MnFe2O4-based NTC thermosensitive ceramics modified by Bi2O3/TiO2 additives

MnFe2O4-based NTC thermosensitive ceramics modified by Bi2O3/TiO2 additives | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article MnFe 2 O 4 -based NTC thermosensitive ceramics modified by Bi2O 3 /TiO 2 additives Xintong Zou, Chenyan Zhou, Senlin Leng, Hong Zhang, Zhicheng Li This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9287606/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistors are the key components in the fields of temperature sensors and electronic information. In order to significantly reduce the sintering temperature of ceramics and simultaneously obtain a large NTC material constants ( B values), herein the Bi 2 O 3 /TiO 2 modified MnFe 2 O 4 ceramics were fabricated for the high sensitive NTC thermistors. Various contents of Bi 2 O 3 or Bi 2 O 3 +TiO 2 were added into the pre-calcined MnFe 2 O 4 powders, followed by being granulated, shape forming, and sintering. The Bi 2 O 3 /TiO 2 modified MnFe 2 O 4 ceramics can be obtained by sintering at 1060°C, while the sintering temperature of pure MnFe 2 O 4 ceramics was 1250°C. All the prepared ceramics show typical NTC characteristics. Both Bi 2 O 3 and Bi 2 O 3 /TiO 2 additives reduce the room temperature resistivity of the MnFe 2 O 4 based ceramics that still maintain high NTC material constants with the B values higher than 4460 K. The effect of Bi 2 O 3 /TiO 2 contents on the phase component, elemental valence states, microstructures, electrical properties and aging behavior of the MnFe 2 O 4 based ceramics were investigated. The optimized Bi 2 O 3 /TiO 2 modified MnFe 2 O 4 ceramics exhibit high electrical stability with a resistance drift rate of 1.27% after 500 h aging at 125°C in air. The aging characteristics were investigated by analyzing the evolution of the cation valence states before and after aging treatment. MnFe2O4 ceramics Bi2O3/TiO2 modification Sintering temperature Electrical property NTC thermistor Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9287606","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":637936799,"identity":"75630a5f-c82b-483f-b633-b621d12827d0","order_by":0,"name":"Xintong Zou","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Central South University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xintong","middleName":"","lastName":"Zou","suffix":""},{"id":637936800,"identity":"f5e472d3-e219-49a4-8b43-c0b9b75ea5bf","order_by":1,"name":"Chenyan Zhou","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Central South University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Chenyan","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhou","suffix":""},{"id":637936807,"identity":"8de2eaf3-cbf3-4e8f-8fa9-91455ec880ca","order_by":2,"name":"Senlin Leng","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tongren University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Senlin","middleName":"","lastName":"Leng","suffix":""},{"id":637936809,"identity":"8203c2cd-dc05-4488-a82f-f5548bd55d4a","order_by":3,"name":"Hong Zhang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Central South University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hong","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhang","suffix":""},{"id":637936810,"identity":"3614fa5d-26f5-44e9-9b61-5c2c3c45bee5","order_by":4,"name":"Zhicheng Li","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAvElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACCQY2hgcGNhAOD9FaEgzSSNbCcJgELfKzm589SCg4Ly8/I4Hxwds2BnlzQloY5xwzN0gwuG244UYCs+HcNgbDnQ0EtDBL5LBJALUkGEgksEnztgH9dYCAFjaIlnMJQIex/yZKCw9Ey4EEhhsJbMxEaZGQSDMDakk23HDmYbPknHMShhsIaZGfkfxM4sMfO3n59uSDH96U2cgTtAUJMDaAbCVe/SgYBaNgFIwC3AAAyUw3+q+WdxYAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Central South University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zhicheng","middleName":"","lastName":"Li","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-04-01 06:42:09","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9287606/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9287606/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":109405735,"identity":"2231db69-98e3-4c6b-8032-2fba2a01c1a7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-05-17 13:20:00","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1452199,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9287606/v1_covered_ce94e5be-bb21-4e89-84ec-646827f7929a.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eMnFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e-based NTC thermosensitive ceramics modified by Bi2O\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e additives\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"MnFe2O4 ceramics, Bi2O3/TiO2 modification, Sintering temperature, Electrical property, NTC thermistor","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9287606/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9287606/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eNegative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistors are the key components in the fields of temperature sensors and electronic information. In order to significantly reduce the sintering temperature of ceramics and simultaneously obtain a large NTC material constants (\u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e values), herein the Bi\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e modified MnFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e ceramics were fabricated for the high sensitive NTC thermistors. Various contents of Bi\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e or Bi\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e+TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e were added into the pre-calcined MnFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e powders, followed by being granulated, shape forming, and sintering. The Bi\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e modified MnFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e ceramics can be obtained by sintering at 1060\u0026deg;C, while the sintering temperature of pure MnFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e ceramics was 1250\u0026deg;C. All the prepared ceramics show typical NTC characteristics. Both Bi\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e and Bi\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e additives reduce the room temperature resistivity of the MnFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e based ceramics that still maintain high NTC material constants with the \u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e values higher than 4460 K. The effect of Bi\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e contents on the phase component, elemental valence states, microstructures, electrical properties and aging behavior of the MnFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e based ceramics were investigated. The optimized Bi\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e modified MnFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e ceramics exhibit high electrical stability with a resistance drift rate of 1.27% after 500 h aging at 125\u0026deg;C in air. The aging characteristics were investigated by analyzing the evolution of the cation valence states before and after aging treatment.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"MnFe2O4-based NTC thermosensitive ceramics modified by Bi2O3/TiO2 additives","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-05-14 18:37:25","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9287606/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"e4d795a1-e57d-4a77-8ac9-9dee50c35487","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 14th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-05-11T05:55:49+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-05-11T02:48:15+00:00","index":20,"fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-05-09T15:25:07+00:00","index":19,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"222719491410157684391003551978442400611","date":"2026-05-07T03:07:45+00:00","index":18,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"59370193116214518818738952421719105429","date":"2026-05-06T18:04:38+00:00","index":16,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"10697260455623772119103858805358396180","date":"2026-05-06T15:45:48+00:00","index":15,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"6","date":"2026-05-06T00:24:43+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-14T18:37:25+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-05-14 18:37:25","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-9287606","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-9287606","identity":"rs-9287606","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}