excreta, farm wastes and crop residues were properly recycled by composting (FYM and vermicompost) and incorporated in to the soil. Similarly, Azolla was released in to paddy field as source of nitrogen fixer and also used as animal feed in limited quantity (1:10 ratio of azolla and feed). Cost of production includes all (fixed and variable costs) input cost, labour and machineries were subjected for calculation. Sustainable Yield Index (SYI) was calculated by using following formula\u003cdiv id=\"Equ1\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ1\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:\\text{S}\\text{u}\\text{s}\\text{t}\\text{a}\\text{i}\\text{n}\\text{a}\\text{b}\\text{l}\\text{e}\\:\\text{y}\\text{i}\\text{e}\\text{l}\\text{d}\\:\\text{i}\\text{n}\\text{d}\\text{e}\\text{x}\\:\\left(\\text{S}\\text{Y}\\text{I}\\right)=\\frac{\\text{y}-{\\sigma\\:}\\:}{\\text{y}\\:\\text{m}\\text{a}\\text{x}\\:}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e1\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ewhere, y=average yield of a treatment over the years, \u0026#120590;=standard deviation (SD) and y max= observed maximum yield of a plot over the years.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSustainable value index (SVI) was calculated by using following formula\u003cdiv id=\"Equ2\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ2\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:\\text{S}\\text{u}\\text{s}\\text{t}\\text{a}\\text{i}\\text{n}\\text{a}\\text{b}\\text{l}\\text{e}\\:\\text{v}\\text{a}\\text{l}\\text{u}\\text{e}\\:\\text{i}\\text{n}\\text{d}\\text{e}\\text{x}\\:\\left(\\text{S}\\text{V}\\text{I}\\right)=\\frac{\\text{y}-{\\sigma\\:}\\:}{\\text{v}\\:\\text{m}\\text{a}\\text{x}\\:}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e2\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ewhere, y=average net profit over the years, \u0026#120590;=standard deviation (SD) and vmax=maximum net profit obtain in any of the year.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eViable IFS model\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComponents of IFS model\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eArea (m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrop Components:\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePaddy-paddy /Finger millet /Pulses\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHorticulture Components:\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVegetable Unit (Cluster Bean, Tomato, Chilly, Bhendi and Ridge Guard)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eArecanut garden (Channagiri Local)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoconut\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Arecanut\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;banana inter cropping\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDrum stick (PKM-1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBanana (Sole Crop)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBanana (Elakki) + Drum Stick inter cropping (PKM-1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e400\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFodder Block (CO-3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e300\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfrastructures:\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1. Farm house\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e800\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2. Dairy (3) + Sheep Unit (13 no\u0026rsquo;s)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3. Vermi-Compost Pit (3-Nos.)+\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompost Pit (1-No.)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4. Azolla Unit (2-Nos.)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5. Road and bunds\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6. Border crop (teak\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;74 no\u0026rsquo;s and Glyricidia 16 no\u0026rsquo;s)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e100\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eConventional cropping system (rice-rice)\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe rice\u0026ndash;rice cropping sequence is widely practiced across South India. To enable comparison with the developed IFS model, this system was established on a separate adjacent plot of 500 m\u0026sup2;. The evaluation focused on productivity, economic returns, soil characteristics, energy use, and environmental effects. The crop was managed in accordance with the recommended agronomic practices of Keladi Shivappa Nayaka Agricultural and Horticultural University, Shivamogga, Karnataka. Data on all inputs and outputs were systematically collected and subsequently standardized to a per-hectare basis for comparison with the IFS model.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe standard error of the mean (SEM) was calculated by dividing the standard deviation by the square root of the number of observations (sample size). All analyses and figures were generated using Origin Pro software (Origin, 2024, 10.1, Origin Lab Corporation, USA).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eProductivity, profitability, and employment in IFS vs. rice-rice systems\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe five years pooled data revealed that significantly higher overall productivity was obtained in integrated farming system (Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e and Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e) as rice production for 5000 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e was (4191 kg) of rice. Production from horticulture components was 2730 kg /year, dairy (720 lit /year) yield), sheep unit (152 kg/year) and vermicompost unit (8 t/year) over monocropping of rice (5600 kg) per hectare. The higher productivity in integrated system due to IFS is to derive a set of resource development and utilization practices, which leads to substantial and sustained increase in agricultural production (Rathore and Bhatt 2008). Liyanage et al. (1993) showed that the integration of legume-based pasture and dairy cattle yielded 17% more nuts and 11% more copra, while maintaining the nutrient status of the soil above the critical level, despite reduced application of fertilizer. Jayanthi et al. (2000) reported highest productivity of 33.5 t/ha of rice grain equivalent yield by integrating pigeon pea+ fish\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;mushroom and rice-based cropping applied with composted pigeon manure compared to rice alone in the cropping system. Similarly, the net returns Rs. 251807 from various components \u003cem\u003eviz.