Highly Effective HF Band Antenna in a Square Loop Configuration for Military Vehicle

Highly Effective HF Band Antenna in a Square Loop Configuration for Military Vehicle | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Highly Effective HF Band Antenna in a Square Loop Configuration for Military Vehicle Amit Kumar Mishra, Dipak P. Patil, Akhilesh Kumar This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7972790/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract High-frequency (HF) vehicular antennas play a crucial role in secure and reliable military communication, where satellite-based systems often face limitations such as dependence on third-party infrastructure and data vulnerability. This paper displays design, fabrication, and validation of a compact square loop antenna optimized for HF band operation between 3–30 MHz, with a focus on 25 MHz resonance. The antenna was simulated using FEKO, fabricated using copper wire, and experimentally validated with a Vector Network Analyzer (VNA). Results demonstrate a measured resonant frequency of 25.2 MHz with a return loss of − 16.5 dB, a VSWR of 1.35, or bandwidth of 1.1 MHz, showing close agreement with simulated values. Comparative analysis with existing HF vehicular antennas highlights the advantages of proposed design in terms of simplicity of construction. It makes antenna a promising solution for robust voice, data, image and video transmission in military environments in HF Band. HF Band Loop Antenna Military Vehicular Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7972790","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":549149253,"identity":"640b7935-623d-4907-8103-005cd4724db2","order_by":0,"name":"Amit Kumar Mishra","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Savitribai Phule Pune University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Amit","middleName":"Kumar","lastName":"Mishra","suffix":""},{"id":549149254,"identity":"73cdb231-8b4b-4d62-ac75-b335875f3179","order_by":1,"name":"Dipak P. Patil","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Savitribai Phule Pune University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Dipak","middleName":"P.","lastName":"Patil","suffix":""},{"id":549149255,"identity":"45839d46-810f-4837-bea1-fc6f97105c51","order_by":2,"name":"Akhilesh Kumar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"COEP Technological University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Akhilesh","middleName":"","lastName":"Kumar","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-10-28 18:02:44","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7972790/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7972790/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":96798781,"identity":"7059f3a5-fa55-40ba-b6e4-4712588504eb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-26 08:11:56","extension":"doc","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1325056,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SquareloopAntennarevisedwpc.doc","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7972790/v1/e6a0c09b29e58a2572ff2ced.doc"},{"id":96798780,"identity":"9592adbc-09d0-43d9-92e6-cd0486f7376c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-26 08:11:56","extension":"json","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":5099,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"d58d4af1e14c4dd889c52571ddfa4f95.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7972790/v1/41a839a7f4d807e45711f7be.json"},{"id":96916279,"identity":"a652e01c-acb2-4a5c-b216-a803142e019c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:08:23","extension":"xml","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":96994,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"d58d4af1e14c4dd889c52571ddfa4f951enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7972790/v1/1ac33188802541e4ad54af3e.xml"},{"id":96918002,"identity":"01bddb3e-cea8-4f49-8aac-99a2d36ade1d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:10:58","extension":"jpeg","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":382447,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7972790/v1/98d40d941f7b8ad16f8e93e6.jpeg"},{"id":96917896,"identity":"7c162010-a78f-461c-9da7-35ab2cd4c541","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:10:42","extension":"jpeg","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1126336,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage10.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7972790/v1/d7cead0554d2319f415f3711.jpeg"},{"id":96916876,"identity":"614837b7-1def-46c2-8862-5782f2257426","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:09:00","extension":"jpeg","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":170395,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage11.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7972790/v1/33a9cda3c78e6b262e09e232.jpeg"},{"id":96798788,"identity":"dfef09c9-cc4d-438a-89cf-20e7cc6e5de8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-26 08:11:57","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":30867,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7972790/v1/825cac8062b5b0a83259f7ff.png"},{"id":96798784,"identity":"bfe7651a-055d-4e7e-818d-a3e7395ad939","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-26 08:11:56","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":17145,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7972790/v1/35fd042e1e1758363c7475b5.png"},{"id":96916637,"identity":"b9960512-d128-49d5-8e0e-f16bde046b98","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:08:47","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":25432,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage14.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7972790/v1/0ae24e8a76b78e39a3b814f1.png"},{"id":96916702,"identity":"d0a5c8eb-5aa7-4195-af00-d48ac0ff13c9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:08:51","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":15419,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage15.