Expanding insights into plant rhabdovirus diversity through the discovery of viruses representing 32 putative novel species

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Westenberg, I.P. Adams, and 34 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8349317/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 09 Apr, 2026 Read the published version in Archives of Virology → Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Plant-infecting rhabdoviruses (family Rhabdoviridae , subfamily Betarhabdovirinae ) include several species that cause important crop diseases and are subject to phytosanitary regulation. Despite their agricultural and ecological importance, the diversity of plant rhabdoviruses and their impact on plant health remain poorly understood. Here, we report 32 tentative novel species of plant-infecting rhabdoviruses, identified via high-throughput sequencing and spanning nine established genera. The virus sequences originated from diverse hosts and geographic regions, revealing extensive diversity within the family Rhabdoviridae . Several viruses were detected independently in the same host species across multiple countries, demonstrating the practical value of data sharing for confirming host associations and gaining insight into the geographic distribution of these viruses. Our study highlights the underexplored diversity of plant rhabdoviruses and demonstrates the value of coordinated, collaborative virus discovery. With HTS now widely accessible, the challenge has shifted from virus discovery to making sequence data and metadata publicly available, and to conducting the time-consuming biological characterization often deprioritized in favour of viruses with immediate phytosanitary relevance. As a result, many findings remain unreported, leaving valuable data dormant on servers. By sharing genomic data prior to publication, we present an efficient approach to accelerate virus reporting, enable comparative analyses and advance understanding of virus diversity. We hope this collaborative effort will encourage further exploration of plant viruses, including those from hosts without discernable symptoms, supporting virus biology, taxonomy, pest risk assessments, and plant health policies. Rhabdoviridae HTS data sharing taxonomic diversity Betarhabdovirinae Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Introduction Rhabdoviruses (family Rhabdoviridae ) are a diverse group of negative-sense RNA viruses that infect a wide range of organisms, including plants, animals and fungi [ 22 ]. Plant-infecting rhabdoviruses are classified within the subfamily Betarhabdovirinae and are traditionally recognized morphologically by their characteristic enveloped bacilliform or bullet-shaped particles. Currently, the subfamily Betarhabdovirinae comprises of 12 genera and 253 species [ 18 ], with virus genomes consisting of one- three RNA segments [ 4 , 31 ]. Transmission generally depends on arthropods, such as aphids, leafhoppers, planthoppers and mites or, in some cases, chytrid fungi, usually with highly specific virus-vector interactions [ 16 , 31 ]. Rhabdovirus infections may cause vein yellowing, leaf deformation, stunting and other symptoms, whereas asymptomatic infections are also common. Several species are associated with diseases and serious economic losses [ 19 ] with various species being subject to regulatory measures, including cereal chlorotic mottle virus (CCMoV; Gammanucleorhabdovirus cerealis ), citrus chlorotic spot virus (CiCSV; Dichorhavirus citri ), eggplant mottled dwarf virus (EMDV; Alphanucleorhabdovirus melongenae ), lettuce necrotic yellows virus (LNYV; Alphacytorhabdovirus lactucanecante ) and potato yellow dwarf virus (PYDV; Alphanucleorhabdovirus tuberosum ) [ 9 ]. Despite the agricultural and ecological relevance of plant rhabdoviruses, their diversity and their impact on plant health remain largely underexplored. In recent years, the number of sequenced plant-associated rhabdoviruses has increased rapidly, largely driven by the use of high-throughput sequencing (HTS) technologies [ 1 , 3 , 5 ]. This has led to major taxonomic revisions accepted by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) [ 18 ]. In this study, we report 32 tentative new species of plant-infecting rhabdoviruses. These findings, brought together through pre-publication data sharing, aim to enhance our understanding of rhabdovirus diversity, their potential impact on plant health, and their evolutionary relationships within the family Rhabdoviridae . Materials and Methods This study compiled putative novel plant rhabdovirus sequences through collaborative contributions from 18 institutes and universities. The sequences were derived from 36 samples originating from 4 continents/14 countries representing 28 plant species from 15 botanical families (Table 1 ). Virus sequences originated from cultivated and wild plants, reference collections as well as a historical herbarium specimen dating back to 1967 (Table 1 ). For some of the collected samples, virus-like symptoms were observed, yet most appeared asymptomatic. Most samples consisted of leaf tissue and, in some cases, material from plants of the same species was bulked prior to sequencing. All participating institutes/universities performed HTS, but specific protocols differed. A detailed description of each HTS protocol, including the subsequent identification of rhabdovirus sequences, is provided in supplemental File S1. Some participants performed additional investigations using RT-PCR, PCR-Sanger sequencing, bio-assays or transmission electron microscopy. Detailed information per sample is provided in supplemental Table S1 . Table 1 Sample information. Plant species Sample code Country of origin Institute 1 Collection year Sample type No. of plants 2 Tissue Achillea millefolium 6166765 Netherlands NIVIP 2020 wild plant 20 leaf Artemisia vulgaris 6166992 Netherlands NIVIP 2020 wild plant 13 leaf Capsicum sp. 36109219 24070172 Netherlands (ex 3 : South Africa) Netherlands (ex: South Africa) NIVIP NIVIP 2020 2024 crop crop 3 5 fruit fruit Clerodendrum thomsoniae Prb1 Brazil IB-SP, Embrapa 2017 ornamental plant 1 leaf Dioscorea cayenensis subsp. rotundata Ogoja Nigeria NRI 2019 crop 1 leaf Dracaena marginata 33478182 Netherlands (ex: Costa Rica) NIVIP 2017 crop 1 leaf Fagopyrum esculentum FAGO GG-L2 Greece Netherlands AUTH WUR 2024 2019 crop crop 5 1 leaf leaf Ficus microcarpa 39380696 39720435 Netherlands (ex: China) Netherlands (ex: China) NIVIP NIVIP 2023 2022 crop crop 1 1 leaf leaf Fragaria x ananassa var. Kurdistan KM Iran UARK 2019 crop 1 leaf Geranium sp. 6166562 Netherlands NIVIP 2021 wild plant 20 leaf Glechoma hederacea 6166933 Netherlands NIVIP 2020 wild plant 5 leaf Heptapleurum arboricola 41903396 Netherlands (ex: Costa Rica) NIVIP 2022 crop 1 leaf Heracleum sphondylium 6165869 6166538 Netherlands Netherlands, Bergerden NIVIP NIVIP 2021 2021 wild plant wild plant 20 20 leaf leaf Laburnum x watereri 41310064 Netherlands NIVIP 2022 crop 1 leaf Laburnum x watereri 'Vossii' WAG0454173 Netherlands NIVIP 1967 historical collection 1 leaf Lamium album W120 Czech Republic CARC 2022 wild plant 6 leaf Malus sp. Z40 Greece BPI 2018 crop 5 leaf Medicago lupulina 6166415 Netherlands, Bergerden NIVIP 2021 wild plant 16 leaf Mentha sp. 6166458 40776962 Netherlands Netherlands (ex: Kenya) NIVIP NIVIP 2021 2022 crop crop 20 1 leaf leaf Mentha x gracilis 'Ginger Variegata' 32653962 Netherlands NIVIP 2019 crop 1 leaf Pastinaca sativa 6166546 Netherlands, Bergerden NIVIP 2021 wild plant 7 leaf Pelargonium grandiflorum 40238259 Netherlands (ex: France) NIVIP 2023 crop 1 leaf Petroselinum crispum 130948 PV-1489 PV-1508 United Kingdom Germany Germany FERA DSMZ DSMZ 2021 2024 2025 wild plant crop insect 1 2 1 leaf leaf insect Phalaenopsis 'White World' 39616419 Netherlands NIVIP 2019 crop 1 leaf Rubus sp. (bramble) 24/0402 Belgium CRA-W 2024 wild plant 1 leaf Sedum sp. 42336637 Netherlands (ex: Kenya) NIVIP 2022 crop 1 leaf Stachys palustris 5909889 Netherlands NIVIP 2023 wild plant 1 leaf Urtica dioica WAG084 Netherlands INRAE-Uliège 2023 wild plant 1 leaf Vigna unguiculata 4H Nigeria DSMZ < 1999 crop 1 leaf 1 AUTH, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; BPI, Benaki Phytopathological Institute; CARC, Czech Agrifood Research Center; CRA-W, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre; DSMZ, German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures; Embrapa, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária; Fera, Fera Science; IB-SP, Instituto Biológico de São Paulo; INRAE, National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment; NIVIP, Netherlands Institute for Vectors, Invasive Plants and Plant health; NRI, Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich; UARK, University of Arkansas; Uliège, University of Liège; WUR, Wageningen University & Research. 2 When more than one plant was sampled, plants of the same species were pooled prior to RNA-extraction or sequencing. 3 ex: indicates the country from which the plant material originated (import origin). Phylogenetic analyses Sequences of putative novel rhabdoviruses were imported into Geneious Prime (v 2025.1.2). The open reading frames (ORFs) of the L gene, which encodes the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and which is commonly used for rhabdovirus phylogenetics, were translated into amino acid sequences. For phylogenetic analyses, reference sequences of all Betarhabdovirinae member species were selected using the ICTV Virus Metadata Resource (VMR_MSL40.v1.20250307) [ 18 ] and corresponding L amino acid sequences from NCBI GenBank were imported into Geneious Prime. The sequences were aligned using MAFFT (v7.490) [ 21 ]. The best-fitting amino acid substitution model (LG + F + I + G4) was determined using ModelFinder [ 20 ] as implemented in IQ-TREE 2 (v 2.3.6) [ 24 ]. A maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree was then inferred in IQ-TREE 2 using this model with 10,000 ultrafast bootstrap replicates [ 15 ]. The L protein of Puerto Almendras virus (YP_009094394), from the subfamily Alpharhabdovirinae , was included as the outgroup. The resulting tree was visualized in TreeViewer (v 2.2.0) [ 6 ], transformed into circular style, and clades without putative novel virus species were collapsed for clarity. Serratus data mining To determine whether any of the identified rhabdoviruses were present in the Sequence Read Archive (SRA), their L amino acid sequences were queried using Serratus palmID Viral-RdRp analysis (accessed, August 1, 2025, serratus.io/palmid). Results The HTS datasets allowed the reconstruction of 39 nearly complete and 2 partial genomic sequences from members of 32 putative rhabdovirus species, none of which showed significant similarity to sequences in GenBank or by data mining with using Serratus. The rhabdovirus sequences were obtained from 36 samples representing 28 plant species across 15 families, collected between 1967 and 2025 from 14 countries (Tables 1 and supplemental Table S1 ). Mixed infections with viruses from the same or other families were detected in 81% (29 out of 36) of the samples (supplemental Table S1 ) . The rhabdovirus genomes were either mono-, bi-, or tri-partite and ranged in size from 6,503 to 16,202 nucleotides (Fig. 1 ). Based on phylogenetic analyses of the L protein (Fig. 2 , supplemental Fig S1 ), genome organization (Fig. 1 ), sequence identity to other rhabdovirus sequences and taking into account the ICTV demarcation criteria, the putative novel viruses were tentatively assigned to nine previously established Betarhabdovirinae genera: Alphacytorhabdovirus (12), Alphanucleorhabdovirus (2), Betacytorhabdovirus (6), Betanucleorhabdovirus (2), Deltanucleorhabdovirus (4), Dichorhavirus (1), Gammacytorhabdovirus (2), Trirhavirus (2) and Varicosavirus (1) (Fig. 1 ; Table 2 and supplemental Table S1 ). All genome sequences displayed the expected genome organization for their respective genus (Fig. 1 ) except for Achillea deltanucleorhabdovirus 1 for which only a single contig of 6,503 nucleotides was assembled, containing only the L gene (Fig. 1 ). All sequences were submitted to GenBank (accession numbers: ON924784, PQ848120, PQ787168-PQ787170, PV555428, PV555429, PV695571, PV933990, PV979719, PX051446-PX051448, PX121434-PX121466, PX550110 and PX550111) and the corresponding raw sequencing reads are available under BioProject PRJNA1344864 in the NCBI Sequence Read Archive (SRA). Detailed information per sample is summarized in supplemental Table S1 . Table 2 Tentative novel rhabdoviruses identified in this study and their corresponding hosts. Tentative species name Virus name Host(s) Country of origin Alphacytorhabdovirus Alphacytorhabdovirus achilleae Achillea alphacytorhabdovirus 1 1 Achillea millefolium Netherlands