Nanomaterials-Enhanced Electrochemical Biosensors for Epithelial Cancer Diagnosis: Recent Advances

In recent years, the interest in electrochemical biosensors has been constantly growing for epithelial cancer diagnosis and prognosis. The incorporation of the different nanomaterials as metal nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, carbon nanomaterials, Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs), and nanocomposites, along with specific monoclonal antibodies, and nucleic acids (aptamers) has improved both sensitivity and specificity in these methodologies. In this review, we have presented examples of electrochemical biosensors for the determination of different epithelial cancer biomarkers. Based on many published literature examples, we have emphasized the recent application of one and multiplexed platforms for the quantification of epithelial cancer biomarkers. Finally, we discussed the possible way of development, challenges, and future perspectives in the area of electrochemical immuno-, apta-, and geno-sensors.