Analysis of the Ecological Toxicity of Pesticides, Heavy Metals and Microbial Pollution and their combined effects, in the Running Surface Water of Jhal Magsi, Pakistan

Analysis of the Ecological Toxicity of Pesticides, Heavy Metals and Microbial Pollution and their combined effects, in the Running Surface Water of Jhal Magsi, Pakistan | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Analysis of the Ecological Toxicity of Pesticides, Heavy Metals and Microbial Pollution and their combined effects, in the Running Surface Water of Jhal Magsi, Pakistan Safia Mustafa, Attiq Ur Rehman Kakar, Yasmeen Malik, Naqeebullah Khan, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4800354/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Monitoring water quality is highly important for ensuring clean drinking water and protection of aquatic environments. The aim of the current study was to estimate the quality of running water sources from the district of Jhal Magsi. This study focused on evaluating the effects of low biodegradability, the accumulation of heavy metals and organics, and the presence of these compounds on water quality. The concentrations of herbicides (DDT (2,4 D) and Cyanazine) and insecticides (chlorpyrifos, Aldrin and Dieldrin) were determined via gas chromatography, and the concentrations of heavy metals (Pb and Cd) and trace elements (Zn and Mn) were detected via an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Identification of E. coli and P. aeruginosa was performed by Gram staining and biochemical tests. DDT (2,4 D), Cyanazine, Chlorpyrifos, and Aldrin & Dieldrin were detected at 0.9 ± 0.058, 0.08 ± 0.006, 1.01 ± 0.577 and 1.1 ± 0.577 mg/L, respectively; these values are higher than the WHO safety limits. The heavy metals Pb and Cd were detected in all the samples, and the highest range for Pb was 2.03 ± 0.577 mg/L, while that for Cd was 0.48 ± 0.058 mg/L. The highest concentrations of the trace elements Zn and Mn were detected, and the WHO recommended safe limits were 0.305 ± 0.058 and 0.99 ± 0.058 mg/L, respectively. E. coli and P. aeruginosa were identified with percentages of 51.51 and 48.48%, respectively. The presence of higher concentrations of pesticides and heavy metals and their synergistic effect indicate a risk for both human health and aquatic organisms. Therefore, continuous monitoring of heavy metals and pesticides is necessary in the water reservoirs of Jhal Magsi to ensure drink safety. Bacterial assessment can aid in accepting bioremediation processes in water. Food Science & Technology Synergistic toxicity Environmental monitoring Agnostic relationship Gas chromatography Atomic absorption spectroscopy Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 INTRODUCTION Surface water, like lakes and rivers, is used for multiple purposes, supplying water for agricultural irrigation, drinking water, energy production and fisheries. However, these important resources are endangered by fast-rising populations, domestic and agricultural pollution, and developing technologies (Akanwa, 2021 ). The water pole is polluted by agricultural, sewage, and industrial waste. Metals and pesticides contaminate surface water via runoff waste. Environmental pollutants enter groundwater when rainwater parasites dissolve pollutants in the soil. Recurrent principles such as wineries often use trace elements, such as Cu or Zn. Heavy metals and pesticides accumulate in agricultural soils and finally spread to surface and ground water after rainfall (Madhav et al., 2020 ). Heavy metals can enter natural areas, but maximum contaminants originate from excess untreated wastewater discharge and spills, soil, and the dumping of human activities. Because of their persistent and nondegradable nature, pollution in water environments is an important problem that affects the environment, human health, and animals (Saravanan et al., 2022 ). Predicting the transportation of pollutants from soils to aquatic environments is important for assessing the risk and toxicity level of pollutants. The president's use of organochlorine pesticides was an important health fear. They can easily enter cell membranes because of their lipophilic nature. Anthropogenic activities release heavy metals into the environment because of the possible risk of contrary health impacts on both nontarget wildlife and humans (Davis, 2019 ; Kishor et al., 2021 ). The toxicity of a component can change its effect on other components, causing unexpected health effects. This has posed an important challenge for ecotoxicology and environmental health in recent decades. Many studies in the literature have evaluated how different chemical mixtures interact and combined (synergistic or antagonistic, additive) toxicity occurs. In addition, numerous studies have been conducted to evaluate the acute toxicity of multicomponent chemical mixtures (Martin et al., 2021 ). Antagonistic or synergistic relationships occur when the toxicity of a mixture is less or greater than the sum of the toxicities of its components, respectively. In addition to these conflicting results, regulatory authorities typically impose regulations that treat acceptable concentrations of pollutants as independent, even when they are present in mixtures (Chen et al., 2015 ). When water holds fecal material from industry, cattle farms, or hospitals, it contains loaded bacteria. Escherichia coli are known as a common indicator of fecal contamination. A bacteriological investigation of water contaminated by sewage revealed that sewage is unsafe for recreational or drinking purposes (some et al., 2021 ). Microbes can help to clean wastewater. They feed on the organic matter present in sewage and use nutrients for growth, which in turn enhances the cleaning process of wastewater. This action progresses the quality of water and its self-cleansing ability. Additionally, it helps to decrease the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and removes unpleasant odors (Brix, 2020 ). For bioremediation, environmental conditions must be suitable for the growth and activity of these microorganisms. In nonideal conditions, adjustments are made to the environmental factors to increase the favorability of the growth of these microorganisms and therefore accelerate the degradation procedure. It is important to note that the microorganisms used in bioremediation are present in the environment and can stop any damage to the environment (Pal et al., 2020 ). In this study, we provide an overview of the pollution status of two major pollutants, pesticides and heavy metals, and how their synergetic effect can affect the environment. Additionally, we explored the prevalence of pathogen contamination in freshwater bodies in the Jhal Magsi district. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 75 water samples were collected from different points in the rainy water resources (natural spring, canals and river water) of the district of Jhal Magsi Balochistan, Pakistan. Quality Assurance and Preservation of Samples The 1000 mL water samples were divided into three groups for detection of different parameters. One hundred milliliters of each sample was taken for bacterial analysis in separate labeled bottles. The remaining 500 mL of pesticide was removed, the sampling bottles were cleaned once with 30 mL of acetone, and 400 mL of sample was preserved by adding 5 mL of HNO 3 for heavy metal analysis. The samples were brought to the laboratory for analysis of bacteria within 24 hours. Pesticide analysis Water samples were extracted using a separatory funnel with 30 mL of dichloromethane solvent. The funnel was shaken for 5 minutes with periodic venting. After 15 minutes, the organic layer was separated from the water phase. The dichloromethane extracts were combined in a 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask. This extraction procedure was repeated three times, and the extracts were combined in the flask. The flask was then rotated at 200 rpm for one hour using a rotary evaporator. Interference was removed and purified by using silica gel columns. The extracts were evaporated and reconstituted with 0.5 mL of hexane for analysis. Quality control blanks of 1 liter of double distilled water contained no pesticides. The column temperature was programmed from 80 to 310°C with specific time intervals. A straight injection was used, and the injector temperature was maintained at 225°C (Ciornea et al., 2016 ). The quantitative analyses of the selected pesticides were performed by gas chromatography, as shown in Fig. 2 . Heavy metals For heavy metals, the digestion of water samples was carried out through the Fong SS technique (Mustafa et al., 2017 ). Preparation of standard reagents Standard solutions for each metal (Pb, Cd, Zn, and Mn) were prepared at different concentrations up to 1000 ppm (Fisher Chemicals, U.K.) by the formula given below. For the analytical determination, ultrapure compounds were used. Deionized water was used for distillation, after which the mixture was stored in glass containers (Asagba et al., 2007 ). $$\:\text{V}\text{s}\left(\text{m}\text{g}\:\text{L}\right)=\frac{\text{C}\text{w}\:\times\:\text{V}\text{d}}{\text{C}\text{s}}$$ V s = volume (mL) of primary standard (stock) added to the diluent to prepare the diluted working standard C w = Required concentration of working standard (mgL-1) V d = Desired final volume C s = Primary standard concentration of stock solution Bacterial analysis For bacterial isolation, water samples were analyzed. One hundred milliliters of each water sample (WHO, 2021) was added to 10 mL of broth (Luria Bertani). These falcon tubes were incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. The next day, the bacterial suspensions were cultivated on nutrient agar and then incubated at 37°C until the next day. Microscopic examination was performed by Gram staining, and biochemical identification was performed by different tests for the identification of E. coli and P. aeruginosa (Malik et al., 