Complete reconstruction of the crystalline lens shape from OCT images acquired with off-axis viewing

Complete reconstruction of the crystalline lens shape from OCT images acquired with off-axis viewing | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Complete reconstruction of the crystalline lens shape from OCT images acquired with off-axis viewing Alvaro de la Peña, Javier Rodriguez, Estela Vadillo, Celia Talaván-González, and 4 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7957290/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 16 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The crystalline lens of the eye is an optical structure that, together with the cornea, focuses images onto the retina. In a young and healthy eye, the lens is transparent and adjust its shape to focus on near and distant objects (accommodation). With age, it loses this flexibility (presbyopia) and may later become opaque (cataract). Understanding the full three-dimensional geometry of the crystalline lens is essential for studying age-related lens growth and accommodation mechanisms, as well as for the selection and design of customized intraocular lenses for implantation in cataract surgery. While Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) allows imaging of the central lens region visible through the pupil, conventional in vivo measurements cannot capture the full lens shape, particularly at the periphery, due to iris obstruction. In this study, we present a novel method to reconstruct the full three-dimensional shape of the crystalline lens by combining OCT images acquired with light entering at different angles. Using this approach, full lens reconstructions were achieved in eight subjects, and key geometrical parameters - diameter, volume, and surface area- were quantified, showing strong positive correlations with age. Comparisons with estimates derived from pupil-limited regions showed strong agreement, thereby validating these estimation methods. Health sciences/Diseases Health sciences/Medical research Physical sciences/Optics and photonics Eye crystalline lens geometry aging presbyopia cataract Optical Coherence Tomography Full Text Additional Declarations Competing interest reported. Patents granted: US 62/329,392; EP20382385 (E.M.E, S.M); Patent application: WO 2025/106772 (E.M.E, S.M). Supplementary Files SupplementaryFigureS1.png SupplementaryFigureS2.png SupplementaryVideoS3.mov SupplementaryVideoS4.mov SupplementaryFigureS5.png CaptionsSupplementary.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 01 Jan, 2026 Reviews received at journal 24 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 22 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 22 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 08 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 05 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 05 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 04 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 02 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 02 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 02 Dec, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 02 Dec, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 20 Nov, 2025 Editor invited by journal 31 Oct, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 30 Oct, 2025 First submitted to journal 30 Oct, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7957290","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":554453565,"identity":"6b5ebd43-bb8f-416d-967a-50e15e210a58","order_by":0,"name":"Alvaro de la Peña","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Spanish National Research Council","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Alvaro","middleName":"de la","lastName":"Peña","suffix":""},{"id":554453566,"identity":"9023939d-a682-4a62-b36e-a02d2bbc8c01","order_by":1,"name":"Javier Rodriguez","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Spanish National Research 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Patents granted: US 62/329,392; EP20382385 (E.M.E, S.M); \nPatent application: WO 2025/106772 (E.M.E, S.M).","formattedTitle":"Complete reconstruction of the crystalline lens shape from OCT images acquired with off-axis viewing","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Eye, crystalline lens geometry, aging, presbyopia, cataract, Optical Coherence Tomography","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7957290/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7957290/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe crystalline lens of the eye is an optical structure that, together with the cornea, focuses images onto the retina. In a young and healthy eye, the lens is transparent and adjust its shape to focus on near and distant objects (accommodation). With age, it loses this flexibility (presbyopia) and may later become opaque (cataract). Understanding the full three-dimensional geometry of the crystalline lens is essential for studying age-related lens growth and accommodation mechanisms, as well as for the selection and design of customized intraocular lenses for implantation in cataract surgery. While Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) allows imaging of the central lens region visible through the pupil, conventional in vivo measurements cannot capture the full lens shape, particularly at the periphery, due to iris obstruction. In this study, we present a novel method to reconstruct the full three-dimensional shape of the crystalline lens by combining OCT images acquired with light entering at different angles. Using this approach, full lens reconstructions were achieved in eight subjects, and key geometrical parameters - diameter, volume, and surface area- were quantified, showing strong positive correlations with age. Comparisons with estimates derived from pupil-limited regions showed strong agreement, thereby validating these estimation methods.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Complete reconstruction of the crystalline lens shape from OCT images acquired with off-axis viewing","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-12-04 01:04:38","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7957290/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-01-01T07:52:50+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-25T00:28:57+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-22T20:46:40+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-22T17:35:14+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"128491924351983742693471579255928641776","date":"2025-12-08T19:39:48+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-05T13:19:35+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"174731710232036722199447052903902962391","date":"2025-12-05T08:35:33+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"196284436821512714027843258000248760895","date":"2025-12-04T15:23:41+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"59757005597861738434770982275903440787","date":"2025-12-03T02:16:16+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"12343726956672881422977521129331992985","date":"2025-12-02T22:59:01+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"238607367089895155824393609771140700409","date":"2025-12-02T16:36:42+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-12-02T14:27:51+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-11-20T11:57:34+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-10-31T11:43:27+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-10-30T09:40:11+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2025-10-30T09:36:45+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"4663061f-f203-4de1-9d03-c3386a508d1a","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 4th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[{"id":59000695,"name":"Health sciences/Diseases"},{"id":59000696,"name":"Health sciences/Medical research"},{"id":59000697,"name":"Physical sciences/Optics and photonics"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-02-26T06:26:11+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-12-04 01:04:38","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7957290","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7957290","identity":"rs-7957290","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}