\u003c/em\u003e, crops (Rs. 54707), Horticulture (Rs.79161), Dairy (Rs.4, 21600) and sheep unit (Rs.52000) in integrated farming system over monocropping of paddy crop (Rs. 98560/ha). Similarly, The higher B:C ratio (3.12) and Monetary Efficiency(Rs. 689 /day) were noticed in integrated farming system over monocropping system (2.21, Rs. 270). Higher net return in integrated farming system is due to better resource use efficiency through recycling the waste and by-product within the enterprises. In fact, resource recycling reduces the production cost leads to higher net returns and less dependcy on external inputs over monocropping. Application of FYM, fallen leaves, and litter enhance the soil organic matter which in turn boosts crop yields leading to higher returns with a lesser dependency on mineral fertilizers (Sudha et al., 2021). Apart from growing crop component alone other subsidiary enterprises are significantly contributing in improvement of net profit of farmer, these results are with the finding of Ramrao \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. (2005), Sharma \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e (2008) and Channabasavanna \u003cem\u003eet. al.\u003c/em\u003e, (2009).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYield and ceconomics of Integrated Farming System model (1.0 Ha) over mono cropping\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComponent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eArea\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(sq.mt)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProduction (kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNet Returns (Rs./year)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB:C\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMonetary Efficiency\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Rs /day\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePaddy- Paddy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4191\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54707\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e150.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eArecanut (64No's)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e+ Coconut (18No's)+ Banana\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVegetable units\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2730\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e253\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDairy (Milk)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e720\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21600\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSheep\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e152\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e142\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVermicompost/others\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3213\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFisharies\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoundary plantation (Teak)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10,000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15873\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e251807\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e689\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMonocropping\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5680\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98560\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e270\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eEmployment generation\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe total annual mandays generated in integrated farming system was 671 man days from model of 1.0 ha area (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e) involving crops, dairy, fishery, poultry, rabbit,goat,mushroom, biogas plant, fruit trees and agro-forestry. Similar results noticed at IARI, New Delhi, resulted in net returns of Rs. 3,78,784/ha/year with an employment generation of 628 man-days (Singh \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2020 ). Similar results were employment opportunities in the IFS model were about three times higher than in the conventional rice\u0026ndash;wheat system. Most of the work (nearly 80%) came from crop production and dairy activities, while sectors like horticulture, aquaculture, and tree-based farming contributed mainly seasonal or part-time jobs. This diversification ensured year-round labour demand, supporting more stable rural incomes and better use of family labour (Rakshit Bhaga \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2025).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eResource recycling for improved soil health in the IFS model\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe total quantity of produce recycled was (32132 kg) worth of Rs.48398. Effective recycling of (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) farm waste in terms of vermicompost/compost can save Rs.12634 by addition of 462.5 kg of nutrients in-terms of N, P \u0026amp; K. The IFS is effective utilization of natural resource and one product become inputs for crops (Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e) leading less dependency on purchased of external inputs like fertilizer, organic inputs and others \u003cem\u003eetc.\u003c/em\u003e, (Choudhury et al., 2022). Integrated farming system recorded lower bulk density (1.27 Mg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e), soil organic carbon and carbon stock over conventional system (1.52 Mg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e, 6.25 g/kg ,carbon stock 2.07 Mg C/ha), available N( 292.2,kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e), available P\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e 43.9,kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e), available K\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO ( 194.7,kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e), available zinc ( 1.68 mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e), available iron (29.72 mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e), available copper (2.41 mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e), available zinc (17.45mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e), Fungi (57 cfu/g of soil), Bacteria (142 cfu/g of soil) and Actinomycetes (51cfu/g of soil) over monocropping (1.52, 4.21, 8.20, 179.3, 32.6, 136.3, 1.23, 21.9, 1.50 ,14.6, 25, 54 and 16, respectively). The improvement in soil chemical and biological properties in integrated farming system can be attributed to