2023 ). Statistical Data Analysis The experiments were repeated at least in triplicate. All the pesticide and heavy metal data are presented as the average ± standard error according to the following formula $$\:SE=\:\frac{\sigma\:}{\surd\:\text{n}}$$ SE = standard error 𝜎 = Standard deviation √n = Numbers of Samples RESULTS The pesticides (herbicides and insecticides) removed from the running surface water of the district Jhal Magsi were DDT (2,4 D), Cyanazine, Chlorpyrifos and Aldrin & Dieldrin. The highest deducted ranges from the normal ranges of the WHO were 0.9 ± 0.058, 0.08 ± 0.006, 1.01 ± 0.577 and 1.1 ± 0.577 mg/L for DDT (2,4 D), Cyanazine, Chlorpyrifos and Aldrin & Dieldrin, respectively, as shown in Table 1 . Table 1 Pesticides in surface water samples from district Jhal Magsi S. no Sites DDT (2,4 D) Cyanazine Chlorpyrifos Aldrin & Dieldrin mg L-1 Types of Pesticides Herbicide Herbicide Insecticide Insecticide Total no samples 54 52 49 31 WHO limits (MRL) 0.03 0.0006 0.03 0.00003 1 Peer chhatta 0.21 ± 0.058 0.02 ± 0.006 0.04 ± 0.006 0.87 ± 0.058 2 kotra 0.43 ± 0.058 0.04 ± 0.006 0.21 ± 0.058 0.01 ± 0.001 3 Gandawah 0.04 ± 0.006 0.06 ± 0.006 0.45 ± 0.058 0.76 ± 0.058 4 Gajan 0.01 ± 0.001 0.05 ± 0.006 0.09 ± 0.006 0.21 ± 0.058 5 Shoran 0.81 ± 0.058 0.04 ± 0.006 0.39 ± 0.058 0.09 ± 0.006 6 Mir Pur 0.9 ± 0.058 0.02 ± 0.006 0.68 ± 0.058 0.93 ± 0.006 7 Patri 0.31 ± 0.058 0.01 ± 0.001 0.91 ± 0.006 0.34v0.058 8 Kot Magsi 0.62 ± 0.006 0.03 ± 0.006 0.8 ± 0.058 0.72 ± 0.058 9 Mirpur jamot 0.51 ± 0.058 0.05 ± 0.006 0.04 ± 0.006 0.21 ± 0.058 10 sukleji 0.33 ± 0.058 0.08 ± 0.006 0.71 ± 0.058 0.4 ± 0.058 11 Gahela 0.21 ± 0.058 0.06 ± 0.006 0.04 ± 0.006 0.52 ± 0.058 12 Farom 0.03 ± 0.006 0.04 ± 0.006 0.31 ± 0.058 0.43 ± 0.058 13 Fathe Pur 0.53 ± 0.058 0.03 ± 0.006 1.01 ± 0.577 0.62 ± 0.058 14 Khari 0.49 ± 0.058 0.06 ± 0.006 0.68 ± 0.058 1.1 ± 0.577 15 River Mula 0.31 ± 0.058 0.04 ± 0.006 0.45 ± 0.058 0.67 ± 0.058 *All selected pesticides were measured (average ± standard error (SE)) in mile grams per litter (mg/L) in all the water samples. The maximum residue limits (MRLs) of various pesticides in drinking water were determined (WHO, 2017) The heavy metals Pb, Cd, Zn and Mn were analyzed from the surface running water of the district of Jhal Magsi. Pb and Cd were detected in all the district samples, and the highest ranges of Pb, Cd, Zn and Mn were 2.03 ± 0.577 mg L-1, 0.48 ± 0.058 mg L-1, 0.305 ± 0.058 mg L-1 and 0.99 ± 0.058 mg L-1, respectively (table. 2). Table 2 Heavy metals in the surface water of district Jhal Magsi S .no Name of area Pb Cd Zn Mn mg L-1 Type of metals Heavy metal Heavy metal Trace metal Trace metal Total present metals 67 64 66 59 EPA/WHO (MRL) < 0.05/0.01 0.01/0.003 5/3 < 0.5/0.5 1 Peer chhatta 1.72 ± 0.577 0.09 ± 0.006 0.088 ± 0.006 0.16 ± 0.058 2 kotra 1.64 ± 0.577 0.105 ± 0.058 0.083 ± 0.006 0.101 ± 0.058 3 Gandawah 1.97 ± 0.577 0.104 ± 0.058 0.061 ± 0.006 0.11 ± 0.058 4 Gajan 2.03 ± 0.577 0.11 ± 0.058 0.058 ± 0.006 0.104 ± 0.058 5 Shoran 1.98 ± 0.577 0.21 ± 0.058 0.088 ± 0.010 0.27 ± 0.058 6 Mir Pur 1.87 ± 0.577 0.34 ± 0.058 0.101 ± 0.058 0.12 ± 0.058 7 Patri 1.988 ± 0.577 0.1 ± 0.001 0.305 ± 0.058 0.99 ± 0.058 8 Kot Magsi 1.78 ± 0.577 0.48 ± 0.058 0.099 ± 0.006 0.44 ± 0.064 9 Mirpur jamot 1.88 ± 0.577 0.101 ± 0.058 0.097 ± 0.001 0.34 ± 0.058 10 sukleji 1.96 ± 0.577 0.104 ± 0.058 0.088 ± 0.006 0.14 ± 0.058 11 Gahela 1.99 ± 0.577 0.102 ± 0.058 0.078 ± 0.006 0.13 ± 0.058 12 Farom 1.98 ± 0.577 0.103 ± 0.058 0.098 ± 0.001 0.87 ± 0.058 13 Fathe Pur 1.88 ± 0.577 0.11 ± 0.058 0.102 ± 0.058 0.34 ± 0.058 14 Khari 1.78 ± 0.577 0.103 ± 0.058 0.205 ± 0.058 0.37 ± 0.058 15 River Mula 1.86 ± 0.577 0.099 ± 0.006 0.169 ± 0.058 0.28 ± 0.058 *Pb (lead), Cd (cadmium), Zn (zinc) and Mn (manganese). All the heavy metal concentrations were reported as average ± standard error (SE)) in milligrams per litter (mg/L) in all the water samples. The maximum residue limits (MRLs) of various heavy metals in drinking water were calculated (WHO, 2021) From the samples of all the selected sites, E. coli and P. aeruginosa were identified. There were 51.51 and 48.48% E. coli and P. aeruginosa , respectively. At the Gandawah sample site, both bacteria were identified at the same ratio of 4/5 (table. 3). Table 3 Total number and percentage of bacteria S .no Name of area E. coli P. aeruginosa 1 Peer chhatta 3/5 3/5 2 kotra 2/5 2/5 3 Gandawah 4/5 4/5 4 Gajan 3/5 3/5 5 Shoran 1/5 1/5 6 Mir Pur 1/5 1/5 7 Patri 2/5 2/5 8 Kot Magsi 3/5 3/5 9 Mirpur jamot 3/5 3/5 10 sukleji 1/5 1/5 11 Gahela 1/5 1/5 12 Farom 2/5 2/5 13 Fathe Pur 2/5 2/5 14 Khari 1/5 1/5 15 River Mula 3/5 3/5 Total no of Bacteria 34/75 32/75 Percentage of Bacteria 51.51% 48.48% *From every site, five (5) water samples were collected for bacterial analysis, and a total of 75 water samples were used for bacterial detection. The data were analyzed according to the central limit theorem. Therefore, Pearson’s correlation was used. The correlations are shown in Table 4 . According to the results of correlation analysis, Pb has shown an inverse relationship with Cd, DDT (2,4 D), Aldrin and Dieldrin, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa; Cd has a correlation with chlorpyrifos, DDT (2,4 D), and Aldrin and Dieldrin; Zn has a strong correlation with Mn and chlorpyrifos; DDT (2,4 D) has a correlation with chlorpyrifos; and chlorpyrifos has a correlation with alrin and Dieldrin (p < 0.01). Table 4 Pearson correlation chart for heavy metals, pesticides and bacteria Pb Cd Zn Mn DDT (2,4 D) Cyanazine Chlorpyrifos Aldrin & Dieldrin E. coli P. aeruginosa Pb 1 Cd -0.241 1 Zn 0.011 -0.102 1 Mn 0.188 0.016 0.677** 1 DDT (2,4 D) -0.307 0.493* 0.107 -0.178 1 Cyanazine 0.256 -0.321 -0.383 -0.414 -0.304 1 Chlorpyrifos 0.026 0.371* 0.503** 0.374 0.400* -0.235 1 Aldrin & Dieldrin -0.243 0.335* 0.155 -0.015 0.084 -0.090 0.333* 1 E. coli -0.091 0.041 -0.187 0.019 -0.474 -0.132 -0.237 0.025 1 P. aeruginosa -0.091 0.041 -0.187 0.019 -0.474 -0.132 -0.237 0.025 1.000 1 *Pb (lead), Cd (cadmium), Zn (zinc) and Mn (manganese). **The Pearson correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). *Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed), and –ive indicates an inverse relationship. Table 5 Relationships between Exposure to Heavy Plants, Pesticides and Their Combinations S.no Metals Pesticides Effects References 1 Cd, Chlorpyrifos Cause damage and Oxidative stress to the mitochondria in neuronal cells. Xu et al. ( 2017 ) 2 Zn Chlorpyrifos Cause cellular stress responses and reproduction problems. García-Gómez et al. ( 2019 ) 3 Ni, Mn, Pb, Cd, Zn Different pesticides, PCB and chemical Combine effect the heavy metals residual attractive forces and Unbalanced forces (adsorption mechanism). Yang et al. ( 2020 ) 4 Cd, Pb Chlorpyrifos It cause combined toxicity to daphnia magna was preservative Yongmeng et al. ( 2021 ) 5 Cd Diazi on Seminiferous epithelium, cause loss of spermatogenic element, lacking maturation of germs cells and disorganization Singh et al. ( 2017 ) 6 Ni, Mn Chlorpyrifos Change in molecular fingerprints and giving rise to a complex transcriptional profile in mixture Vandenbrouck et al. ( 2009 ); Boatti et al. ( 2012 ) Cd Diazinon progressive damage in epithelial cells and decrease in spermatogenic Adamkovicova et al. ( 2014 ) 7 Cd Chlorpyrifos Because headaches, seizures, blurred vision, salivation, irritate the stomach, coma, and result in diarrhea and vomiting. Nandi et al. ( 2022 ); Mohod and Dhote ( 2013 ) 8 Cd 2,4- D, DDT Tremors or shakiness, vomiting, and seizures. DDT is carcinogen and exposure can affect the liver and reproduction. Strong et al. ( 2015 ); Mohod and Dhote ( 2013 ) 9 Pb, Cd Chlorpyrifos Effect nervous system, blurred vision, ranging from headaches, seizures, coma, and salivation depending on the amount and length of exposure. Nandi et al. ( 2022 ); Mohod and Dhote (2013) *Pb (lead), Cd (cadmium), Zn (zinc), Ni (nickel), Mn (manganese) and PCB (polychlorinated biphenyl). The A column shows the combined effect of heavy metals and pesticides. DISCUSSION The investigations were carried out on the running surface water of the district of Jhal Magsi. Different pesticides and fertilizers used for the proper growth of plants. Exposure to heavy metals and pesticides has caused a high number of cancer cases. A current risk assessment, which also included data from animals, estimated that exposure to dioxin-like and dioxin compounds (such as PCBs) could result in cancer up to 10 − 4 per year. Burns et al. (2021) researched pesticide sources and their effects on humans. In the present study, many pesticides were identified via chromatographic experiments with a standard solution. The same technique was utilized by Wang et al. ( 2007 ) and Nguyen et al. ( 2019 ) for the quantification and determination of pesticides in surface water through gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. In the current research conducted by Júnior and Re-Poppi ( 2007 ) and Cortada et al. ( 2009 ), various pesticides, including Aldrin and Dieldrin, were detected in water samples. These pesticides were found in river, surface, and tap water, with higher concentrations observed in surface water samples. Tiwari and Guha ( 2013 ) evaluated chlorpyrifos, an organophosphorus pesticide, in an aqueous environment. Arain et al. ( 2018 ) studied the chlorpyrifos concentration in the surface and ground water of Okra. These results are consistent with the findings of the present study. Chlorpyrifos was detected in all the water samples from the district. In the present study, cyanazine was detected in water samples; Schraer et al. ( 2000 ) also detected cyanazine in surface water. Cyanazine has acute toxicity and is moderately toxic to mammals. Furthermore, the herbicide DDT was also detected in the water of the district Jhall Magsi (Strong et al., 2015 ; Burgos-Aceves et al., 2021 ). Contact with DDT can cause contrary effects on reproduction and the liver. High doses of DDT can cause seizures, vomiting and tremors in humans. In