Alphacytorhabdovirus betafici Ficus alphacytorhabdovirus 2 Ficus microcarpa Ficus microcarpa Netherlands (ex: China) Netherlands (ex: China) Alphacytorhabdovirus betamenthae Mentha alphacytorhabdovirus 2 Mentha sp. Mentha sp. Mentha x gracilis 'Ginger Variegata' Netherlands Netherlands (ex: Kenya) Netherlands Alphacytorhabdovirus betapelargonii Pelargonium alphacytorhabdovirus 2 Pelargonium grandiflorum Netherlands (ex: France) Alphacytorhabdovirus betapetroselini Parsley latent alphacytorhabdovirus Petroselinum crispum Germany Alphacytorhabdovirus capsici Capsicum alphacytorhabdovirus 1 Capsicum sp. Netherlands (ex: South Africa) Alphacytorhabdovirus deltaartemisiae Artemisia alphacytorhabdovirus 4 2 Artemisia vulgaris Netherlands Alphacytorhabdovirus fagopyrum Buckwheat alphacytorhabdovirus Fagopyrum esculentum Fagopyrum esculentum Greece Netherlands Alphacytorhabdovirus glechomae Creeping Charlie alphacytorhabdovirus 1 Glechoma hederacea Netherlands Alphacytorhabdovirus heraclaei Hogweed alphacytorhabdovirus 1 Heracleum sphondylium Netherlands Alphacytorhabdovirus petroselini Parsley alphacytorhabdovirus 1 Petroselinum crispum United Kingdom Germany Alphacytorhabdovirus sedii Sedum alphacytorhabdovirus 1 Sedum sp. Netherlands (ex: Kenya) Betacytorhabdovirus Betacytorhabdovirus achilleae Achillea betacytorhabdovirus 1 1 Achillea millefolium Netherlands Betacytorhabdovirus dioscoreae Dioscorea rotundata virus 1 Dioscorea cayenensis subsp. rotundata Nigeria Betacytorhabdovirus geraniae Cranesbill betacytorhabdovirus 1 Geranium sp. Netherlands Betacytorhabdovirus stachyos Stachys betacytorhabdovirus 1 3 Stachys palustris Netherlands Betacytorhabdovirus betastachyos Stachys betacytorhabdovirus 2 3 Stachys palustris Netherlands Betacytorhabdovirus spinirubi Rubus betacytorhabdovirus 1 Rubus sp. (bramble) Belgium Gammacytorhabdovirus Gammacytorhabdovirus bergerdensis Bergerden gammacytorhabdovirus 1 Medicago lupulina Heracleum sphondylium Pastinaca sativa Phalaenopsis 'White World' Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Gammacytorhabdovirus mali Apple gammacytorhabdovirus 1 Malus sp. Greece Alphanucleorhabdovirus Alphanucleorhabdovirus costaricensis Asparagales alphanucleorhabdovirus 1 Dracaena marginata Heptapleurum arboricola Netherlands (ex: Costa Rica) Netherlands (ex: Costa Rica) Alphanucleorhabdovirus vignae Vigna alphanucleorhabdovirus 1 Vigna unguiculata Nigeria Betanucleorhabdovirus Betanucleorhabdovirus betaartemisiae Artemisia betanucleorhabdovirus 2 2 Artemisia vulgaris Netherlands Betanucleorhabdovirus kurdistanfragariae Strawberry virus 5 Fragaria x ananassa var. Kurdistan Iran Deltanucleorhabdovirus Deltanucleorhabdovirus achilleae Achillea deltanucleorhabdovirus 1 1 Achillea millefolium Netherlands Deltanucleorhabdovirus kurdistanfragariae Strawberry virus 4 Fragaria x ananassa var. Kurdistan Iran Deltanucleorhabdovirus laburni Laburnum deltanucleorhabdovirus 1 Laburnum x watereri Laburnum x watereri 'Vossii' Netherlands Deltanucleorhabdovirus lamii Lamium deltanucleorhabdovirus 1 Lamium album Czech Republic Trirhavirus Trirhavirus capsici Capsicum trirhavirus 1 Capsicum sp. Netherlands (ex: South Africa) Trirhavirus urticae Urtica trirhavirus 1 Urtica dioica Netherlands Varicosavirus Varicosavirus betaartemisiae Artemisia varicosavirus 2 2 Artemisia vulgaris Netherlands Dichorhavirus Dichorhavirus piracicabense Clerodendrum leaf spot virus Clerodendrum thomsoniae Brazil 1 Viruses identified in the same plant sample ( Achillea millefolium ); 2 Viruses identified in the same (bulked) plant sample ( Artemisa vulgaris ); 3 Viruses identified in the same (bulked) plant sample ( Stachys palustris ). Abbreviation ex: indicates the country from which the plant material originated (import origin). Virus-like symptoms were observed in 20 out of 36 samples (supplemental Table S1 ). We have examined which of these samples could potentially be associated with the putative novel viruses. Sixteen of these samples were co-infected with other viruses and were therefore excluded from this examination. Two samples displayed clear virus-like symptoms and were singly infected: Clerodendrum thomsoniae (Prb1) showing chlorotic and necrotic spots (Fig. 3 a), and Laburnum x watereri (WAG0454173) displaying vein-yellowing and vein-banding (Fig. 3 b). In an additional Laburnum x watereri sample (41310064), infected with the same putative novel virus, similar symptoms were observed, though it was not in single infection (Fig. 3 c). No symptoms were observed in 13 samples, 10 of which were wild plants, while the symptom status was unclear for three samples. Transmission electron microscopy performed on one sample (Buckwheat GG-L2) revealed typical rhabdovirus particles (supplemental Fig S2 ). Discussion The 32 plant rhabdovirus sequences reported here were independently identified by 18 collaborating institutes/universities, each using different HTS approaches. Most species were identified by only one institute, whereas a few were identified by multiple institutes. Our study illustrates not only the diversity of plant rhabdoviruses but also the practical benefits of pre-publication data sharing for accelerating virus discovery, characterization, and contextualization. This collaborative approach reduced duplication of efforts, offered early insights into host range, geographical distribution and potential symptom associations, all of which support taxonomy and pest risk assessments [ 11 , 13 , 14 , 28 ]. Such coordinated efforts also increase transparency and encourage data reuse, thereby advancing the field of plant virology. Since most samples with virus-like symptoms were coinfected with other viruses, it was not possible to determine whether the identified rhabdoviruses are associated with symptoms. As Fox [ 12 ] emphasizes, establishing a causal relationship in plant virology is often challenging, particularly in mixed infections. Moreover, in several cases, it remains uncertain whether the virus-like symptoms were induced by viruses at all or by other factors. Further biological characterization studies, ideally using singly infected plants in controlled conditions, will therefore be required to determine potential etiological relationships. Nevertheless, two examples suggest potential virus-disease associations involving singly-infected samples. Laburnum deltanucleorhabdovirus 1 was detected in two Laburnum × watereri samples. The viral sequence was found both in a symptomatic herbarium specimen collected in 1967 where it occurred as a single infection, and in a living Laburnum × watereri tree co-infected with Arabis mosaic virus ( Nepovirus arabis ). Both plants exhibited similar virus symptoms of vein-yellowing and vein-banding with the living tree also showing mosaic patterns (Fig. 3 a,b). Historical records by Masters [ 23 ] in 1877, van Katwijk [ 30 ] in 1953, and transmission electron microscopy observations of rhabdovirus-like particles by Cooper [ 8 ] support a long-observed potential link between vein-banding and mosaic symptoms in Laburnum and virus infection. This case also demonstrates the value of integrating historical herbarium material with modern molecular techniques. Similarly, Clerodendrum leaf spot virus was detected in singly infected Clerodendrum thomsoniae plants (data not shown), exhibiting chlorotic leaf spots (Fig. 3 c), indicating potential pathogenicity of this virus. For both examples additional studies are needed to establish potential etiological relationships, ideally following the integrated approaches of Fontdevila Pareta et al. and Fox et al. [ 11 , 12 ], including but not limited to screening of both asymptomatic and symptomatic plants in ecosystems and inoculation in controlled conditions. In addition to 20 symptomatic plant samples, our study included 13 asymptomatic samples in which putative novel rhabdoviruses were identified. Many of these asymptomatic samples originated from virus reservoir surveys in wild plants, suggesting that numerous rhabdoviruses may not induce obvious symptoms in their hosts [ 5 ]. This is consistent with reports from other virus families, where asymptomatic infections are also frequently observed [ 25 – 27 ]. Together, these findings illustrate the high viral diversity that can infect apparently healthy plants within and outside agricultural ecosystems and supports the view that large-scale virus reservoir studies are important for biosecurity as they provide insights into the host range of viruses and allow better identification and allocation of the species potentially posing a phytosanitary risk [ 13 ]. Same rhabdovirus repeatedly detected in the same host species Pre-publication data sharing enabled the early detection and cross-validation of potential virus–host associations and revealed that certain putative virus species are found across different countries. For example, parsley alphacytorhabdovirus 1 was independently detected in Petroselinum crispum (parsley) samples from the United Kingdom and Germany. Similarly, buckwheat alphacytorhabdovirus was identified in Fagopyrum esculentum (buckwheat) growing in habitat-enhanced field margins in Greece and the Netherlands. In addition, strawberry virus 4 and strawberry virus 5 were detected in the USA and Iran, suggesting a broad geographic presence. Ficus alphacytorhabdovirus 2 was detected in two Ficus microcarpa plants imported separately from China, cross-validating its host and distribution. Furthermore, Mentha alphacytorhabdovirus 2 was detected in three samples, namely from two cultivated and one wild Mentha species from both the Netherlands and Kenya. These examples highlight the practical value of data sharing, which allowed the independent identification of similar virus genomes in the same host across multiple countries, suggesting these viruses have been circulating for a long time or spreading between countries, for example through international trade. Multiple rhabdoviruses infecting the same host species In some plant samples, multiple distinct rhabdoviruses co-occurred. Stachys betacytorhabdovirus 1 and Stachys betacytorhabdovirus 2 were found in a single Stachys palustris plant (sample 5909889), while four distinct alphacytorhabdoviruses were identified in bulked Artemisia vulgaris (sample 6166992): Artemisia alphacytorhabdovirus 1–4. Similarly, in bulked sample Achillea millefolium (sample 6166765), both Achillea alphacytorhabdovirus 1 and Achillea betacytorhabdovirus 1 were identified, as well as Achillea deltanucleorhabdovirus 1, although only its L gene was assembled. These observations highlight the substantial rhabdovirus diversity that can exist within a single host. Same rhabdovirus in different host species Two rhabdoviruses were identified in more than one host species. Asparagales alphanucleorhabdovirus 1 was identified in a Heptapleurum arboricola and a Dracaena marginata plant, both imported from Costa Rica. Although both plant species belong to the same order (Asparagales), they are members of different families. Similarly, Bergerden gammacytorhabdovirus was identified in three asymptomatic wild species from a single location (Bergerden) and in a symptomatic, cultivated Phalaenopsis orchid. These findings suggest that both viruses may be transmitted by a polyphagous vector and that further screening may reveal additional host plant species, as observed for Physostegia chlorotic mottle virus (PhCMoV; Alphanucleorhabdovirus physostegiae ) [ 28 , 29 ]. Hidden diversity of plant rhabdoviruses In the past decade, many plant rhabdoviruses have been identified through diagnostic testing, virus reservoir studies and mining of plant transcriptome database studies [ 3 , 5 ]. However, as with other virus families, many findings are not being formally reported due to time constraints and because priority is often given to viruses or virus groups with clear phytosanitary impact [ 11 , 13 ]. Our data-sharing-based approach led to the collective identification and publication of 32 putative novel species, underscoring the hidden diversity of this virus group. Bejerman, et al. [ 3 ] reported 27 novel rhabdoviruses through SRA mining, roughly half of which were (putative) cytorhabdoviruses. Similarly, 63% (20 out of 32) of the putative novel rhabdoviruses presented in our study, not identified from the SRA but from actual plant samples, were also cytorhabdoviruses (including alpha-, beta- and gammacytorhabdoviruses). This suggests a rich, but underexplored diversity within this cytorhabdoviruses. However, it is important to note that a large diversity may also exist in other rhabdovirus groups but that this diversity is yet uncovered for example due to under sampling. Gymnosperm-infecting alpha- and betagymnorhavirus, for instance, are likely underrepresented, as gymnosperms tend to be sampled less than herbaceous plant species [ 3 ]. This study