multiple interacting factors. The movement of fish within the field disturbs and mixes the soil, which enhances aeration and helps distribute nutrients (Venkatesh Paramesh \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2021) more evenly. At the same time, the addition of poultry droppings introduces organic matter and essential nutrients into the system (Rakshit Bhaga \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2025).supporting microbial growth and soil fertility. Furthermore, cowpea, being a legume, contributes to nitrogen enrichment through biological fixation. These combined effects result in better soil health and increased biological activity. The improved in soil chemical and biological properties in the rice-fish-cowpea system observed due to continuous movement and churning of soil by the addition and recycling of organic wastages, vermicompost and poultry manures to soil on the farm itself (Nayak \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e 2018). Rakshit Bhaga \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2025 indicated that the integrated farming system (IFS), including crop, horticulture, and agroforestry components, consistently recorded greater soil organic carbon (SOC) levels than the traditional rice\u0026ndash;wheat system. In addition, the availability of primary nutrients\u0026mdash;nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium\u0026mdash;was enhanced under the IFS approach. A similar pattern was noted for micronutrients (zinc, iron, copper, and manganese), where all IFS components not only improved their status relative to initial levels but also maintained higher concentrations compared to the conventional system.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal recyclable nutrients (kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComponents\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePooled data\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eof total produce\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003erecycled (kg/lit./Nos.)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2020 to 2024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePooled\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003edata of Value of recycled\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eproduct (Rs.)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2020 to 2024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrops (Paddy straw, weeds and crop residue)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9658\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15878\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHorticulture(Crop residue \u0026amp; Banana waste)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3560\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3160\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDairy (Dung, urine \u0026amp; shed waste)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8882\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e400\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSheep (Dung \u0026amp; litter)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3728\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11184\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVermicompost (Raw dung, urine and shed waste)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4086\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17432\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther units (Dried leaves \u0026amp; coconut plant debris)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2218\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e344\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTOTAL\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e32132\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e48398\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal amount of nutrient added through recycling and its market value during\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecyclable\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003efarm waste\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuantity (kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNutrient content (%) and total recyclable nutrients (kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuantity of\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003efertilizers\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn terms of rupees\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Rs.)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN (kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP (kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK (kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVermicompost\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3217\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e540.5 (Urea)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3784\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCow dung\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7754\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e489.2 (SSP)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4256\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSheep litter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4462\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e131.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e229.7 (MOP)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4594\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15433\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e249.09\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e78.27\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e135.14\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12634\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBulk density, SOC and carbon stock as influenced by different cultivation system\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"13\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCultivation\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSystems\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBD (Mg m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSOC (g/kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarbon Stock (Mg C/ha)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u0026ndash;30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u0026ndash;45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u0026ndash;60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u0026ndash;30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u0026ndash;45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u0026ndash;60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u0026ndash;30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u0026ndash;45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u0026ndash;60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntegrated