A finite element modeling method for predicting the cold radial forging quality of 20CrMnTiH hollow shaft: study of material composition and heat treatment parameters

A finite element modeling method for predicting the cold radial forging quality of 20CrMnTiH hollow shaft: study of material composition and heat treatment parameters | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article A finite element modeling method for predicting the cold radial forging quality of 20CrMnTiH hollow shaft: study of material composition and heat treatment parameters Wenxia Xu, Zhaohui Wang, Xuwen Zhu, Bowen Zhang, Zecheng zheng, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4890891/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 14 Jun, 2025 Read the published version in The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology → Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Cold radial forging (CRF) is an efficient and high-precision process for manufacturing rotating parts such as axles and steering shafts. However, the extent of cold plastic deformation is limited in hot-rolled low-carbon steel. To maximize material performance and ensure the quality of CRF, in addition to improving the processing parameters, the alloy composition and heat treatment parameters must also be synergistically optimized. This study focused on the CRF process of 20CrMnTiH hollow shafts and established an evaluation system based on the residual stress, effective strain, and damage of the hollow shaft after processing. Furthermore, a finite element simulation model integrating Spheroidizing annealing (SA) and CRF was created using the phase diagram calculation method (CALPHAD). The feasibility of numerical simulations for SA and CRF was validated by Brinell hardness and residual stress experiments. Detailed analysis using variance analysis and Tukey's post-hoc test was conducted to examine the coupled effects of alloy composition, SA temperature (AT e ), and SA time (AT i ) on the forming quality. The results indicated that the significance of chemical composition and heat treatment parameters for hardness is Te > Mn, residual stress is Te > Mn > Cu > Ni > Si, effective strain is C > S > Ti > Si, and damage is C > Ti > Mn > AT i > Te. The optimal combination of chemical composition and heat treatment parameters was determined as 0.17%C-0.17%Si-0.93%Mn-0.035%P-1.15%(1.45%)Cr-0.1%Ti, AT e : 795℃ and AT i : 4h. This work enhances the pre-screening efficiency of material design and heat treatment process optimization in engineering applications. Cold radial forging Alloy composition Spheroidizing annealing Variance analysis Tukey's post-hoc test Full Text Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 14 Jun, 2025 Read the published version in The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Major Revisions Needed 13 Oct, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 13 Aug, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 12 Aug, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 12 Aug, 2024 First submitted to journal 10 Aug, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4890891","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":339407136,"identity":"a978c799-2f61-4e17-910f-49c434627866","order_by":0,"name":"Wenxia Xu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Wenxia","middleName":"","lastName":"Xu","suffix":""},{"id":339407137,"identity":"37babc93-66bb-4cbf-ac26-d4a1c2f885e6","order_by":1,"name":"Zhaohui Wang","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA1klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACCTBpA+WxEa8lDYiZSdNymAQt8rN7DD8X/DqfuOH8+QMMH8oOM/DPbsCvhXHOGWPpmX23EzfcSGZgnHHuMIPEnQP4tTBL5G6Q5u25nbvhBjMDM2/bYQYDiQT8Wtgkcjf/5u05l7vh/GEG5r/EaOGRyN0mzfPjQO6GA8kMzIzEaJGQyP9mzduQXD/zRrLBwZ5z6TwSNwhokZ+Rlnyb54+dMd/5gw8f/CizluOfQUALGDC2QegDIJcSoR4E/hCpbhSMglEwCkYmAACn+EPayghkkAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9492-3057","institution":"Wuhan University of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zhaohui","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""},{"id":339407138,"identity":"ace7c299-7ff2-43f6-9840-582be255870f","order_by":2,"name":"Xuwen Zhu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xuwen","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhu","suffix":""},{"id":339407139,"identity":"15609a48-6341-4e3e-a4aa-1f5881cf4529","order_by":3,"name":"Bowen Zhang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Bowen","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhang","suffix":""},{"id":339407140,"identity":"e4ba3c75-7d2c-47e0-88e5-b0c2213ad298","order_by":4,"name":"Zecheng zheng","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zecheng","middleName":"","lastName":"zheng","suffix":""},{"id":339407141,"identity":"820e70d8-ec80-41a0-8deb-ef343c3b878b","order_by":5,"name":"Mi Lv","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mi","middleName":"","lastName":"Lv","suffix":""},{"id":339407142,"identity":"454b2f3f-3468-48b6-b0ff-03cc2d377198","order_by":6,"name":"Hongxia Wang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hongxia","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-08-10 09:00:57","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4890891/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4890891/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-025-15880-6","type":"published","date":"2025-06-14T15:57:30+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":84726492,"identity":"9d522504-5102-4f11-bb6d-a0d83fbd8dbe","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-16 16:05:54","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1882847,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4890891/v1_covered_a69278b7-58b8-4465-81c4-5bd94c7e1a5d.