accounts for nearly 12.6% of the currently known plant rhabdoviruses species and makes a substantial contribution to the family diversity. Virus discovery versus biological characterization in the HTS-era With HTS now available to many labs, the challenge has shifted from virus discovery to the biological characterisation of these putative new viruses. This is due to the associated time-consuming efforts of biological characterisation, with priority typically given to findings with clear crop/plant health or phytosanitary impacts, leaving other findings unreported and dormant on servers [ 13 , 17 ]. In addition, large amounts of neglected or unused data await secondary analysis and repurposing. Bejerman, et al. [ 2 ] predicted that the increasing use of HTS would result in the identification of many more novel viruses with negative-sense and ambisense RNA, including members of the family Rhabdoviridae , which is underlined by the 32 novel viruses described here. Although only limited biological, epidemiological and contextual data were available for most of the putative novel viruses in our study, we believe that reporting our findings will encourage other researchers to examine their dormant sequences and datasets. Additionally we hope it will inspire virus reservoir studies, including on asymptomatic plants, and prompt researchers to make their findings publicly available. This would increase our knowledge on host range, distribution, vectors, symptomatology, phytosanitary risks and general understanding of virus epidemiology. Beyond motivating individual research efforts, our study shows the value of pre-publication data sharing as an important part of plant-health preparedness. Such sharing supports regional and global cooperation and rapid response and is similar to frameworks like ‘disaster plant pathology’ [ 10 ], the global crop disease surveillance system proposed by Carvajal-Yepes et al. [ 7 ], and parallel initiatives in animal and human virology, such as the Global Virus Network ( https://gvn.org/ ). In this sense, our work goes beyond filling taxonomic gaps and may contribute to informing the development of more coordinated and responsive approaches for plant-virus monitoring in the future. Conclusions Our study highlights the underexplored diversity of plant rhabdoviruses and demonstrates the value of coordinated, collaborative virus discovery. Through pre-publication data sharing, we offer an efficient approach to accelerate the reporting of tentative novel viruses and deepen our understanding of virus diversity. Even when contextual information is limited, making such data publicly available can provide broader insights into plant virus diversity. It also facilitates comparisons across findings, supports the development of diagnostic tools, and informs plant health policy. We hope this study will encourage further exploration and reporting of plant viruses. Declarations Competing Interests The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. Author Contributions M.B. and A.K.J.G initiated and supervised the project. All co-authors generated sequence data and performed genome assembly and annotation. P.P.M.d.K., I.P.A., K.B.M., A.R.F., A.F., J.F.-A., M.H., P.H., F.M., I.M., V.I.M., P.M., E.T.M.M., C., C.G.O., G., I.E.T., R.v.d.V. provided coding-complete sequences and metadata. P.P.M.d.K conducted phylogenetic analyses. M.W. and P.P.M.d.K generated the schematic representation of the genomic organization. M.B. led manuscript writing with input from all co-authors. All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript. Acknowledgements We sincerely thank the following phytosanitary inspectors for their essential role in their dedicated efforts in sample collection: Naktuinbouw (the Netherlands Inspection Service for Horticulture): A.J. Starre, P. Valentijn, R. Rodewijk, Dutch Quality Control Bureau (KCB): T. Buysman. NVWA: W. den Hartog R. van den Berg, S. Gans, J. de Zeeuw. We also thank the NIVIP molecular technicians for their sequence analysis of HTS data. The analysis of wild plants collected by NIVIP was carried out within the framework of the Euphresco project 2020-A-347 (Virus Reservoirs), while the analysis of the herbarium material was conducted under the Euphresco project 2019-E-312 (Virus Curate). References Adams IP, Fox A, Boonham N, Massart S, De Jonghe K (2018) The impact of high throughput sequencing on plant health diagnostics. Eur J Plant Pathol 152:909–919 Bejerman N, Debat H, Dietzgen RG (2020) The Plant Negative-Sense RNA Virosphere: Virus Discovery Through New Eyes. Front Microbiol 11:588427 Bejerman N, Dietzgen RG, Debat H (2021) Illuminating the plant rhabdovirus landscape through metatranscriptomics data. Viruses 13:1304 Bejerman N, Debat H (2025) Trirhavirus: the first genus of tripartite viruses in the family Rhabdoviridae. 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EPPO Global Database Etherton BA, Choudhury RA, Alcalá Briseño RI, Mouafo-Tchinda Romaric A, Plex Sulá AI, Choudhury M, Adhikari A, Lei Si L, Kraisitudomsook N, Buritica Jacobo R, Cerbaro VA, Ogero K, Cox Cindy M, Walsh SP, Andrade-Piedra Jorge L, Omondi BA, Navarrete I, McEwan Margaret A, Garrett KA (2024) Disaster Plant Pathology: Smart Solutions for Threats to Global Plant Health from Natural and Human-Driven Disasters. Phytopathology® 114:855–868 Fontdevila Pareta N, Khalili M, Maachi A, Rivarez MPS, Rollin J, Salavert F, Temple C, Aranda MA, Boonham N, Botermans M, Candresse T, Fox A, Hernando Y, Kutnjak D, Marais A, Petter F, Ravnikar M, Selmi I, Tahzima R, Trontin C, Wetzel T, Massart S (2023) Managing the deluge of newly discovered plant viruses and viroids: an optimized scientific and regulatory framework for their characterization and risk analysis. Front Microbiol Volume 14–2023 Fox A (2020) Reconsidering causal association in plant virology. 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Gard Chron 7:730 Minh BQ, Schmidt HA, Chernomor O, Schrempf D, Woodhams MD, Von Haeseler A, Lanfear R (2020) IQ-TREE 2: new models and efficient methods for phylogenetic inference in the genomic era. Mol Biol Evol 37:1530–1534 Roossinck MJ (2015) Plants, viruses and the environment: Ecology and mutualism. Virology 479–480:271–277 Roossinck MJ, Martin DP, Roumagnac P (2015) Plant Virus Metagenomics: Advances in Virus Discovery. Phytopathology® 105:716–727 Takahashi H, Fukuhara T, Kitazawa H, Kormelink R (2019) Virus Latency and the Impact on Plants. Front Microbiol Volume 10–2019 Temple C, Blouin AG, De Jonghe K, Foucart Y, Botermans M, Westenberg M, Schoen R, Gentit P, Visage M, Verdin E (2022) Biological and genetic characterization of Physostegia chlorotic mottle virus in Europe based on host range, location, and time. Plant Dis 106:2797–2807 Temple C, Blouin AG, Boezen D, Botermans M, Durant L, De Jonghe K, de Koning P, Goedefroit T, Minet L, Steyer S, Verdin E, Zwart M, Massart S (2024) Biological Characterization of Physostegia Chlorotic Mottle Virus, an Emergent Virus Infecting Vegetables in Diversified Production Systems. Phytopathology® 114:1680–1688 van Katwijk W (1953) Mozaiek bij gouden regen. Tijdschrift Over Plantenziekten 59:237–239 Walker PJ, Freitas-Astúa J, Bejerman N, Blasdell KR, Breyta R, Dietzgen RG, Fooks AR, Kondo H, Kurath G, Kuzmin IV, Ramos-González PL, Shi M, Stone DM, Tesh RB, Tordo N, Vasilakis N, Whitfield AE, Consortium IR (2022) ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Rhabdoviridae 2022. Journal of General Virology 103 (Ethical) Statements & Declarations This study did not involve human participants or animals Plant samples were collected and analyzed in accordance with institutional, national, and international guidelines. No specific ethical approval was required for this study The work at Uliège was supported by the postdoctoral fellowship INVASIVIR from the Fond National de la Recherche Scientifique (n°1.B.325.25), and the research that yielded these results, was funded by the Belgian Federal Public Service Health, Food Chain Safety and Environment through the contract RI 23/E-447 VIRISK. The work at Fera was funded under a long term service agreement with Defra, UK. The analysis of the sample of AUTH was conducted within the framework of InnoPP - TAEDR-0535675 that is funded by the European Union- Next Generation EU, Greece 2.0 National Recovery and Resilience plan, National Flagship Initiative Agriculture and Food Industry Supplementary Files suppFigureS1MaximumlikelihoodphylogenetictreeLR.png suppFigureS2EMimage.docx suppFileS1HTSprotocol.docx suppTableS1formanuscript.xlsx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 09 Apr, 2026 Read the published version in Archives of Virology → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Major Revision 22 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 16 Dec, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 16 Dec, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 15 Dec, 2025 First submitted to journal 15 Dec, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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17:08:59","extension":"xml","order_by":15,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":140142,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"ARVID25009410structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8349317/v1/691598212d28213970fae6fc.xml"},{"id":98540155,"identity":"cb7590f3-bb45-429c-9478-a3efc4c5e0f6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 17:16:31","extension":"html","order_by":16,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":161417,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8349317/v1/cff2a2f68bfa35b2f35538e6.html"},{"id":98540138,"identity":"9b38f6fb-3077-4239-ab45-888940eafa4f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 17:16:30","extension":"jpeg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":428603,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSchematic representation of the genomic organization, shown in reverse polarity, for at least one representative putative species from each genus, indicated in bold. Gene abbreviations: N, nucleoprotein; P, phosphoprotein; P3, putative cell-to-cell movement protein; P4-P8, hypothetical proteins; M, matrix protein; G, glycoprotein; L, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. All refer to coding sequences (CDS).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8349317/v1/6f8db7faf40d6d0b67f8c566.jpeg"},{"id":98540139,"identity":"38f6b076-9575-4c8d-a190-ec8b51a7f658","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 17:16:30","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":507832,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMaximum likelihood phylogenetic tree based on the L (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase; RdRp) amino acid sequences. Bold: acronyms of novel viruses. Not bold: NCBI accession numbers representing reference sequences of known rhabdoviruses. Collapsed: clades without novel virus sequences. The tree was constructed using IQ-TREE 2 using the LG+F+I+G4 substitution model and 10,000 bootstrap replicates. Bootstrap support values indicate the percentage of replicate trees in which the associated clade is recovered, reflecting the robustness of the inferred branching. The L protein of Puerto Almendras virus (YP_009094394) was included as an outgroup. For an expanded version of this tree, with additional details see supplemental Fig S1.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8349317/v1/20e75688685b4d2ba418f78c.png"},{"id":98540142,"identity":"a7632fc3-85a7-41cc-b680-c9d900fae2c0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 17:16:30","extension":"jpeg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":297225,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eVirus-like symptoms observed in plants infected with putative novel rhabdoviruses. A) Chlorotic and necrotic spots on a leaf of a \u003cem\u003eClerodendrum thomsoniae\u003c/em\u003e plant (Prb1) infected with Clerodendrum leaf spot virus. B) Vein-yellowing and vein-banding in a \u003cem\u003eLaburnum\u003c/em\u003e x \u003cem\u003ewatereri\u003c/em\u003e herbarium specimen (WAG0454173) from 1967 infected with Laburnum deltanucleorhabdovirus 1. C) Vein-yellowing, vein-banding, and mosaic in a living \u003cem\u003eLaburnum\u003c/em\u003e x \u003cem\u003ewatereri\u003c/em\u003etree (41310064) infected with Laburnum deltanucleorhabdovirus 1 and Arabis mosaic virus\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8349317/v1/bc2d5cce15448095bfb41abc.jpeg"},{"id":106809522,"identity":"5e698f97-8f87-47bb-a21e-68ffb2a3a5e3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-13 16:11:12","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2230962,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8349317/v1/31f29d2d-2b9e-494a-a287-a539c0d9680d.pdf"},{"id":98626618,"identity":"7831a135-6cc7-48d8-b36c-bf9f5ddfc1c8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:09:51","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":1271932,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"suppFigureS1MaximumlikelihoodphylogenetictreeLR.