farming system\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMonocropping\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoil properties as influenced by different cultivation system\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSystems\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAvailable N\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAvailable\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAvailable\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eK\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAvailable zinc\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAvailable iron\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e( mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAvailable copper\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e( mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAvailable manganese\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e( mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntegrated farming system\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e292.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e194.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMonocropping\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e179.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e136.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMicrobial load in soil as influenced by different cultivation system\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSystems\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFungi\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(cfu/g of soil)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBacteria\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(cfu/g of soil)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eActinomycetes\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(cfu/g of soil)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntegrated farming system\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e142\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMonocropping\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e25\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e54\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eThe IFS model for improved energetics and reduced environmental impact\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe total energy input (96597 MJ), total energy output (367760 MJ), energy use efficiency was 3.81%, carbon sink was 13640 CO\u003csub\u003e2\u0026minus;\u003c/sub\u003ee in kg, carbon source 9547.9 CO\u003csub\u003e2\u0026minus;\u003c/sub\u003ee in kg and improved carbon sequestration (Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e \u0026amp; \u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e) and negative trend was noticed in GHG emission (CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-e : -4093.0) in integrated farming system over conventional farming system (63595 MJ, 225338 MJ and 3.54%, respectively). IFS reduced global warming (Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e) potential by 26.2% compared to the rice-rice system. Kumar et al. (2023) also reported that renewable energy, energy use efficiency and energy productivity share was increased with increasing the organic nutrient sources such as FYM, PGPR, Panchagavya, \u003cem\u003eetc\u003c/em\u003e. to the total nutrient management. Integrated farming requires a lower share of non-renewable resources (Deike et al., 2008). The higher share of renewable energy is also an indication of farm sustainability. An Integrated Farming System (IFS) reshapes the farm into a self-sustaining unit that renews its own resources and captures carbon. The strength of this approach lies in how different components interact and support each other, rather than how each performs individually. The key insight is that true climate resilience in agriculture comes from linking farm enterprises in a way that allows continuous recycling of nutrients and energy. By doing so, farms can transition from being sources of greenhouse gas emissions to systems that help mitigate them (Rakshit Bhaga \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2025).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnergy Budgeting of Integrated Farming System\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrop component\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal Energy input (MJ)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal Energy Output (MJ)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnergy use Efficiency (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePaddy-paddy cropping system\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63595\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e225338\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVegetables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9853\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6685\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFodder\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2409\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78807\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eArecanut (64No's)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4422\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29197\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eArecanut\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Coconut (18No's)+ Banana\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11319\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22950\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDairy (Milk)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10431\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e944\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSheep\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2835\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3839\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96597\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e367760\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecarbon sink in Integrated Farming System\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSl. No.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComponents\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCO\u003csub\u003e2\u0026minus;\u003c/sub\u003ee in kg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarbon Source\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInter Cropping System\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e968.