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA finite element modeling method for predicting the cold radial forging quality of 20CrMnTiH hollow shaft: study of material composition and heat treatment parameters\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"the-international-journal-of-advanced-manufacturing-technology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jamt","sideBox":"Learn more about [The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology](https://www.springer.com/journal/170)","snPcode":"170","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/170/3","title":"The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Cold radial forging, Alloy composition, Spheroidizing annealing, Variance analysis, Tukey's post-hoc test","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4890891/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4890891/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eCold radial forging (CRF) is an efficient and high-precision process for manufacturing rotating parts such as axles and steering shafts. However, the extent of cold plastic deformation is limited in hot-rolled low-carbon steel. To maximize material performance and ensure the quality of CRF, in addition to improving the processing parameters, the alloy composition and heat treatment parameters must also be synergistically optimized. This study focused on the CRF process of 20CrMnTiH hollow shafts and established an evaluation system based on the residual stress, effective strain, and damage of the hollow shaft after processing. Furthermore, a finite element simulation model integrating Spheroidizing annealing (SA) and CRF was created using the phase diagram calculation method (CALPHAD). The feasibility of numerical simulations for SA and CRF was validated by Brinell hardness and residual stress experiments. Detailed analysis using variance analysis and Tukey's post-hoc test was conducted to examine the coupled effects of alloy composition, SA temperature (AT\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e), and SA time (AT\u003csub\u003ei\u003c/sub\u003e) on the forming quality. The results indicated that the significance of chemical composition and heat treatment parameters for hardness is Te \u0026gt; Mn, residual stress is Te \u0026gt; Mn \u0026gt; Cu \u0026gt; Ni \u0026gt; Si, effective strain is C \u0026gt; S \u0026gt; Ti \u0026gt; Si, and damage is C \u0026gt; Ti \u0026gt; Mn \u0026gt; AT\u003csub\u003ei\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026gt; Te. The optimal combination of chemical composition and heat treatment parameters was determined as 0.17%C-0.17%Si-0.93%Mn-0.035%P-1.15%(1.45%)Cr-0.1%Ti, AT\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e: 795℃ and AT\u003csub\u003ei\u003c/sub\u003e: 4h. This work enhances the pre-screening efficiency of material design and heat treatment process optimization in engineering applications.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"A finite element modeling method for predicting the cold radial forging quality of 20CrMnTiH hollow shaft: study of material composition and heat treatment parameters","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-09-09 06:12:56","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4890891/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Major Revisions Needed","date":"2024-10-13T22:49:35+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2024-08-13T08:01:25+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-08-12T23:15:33+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-08-12T14:45:32+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology","date":"2024-08-10T04:38:32+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"the-international-journal-of-advanced-manufacturing-technology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jamt","sideBox":"Learn more about [The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology](https://www.springer.com/journal/170)","snPcode":"170","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/170/3","title":"The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"d7da06c5-1c7b-4170-8fdc-bd9b3c41e927","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 9th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-06-16T16:00:38+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-4890891","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-025-15880-6","journal":{"identity":"the-international-journal-of-advanced-manufacturing-technology","isVorOnly":false,"title":"The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology"},"publishedOn":"2025-06-14 15:57:30","publishedOnDateReadable":"June 14th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-09-09 06:12:56","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s00170-025-15880-6","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-025-15880-6","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4890891","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4890891","identity":"rs-4890891","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}