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8349317/v1/799f972d2a9e47987edca97e.png"},{"id":98625554,"identity":"7295f387-f974-4b39-9126-43db339329da","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:09:11","extension":"docx","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":729798,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"suppFigureS2EMimage.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8349317/v1/5abb6e14c70b2a93bbd550f4.docx"},{"id":98540144,"identity":"f3e5d71a-314f-49e7-925d-39026349cb97","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 17:16:31","extension":"docx","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":41541,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"suppFileS1HTSprotocol.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8349317/v1/95199a89555d2b3908e749a5.docx"},{"id":98625259,"identity":"99eb949d-4beb-47e0-b6e8-09af72fbd896","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:09:00","extension":"xlsx","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":26053,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"suppTableS1formanuscript.xlsx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8349317/v1/eb727b6f429576387bf320ba.xlsx"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Expanding insights into plant rhabdovirus diversity through the discovery of viruses representing 32 putative novel species","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eRhabdoviruses (family \u003cem\u003eRhabdoviridae\u003c/em\u003e) are a diverse group of negative-sense RNA viruses that infect a wide range of organisms, including plants, animals and fungi [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. Plant-infecting rhabdoviruses are classified within the subfamily \u003cem\u003eBetarhabdovirinae\u003c/em\u003e and are traditionally recognized morphologically by their characteristic enveloped bacilliform or bullet-shaped particles. Currently, the subfamily \u003cem\u003eBetarhabdovirinae\u003c/em\u003e comprises of 12 genera and 253 species [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e], with virus genomes consisting of one- three RNA segments [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e]. Transmission generally depends on arthropods, such as aphids, leafhoppers, planthoppers and mites or, in some cases, chytrid fungi, usually with highly specific virus-vector interactions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRhabdovirus infections may cause vein yellowing, leaf deformation, stunting and other symptoms, whereas asymptomatic infections are also common. Several species are associated with diseases and serious economic losses [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e] with various species being subject to regulatory measures, including cereal chlorotic mottle virus (CCMoV; \u003cem\u003eGammanucleorhabdovirus cerealis\u003c/em\u003e), citrus chlorotic spot virus (CiCSV; \u003cem\u003eDichorhavirus citri\u003c/em\u003e), eggplant mottled dwarf virus (EMDV; \u003cem\u003eAlphanucleorhabdovirus melongenae\u003c/em\u003e), lettuce necrotic yellows virus (LNYV; \u003cem\u003eAlphacytorhabdovirus lactucanecante\u003c/em\u003e) and potato yellow dwarf virus (PYDV; \u003cem\u003eAlphanucleorhabdovirus tuberosum\u003c/em\u003e) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDespite the agricultural and ecological relevance of plant rhabdoviruses, their diversity and their impact on plant health remain largely underexplored. In recent years, the number of sequenced plant-associated rhabdoviruses has increased rapidly, largely driven by the use of high-throughput sequencing (HTS) technologies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. This has led to major taxonomic revisions accepted by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, we report 32 tentative new species of plant-infecting rhabdoviruses. These findings, brought together through pre-publication data sharing, aim to enhance our understanding of rhabdovirus diversity, their potential impact on plant health, and their evolutionary relationships within the family \u003cem\u003eRhabdoviridae\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study compiled putative novel plant rhabdovirus sequences through collaborative contributions from 18 institutes and universities. The sequences were derived from 36 samples originating from 4 continents/14 countries representing 28 plant species from 15 botanical families (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Virus sequences originated from cultivated and wild plants, reference collections as well as a historical herbarium specimen dating back to 1967 (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). For some of the collected samples, virus-like symptoms were observed, yet most appeared asymptomatic. Most samples consisted of leaf tissue and, in some cases, material from plants of the same species was bulked prior to sequencing. All participating institutes/universities performed HTS, but specific protocols differed. A detailed description of each HTS protocol, including the subsequent identification of rhabdovirus sequences, is provided in supplemental File S1. Some participants performed additional investigations using RT-PCR, PCR-Sanger sequencing, bio-assays or transmission electron microscopy. Detailed information per sample is provided in supplemental Table \u003cspan refid=\"MOESM1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eS1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample information.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlant species\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample code\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCountry of origin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInstitute\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCollection year\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample type\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo. of plants\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTissue\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAchillea millefolium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6166765\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetherlands\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNIVIP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2020\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ewild plant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eArtemisia vulgaris\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6166992\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetherlands\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNIVIP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2020\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ewild plant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCapsicum\u003c/em\u003e sp.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36109219\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24070172\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetherlands (ex\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e: South Africa)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetherlands (ex: South Africa)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNIVIP\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNIVIP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2020\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecrop\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ecrop\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003efruit\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003efruit\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eClerodendrum thomsoniae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrb1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBrazil\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIB-SP, Embrapa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eornamental plant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDioscorea cayenensis\u003c/em\u003e subsp. \u003cem\u003erotundata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOgoja\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNigeria\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNRI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecrop\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDracaena marginata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33478182\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetherlands (ex: Costa Rica)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNIVIP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecrop\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFagopyrum esculentum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFAGO\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGG-L2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGreece\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetherlands\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAUTH\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWUR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2024\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecrop\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ecrop\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleaf \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eleaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFicus microcarpa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39380696\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e39720435\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetherlands (ex: China) \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetherlands (ex: China)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNIVIP\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNIVIP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2023\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecrop\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ecrop\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleaf \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eleaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFragaria x ananassa\u003c/em\u003e var. Kurdistan\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIran\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUARK\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecrop\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGeranium\u003c/em\u003e sp.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6166562\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetherlands\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNIVIP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ewild plant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlechoma hederacea\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6166933\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetherlands\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNIVIP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2020\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ewild plant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHeptapleurum arboricola\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41903396\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetherlands (ex: Costa Rica)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNIVIP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecrop\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHeracleum sphondylium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6165869\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6166538\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetherlands\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetherlands, Bergerden\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNIVIP\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNIVIP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ewild plant\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ewild plant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleaf \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eleaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLaburnum x watereri\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41310064\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetherlands\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNIVIP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecrop\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLaburnum x watereri\u003c/em\u003e 'Vossii'\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWAG0454173\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetherlands\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNIVIP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1967\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ehistorical collection\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLamium album\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW120\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCzech Republic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCARC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ewild plant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMalus\u003c/em\u003e sp.