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBanana Sole\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e289.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBanana\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Drumstick intercrop\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e161.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFodder\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eArecanut Sole (64 No's)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e271.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eArecanut (69No's) + Coconut (8 No's) + Banana (60 No's) intercrop\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e458.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHorticultural-Vegetable crops\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e380.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePaddy-special\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3402.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDairy (Cattle )\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2563.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSheep\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e933.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePond\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9547.9\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCarbon Sink\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAgro-Forestry\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1966.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal Bio-mass/compost added\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11674.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13640.9\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGHG- IFS\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-4093.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSustainable yield index, value index and system economic efficiency of Integrated farming system\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe integrated farming system having a sustainable yield index of 0.70 and sustainable value index of 0.76 and (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e) system economic efficiency of 479. It clarifies the benefits from different combinations/unit area, higher sustainability (Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e) index and net returns was achieved in IFS system over conventional farming system (Vittal et al., 2002). These findings indicate that the IFS approach improves soil health not just by supplying organic matter but by creating functional ecological links among different farm components. The main insight is that maintaining soil over the long term depends on recycling nutrients and supporting biological regeneration, rather than relying on external fertilizers (Rakshit Bhaga \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2025).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab9\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 9\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSustainable yield, value index and system economic efficiency of irrigated IFS model\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSystems\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYear\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSustainable yield index\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSustainable value index\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSystem economic efficiency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIFS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2020\u0026ndash;2024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e479\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConvention cultivation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2020\u0026ndash;2024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e156\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIntegrated Farming Systems (IFS) improve farm productivity, increase income, generate employment, and help maintain soil health. By combining multiple farm activities such as crops, livestock, fisheries, and horticulture, IFS ensures sustainable production and supports farmers\u0026rsquo; livelihoods. Promoting this approach can help double farmers\u0026rsquo; earnings, meet household nutritional needs, enhance carbon storage, improve energy efficiency, and lower greenhouse gas emissions, making agriculture more sustainable and climate-friendly.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors gratefully acknowledge Professor Dr. H. B. Babalad for his advice on Organic farming practices for meticulous conducting of experiment and analysis of data\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDisclosure statement\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData availability statement\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, I to upon reasonable request\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeclaration of funding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo funding was received\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eB. Sudha, J. John, A.V. Meera, A. Sajeena, D. Jacob, J.S. Bindhu Coconut based integrated farming: a climate-smart model for food security and economic prosperity J. Plant. Crops, 49 (2021), pp. 104-110\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eB.U. Choudhury, G. Nengzouzam, S. Mandal, B.K. Sethy, S. Hazarika, V.K. Mishra., 2022,\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eChannabasavanna, A. S., Biradar, D. P., Prabhudev, K. N. \u0026amp; Mahabhaleswar Hegde. 2009. Development of profitable integrated farming system model for small and medium farmers of Tungabhadra project area of Karnataka. \u003cem\u003eKarnataka Journal of Agric. Sci.,\u003c/em\u003e 22(1), pp. 25-27.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eD. Kumar, M. Singh, S. Kumar, R.K. Meena, R. Kumar, M.R. Yadav, M. Kushwaha, G. Makarana, S. Bhattacharjee, S. Kashyap, B. Biswal, P. Rajesh Kumar., 2023, Energy budgeting and carbon footprints estimation of fodder maize varieties sown under different nutrient management practices in Indo-Gangetic plains of India Agro Sur, 13 (2023), p. 981,\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDeike, B. Pallutt, O. Christen Investigations on the energy efficiency of organic and integrated farming with specific emphasis on pesticide use intensity Eur. J. Agron., 28 (2008), pp. 461-470, 10.1016\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eJayanthi C, Rangasamy A and Chinnusamy C. 2000. Water budgeting for components in lowland integrated farming systems. Madras Agricultural Journal 87: 411-414\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eJayanthi, C., Baluswamy, M., Chinnusamy, C and Mythily, S., 2003, Integrated nutrient supply system of linked components in lowland integrated farming system. \u003cem\u003eIndian journal of Agronomy.