the present study, Cd and Pb were detected at relatively high concentrations, and Zn and Mn were detected in the majority of the samples within the limits of the WHO. These results are consistent with those of Hange and Awofolu ( 2017 ), who assessed the heavy metal concentrations in river surface water collected from the Jhelum River at Muzaffargarh. The concentrations of Ni, Pb, Cd, and Cr were found to be higher than the WHO limits in drinking water, and the concentrations of metals such as Mn and Zn were lower than the WHO standards for water (Ajiwe et al., 2018 ). Mohiuddin et al. ( 2016 ) studied sediment and water samples from the Buriganga River of Bangladesh and reported that the Cd, Pd, Zn, Cu, and As concentrations exceeded the toxicity reference values. Mohod and Dhote ( 2013 ) reported that human sources can be categorized according to the main cause and route through which heavy metals are distributed to different sections of the environment and through which the transport media is mainly water. In the present study, the sources of running water were the Mula River, the Sukhlaji River, natural springs and canal water. These reservoirs are contaminated through natural and anthropogenic activities. Increases in socioeconomic activity due to increased population have been connected to rapid increases in heavy metals in the environment. Anthropological activities such as agriculture, ore processing, and mining contribute greatly to metal contamination. Domestic activities, such as laundry detergents, also contribute to heavy metal concentrations in water, which has opposite effects (Minhas et al., 2022 ). The main water reservoirs of the district Jhal Magsi follow the routes of mountain and agricultural fields, so weather plays a role in the contamination of water with metals and pesticides (Mustafa et al., 2017 ). According to Négrel et al. ( 2018 ), weathering is a natural process in which rocks, minerals, and soil are broken down through atmospheric exposure, living organisms and water. This process can release heavy metals through numerous natural events, such as decay comets, volcanic eruptions, erosion and heavy rainfall. Liu et al. ( 2020 ) reported higher concentrations of Pb and Cd than the WHO permissible limits in a study conducted on a river containing Swat water. Briffa et al. ( 2020 ) studied Hg, Cd, and Pb in the surface and ground water of Central East India, and their results also revealed higher concentrations of Pb and Cd in water samples. According to Ajiwe et al. ( 2018 ), heavy metals are carcinogenic, genotoxic, teratogenic and mutagenic. Inamori and Fujimoto ( 2010 ) studied the safety of drinking water by measuring bacteria in 1 mL of test water. There were fewer than 100 bacterial colonies, and no total coliforms were detected. These results contrast with those of the present study in which 1 mL of water sample contained E. coli and P. aeruginosa. E. coli and P. aeruginosa were detected in water by Jawad et al. ( 2020 ) and Baghal et al. (2021) and in tap water (Moghadam et al., 2016 ). The growth of bacteria is activated by an increase in the concentration of phosphorus and nitrogen, which are commonly found in pesticides. This increase often occurs due to contamination from sources such as industrial sewage, livestock sewage, and domestic sewage, which may contain heavy metals. Pathogenic bacteria that cause water-borne diseases can contaminate the human intestine and cause runoff into the environment through manure. These bacteria then undergo action and are ultimately released into water reservoirs, lakes, and rivers (Some et al., 2021 ). Water cleaning involves the use of microbes as biological agents to eliminate or reduce the effects of environmental pollutants. Microbes are utilized mainly because of their rapid growth and ability to be manipulated easily; thus, they function as agents for bioremediation (Brix, 2020 ). The results of the present study will help future readers study the role and mechanisms of bioremediation. The combined pollution of pesticides and heavy metals poses a serious risk to human living and the soil ecological environment. It has been reported that pesticides and heavy metals enter animal and human bodies via ingestion through food materials (Satarug et al., 2017 ), dermal contact and inhalation, smoke formation, fumes of chemicals, dust particles, numerous activities, mining, and battery manufacturing (Asgary et al., 2017 ). The combined pollution of Cu and chlorpyrifos had synergistic and antagonistic effects on different tests (Yongmeng et al., 2021 ). Cd exposure increases the susceptibility to microbial pesticides in a synergistic manner, and the use of microbial pesticides is an effective strategy for pest control in heavy metal-polluted areas (Zheng et al., 2023). Microorganisms can convert hazardous Hg 2+ and Cr 6+ ions into less toxic (Hg 0+ ) and Cr 3+ ions (Malik et al., 2023 ). Ni, Cd and chlorpyrifos have synergistic effects on the environment and can cause the conversion of Cd2 + and Ni 2+ . Lam et al. ( 2023 ) examined the mutual effect of 2,4-dichlorophenol laterally with Cu and Zn. Conclusion In the present study, pesticide, heavy metal and microbial assessments of water samples were performed and compared with the recommended limits of the WHO. DDT (2,4 D), Cyanazine, Chlorpyrifos, Aldrin and Dieldrin pesticides and Pb and Cd were found to be present at concentrations higher than the WHO standard limits. The predicted synergistic effects resulting from the co-occurrence of these pesticides and heavy metals represent an enhanced risk to humans, and additional bacterial assessments could aid in understanding the role of these metals by enhancing the cleaning and bioremediation of polluted water. Declarations Author contributions Conceptualization : S.M. and A.-U.-R.K.; Data curation : Y.M., S.M. and N.K.; Investigation : S.M., A.-U.-R.K., Y.M., N.K., A.S., M.A and S.; Methodology : S.M., Y.M. and S.; Supervision : A.-U.-R.K., N.K. and A.S.; Validation : S.M. and Y.M.; Writing original draft: S.M., Y.M. and A.-U.-R.K.; Writing - review & editing : N.K., A.S. and M.A Competing interest: No competing interests exist. 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Sin, M.W.W. Tong, H. Zeng, H. Li, L. Huang, and J.W. Lim. 2023. Eminent destruction of organics and pathogens concomitant with power generation in a visible light-responsive photocatalytic fuel cell with NiFe2O4/ZnO pine tree-like photoanode and CuO/Cu2O nanorod cathode. Chemosphere 344: 140402. Mustafa, S., N. Baloch, S. Muhammad, Y. Malik, T. Khan, M. Bibi and I.A. Baloch. 2017. Determination of trace and heavy metals in drinking water of Jhal Magsi district of Balochistan, Pakistan. Pure and Applied Biology (PAB) 6: 9-17. Malik, Y., W.M. Ackakzai, S. Mustafa, S. Saddozai, and A. Akbar. 2023. Accumulation of heavy metals and detection of resistant-associated genes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa in an edible catfish (Wallago attu) from Pat Feeder Canal, Pakistan. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 22: 602-614. Liu, M., Y. Xu, J. Nawab, Z. Rahman, S. Khan, M. Idress and G. Li. 2020. Contamination features, geo-accumulation, enrichments and human health risks of toxic heavy metal (loids) from fish consumption collected along Swat river, Pakistan. Environmental Technology & Innovation 17: 100554. Briffa, J., E. Sinagra and R. Blundell. 2020. Heavy metal pollution in the environment and their toxicological effects on humans. Heliyon 6: e04691. Ajiwe, V.I.E., K.C. Chukwujindu and C.N. Chukwujindu. 2018. Heavy Metals Concentration in Cassava Tubers and Leaves froma Galena Mining Area inIshiagu, IVO LGA ofEbonyi State Nigeria. Journal of Applied Chemistry. Volume 11: 54-58. Moghadam, M.A.J., H. Honarmand and S.A. Meshginshahr. 2016. Contamination of tap water with Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Legionella pneumophila , and Escherichia coli in Guilan, Iran. Journal of Medical Bacteriology 5: 21-28. Baghal Asghari, F., M.H. Dehghani, R. Dehghanzadeh, D. Farajzadeh, D. Shanehbandi, A.H. Mahvi and A. Rajabi. 2021. Performance evaluation of ozonation for removal of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and genes from hospital wastewater. Scientific Reports 11: 24519. Jawad, R.S., A.H. Younus, H.H. Abbas, A., Shihab, A.R. Jawad and N. Al Muski. 2020. Disinfection of Drinking Water from Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by Using Silver Nanoparticles. In Materials Science Forum (Vol. 1002, pp. 478-488). Trans Tech Publications Ltd. Inamori, Y and N. Fujimoto. 2010. Microbial/biological contamination of water. Water Quality and Standards-Volume II 7: 194. Hange, K and O.R. Awofolu. 2017. Assessment of anthropogenic influence on the level of selected heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb) in soil. Journal of Soil Science and Environmental Management 8: 113-121. Mohiuddin, K.M., M.S. Islam, S. Basak, H.M. Abdullah and I. Ahmed. 2016. Status of heavy metal in sediments of the Turag river in Bangladesh. Progress Agric 27: 78-85. Minhas, P.S., J.K. Saha, M.L. Dotaniya, A. Sarkar and M. Saha. 2022. Wastewater irrigation in India: Current status, impacts and response options. Science of the Total Environment 808: 152001. Négrel, P., B. De Vivo, C. Reimann, A. Ladenberger, D. Cicchella, S. Albanese and Z. Zomeni. 2018. U-Th signatures of agricultural soil at the European continental scale (GEMAS): Distribution, weathering patterns and processes controlling their concentrations. Science of the Total Environment 622: 1277-1293. Xu, J., L. Zheng, M. Tan, H. Wu, S. Yan and D. Jiang. 2023. The susceptibility of Hyphantria cunea larvae to microbial pesticides Bacillus thuringiensis and Mamestra brassicae nuclear polyhedrosis virus under Cd stress. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 191: 105383. Satarug, S., D.A. Vesey and G.C. Gobe. 2017. Current health risk assessment practice for dietary cadmium: Data from different countries. Food and Chemical Toxicology 106: 430-445. Asgary, S., A. Movahedian, M. Keshvari, M. Taleghani, A. Sahebkar and N. Sarrafzadegan. 