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZ40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGreece\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBPI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecrop\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMedicago lupulina\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6166415\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetherlands, Bergerden\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNIVIP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ewild plant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMentha\u003c/em\u003e sp.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6166458\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e40776962\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetherlands\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetherlands (ex: Kenya)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNIVIP\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNIVIP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecrop\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ecrop\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleaf \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eleaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMentha x gracilis\u003c/em\u003e 'Ginger Variegata'\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32653962\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetherlands\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNIVIP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecrop\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePastinaca sativa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6166546\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetherlands, Bergerden\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNIVIP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ewild plant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePelargonium grandiflorum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40238259\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetherlands (ex: France)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNIVIP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2023\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecrop\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePetroselinum crispum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e130948\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePV-1489\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePV-1508\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnited Kingdom\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGermany\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGermany\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFERA\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDSMZ\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDSMZ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2024\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2025\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ewild plant\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ecrop\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003einsect\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleaf \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eleaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003einsect\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePhalaenopsis\u003c/em\u003e 'White World'\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39616419\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetherlands\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNIVIP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecrop\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRubus\u003c/em\u003e sp. (bramble)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24/0402\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBelgium\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCRA-W\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ewild plant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSedum\u003c/em\u003e sp.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42336637\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetherlands (ex: Kenya)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNIVIP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecrop\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStachys palustris\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5909889\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetherlands\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNIVIP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2023\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ewild plant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eUrtica dioica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWAG084\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetherlands\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eINRAE-Uli\u0026egrave;ge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2023\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ewild plant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eVigna unguiculata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4H\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNigeria\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDSMZ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;1999\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecrop\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e AUTH, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; BPI, Benaki Phytopathological Institute; CARC, Czech Agrifood Research Center; CRA-W, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre; DSMZ, German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures; Embrapa, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecu\u0026aacute;ria; Fera, Fera Science; IB-SP, Instituto Biol\u0026oacute;gico de S\u0026atilde;o Paulo; INRAE, National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment; NIVIP, Netherlands Institute for Vectors, Invasive Plants and Plant health; NRI, Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich; UARK, University of Arkansas; Uli\u0026egrave;ge, University of Li\u0026egrave;ge; WUR, Wageningen University \u0026amp; Research.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e When more than one plant was sampled, plants of the same species were pooled prior to RNA-extraction or sequencing.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e ex: indicates the country from which the plant material originated (import origin).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhylogenetic analyses\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSequences of putative novel rhabdoviruses were imported into Geneious Prime (v 2025.1.2). The open reading frames (ORFs) of the \u003cem\u003eL\u003c/em\u003e gene, which encodes the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and which is commonly used for rhabdovirus phylogenetics, were translated into amino acid sequences. For phylogenetic analyses, reference sequences of all \u003cem\u003eBetarhabdovirinae\u003c/em\u003e member species were selected using the ICTV Virus Metadata Resource (VMR_MSL40.v1.20250307) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e] and corresponding L amino acid sequences from NCBI GenBank were imported into Geneious Prime.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe sequences were aligned using MAFFT (v7.490) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. The best-fitting amino acid substitution model (LG\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;F\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;I\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;G4) was determined using ModelFinder [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e] as implemented in IQ-TREE 2 (v 2.3.6) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. A maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree was then inferred in IQ-TREE 2 using this model with 10,000 ultrafast bootstrap replicates [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. The L protein of Puerto Almendras virus (YP_009094394), from the subfamily \u003cem\u003eAlpharhabdovirinae\u003c/em\u003e, was included as the outgroup. The resulting tree was visualized in TreeViewer (v 2.2.0) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e], transformed into circular style, and clades without putative novel virus species were collapsed for clarity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSerratus data mining\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo determine whether any of the identified rhabdoviruses were present in the Sequence Read Archive (SRA), their L amino acid sequences were queried using Serratus palmID Viral-RdRp analysis (accessed, August 1, 2025, serratus.io/palmid).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe HTS datasets allowed the reconstruction of 39 nearly complete and 2 partial genomic sequences from members of 32 putative rhabdovirus species, none of which showed significant similarity to sequences in GenBank or by data mining with using Serratus. The rhabdovirus sequences were obtained from 36 samples representing 28 plant species across 15 families, collected between 1967 and 2025 from 14 countries (Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e and supplemental Table \u003cspan refid=\"MOESM1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eS1\u003c/span\u003e). Mixed infections with viruses from the same or other families were detected in 81% (29 out of 36) of the samples (supplemental Table \u003cspan refid=\"MOESM1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eS1\u003c/span\u003e) .\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe rhabdovirus genomes were either mono-, bi-, or tri-partite and ranged in size from 6,503 to 16,202 nucleotides (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Based on phylogenetic analyses of the L protein (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, supplemental Fig \u003cspan refid=\"MOESM1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eS1\u003c/span\u003e), genome organization (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e), sequence identity to other rhabdovirus sequences and taking into account the ICTV demarcation criteria, the putative novel viruses were tentatively assigned to nine previously established \u003cem\u003eBetarhabdovirinae\u003c/em\u003e genera: \u003cem\u003eAlphacytorhabdovirus\u003c/em\u003e (12), \u003cem\u003eAlphanucleorhabdovirus\u003c/em\u003e (2), \u003cem\u003eBetacytorhabdovirus\u003c/em\u003e (6), \u003cem\u003eBetanucleorhabdovirus\u003c/em\u003e (2), \u003cem\u003eDeltanucleorhabdovirus\u003c/em\u003e (4), \u003cem\u003eDichorhavirus\u003c/em\u003e (1), \u003cem\u003eGammacytorhabdovirus\u003c/em\u003e (2), \u003cem\u003eTrirhavirus\u003c/em\u003e (2) and \u003cem\u003eVaricosavirus\u003c/em\u003e (1) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e; Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e and supplemental Table \u003cspan refid=\"MOESM1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eS1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll genome sequences displayed the expected genome organization for their respective genus (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) except for Achillea deltanucleorhabdovirus 1 for which only a single contig of 6,503 nucleotides was assembled, containing only the \u003cem\u003eL\u003c/em\u003e gene (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll sequences were submitted to GenBank (accession numbers: ON924784, PQ848120, PQ787168-PQ787170, PV555428, PV555429, PV695571, PV933990, PV979719, PX051446-PX051448, PX121434-PX121466, PX550110 and PX550111) and the corresponding raw sequencing reads are available under BioProject PRJNA1344864 in the NCBI Sequence Read Archive (SRA). Detailed information per sample is summarized in supplemental Table \u003cspan refid=\"MOESM1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eS1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTentative novel rhabdoviruses identified in this study and their corresponding hosts.