pH-Control Azadirachta indica Leaf Extract-Mediated Synthesis of Iron oxide Nanoparticles for Catalytic Degradation of Toxic Dyes and Biomedical Potential

pH-Control Azadirachta indica Leaf Extract-Mediated Synthesis of Iron oxide Nanoparticles for Catalytic Degradation of Toxic Dyes and Biomedical Potential | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article pH-Control Azadirachta indica Leaf Extract-Mediated Synthesis of Iron oxide Nanoparticles for Catalytic Degradation of Toxic Dyes and Biomedical Potential Malti Gurjar, Hitesh Rajput, Abhitosh Kedia, Dimple Shah, Ishpal Rawal This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9074312/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Green synthesis offers an eco-friendly and sustainable route to nanoparticle fabrication by harnessing plant-derived phytochemicals as natural reducing and capping agents. In the present study, iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) were biosynthesized using Azadirachta indica (neem) leaf extract under varying pH conditions (3, 6, and 11), demonstrating the profound influence of reaction environment on nanoparticle formation and stability. Multifaceted characterization using UV–Vis spectroscopy, DLS, zeta potential, FESEM, FTIR, XRD, and BET confirmed the formation of stable, highly crystalline iron oxide nanoparticles. pH 6 yielded uniformly dispersed nanorods (50–80 nm broad, 10–20 µm long) with the maximum stability (-28.3 mV). Antioxidant assays showed significant radical scavenging activity, with IC₅₀ values of 78.06 µg/mL (DPPH) and 70.94 µg/mL (ABTS). Catalytic studies revealed effective degradation of methylene blue and eosin yellow dyes, achieving removal efficiencies of ~ 62% and ~ 55% without H₂O₂, and ~ 87% and ~ 83% with H₂O₂ at room temperature within 60 min. These findings highlight the potential of A. indica -mediated IONPs as eco-friendly catalysts for wastewater treatment and as promising agents for biomedical applications. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) Antioxidant Catalytic activity Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9074312","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":607817100,"identity":"a0318c30-f2c1-400c-86fc-128c2be857d1","order_by":0,"name":"Malti Gurjar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Uka Tarsadia University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Malti","middleName":"","lastName":"Gurjar","suffix":""},{"id":607817102,"identity":"cd9a20c2-9242-4793-821d-644780b477a5","order_by":1,"name":"Hitesh Rajput","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Uka Tarsadia University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hitesh","middleName":"","lastName":"Rajput","suffix":""},{"id":607817103,"identity":"c53c65b7-9102-47b3-8ab1-4e8a754ed113","order_by":2,"name":"Abhitosh Kedia","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA+0lEQVRIie3OsWrDMBCA4QsBTQpeL5S+g8BQHCjtq+gwdCpZsngoxpOzqO3at6mMIJNIVxdnaN7AUzAUSpW0SSapawf9i4R9HyeAWOwfxpCDdqcEDoASro8/0EuSPdFncrc/w2T64kZOBMAciT/RPTamL8o5cNO0Hw9v9Ipy1A+Qzb1ks5ZaW7OASZ1nctWRQjmeKsCFl7T3Qje1pirhVyjZgcCFeyRVHnL7Q0pHkh3Kr/Vhy2eI/G4ZUzVRDMmtc4QFt4iNFdpaQzVfpRk95amy23qmRIB0Ku2LoqRnnm/fh93N5XKZm3ZwX3zkFDtfR25Y/DUfi8VisVDfXxpd/iv+4uwAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Uka Tarsadia University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Abhitosh","middleName":"","lastName":"Kedia","suffix":""},{"id":607817105,"identity":"3a812c58-c164-4ee4-a439-a677a7bbefa0","order_by":3,"name":"Dimple Shah","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"SVNIT","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Dimple","middleName":"","lastName":"Shah","suffix":""},{"id":607817106,"identity":"91124d8d-e52e-47b5-a1f7-a5328465dde0","order_by":4,"name":"Ishpal Rawal","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Kirori Mal College, University of Delhi","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ishpal","middleName":"","lastName":"Rawal","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-03-09 14:38:58","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9074312/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9074312/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":107002810,"identity":"6ad81744-39e0-4fbd-90a9-f3a1eb471d04","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-15 15:51:00","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":873229,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"PHIron09032026.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9074312/v1_covered_46ce1e5e-7a8d-4401-a198-3a95cae25246.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"pH-Control Azadirachta indica Leaf Extract-Mediated Synthesis of Iron oxide Nanoparticles for Catalytic Degradation of Toxic Dyes and Biomedical Potential","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), Antioxidant, Catalytic activity","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9074312/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9074312/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eGreen synthesis offers an eco-friendly and sustainable route to nanoparticle fabrication by harnessing plant-derived phytochemicals as natural reducing and capping agents. In the present study, iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) were biosynthesized using \u003cem\u003eAzadirachta indica\u003c/em\u003e (neem) leaf extract under varying pH conditions (3, 6, and 11), demonstrating the profound influence of reaction environment on nanoparticle formation and stability. Multifaceted characterization using UV\u0026ndash;Vis spectroscopy, DLS, zeta potential, FESEM, FTIR, XRD, and BET confirmed the formation of stable, highly crystalline iron oxide nanoparticles. pH 6 yielded uniformly dispersed nanorods (50\u0026ndash;80 nm broad, 10\u0026ndash;20 \u0026micro;m long) with the maximum stability (-28.3 mV). Antioxidant assays showed significant radical scavenging activity, with IC₅₀ values of 78.06 \u0026micro;g/mL (DPPH) and 70.94 \u0026micro;g/mL (ABTS). Catalytic studies revealed effective degradation of methylene blue and eosin yellow dyes, achieving removal efficiencies of ~\u0026thinsp;62% and ~\u0026thinsp;55% without H₂O₂, and ~\u0026thinsp;87% and ~\u0026thinsp;83% with H₂O₂ at room temperature within 60 min. These findings highlight the potential of \u003cem\u003eA. indica\u003c/em\u003e-mediated IONPs as eco-friendly catalysts for wastewater treatment and as promising agents for biomedical applications.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"pH-Control Azadirachta indica Leaf Extract-Mediated Synthesis of Iron oxide Nanoparticles for Catalytic Degradation of Toxic Dyes and Biomedical Potential","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-04-15 15:42:18","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9074312/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"d226d68a-f6bd-4873-a0f5-cb996e2f079d","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 15th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-15T15:42:18+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-04-15 15:42:18","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-9074312","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-9074312","identity":"rs-9074312","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}