Original Article Title: •Constructing Antibodies•

Original Article Title: •Constructing Antibodies• | Authorea try { document.documentElement.classList.add('js'); } catch (e) { } var _gaq = _gaq || []; _gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'G-8VDV14Y67G']); _gaq.push(['_trackPageview']); (function() { var ga = document.createElement('script'); ga.type = 'text/javascript'; ga.async = true; ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https://ssl' : 'http://www') + '.google-analytics.com/ga.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(ga, s); })(); Skip to main content Preprints Collections Wiley Open Research IET Open Research Ecological Society of Japan All Collections About About Authorea FAQs Contact Us Quick Search anywhere Search for preprint articles, keywords, etc. Search Search ADVANCED SEARCH SCROLL This is a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. 3 September 2025 V1 Latest version Share on Original Article Title: •Constructing Antibodies• Author : Elliott Hurwitz [email protected] Authors Info & Affiliations https://doi.org/10.22541/au.175692135.56936025/v1 114 views 89 downloads Contents Abstract Information & Authors Metrics & Citations View Options References Figures Tables Media Share Abstract The hypothesis presented is that antibodies are constructed by the adaptive immune system using a portion of antigen, either viral or bacterial or any other, as a template to make the antibody itself. Such a process would result in a molecular complex with similarities to the structure of an inside-out section of DNA helix, although quite different from DNA in both formation and function … a molecular complex which would help explain the almost infinite range of the adaptive mmune system. Original Article Title: Constructing Antibodies Author: Elliott Hurwitz, Corresponding Author, Submitting Author Affiliation: Independent Researcher Abstract The hypothesis presented is that antibodies are constructed by the adaptive immune system using a portion of antigen, either viral or bacterial or any other, as a template to make the antibody itself. Such a process would result in a molecular complex with similarities to the structure of an inside-out section of DNA helix, although quite different from DNA in both formation and function … a molecular complex which would help explain the apparently infinite range of the adaptive immune system. Introduction Material and Methods and Results The question regards distinguishing blocking antibodies from anti-idiotypic antibodies. This question was raised by the elegant work reported by Trifonova et al (1) describing the creation of specific allergen peptides, and their use in the construction of a recombinant vaccine. The IgG antibodies produced by the administration of that vaccine and their subsequent interference with IgE antibodies’ allergenic abilities offers enhanced effectiveness compared to other therapeutic approaches. The IgG antibody induced was presumed to be a blocking antibody. The question arises: was the IgG antibody a blocking antibody, binding to the IgE’s target antigen … or was the IgG an anti-idiotypic antibody, binding to the IgE itself? Either one could have interfered with the functional ability of the IgE antibody and would have produced the observed results. Discussion Antibody-Antigen interactions have been compared to a tumbler-lock and key system. The antigen’s surface is represented by the key; the antibodies’ surface conforming to the antigen, the pins of the tumbler-lock. However, the pins of the tumbler-lock are not a 2-dimensional structure, any more than the tertiary structure of the antibody is, or more precisely, any more than the paratope is. Within a tumbler lock, the proximal ends of the pins would be configured complementary to the surface of the key. However, the distal ends of the pins would be a silhouette of the surface of the key. Likewise, the inner surface of the exposed paratope would be the counterpart of the surface of the antigen. The external surface structure would be influenced by the amino acid sequence of the inner surface, and vice versa, just like the tertiary structure of every other protein. The external surface of the exposed paratope would be a ”silhouette” of the surface of the antigen, in the sense of more like the antigen than the outer paratopic surface of any antibody targeting any other antigen. And this leads to the crux of the question… Is the external paratope of the antibody only incidentally defined by the business end of the antibody, the internal paratope? Or does a portion of antigen, incorporated into the external paratope, define what the antibody’s internal paratope will be? Conclusion If the IgG Trifonova et al (1) activated with their very specifically designed antigen was indeed an anti-idiotypic antibody rather than a blocking antibody, then one could speculate why such an IgG antibody would behave as an anti-idiotypic antibody: • the adaptive immune system incorporates a portion of foreign antigen peptide into the antibody forming process • which serves as a template (and, only incidentally, as the target of the anti-idiotypic antibody) • for a closely complementary sequence of amino acids • and that sequence would be the antigen-binding, inner paratopic surface of the antibody. Such a process would result in a molecular complex with similarities to the structure of an inside-out section of DNA helix, although quite different from DNA in both formation and function … a molecular complex which would help explain the almost infinite range of the adaptive immune system. Reference Trifonova D, Curin M, Focke-Tejkl M, et al. Recombinant Hypoallergenic Cat Allergy Vaccines. Allergy. Published online April 3, 2025. doi.org/10.1111/all.16542 Keywords • allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) • anti-idiotypic antibody • basic mechanisms • blocking antibody • complementary surfaces • molecular allergy vaccine Information & Authors Information Version history V1 Version 1 03 September 2025 Copyright This work is licensed under a Non Exclusive No Reuse License. Keywords allergens and epitopes basic mechanisms clinical immunology immunotherapy vaccines and mechanisms Authors Affiliations Elliott Hurwitz [email protected] Independent Researcher View all articles by this author Metrics & Citations Metrics Article Usage 114 views 89 downloads .FvxKWukQNSOunydq8rnd { width: 100px; } Citations Download citation Elliott Hurwitz. Original Article Title: •Constructing Antibodies•. Authorea . 03 September 2025. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22541/au.175692135.56936025/v1 If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download. For more information or tips please see 'Downloading to a citation manager' in the Help menu . Format Please select one from the list RIS (ProCite, Reference Manager) EndNote BibTex Medlars RefWorks Direct import Tips for downloading citations document.getElementById('citMgrHelpLink').addEventListener('click', function() { popupHelp(this.href); return false; }); $(".js__slcInclude").on("change", function(e){ if ($(this).val() == 'refworks') $('#direct').prop("checked", false); $('#direct').prop("disabled", ($(this).val() == 'refworks')); }); View Options View options PDF View PDF Figures Tables Media Share Share Share article link Copy Link Copied! Copying failed. 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