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7972790/v1/10c528e4535b7ea445501b68.png"},{"id":96917099,"identity":"e041770a-ceae-4f19-be13-a01001ff6ff5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:09:16","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":29146,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage16.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7972790/v1/be31820390aadc7943638c0f.png"},{"id":96918010,"identity":"41cb3865-13a4-4965-817f-38535a7a968b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:10:59","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":28286,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage17.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7972790/v1/72a62339cca24cebafe5e901.png"},{"id":96917034,"identity":"e427c556-4f0d-45ed-a80c-b9d4c870f514","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:09:09","extension":"png","order_by":12,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":72431,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7972790/v1/c1d3fb7afbf4ebbfe9417a4d.png"},{"id":96917437,"identity":"e4810012-c2a2-4ff8-a70e-0c912a5cfbc8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:09:44","extension":"png","order_by":13,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":4331,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7972790/v1/e2cbb2e1c318e8759b4958de.png"},{"id":96916737,"identity":"141c2596-c9a5-4642-8b65-d086136dcf9e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:08:51","extension":"jpeg","order_by":14,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":144990,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7972790/v1/94bd02acb45c549ba2c9805f.jpeg"},{"id":96798794,"identity":"7a7d3526-ba4e-45fa-ae10-6f5d8438ad2a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-26 08:11:57","extension":"emf","order_by":15,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":33872,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7972790/v1/b41d41a90e5238d7bd2e3075.emf"},{"id":96916714,"identity":"5d4b4dca-85ca-4a5d-9cf9-aa71e60e0f20","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:08:51","extension":"emf","order_by":16,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":35096,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7972790/v1/b3313fc835cbbbf5190b3faa.emf"},{"id":96798792,"identity":"540fa0ff-1cb8-49c7-848e-2c12ed1db618","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-26 08:11:57","extension":"png","order_by":17,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":70014,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7972790/v1/ae23a380289c57c3143eecd7.png"},{"id":96917315,"identity":"7c00ef69-a7d3-4d2d-95f2-7c23a75d7116","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:09:32","extension":"emf","order_by":18,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":37704,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage8.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7972790/v1/43761c35ce5a94f85f3c9fab.emf"},{"id":96798804,"identity":"2fdd5c60-c52c-4c98-ae4c-2174e08b0a56","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-26 08:11:57","extension":"jpeg","order_by":19,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":62503,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage9.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7972790/v1/ea244996780c819ad949b42e.jpeg"},{"id":96798799,"identity":"58ea7c86-4851-4fa0-9cbd-816e003ec3e5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-26 08:11:57","extension":"png","order_by":20,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":83072,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7972790/v1/cfdb452e387883ac761b8ad8.png"},{"id":96798808,"identity":"f38dcff4-7c77-4ca5-ba7d-e0dfa4870823","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-26 08:11:57","extension":"png","order_by":21,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":254375,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7972790/v1/69d917c2df94dd462741326f.png"},{"id":96916373,"identity":"e8f5b7a3-af20-43c3-ab59-34320355e92a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:08:31","extension":"png","order_by":22,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":38316,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7972790/v1/9ca1dfffd91e2edc53ce5486.png"},{"id":96916658,"identity":"99781fc6-a107-401b-be4b-4f4bcce438ae","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:08:48","extension":"png","order_by":23,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":9965,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7972790/v1/7d47f5bda6b81782ff2b6319.png"},{"id":96798797,"identity":"ab4a0e5e-56f4-4091-9ed9-0d5a29dff869","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-26 08:11:57","extension":"png","order_by":24,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":7099,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7972790/v1/2d19afffbd8ea03e5fd00308.png"},{"id":96916217,"identity":"e01245ca-ba2f-43d5-ac73-b4b7d315629e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:08:13","extension":"png","order_by":25,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":9413,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage14.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7972790/v1/e49a502790403739d9792a13.png"},{"id":96798807,"identity":"6b886dc1-2674-407f-bb79-eb9a1c3d5249","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-26 08:11:57","extension":"png","order_by":26,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":5715,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage15.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7972790/v1/42593820d4b07b68cd9b9b01.png"},{"id":96916371,"identity":"8faad0e3-9c9a-4bdd-91f9-4a96fd8499f5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:08:31","extension":"png","order_by":27,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":10322,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage16.