2017. Serum levels of lead, mercury and cadmium in relation to coronary artery disease in elderly individuals: a cross-sectional study. Chemosphere 180: 540-544. Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4800354","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":331605468,"identity":"1b410db9-c12b-48f6-a031-2f3b6e5e287b","order_by":0,"name":"Safia Mustafa","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABCklEQVRIie2PMUvDQBiGvyPQLhdc20HyFzIdiCH3Q1wSDtpFcc3QIV3SJdK1g3/B9eYrHzgdZj3o0pJVIeKig+Al0EVIqpvgPdN78D689wE4HH8SslfHAE0WtWGphhUv7ArUBrLRs1bJTypwVDy/wO4xqAQrJOrjGjkfI3mjuoofVmhXFtFVnxJqAds7iWlJhTe9z3ZC6tQqj7ObvE+BW6V8iQm1YfKsd4Ipq5Ace5VgXcP2UyKnZ7X37hdPglWHYQWMALQrpJyI0dQvVMzMiZXQ1IDncp6Wph5dbLRImLErycAtwVp4ry/yko9tME0Wc1bND/tmEfV/7Dtp10x+Wm/hvyk7HA7H/+ALyphqIwVajxAAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6726-5204","institution":"University of Balochistan","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Safia","middleName":"","lastName":"Mustafa","suffix":""},{"id":331608083,"identity":"4a2068f5-c7d7-417e-b8d9-18dbf1bb0cd9","order_by":1,"name":"Attiq Ur Rehman Kakar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Balochistan","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Attiq","middleName":"Ur Rehman","lastName":"Kakar","suffix":""},{"id":331608084,"identity":"fef4eb90-c174-45ad-aa73-a7cc2de4f4de","order_by":2,"name":"Yasmeen Malik","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Balochistan","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yasmeen","middleName":"","lastName":"Malik","suffix":""},{"id":331608085,"identity":"dfc6f1eb-f83c-4872-876a-7883191de768","order_by":3,"name":"Naqeebullah Khan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Balochistan","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Naqeebullah","middleName":"","lastName":"Khan","suffix":""},{"id":331608086,"identity":"e753606a-52f8-4f1a-9cb2-4e1c4d4e3cf2","order_by":4,"name":"Abdul Samad","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"CASVAB, University of Balochistan","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Abdul","middleName":"","lastName":"Samad","suffix":""},{"id":331608087,"identity":"68b6965c-0d38-4054-8858-bc113bd252a5","order_by":5,"name":"Samiullah","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Balochistan","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"","middleName":"","lastName":"Samiullah","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-07-25 08:44:53","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4800354/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4800354/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":61275203,"identity":"c31047bc-3a85-44a2-a369-eb308ffc9877","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-29 03:31:25","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":988807,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe River Mula, Sukleji, Gandawah, Shoran, Mirpur jamot, and Fathe Pur sites where water samples were collected from the district of Jhal Magsi\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4800354/v1/f88ac33859c8ac19dce160f0.png"},{"id":61275202,"identity":"412bac8f-3af6-441e-87dd-e9ad932af675","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-29 03:31:25","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":84848,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe pesticides Cyanazine, 2,4-D(DDT), Chlorpyrifos, Aldrin and Dieldrin were detected in the surface water of the district of Jhal Magsi\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4800354/v1/27024d3a50d78a732794a50c.png"},{"id":61275706,"identity":"4b077dd1-770e-49f2-9a2d-22f4755b4366","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-29 03:39:26","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2024306,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4800354/v1/b3c57c77-8045-4d0b-b344-83378aa3f0c2.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnalysis of the Ecological Toxicity of Pesticides, Heavy Metals and Microbial Pollution and their combined effects, in the Running Surface Water of Jhal Magsi, Pakistan\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eSurface water, like lakes and rivers, is used for multiple purposes, supplying water for agricultural irrigation, drinking water, energy production and fisheries. However, these important resources are endangered by fast-rising populations, domestic and agricultural pollution, and developing technologies (Akanwa, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). The water pole is polluted by agricultural, sewage, and industrial waste. Metals and pesticides contaminate surface water via runoff waste. Environmental pollutants enter groundwater when rainwater parasites dissolve pollutants in the soil. Recurrent principles such as wineries often use trace elements, such as Cu or Zn. Heavy metals and pesticides accumulate in agricultural soils and finally spread to surface and ground water after rainfall (Madhav et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Heavy metals can enter natural areas, but maximum contaminants originate from excess untreated wastewater discharge and spills, soil, and the dumping of human activities. Because of their persistent and nondegradable nature, pollution in water environments is an important problem that affects the environment, human health, and animals (Saravanan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Predicting the transportation of pollutants from soils to aquatic environments is important for assessing the risk and toxicity level of pollutants. The president's use of organochlorine pesticides was an important health fear. They can easily enter cell membranes because of their lipophilic nature. Anthropogenic activities release heavy metals into the environment because of the possible risk of contrary health impacts on both nontarget wildlife and humans (Davis, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Kishor et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe toxicity of a component can change its effect on other components, causing unexpected health effects. This has posed an important challenge for ecotoxicology and environmental health in recent decades. Many studies in the literature have evaluated how different chemical mixtures interact and combined (synergistic or antagonistic, additive) toxicity occurs. In addition, numerous studies have been conducted to evaluate the acute toxicity of multicomponent chemical mixtures (Martin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Antagonistic or synergistic relationships occur when the toxicity of a mixture is less or greater than the sum of the toxicities of its components, respectively. In addition to these conflicting results, regulatory authorities typically impose regulations that treat acceptable concentrations of pollutants as independent, even when they are present in mixtures (Chen et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen water holds fecal material from industry, cattle farms, or hospitals, it contains loaded bacteria. \u003cem\u003eEscherichia coli\u003c/em\u003e are known as a common indicator of fecal contamination. A bacteriological investigation of water contaminated by sewage revealed that sewage is unsafe for recreational or drinking purposes (some et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Microbes can help to clean wastewater. They feed on the organic matter present in sewage and use nutrients for growth, which in turn enhances the cleaning process of wastewater. This action progresses the quality of water and its self-cleansing ability. Additionally, it helps to decrease the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and removes unpleasant odors (Brix, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor bioremediation, environmental conditions must be suitable for the growth and activity of these microorganisms. In nonideal conditions, adjustments are made to the environmental factors to increase the favorability of the growth of these microorganisms and therefore accelerate the degradation procedure. It is important to note that the microorganisms used in bioremediation are present in the environment and can stop any damage to the environment (Pal et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). In this study, we provide an overview of the pollution status of two major pollutants, pesticides and heavy metals, and how their synergetic effect can affect the environment. Additionally, we explored the prevalence of pathogen contamination in freshwater bodies in the Jhal Magsi district.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"MATERIALS AND METHODS","content":"\u003cp\u003eA total of 75 water samples were collected from different points in the rainy water resources (natural spring, canals and river water) of the district of Jhal Magsi Balochistan, Pakistan.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eQuality Assurance and Preservation of Samples\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe 1000 mL water samples were divided into three groups for detection of different parameters. One hundred milliliters of each sample was taken for bacterial analysis in separate labeled bottles. The remaining 500 mL of pesticide was removed, the sampling bottles were cleaned once with 30 mL of acetone, and 400 mL of sample was preserved by adding 5 mL of HNO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e for heavy metal analysis. The samples were brought to the laboratory for analysis of bacteria within 24 hours.