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTentative species name\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVirus name\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHost(s)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCountry of origin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlphacytorhabdovirus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlphacytorhabdovirus achilleae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAchillea alphacytorhabdovirus 1\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAchillea millefolium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetherlands\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlphacytorhabdovirus betafici\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFicus alphacytorhabdovirus 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFicus microcarpa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFicus microcarpa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetherlands (ex: China) \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetherlands (ex: China)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlphacytorhabdovirus betamenthae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMentha alphacytorhabdovirus 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMentha\u003c/em\u003e sp.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMentha\u003c/em\u003e sp.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMentha x gracilis\u003c/em\u003e 'Ginger Variegata'\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetherlands\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetherlands (ex: Kenya)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetherlands\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlphacytorhabdovirus betapelargonii\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePelargonium alphacytorhabdovirus 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePelargonium grandiflorum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetherlands (ex: France)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlphacytorhabdovirus betapetroselini\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParsley latent alphacytorhabdovirus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePetroselinum crispum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGermany\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlphacytorhabdovirus capsici\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCapsicum alphacytorhabdovirus 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCapsicum\u003c/em\u003e sp.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetherlands (ex: South Africa)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlphacytorhabdovirus deltaartemisiae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eArtemisia alphacytorhabdovirus 4\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eArtemisia vulgaris\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetherlands\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlphacytorhabdovirus fagopyrum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBuckwheat alphacytorhabdovirus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFagopyrum esculentum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFagopyrum esculentum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGreece\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetherlands\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlphacytorhabdovirus glechomae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCreeping Charlie alphacytorhabdovirus 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlechoma hederacea\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetherlands\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlphacytorhabdovirus heraclaei\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHogweed alphacytorhabdovirus 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHeracleum sphondylium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetherlands\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlphacytorhabdovirus petroselini\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParsley alphacytorhabdovirus 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePetroselinum crispum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnited Kingdom\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGermany\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlphacytorhabdovirus sedii\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSedum alphacytorhabdovirus 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSedum\u003c/em\u003e sp.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetherlands (ex: Kenya)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBetacytorhabdovirus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBetacytorhabdovirus achilleae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAchillea betacytorhabdovirus 1\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAchillea millefolium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetherlands\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBetacytorhabdovirus dioscoreae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDioscorea rotundata virus 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDioscorea cayenensis\u003c/em\u003e subsp. \u003cem\u003erotundata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNigeria\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBetacytorhabdovirus geraniae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCranesbill betacytorhabdovirus 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGeranium\u003c/em\u003e sp.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetherlands\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBetacytorhabdovirus stachyos\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStachys betacytorhabdovirus 1\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStachys palustris\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetherlands\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBetacytorhabdovirus betastachyos\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStachys betacytorhabdovirus 2\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStachys palustris\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetherlands\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBetacytorhabdovirus spinirubi\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRubus betacytorhabdovirus 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRubus\u003c/em\u003e sp. (bramble)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBelgium\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGammacytorhabdovirus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGammacytorhabdovirus bergerdensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBergerden gammacytorhabdovirus 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMedicago lupulina\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHeracleum sphondylium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePastinaca sativa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePhalaenopsis\u003c/em\u003e 'White World'\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetherlands\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetherlands\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetherlands\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetherlands\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGammacytorhabdovirus mali\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApple gammacytorhabdovirus 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMalus\u003c/em\u003e sp.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGreece\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlphanucleorhabdovirus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlphanucleorhabdovirus costaricensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAsparagales alphanucleorhabdovirus 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDracaena marginata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHeptapleurum arboricola\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetherlands (ex: Costa Rica)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetherlands (ex: Costa Rica)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlphanucleorhabdovirus vignae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVigna alphanucleorhabdovirus 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eVigna unguiculata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNigeria\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBetanucleorhabdovirus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBetanucleorhabdovirus betaartemisiae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eArtemisia betanucleorhabdovirus 2\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eArtemisia vulgaris\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetherlands\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBetanucleorhabdovirus kurdistanfragariae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStrawberry virus 5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFragaria x ananassa\u003c/em\u003e var. Kurdistan\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIran\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDeltanucleorhabdovirus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDeltanucleorhabdovirus achilleae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAchillea deltanucleorhabdovirus 1\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAchillea millefolium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetherlands\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDeltanucleorhabdovirus kurdistanfragariae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStrawberry virus 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFragaria x ananassa\u003c/em\u003e var. Kurdistan\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIran\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDeltanucleorhabdovirus laburni\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLaburnum deltanucleorhabdovirus 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLaburnum x watereri \u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLaburnum x watereri\u003c/em\u003e 'Vossii'\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetherlands\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDeltanucleorhabdovirus lamii\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLamium deltanucleorhabdovirus 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLamium album\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCzech Republic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTrirhavirus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTrirhavirus capsici\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCapsicum trirhavirus 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCapsicum\u003c/em\u003e sp.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetherlands (ex: South Africa)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTrirhavirus urticae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrtica trirhavirus 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eUrtica dioica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetherlands\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eVaricosavirus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eVaricosavirus betaartemisiae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eArtemisia varicosavirus 2\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eArtemisia vulgaris\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetherlands\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDichorhavirus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDichorhavirus piracicabense\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClerodendrum leaf spot virus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eClerodendrum thomsoniae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBrazil\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003eViruses identified in the same plant sample (\u003cem\u003eAchillea millefolium\u003c/em\u003e); \u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003eViruses identified in the same (bulked) plant sample (\u003cem\u003eArtemisa vulgaris\u003c/em\u003e); \u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003eViruses identified in the same (bulked) plant sample (\u003cem\u003eStachys palustris\u003c/em\u003e). Abbreviation ex: indicates the country from which the plant material originated (import origin).