\u003c/em\u003e, 48: 241- 246\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLiyanage de Silva M, Jayasundara H P S, Fernando D N S, Fernando M I N and Liyanage de Silva M. 1993. Integration of legume based pasture and cattle into coconut farming systems in Sri Lanka. Journal of Asian Farming Systems Association 1: 579\u0026ndash;588.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLong-term effect of integrated farming systems on soil erosion in hilly micro-watersheds (Indian Eastern Himalayas) Land Degrad. Dev., 33, pp. 2554-2566\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNayak P K, Nayak A K, Panda B B, Lal B, Gautam P, Poonam A, Shahid M, Tripathi R, Kumar U and Mohapatra S D. 2018. Ecological mechanism and diversity in rice based integrated farming system. \u003cem\u003eEcological Indicators\u003c/em\u003e. 91: 359\u0026ndash;75.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRakshit Bhaga , SohanSingh Walia, Venkatesh Paramesha, Gurmeet,Singh Dheri , Natesan Ravisankar , Sunil Kumar, Gurshaminder Singh and Kartik Sharma, 2025. Sustainability assessment of integrated vs. conventional farming: Life cycle and energy flow perspectives in the subtropical North-Western India\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Environmental and Sustainability Indicators.\u003c/em\u003e28:101015\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRamrao, W. Y., Tiwari, S. P. \u0026amp; Singh, P. 2005. Crop-livestock integrated farming system for augmenting socio-economic status of smallholder tribal of Chhattisgarh in central India. Livestock Research for Rural development, Volume 17, Article# 90 Retrieved May 17, 2006, from http://www.cipav.org.co\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRathore S S and Bhatt B P. 2008. Productivity improvement in jhum fields through an integrated farming system. Indian Journal of Agronomy 53(4): 167\u0026ndash;171\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSharma, Y. K., Bangarva, G.S. \u0026amp; Sharma, S.K. 2008. Farming System Based Constraints Faced by Farmers. \u003cem\u003eIndian Research Journal of Extension Education\u003c/em\u003e, 8 (1), pp. 57-59.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSingh1, S. S. Rathore, K Singh, Pravin K Upadhyay and Kapila Shekhawat.,2025 Integrated farming system approach for enhanced farm productivity, climate resilience and doubling farmers\u0026rsquo; income Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 90 (8): 1378\u0026ndash;88\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eVenkatesh Paramesh, Chakurkar, Tejasvi Bhagat, G. B., Sreekanth, H. B., Chetan kumar, Solomon Rajkumar, P. P., Gokuldas, Gopal, R., Mahajan, K. K., Manohara and Rravisankar, N., 2021. Impact of integrated farming system on residue recycling, nutrient budgeting and soil healthIndian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 91 (1): 44\u0026ndash;8\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eVittal, K.P.R., Maruthi, Sankar, G.R., Singh, H.P., Sharma, J.S., 2002. Sustainability index. Sustainability of Practices of Dryland Agriculture: Methodology and Assessment. All India Coordinated Research Project for Dryland Agriculture, Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad, 4\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Yield, mandays, recycle, socio-economic, NPK, carbon sequestration, greenhouse","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9318472/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9318472/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eRecently Indian agriculture is faced by several complex challenges like declining productivity, poor resource use efficiency, lesser share in Indian economy (14.4%); high dependence of population on agriculture and allied sectors (52%); more thrust on annual cereal crop production etc. Integrated farming system (IFS) is considered as one of the best viable option towards farming system approach through intensification of small holder farm income to ensure livelihood and income. Integrated Farming system approach includes crops and subsidiary enterprises (Dairy, Sheep etc.,). Accordingly, the land was divided component wise into per cent area out of 1.0 ha. Growing cropping systems like paddy-paddy /paddy-finger millet/paddy-pulse with 50 per cent area in order to meet the family food requirement and in addition to get better profit out of these produce. The five years pooled data revealed rice production for 5000 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e was (4191 kg) of rice. Production from horticulture components was 2730 kg /year, dairy (720 lit /year) yield), sheep unit (152 kg/year) and vermicompost unit (8 t/year). Similarly, the net returns from various components \u003cem\u003eviz.\u003c/em\u003e, crops (Rs. \u003cb\u003e54707\u003c/b\u003e), Horticulture (Rs.79161), Dairy (Rs.4, 21600) and sheep unit (Rs.52000). The total quantity of produce recycled was (24580 kg) worth of Rs.49160. Effective recycling of farm waste in terms of vermicompost/compost can save Rs.18197 by addition of 768.2 kg of nutrients in-terms of N, P \u0026amp; K. The total annual mandays generated out of various components varied from 671 mandays. Energy use efficiency was 3.81%, carbon sink was 13640 CO\u003csub\u003e2\u0026minus;\u003c/sub\u003ee in kg and improved carbon sequestration and negative trend was noticed in GHG emission (CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-e : -4093.0)\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Integrated Farming System -A Viable Farming System for Livelihood Security, Resource Conservation, Sustainable Production, Carbon Sequestration, Energy Use Efficiency and Environmental protection in South India","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-04-07 15:23:42","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9318472/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"ff7a5616-00be-454e-862d-c7a626d7ca49","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 7th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":65713233,"name":"Agronomy"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-07T15:23:42+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-04-07 15:23:42","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-9318472","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-9318472","identity":"rs-9318472","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}