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003ePesticide analysis\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater samples were extracted using a separatory funnel with 30 mL of dichloromethane solvent. The funnel was shaken for 5 minutes with periodic venting. After 15 minutes, the organic layer was separated from the water phase. The dichloromethane extracts were combined in a 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask. This extraction procedure was repeated three times, and the extracts were combined in the flask. The flask was then rotated at 200 rpm for one hour using a rotary evaporator. Interference was removed and purified by using silica gel columns. The extracts were evaporated and reconstituted with 0.5 mL of hexane for analysis. Quality control blanks of 1 liter of double distilled water contained no pesticides. The column temperature was programmed from 80 to 310\u0026deg;C with specific time intervals. A straight injection was used, and the injector temperature was maintained at 225\u0026deg;C (Ciornea et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe quantitative analyses of the selected pesticides were performed by gas chromatography, as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eHeavy metals\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor heavy metals, the digestion of water samples was carried out through the Fong SS technique (Mustafa et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003ePreparation of standard reagents\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eStandard solutions for each metal (Pb, Cd, Zn, and Mn) were prepared at different concentrations up to 1000 ppm (Fisher Chemicals, U.K.) by the formula given below. For the analytical determination, ultrapure compounds were used. Deionized water was used for distillation, after which the mixture was stored in glass containers (Asagba et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Equa\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e \u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equa\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:\\text{V}\\text{s}\\left(\\text{m}\\text{g}\\:\\text{L}\\right)=\\frac{\\text{C}\\text{w}\\:\\times\\:\\text{V}\\text{d}}{\\text{C}\\text{s}}$$\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eV\u003csub\u003es\u003c/sub\u003e = volume (mL) of primary standard (stock) added to the diluent to prepare the diluted working standard\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003ew\u003c/sub\u003e = Required concentration of working standard (mgL-1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eV\u003csub\u003ed\u003c/sub\u003e = Desired final volume\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003es\u003c/sub\u003e = Primary standard concentration of stock solution\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eBacterial analysis\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor bacterial isolation, water samples were analyzed. One hundred milliliters of each water sample (WHO, 2021) was added to 10 mL of broth (Luria Bertani). These falcon tubes were incubated at 37\u0026deg;C for 24 hours. The next day, the bacterial suspensions were cultivated on nutrient agar and then incubated at 37\u0026deg;C until the next day. Microscopic examination was performed by Gram staining, and biochemical identification was performed by different tests for the identification of \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e (Malik et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eStatistical Data Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe experiments were repeated at least in triplicate. All the pesticide and heavy metal data are presented as the average\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;standard error according to the following formula\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Equb\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e \u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equb\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:SE=\\:\\frac{\\sigma\\:}{\\surd\\:\\text{n}}$$\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;standard error\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026#120590; = Standard deviation\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Numbers of Samples\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe pesticides (herbicides and insecticides) removed from the running surface water of the district Jhal Magsi were DDT (2,4 D), Cyanazine, Chlorpyrifos and Aldrin \u0026amp; Dieldrin. The highest deducted ranges from the normal ranges of the WHO were 0.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.058, 0.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.006, 1.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.577 and 1.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.577 mg/L for DDT (2,4 D), Cyanazine, Chlorpyrifos and Aldrin \u0026amp; Dieldrin, respectively, as shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePesticides in surface water samples from district Jhal Magsi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS. no\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSites\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDDT (2,4 D)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyanazine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChlorpyrifos\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAldrin \u0026amp; Dieldrin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emg L-1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTypes of Pesticides\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHerbicide\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHerbicide\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInsecticide\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInsecticide\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal no samples\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWHO limits (MRL)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePeer chhatta\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ekotra\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGandawah\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGajan\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShoran\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMir Pur\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePatri\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.34v0.058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKot Magsi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMirpur jamot\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esukleji\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGahela\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFarom\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFathe Pur\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.577\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKhari\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.577\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRiver Mula\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003e*All selected pesticides were measured (average\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard error (SE)) in mile grams per litter (mg/L) in all the water samples. The maximum residue limits (MRLs) of various pesticides in drinking water were determined (WHO, 2017)\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe heavy metals Pb, Cd, Zn and Mn were analyzed from the surface running water of the district of Jhal Magsi. Pb and Cd were detected in all the district samples, and the highest ranges of Pb, Cd, Zn and Mn were 2.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.577 mg L-1, 0.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.058 mg L-1, 0.305\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.058 mg L-1 and 0.99\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.058 mg L-1, respectively (table. 2).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeavy metals in the surface water of district Jhal Magsi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS .no\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eName of area\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZn\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMn\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emg L-1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eType of metals\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeavy metal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeavy metal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrace metal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrace metal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal present metals\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEPA/WHO (MRL)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05/0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01/0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5/3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.5/0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePeer chhatta\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.577\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.088\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ekotra\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.577\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.105\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.083\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.101\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGandawah\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.97\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.577\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.104\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.061\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGajan\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.577\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.058\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.104\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShoran\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.577\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.088\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.010\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMir