MINGL Quantifies Borders, Gradients, and Heterogeneity in Multicellular Tissue Organization

Abstract Tissues are organized with interacting multicellular organizational units whose interfaces and transitions shape function in health and disease. Current spatial-omics analyses typically assign cells to a single cellular neighborhood—ignoring natural gradients, heterogeneity, and borders. Here we present MINGL (Mixture-based Identification of Neighborhood Gradients with Likelihood estimates), a probabilistic framework that converts existing neighborhood annotations into continuous measures of tissue architecture. MINGL models each cell by multi-membership probabilities across hierarchical organizational units and uses these probabilities to identify enriched cells at interfaces between units, constructs interaction networks across hierarchical scales, quantifies compositional gradient transitions, measures context-specific composition heterogeneity, and provides a starting point for neighborhood resolution. Across multiple spatial-omic datasets spanning melanoma, healthy intestine, and Barrett’s Esophagus progression, MINGL detected innate immune-enriched interfaces at tumor and anatomical interfaces, plasma cell niches linking cellular neighborhoods, distinct regimes of sharp and gradual transitions between organizational states, and disease-associated neighborhood remodeling. By treating neighborhood assignment uncertainty as a biological signal rather than noise, MINGL unifies discrete and continuous representations of tissue organization and makes tissue architecture measurable, comparable, and scalable across biological scales and spatial-omics platforms. Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. Footnotes Contributing authors: kyra.vanbatavia{at}duke.edu; james.wright{at}duke.edu; annette.chen{at}duke.edu; yuexi.li{at}duke.edu;