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7972790/v1/5952a2ab200a745539535a9e.png"},{"id":96798803,"identity":"06dafd62-3f6e-4cee-b444-7b0d1215cdd6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-26 08:11:57","extension":"png","order_by":28,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":9238,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage17.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7972790/v1/c3d3dba75ad0bdb5e96c753a.png"},{"id":96916435,"identity":"4f78c3ac-31b1-44db-8969-1b422bb9f922","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:08:35","extension":"png","order_by":29,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":16473,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7972790/v1/5e33e6201e60d3f2b0913aa2.png"},{"id":96917086,"identity":"8ced1c5f-020a-4a8b-89af-9e1d4adfa4ff","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:09:15","extension":"png","order_by":30,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2709,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7972790/v1/60ab128380f2e8d2fb6b7109.png"},{"id":96798810,"identity":"8ae5b373-7327-465d-80cd-257b9462f68e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-26 08:11:57","extension":"png","order_by":31,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":35192,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7972790/v1/2c534ceb00d760fc9622e279.png"},{"id":96798806,"identity":"7a427983-b7a3-4c26-9c7f-c99654fc5ee3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-26 08:11:57","extension":"png","order_by":32,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":84515,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7972790/v1/e9336b75862805fd31c983e3.png"},{"id":96916612,"identity":"2def2618-38d7-48b2-ae57-c7e0cb8cdb87","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:08:46","extension":"png","order_by":33,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":89593,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7972790/v1/491e670fcb64fc885eee6a82.png"},{"id":96798817,"identity":"026f5034-1959-4859-aab4-28351cbc7feb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-26 08:11:57","extension":"png","order_by":34,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":18307,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7972790/v1/a59e480fde65ff21cfb8b50d.png"},{"id":96917026,"identity":"e3a69916-c6b3-4cf9-be18-51430c3ada48","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:09:09","extension":"png","order_by":35,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":90820,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7972790/v1/0126197fcff7673efc6237c8.png"},{"id":96798815,"identity":"a77cdc23-3e91-4187-b7d6-593f4100cec4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-26 08:11:57","extension":"png","order_by":36,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":123019,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7972790/v1/ae5a9d8a0a36619538bb5238.png"},{"id":96798812,"identity":"68474e25-f282-4ac0-9267-fac43f25a5ad","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-26 08:11:57","extension":"xml","order_by":37,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":97350,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"d58d4af1e14c4dd889c52571ddfa4f951structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7972790/v1/fea9b8d544ebfe5e89a8e2da.xml"},{"id":96916669,"identity":"2b64b428-7fd5-4070-a33c-eb42565fc522","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:08:49","extension":"html","order_by":38,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":108215,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7972790/v1/99c298ca92749f4064a572c0.html"},{"id":99799279,"identity":"ad8550ce-2571-46ed-91af-bd912522f23c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-08 13:49:25","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":794189,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SquareloopAntennarevisedwpc.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7972790/v1_covered_f73d9476-478e-44e7-8c18-3362b4936cb0.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Highly Effective HF Band Antenna in a Square Loop Configuration for Military Vehicle","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"HF Band, Loop Antenna, Military, Vehicular","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7972790/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7972790/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eHigh-frequency (HF) vehicular antennas play a crucial role in secure and reliable military communication, where satellite-based systems often face limitations such as dependence on third-party infrastructure and data vulnerability. This paper displays design, fabrication, and validation of a compact square loop antenna optimized for HF band operation between 3\u0026ndash;30 MHz, with a focus on 25 MHz resonance. The antenna was simulated using FEKO, fabricated using copper wire, and experimentally validated with a Vector Network Analyzer (VNA). Results demonstrate a measured resonant frequency of 25.2 MHz with a return loss of \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;16.5 dB, a VSWR of 1.35, or bandwidth of 1.1 MHz, showing close agreement with simulated values. Comparative analysis with existing HF vehicular antennas highlights the advantages of proposed design in terms of simplicity of construction. It makes antenna a promising solution for robust voice, data, image and video transmission in military environments in HF Band.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Highly Effective HF Band Antenna in a Square Loop Configuration for Military Vehicle","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-26 08:11:52","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7972790/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"b883a58d-1429-4dd9-b3d0-686a9df15720","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 26th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-01-08T10:39:54+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-26 08:11:52","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7972790","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7972790","identity":"rs-7972790","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}