Pur\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.577\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.101\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePatri\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.988\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.577\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.305\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.99\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKot Magsi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.577\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.099\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.064\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMirpur jamot\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.577\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.101\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.097\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esukleji\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.577\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.104\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.088\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGahela\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.99\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.577\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.102\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.078\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFarom\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.577\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.103\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.098\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFathe Pur\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.577\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.102\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKhari\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.577\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.103\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.205\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRiver Mula\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.577\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.099\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.169\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003e*Pb (lead), Cd (cadmium), Zn (zinc) and Mn (manganese). All the heavy metal concentrations were reported as average\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard error (SE)) in milligrams per litter (mg/L) in all the water samples. The maximum residue limits (MRLs) of various heavy metals in drinking water were calculated (WHO, 2021)\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom the samples of all the selected sites, \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e were identified. There were 51.51 and 48.48% \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e, respectively. At the Gandawah sample site, both bacteria were identified at the same ratio of 4/5 (table. 3).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal number and percentage of bacteria\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS .no\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eName of area\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePeer chhatta\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3/5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3/5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ekotra\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2/5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2/5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGandawah\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4/5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4/5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGajan\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3/5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3/5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShoran\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMir Pur\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePatri\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2/5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2/5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKot Magsi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3/5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3/5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMirpur jamot\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3/5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3/5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esukleji\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGahela\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFarom\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2/5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2/5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFathe Pur\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2/5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2/5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKhari\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRiver Mula\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3/5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3/5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal no of Bacteria\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34/75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32/75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage of Bacteria\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.51%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.48%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e*From every site, five (5) water samples were collected for bacterial analysis, and a total of 75 water samples were used for bacterial detection.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe data were analyzed according to the central limit theorem. Therefore, Pearson\u0026rsquo;s correlation was used. The correlations are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. According to the results of correlation analysis, Pb has shown an inverse relationship with Cd, DDT (2,4 D), Aldrin and Dieldrin, \u003cem\u003eE. coli, and P. aeruginosa;\u003c/em\u003e Cd has a correlation with chlorpyrifos, DDT (2,4 D), and Aldrin and Dieldrin; Zn has a strong correlation with Mn and chlorpyrifos; DDT (2,4 D) has a correlation with chlorpyrifos; and chlorpyrifos has a correlation with alrin and Dieldrin (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePearson correlation chart for heavy metals, pesticides and bacteria\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"11\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZn\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMn\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDDT (2,4 D)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyanazine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChlorpyrifos\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAldrin \u0026amp; Dieldrin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.241\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZn\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.011\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.102\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMn\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.188\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.016\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.677**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDDT (2,4 D)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.307\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.493*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.107\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.178\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyanazine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.256\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.321\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.383\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.414\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.304\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChlorpyrifos\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.026\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.371*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.503**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.374\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.400*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.235\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAldrin \u0026amp; Dieldrin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.243\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.335*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.155\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.015\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.084\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.090\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.333*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.091\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.041\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.187\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.474\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.132\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.237\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.025\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.091\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.041\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.187\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.474\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.132\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.237\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.025\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e*Pb (lead), Cd (cadmium), Zn (zinc) and Mn (manganese). **The Pearson correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). *Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed), and \u0026ndash;ive indicates an inverse relationship.