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVirus-like symptoms were observed in 20 out of 36 samples (supplemental Table \u003cspan refid=\"MOESM1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eS1\u003c/span\u003e). We have examined which of these samples could potentially be associated with the putative novel viruses. Sixteen of these samples were co-infected with other viruses and were therefore excluded from this examination. Two samples displayed clear virus-like symptoms and were singly infected: \u003cem\u003eClerodendrum thomsoniae\u003c/em\u003e (Prb1) showing chlorotic and necrotic spots (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003ea), and \u003cem\u003eLaburnum\u003c/em\u003e x \u003cem\u003ewatereri\u003c/em\u003e (WAG0454173) displaying vein-yellowing and vein-banding (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eb). In an additional \u003cem\u003eLaburnum\u003c/em\u003e x \u003cem\u003ewatereri\u003c/em\u003e sample (41310064), infected with the same putative novel virus, similar symptoms were observed, though it was not in single infection (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003ec). No symptoms were observed in 13 samples, 10 of which were wild plants, while the symptom status was unclear for three samples.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransmission electron microscopy performed on one sample (Buckwheat GG-L2) revealed typical rhabdovirus particles (supplemental Fig \u003cspan refid=\"MOESM2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eS2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe 32 plant rhabdovirus sequences reported here were independently identified by 18 collaborating institutes/universities, each using different HTS approaches. Most species were identified by only one institute, whereas a few were identified by multiple institutes. Our study illustrates not only the diversity of plant rhabdoviruses but also the practical benefits of pre-publication data sharing for accelerating virus discovery, characterization, and contextualization. This collaborative approach reduced duplication of efforts, offered early insights into host range, geographical distribution and potential symptom associations, all of which support taxonomy and pest risk assessments [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. Such coordinated efforts also increase transparency and encourage data reuse, thereby advancing the field of plant virology.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSince most samples with virus-like symptoms were coinfected with other viruses, it was not possible to determine whether the identified rhabdoviruses are associated with symptoms. As Fox [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e] emphasizes, establishing a causal relationship in plant virology is often challenging, particularly in mixed infections. Moreover, in several cases, it remains uncertain whether the virus-like symptoms were induced by viruses at all or by other factors. Further biological characterization studies, ideally using singly infected plants in controlled conditions, will therefore be required to determine potential etiological relationships.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNevertheless, two examples suggest potential virus-disease associations involving singly-infected samples. Laburnum deltanucleorhabdovirus 1 was detected in two \u003cem\u003eLaburnum\u003c/em\u003e \u0026times; \u003cem\u003ewatereri\u003c/em\u003e samples. The viral sequence was found both in a symptomatic herbarium specimen collected in 1967 where it occurred as a single infection, and in a living \u003cem\u003eLaburnum\u003c/em\u003e \u0026times; \u003cem\u003ewatereri\u003c/em\u003e tree co-infected with Arabis mosaic virus (\u003cem\u003eNepovirus arabis\u003c/em\u003e). Both plants exhibited similar virus symptoms of vein-yellowing and vein-banding with the living tree also showing mosaic patterns (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003ea,b). Historical records by Masters [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e] in 1877, van Katwijk [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e] in 1953, and transmission electron microscopy observations of rhabdovirus-like particles by Cooper [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e] support a long-observed potential link between vein-banding and mosaic symptoms in \u003cem\u003eLaburnum\u003c/em\u003e and virus infection. This case also demonstrates the value of integrating historical herbarium material with modern molecular techniques. Similarly, Clerodendrum leaf spot virus was detected in singly infected \u003cem\u003eClerodendrum thomsoniae\u003c/em\u003e plants (data not shown), exhibiting chlorotic leaf spots (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003ec), indicating potential pathogenicity of this virus. For both examples additional studies are needed to establish potential etiological relationships, ideally following the integrated approaches of Fontdevila Pareta et al. and Fox et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e], including but not limited to screening of both asymptomatic and symptomatic plants in ecosystems and inoculation in controlled conditions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn addition to 20 symptomatic plant samples, our study included 13 asymptomatic samples in which putative novel rhabdoviruses were identified. Many of these asymptomatic samples originated from virus reservoir surveys in wild plants, suggesting that numerous rhabdoviruses may not induce obvious symptoms in their hosts [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. This is consistent with reports from other virus families, where asymptomatic infections are also frequently observed [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR26\" citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]. Together, these findings illustrate the high viral diversity that can infect apparently healthy plants within and outside agricultural ecosystems and supports the view that large-scale virus reservoir studies are important for biosecurity as they provide insights into the host range of viruses and allow better identification and allocation of the species potentially posing a phytosanitary risk [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSame rhabdovirus repeatedly detected in the same host species\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePre-publication data sharing enabled the early detection and cross-validation of potential virus\u0026ndash;host associations and revealed that certain putative virus species are found across different countries. For example, parsley alphacytorhabdovirus 1 was independently detected in \u003cem\u003ePetroselinum crispum\u003c/em\u003e (parsley) samples from the United Kingdom and Germany. Similarly, buckwheat alphacytorhabdovirus was identified in \u003cem\u003eFagopyrum esculentum\u003c/em\u003e (buckwheat) growing in habitat-enhanced field margins in Greece and the Netherlands. In addition, strawberry virus 4 and strawberry virus 5 were detected in the USA and Iran, suggesting a broad geographic presence. Ficus alphacytorhabdovirus 2 was detected in two \u003cem\u003eFicus microcarpa\u003c/em\u003e plants imported separately from China, cross-validating its host and distribution. Furthermore, Mentha alphacytorhabdovirus 2 was detected in three samples, namely from two cultivated and one wild \u003cem\u003eMentha\u003c/em\u003e species from both the Netherlands and Kenya. These examples highlight the practical value of data sharing, which allowed the independent identification of similar virus genomes in the same host across multiple countries, suggesting these viruses have been circulating for a long time or spreading between countries, for example through international trade.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultiple rhabdoviruses infecting the same host species\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn some plant samples, multiple distinct rhabdoviruses co-occurred. Stachys betacytorhabdovirus 1 and Stachys betacytorhabdovirus 2 were found in a single \u003cem\u003eStachys palustris\u003c/em\u003e plant (sample 5909889), while four distinct alphacytorhabdoviruses were identified in bulked \u003cem\u003eArtemisia vulgaris\u003c/em\u003e (sample 6166992): Artemisia alphacytorhabdovirus 1\u0026ndash;4. Similarly, in bulked sample \u003cem\u003eAchillea millefolium\u003c/em\u003e (sample 6166765), both Achillea alphacytorhabdovirus 1 and Achillea betacytorhabdovirus 1 were identified, as well as Achillea deltanucleorhabdovirus 1, although only its \u003cem\u003eL\u003c/em\u003e gene was assembled. These observations highlight the substantial rhabdovirus diversity that can exist within a single host.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSame rhabdovirus in different host species\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwo rhabdoviruses were identified in more than one host species. Asparagales alphanucleorhabdovirus 1 was identified in a \u003cem\u003eHeptapleurum arboricola\u003c/em\u003e and a \u003cem\u003eDracaena marginata\u003c/em\u003e plant, both imported from Costa Rica. Although both plant species belong to the same order (Asparagales), they are members of different families. Similarly, Bergerden gammacytorhabdovirus was identified in three asymptomatic wild species from a single location (Bergerden) and in a symptomatic, cultivated \u003cem\u003ePhalaenopsis\u003c/em\u003e orchid. These findings suggest that both viruses may be transmitted by a polyphagous vector and that further screening may reveal additional host plant species, as observed for Physostegia chlorotic mottle virus (PhCMoV; \u003cem\u003eAlphanucleorhabdovirus physostegiae\u003c/em\u003e) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHidden diversity of plant rhabdoviruses\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the past decade, many plant rhabdoviruses have been identified through diagnostic testing, virus reservoir studies and mining of plant transcriptome database studies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. However, as with other virus families, many findings are not being formally reported due to time constraints and because priority is often given to viruses or virus groups with clear phytosanitary impact [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. Our data-sharing-based approach led to the collective identification and publication of 32 putative novel species, underscoring the hidden diversity of this virus group.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBejerman, et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e] reported 27 novel rhabdoviruses through SRA mining, roughly half of which were (putative) cytorhabdoviruses. Similarly, 63% (20 out of 32) of the putative novel rhabdoviruses presented in our study, not identified from the SRA but from actual plant samples, were also cytorhabdoviruses (including alpha-, beta- and gammacytorhabdoviruses). This suggests a rich, but underexplored diversity within this cytorhabdoviruses. However, it is important to note that a large diversity may also exist in other rhabdovirus groups but that this diversity is yet uncovered for example due to under sampling. Gymnosperm-infecting alpha- and betagymnorhavirus, for instance, are likely underrepresented, as gymnosperms tend to be sampled less than herbaceous plant species [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study accounts for nearly 12.6% of the currently known plant rhabdoviruses species and makes a substantial contribution to the family diversity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVirus discovery versus biological characterization in the HTS-era\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWith HTS now available to many labs, the challenge has shifted from virus discovery to the biological characterisation of these putative new viruses. This is due to the associated time-consuming efforts of biological characterisation, with priority typically given to findings with clear crop/plant health or phytosanitary impacts, leaving other findings unreported and dormant on servers [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. In addition, large amounts of neglected or unused data await secondary analysis and repurposing. Bejerman, et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e] predicted that the increasing use of HTS would result in the identification of many more novel viruses with negative-sense and ambisense RNA, including members of the family \u003cem\u003eRhabdoviridae\u003c/em\u003e, which is underlined by the 32 novel viruses described here. Although only limited biological, epidemiological and contextual data were available for most of the putative novel viruses in our study, we believe that reporting our findings will encourage other researchers to examine their dormant sequences and datasets. Additionally we hope it will inspire virus reservoir studies, including on asymptomatic plants, and prompt researchers to make their findings publicly available. This would increase our knowledge on host range, distribution, vectors, symptomatology, phytosanitary risks and general understanding of virus epidemiology.