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelationships between Exposure to Heavy Plants, Pesticides and Their Combinations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS.no\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMetals\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePesticides\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffects\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCd,\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChlorpyrifos\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCause damage and Oxidative stress to the mitochondria in neuronal cells.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eXu et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZn\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChlorpyrifos\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCause cellular stress responses and reproduction problems.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGarc\u0026iacute;a-G\u0026oacute;mez et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNi, Mn, Pb, Cd, Zn\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDifferent pesticides, PCB and chemical\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCombine effect the heavy metals residual attractive forces and Unbalanced forces (adsorption mechanism).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYang et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCd, Pb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChlorpyrifos\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt cause combined toxicity to daphnia magna was preservative\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYongmeng et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiazi on\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeminiferous epithelium, cause loss of spermatogenic element, lacking maturation of germs cells and disorganization\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingh et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNi, Mn\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChlorpyrifos\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChange in molecular fingerprints and giving rise to a complex transcriptional profile in mixture\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVandenbrouck et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e); Boatti et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiazinon\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eprogressive damage in epithelial cells and decrease in spermatogenic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdamkovicova et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChlorpyrifos\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBecause headaches, seizures, blurred vision, salivation, irritate the stomach, coma, and result in diarrhea and vomiting.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNandi et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e); Mohod and Dhote (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,4- D, DDT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTremors or shakiness, vomiting, and seizures. DDT is carcinogen and exposure can affect the liver and reproduction.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStrong et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e); Mohod and Dhote (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePb, Cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChlorpyrifos\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect nervous system, blurred vision, ranging from\u0026nbsp;headaches, seizures, coma, and salivation depending on the amount and length of exposure.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNandi et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e); Mohod and Dhote (2013)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e*Pb (lead), Cd (cadmium), Zn (zinc), Ni (nickel), Mn (manganese) and PCB (polychlorinated biphenyl). The A column shows the combined effect of heavy metals and pesticides.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe investigations were carried out on the running surface water of the district of Jhal Magsi. Different pesticides and fertilizers used for the proper growth of plants. Exposure to heavy metals and pesticides has caused a high number of cancer cases. A current risk assessment, which also included data from animals, estimated that exposure to dioxin-like and dioxin compounds (such as PCBs) could result in cancer up to 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/sup\u003e per year.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBurns et al. (2021) researched pesticide sources and their effects on humans. In the present study, many pesticides were identified via chromatographic experiments with a standard solution. The same technique was utilized by Wang et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e) and Nguyen et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) for the quantification and determination of pesticides in surface water through gas chromatography\u0026ndash;mass spectrometry. In the current research conducted by J\u0026uacute;nior and Re-Poppi (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e) and Cortada et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e), various pesticides, including Aldrin and Dieldrin, were detected in water samples. These pesticides were found in river, surface, and tap water, with higher concentrations observed in surface water samples. Tiwari and Guha (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e) evaluated chlorpyrifos, an organophosphorus pesticide, in an aqueous environment. Arain et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) studied the chlorpyrifos concentration in the surface and ground water of Okra. These results are consistent with the findings of the present study. Chlorpyrifos was detected in all the water samples from the district.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the present study, cyanazine was detected in water samples; Schraer et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e) also detected cyanazine in surface water. Cyanazine has acute toxicity and is moderately toxic to mammals. Furthermore, the herbicide DDT was also detected in the water of the district Jhall Magsi (Strong et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Burgos-Aceves et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Contact with DDT can cause contrary effects on reproduction and the liver. High doses of DDT can cause seizures, vomiting and tremors in humans.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the present study, Cd and Pb were detected at relatively high concentrations, and Zn and Mn were detected in the majority of the samples within the limits of the WHO. These results are consistent with those of Hange and Awofolu (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e), who assessed the heavy metal concentrations in river surface water collected from the Jhelum River at Muzaffargarh. The concentrations of Ni, Pb, Cd, and Cr were found to be higher than the WHO limits in drinking water, and the concentrations of metals such as Mn and Zn were lower than the WHO standards for water (Ajiwe et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Mohiuddin et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e) studied sediment and water samples from the Buriganga River of Bangladesh and reported that the Cd, Pd, Zn, Cu, and As concentrations exceeded the toxicity reference values. Mohod and Dhote (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e) reported that human sources can be categorized according to the main cause and route through which heavy metals are distributed to different sections of the environment and through which the transport media is mainly water. In the present study, the sources of running water were the Mula River, the Sukhlaji River, natural springs and canal water. These reservoirs are contaminated through natural and anthropogenic activities. Increases in socioeconomic activity due to increased population have been connected to rapid increases in heavy metals in the environment. Anthropological activities such as agriculture, ore processing, and mining contribute greatly to metal contamination. Domestic activities, such as laundry detergents, also contribute to heavy metal concentrations in water, which has opposite effects (Minhas et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). The main water reservoirs of the district Jhal Magsi follow the routes of mountain and agricultural fields, so weather plays a role in the contamination of water with metals and pesticides (Mustafa et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). According to N\u0026eacute;grel et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), weathering is a natural process in which rocks, minerals, and soil are broken down through atmospheric exposure, living organisms and water. This process can release heavy metals through numerous natural events, such as decay comets, volcanic eruptions, erosion and heavy rainfall. Liu et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) reported higher concentrations of Pb and Cd than the WHO permissible limits in a study conducted on a river containing Swat water. Briffa et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) studied Hg, Cd, and Pb in the surface and ground water of Central East India, and their results also revealed higher concentrations of Pb and Cd in water samples. According to Ajiwe et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), heavy metals are carcinogenic, genotoxic, teratogenic and mutagenic.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInamori and Fujimoto (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e) studied the safety of drinking water by measuring bacteria in 1 mL of test water. There were fewer than 100 bacterial colonies, and no total coliforms were detected. These results contrast with those of the present study in which 1 mL of water sample contained \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa. E. coli\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e were detected in water by Jawad et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) and Baghal et al. (2021) and in tap water (Moghadam et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe growth of bacteria is activated by an increase in the concentration of phosphorus and nitrogen, which are commonly found in pesticides. This increase often occurs due to contamination from sources such as industrial sewage, livestock sewage, and domestic sewage, which may contain heavy metals. Pathogenic bacteria that cause water-borne diseases can contaminate the human intestine and cause runoff into the environment through manure. These bacteria then undergo action and are ultimately released into water reservoirs, lakes, and rivers (Some et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater cleaning involves the use of microbes as biological agents to eliminate or reduce the effects of environmental pollutants. Microbes are utilized mainly because of their rapid growth and ability to be manipulated easily; thus, they function as agents for bioremediation (Brix, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The results of the present study will help future readers study the role and mechanisms of bioremediation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe combined pollution of pesticides and heavy metals poses a serious risk to human living and the soil ecological environment. It has been reported that pesticides and heavy metals enter animal and human bodies via ingestion through food materials (Satarug et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e), dermal contact and inhalation, smoke formation, fumes of chemicals, dust particles, numerous activities, mining, and battery manufacturing (Asgary et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). The combined pollution of Cu and chlorpyrifos had synergistic and antagonistic effects on different tests (Yongmeng et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Cd exposure increases the susceptibility to microbial pesticides in a synergistic manner, and the use of microbial pesticides is an effective strategy for pest control in heavy metal-polluted areas (Zheng et al., 2023). Microorganisms can convert hazardous Hg\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e and Cr\u003csup\u003e6+\u003c/sup\u003e ions into less toxic (Hg\u003csup\u003e0+\u003c/sup\u003e) and Cr\u003csup\u003e3+\u003c/sup\u003e ions (Malik et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Ni, Cd and chlorpyrifos have synergistic effects on the environment and can cause the conversion of Cd2\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;and Ni\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e. Lam et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) examined the mutual effect of 2,4-dichlorophenol laterally with Cu and Zn.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn the present study, pesticide, heavy metal and microbial assessments of water samples were performed and compared with the recommended limits of the WHO. DDT (2,4 D), Cyanazine, Chlorpyrifos, Aldrin and Dieldrin pesticides and Pb and Cd were found to be present at concentrations higher than the WHO standard limits. The predicted synergistic effects resulting from the co-occurrence of these pesticides and heavy metals represent an enhanced risk to humans, and additional bacterial assessments could aid in understanding the role of these metals by enhancing the cleaning and bioremediation of polluted water.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAuthor\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;contributions\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConceptualization\u003c/strong\u003e: S.M. and A.-U.-R.K.; \u003cstrong\u003eData curation\u003c/strong\u003e: Y.M., S.M. and N.K.;\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eInvestigation\u003c/strong\u003e: S.M., A.-U.-R.K., Y.M., N.K., A.S., M.A and S.; \u003cstrong\u003eMethodology\u003c/strong\u003e: S.M., Y.M. and S.; \u003cstrong\u003eSupervision\u003c/strong\u003e: A.-U.-R.K., N.K. and A.S.; \u003cstrong\u003eValidation\u003c/strong\u003e: S.M. and Y.M.; \u003cstrong\u003eWriting\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eoriginal draft:\u003c/strong\u003e S.M., Y.M. and A.-U.-R.K.; \u003cstrong\u003eWriting - review \u0026amp; editing\u003c/strong\u003e: N.K., A.S. and M.A\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eCompeting interest:\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e No competing interests exist.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eFunding:\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThis research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAcknowledgments:\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBurns, C.J., and D.R. Juberg. 2021. Cancer and occupational exposure to pesticides: an umbrella review. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 94: 945-957.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNguyen, Q.T., C. Douny, M.P. Tran, F. Brose, P.T. Nguyen, D.T.T. Huong and M.L. Scippo. 2019. Screening of quinalphos, trifluralin and dichlorvos residues in fresh water of aquaculture systems in Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Aquaculture Research 50: 247-255.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTiwari, M.K., and S. Guha. 2013. Simultaneous analysis of endosulfan, chlorpyrifos, and their metabolites in natural soil and water samples using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Environmental monitoring and assessment 185: 8451-8463.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eArain, M., K.M. Brohi, A. Channa, R.O.Z. Brohi, S. Mushtaque, K. Kumar and A. SAMUEE. 2018. Analysis of chlorpyrifos pesticide residues in surface water, ground water and vegetables through gas chromatography. 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Chemosphere 180: 540-544.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"University of Balochistan","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Synergistic toxicity, Environmental monitoring, Agnostic relationship, Gas chromatography, Atomic absorption spectroscopy","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4800354/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4800354/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eMonitoring water quality is highly important for ensuring clean drinking water and protection of aquatic environments. The aim of the current study was to estimate the quality of running water sources from the district of Jhal Magsi. This study focused on evaluating the effects of low biodegradability, the accumulation of heavy metals and organics, and the presence of these compounds on water quality. The concentrations of herbicides (DDT (2,4 D) and Cyanazine) and insecticides (chlorpyrifos, Aldrin and Dieldrin) were determined via gas chromatography, and the concentrations of heavy metals (Pb and Cd) and trace elements (Zn and Mn) were detected via an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Identification of \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e was performed by Gram staining and biochemical tests. DDT (2,4 D), Cyanazine, Chlorpyrifos, and Aldrin \u0026amp; Dieldrin were detected at 0.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.058, 0.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.006, 1.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.577 and 1.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.577 mg/L, respectively; these values are higher than the WHO safety limits. The heavy metals Pb and Cd were detected in all the samples, and the highest range for Pb was 2.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.577 mg/L, while that for Cd was 0.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.058 mg/L. The highest concentrations of the trace elements Zn and Mn were detected, and the WHO recommended safe limits were 0.305\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.058 and 0.99\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.058 mg/L, respectively. \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e were identified with percentages of 51.51 and 48.48%, respectively. The presence of higher concentrations of pesticides and heavy metals and their synergistic effect indicate a risk for both human health and aquatic organisms. Therefore, continuous monitoring of heavy metals and pesticides is necessary in the water reservoirs of Jhal Magsi to ensure drink safety. Bacterial assessment can aid in accepting bioremediation processes in water.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Analysis of the Ecological Toxicity of Pesticides, Heavy Metals and Microbial Pollution and their combined effects, in the Running Surface Water of Jhal Magsi, Pakistan","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-07-29 03:31:20","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4800354/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"619ad7e4-1c2c-4d96-9cb4-3652042c8f9d","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 29th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":35109214,"name":"Food Science \u0026 Technology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-07-29T03:31:21+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-07-29 03:31:20","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4800354","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4800354","identity":"rs-4800354","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}