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBeyond motivating individual research efforts, our study shows the value of pre-publication data sharing as an important part of plant-health preparedness. Such sharing supports regional and global cooperation and rapid response and is similar to frameworks like \u0026lsquo;disaster plant pathology\u0026rsquo; [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e], the global crop disease surveillance system proposed by Carvajal-Yepes et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e], and parallel initiatives in animal and human virology, such as the Global Virus Network (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://gvn.org/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://gvn.org/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this sense, our work goes beyond filling taxonomic gaps and may contribute to informing the development of more coordinated and responsive approaches for plant-virus monitoring in the future.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eOur study highlights the underexplored diversity of plant rhabdoviruses and demonstrates the value of coordinated, collaborative virus discovery. Through pre-publication data sharing, we offer an efficient approach to accelerate the reporting of tentative novel viruses and deepen our understanding of virus diversity. Even when contextual information is limited, making such data publicly available can provide broader insights into plant virus diversity. It also facilitates comparisons across findings, supports the development of diagnostic tools, and informs plant health policy. We hope this study will encourage further exploration and reporting of plant viruses.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eCompeting Interests\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contributions\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eM.B. and A.K.J.G initiated and supervised the project. All co-authors generated sequence data and performed genome assembly and annotation. P.P.M.d.K., I.P.A., K.B.M., A.R.F., A.F., J.F.-A., M.H., P.H., F.M., I.M., V.I.M., P.M., E.T.M.M., C., C.G.O., G., I.E.T., R.v.d.V. provided coding-complete sequences and metadata. P.P.M.d.K conducted phylogenetic analyses. M.W. and P.P.M.d.K generated the schematic representation of the genomic organization. M.B. led manuscript writing with input from all co-authors. All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe sincerely thank the following phytosanitary inspectors for their essential role in their dedicated efforts in sample collection: Naktuinbouw (the Netherlands Inspection Service for Horticulture): A.J. Starre, P. Valentijn, R. Rodewijk, Dutch Quality Control Bureau (KCB): T. Buysman. NVWA: W. den Hartog R. van den Berg, S. Gans, J. de Zeeuw. We also thank the NIVIP molecular technicians for their sequence analysis of HTS data. The analysis of wild plants collected by NIVIP was carried out within the framework of the Euphresco project 2020-A-347 (Virus Reservoirs), while the analysis of the herbarium material was conducted under the Euphresco project 2019-E-312 (Virus Curate).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAdams IP, Fox A, Boonham N, Massart S, De Jonghe K (2018) The impact of high throughput sequencing on plant health diagnostics. Eur J Plant Pathol 152:909\u0026ndash;919\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBejerman N, Debat H, Dietzgen RG (2020) The Plant Negative-Sense RNA Virosphere: Virus Discovery Through New Eyes. Front Microbiol 11:588427\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBejerman N, Dietzgen RG, Debat H (2021) Illuminating the plant rhabdovirus landscape through metatranscriptomics data. 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Annu Rev Phytopathol 43:623\u0026ndash;660\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKalyaanamoorthy S, Minh BQ, Wong TK, Von Haeseler A, Jermiin LS (2017) ModelFinder: fast model selection for accurate phylogenetic estimates. Nat Methods 14:587\u0026ndash;589\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKatoh K, Misawa K, Kuma Ki, Miyata T (2002) MAFFT: a novel method for rapid multiple sequence alignment based on fast Fourier transform. Nucleic Acids Res 30:3059\u0026ndash;3066\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKing AM, Lefkowitz E, Adams MJ, Carstens EB (2011) Virus taxonomy: ninth report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Elsevier\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMasters M (1877) Action of scion on stock. Gard Chron 7:730\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMinh BQ, Schmidt HA, Chernomor O, Schrempf D, Woodhams MD, Von Haeseler A, Lanfear R (2020) IQ-TREE 2: new models and efficient methods for phylogenetic inference in the genomic era. Mol Biol Evol 37:1530\u0026ndash;1534\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRoossinck MJ (2015) Plants, viruses and the environment: Ecology and mutualism. Virology 479\u0026ndash;480:271\u0026ndash;277\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRoossinck MJ, Martin DP, Roumagnac P (2015) Plant Virus Metagenomics: Advances in Virus Discovery. Phytopathology\u0026reg; 105:716\u0026ndash;727\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTakahashi H, Fukuhara T, Kitazawa H, Kormelink R (2019) Virus Latency and the Impact on Plants. Front Microbiol Volume 10\u0026ndash;2019\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTemple C, Blouin AG, De Jonghe K, Foucart Y, Botermans M, Westenberg M, Schoen R, Gentit P, Visage M, Verdin E (2022) Biological and genetic characterization of Physostegia chlorotic mottle virus in Europe based on host range, location, and time. Plant Dis 106:2797\u0026ndash;2807\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTemple C, Blouin AG, Boezen D, Botermans M, Durant L, De Jonghe K, de Koning P, Goedefroit T, Minet L, Steyer S, Verdin E, Zwart M, Massart S (2024) Biological Characterization of Physostegia Chlorotic Mottle Virus, an Emergent Virus Infecting Vegetables in Diversified Production Systems. Phytopathology\u0026reg; 114:1680\u0026ndash;1688\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003evan Katwijk W (1953) Mozaiek bij gouden regen. Tijdschrift Over Plantenziekten 59:237\u0026ndash;239\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWalker PJ, Freitas-Ast\u0026uacute;a J, Bejerman N, Blasdell KR, Breyta R, Dietzgen RG, Fooks AR, Kondo H, Kurath G, Kuzmin IV, Ramos-Gonz\u0026aacute;lez PL, Shi M, Stone DM, Tesh RB, Tordo N, Vasilakis N, Whitfield AE, Consortium IR (2022) ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Rhabdoviridae 2022. Journal of General Virology 103\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e(Ethical) Statements \u0026amp; Declarations\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThis study did not involve human participants or animals Plant samples were collected and analyzed in accordance with institutional, national, and international guidelines. No specific ethical approval was required for this study\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe work at Uli\u0026egrave;ge was supported by the postdoctoral fellowship INVASIVIR from the Fond National de la Recherche Scientifique (n\u0026deg;1.B.325.25), and the research that yielded these results, was funded by the Belgian Federal Public Service Health, Food Chain Safety and Environment through the contract RI 23/E-447 VIRISK. The work at Fera was funded under a long term service agreement with Defra, UK. The analysis of the sample of AUTH was conducted within the framework of InnoPP - TAEDR-0535675 that is funded by the European Union- Next Generation EU, Greece 2.0 National Recovery and Resilience plan, National Flagship Initiative Agriculture and Food Industry\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"archives-of-virology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"arvi","sideBox":"Learn more about [Archives of Virology](https://www.springer.com/journal/705)","snPcode":"705","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/705/3","title":"Archives of Virology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Rhabdoviridae, HTS, data sharing, taxonomic diversity, Betarhabdovirinae","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8349317/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8349317/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003ePlant-infecting rhabdoviruses (family \u003cem\u003eRhabdoviridae\u003c/em\u003e, subfamily \u003cem\u003eBetarhabdovirinae\u003c/em\u003e) include several species that cause important crop diseases and are subject to phytosanitary regulation. Despite their agricultural and ecological importance, the diversity of plant rhabdoviruses and their impact on plant health remain poorly understood. Here, we report 32 tentative novel species of plant-infecting rhabdoviruses, identified via high-throughput sequencing and spanning nine established genera. The virus sequences originated from diverse hosts and geographic regions, revealing extensive diversity within the family \u003cem\u003eRhabdoviridae\u003c/em\u003e. Several viruses were detected independently in the same host species across multiple countries, demonstrating the practical value of data sharing for confirming host associations and gaining insight into the geographic distribution of these viruses.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur study highlights the underexplored diversity of plant rhabdoviruses and demonstrates the value of coordinated, collaborative virus discovery. With HTS now widely accessible, the challenge has shifted from virus discovery to making sequence data and metadata publicly available, and to conducting the time-consuming biological characterization often deprioritized in favour of viruses with immediate phytosanitary relevance. As a result, many findings remain unreported, leaving valuable data dormant on servers. By sharing genomic data prior to publication, we present an efficient approach to accelerate virus reporting, enable comparative analyses and advance understanding of virus diversity. We hope this collaborative effort will encourage further exploration of plant viruses, including those from hosts without discernable symptoms, supporting virus biology, taxonomy, pest risk assessments, and plant health policies.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Expanding insights into plant rhabdovirus diversity through the discovery of viruses representing 32 putative novel species","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-12-18 17:16:26","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8349317/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Major Revision","date":"2025-12-23T04:53:55+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2025-12-16T12:20:23+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-12-16T10:43:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-12-16T04:12:44+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Archives of Virology","date":"2025-12-15T09:09:59+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"archives-of-virology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"arvi","sideBox":"Learn more about [Archives of Virology](https://www.springer.com/journal/705)","snPcode":"705","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/705/3","title":"Archives of Virology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"ec611fa0-d686-47f2-8693-b4700e34222e","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 18th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-13T16:07:01+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-8349317","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-026-06609-1","journal":{"identity":"archives-of-virology","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Archives of Virology"},"publishedOn":"2026-04-09 15:58:17","publishedOnDateReadable":"April 9th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-12-18 17:16:26","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s00705-026-06609-1","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-026-06609-1","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8349317","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8349317","identity":"rs-8349317","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}