Enrichment of the Waste Effluents of Handmade Paper Industry for Biofertilizer Use in Green Chili Plants

Enrichment of the Waste Effluents of Handmade Paper Industry for Biofertilizer Use in Green Chili Plants | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Enrichment of the Waste Effluents of Handmade Paper Industry for Biofertilizer Use in Green Chili Plants Satya Narayana, Mathur Rajesh, Rahul Mishra, Sunita Chauhan This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4231985/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Effluents pose a great concern for each and every industry including the paper mills. The effluents of papermaking industry need attention due to their dark colors and alkaline nature which on disposal may destroy the biodiversity and aesthetic value of any water body. Due to the non-woody raw materials with minimum chemicals, effluents of handmade paper industry are rich in organic matter and less toxic and less harmful compared to the conventional paper mills. Therefore, the present study was taken up with an aim to utilize effluents of handmade papermaking from cow dung as liquid biofertilizers. For this, the effluent was enriched with selected Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) and then used to study its plant growth promoting traits with the seeds of NU1919 variety in Green chilli ( Capsicum frutescens ) plants using four treatments in triplicates with the Random Block Design. The results of plant growth promotion (viz. number of fruits per plant, average pedicel, average fruit length, fruit yield per plant and average plant height) were found to be best in Set D where a consortium of Azotobacter sp and Enterobacter sps was used along with un-autoclaved effluent (RL). However, average girth and average fruit weight (fresh and dry weight) were maximum in Set B where Azotobacter and Bacillus megaterium were used for modifying RL. On analysis of biochemical attributes of chilli harvest, Vitamin A was found to be maximum in the case of Set A where RL (as such) was used as a biofertilizer, whereas, Vitamin C was found to be almost equal in Set A (167.79 mg/100gm) and Set D (167.30 mg/100gm). The Set C ( Bacillus + Azotobacter ) showed maximum capsaicinoid content (67,793.18 SHU). Thus the handmade paper industry effluents have been found to be suitable for their biofertilizer use in cultivation of chilli ( Capsicum frutescence ) plants. biofertilizer effluents handmade paper PGPR chilli Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 INTRODUCTION Wastewater is a diluted mixture of different types of waste from commercial, industrial, and residential locations. Depending on where it is discharged and the community's way of life, wastewater has different qualities. Water, organic materials, minerals, and living things are all found in wastewater (Nourani, Elkiran and Abba, 2018 ). Wastewater treatment plant operations are affected by a number of elements, including technological advancements, economic factors, and environmental factors. The primary goals of a Wastewater treatment plant 's management to lessen pollution levels are lowering operating costs and enhancing effluent quality (Hao et al., 2013 ). The initial forecast and subsequent analysis of pollutant parameters based on novel methodologies are receiving more attention, given the increase in the number of Wastewater treatment plants. Therefore, managing waste effluents as converting into bio fertilizer and using them for crop production are effective approaches to deal with the non-linearity and intricacy of the problem and have attained successful results(Hejabi et al., 2021 ) Effluents pose a great concern for each and every industry including the paper mills. In fact, the effluents of papermaking always need more attention due to their dark colours which on disposal may destroy the aesthetic value of a water body/land. Due to the use of non-woody raw materials with minimum chemicals, effluents of handmade paper industry are although better and safer as compared to conventional paper mills, but colour problem can’t be avoided.(Atmopawiro, Purwanto and Sudarno, 2024 ).Therefore, efforts to reduce waste and to manage effluents properly are always desired. In one of our recently published studies, the biofertilizer potential of the effluents of handmade papermaking from cow dung has been reported (Narayana et al , 2024). Such biofertilizers being developed may not only contribute towards bringing sustainability to the agriculture sector but it would also help in improving employment and income generation opportunities besides reducing environmental pollution. Therefore, the present study was taken up with an aim to utilize such effluents of handmade papermaking from cow dung as liquid biofertilizers by enriching them using different strains of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR). To prove the hypothesis, various standard cultures of PGPR strains procured from different agencies and the strains isolated in our laboratory were added to these effluents in different permutation-combinations and the solutions thus prepared were used to evaluate the plant growth promoting traits in chili ( Capsicum frutescence ) plants. Chili is a subtropical crop which thrives in the warm, humid climates (20–30°C). The plant can be cultivated in a variety of agro-climatic circumstances. It was a suitable choice for the season (Sept’2023-Mar’2024)during which the present study was conducted. Different species of chillies have varying lifespans, ranging from 1.5 to 15 years. Capsicum frutescens , a member of the Solanaceae family, is a very useful medicinal herb found throughout India. Because of the presence of phytochemicals, it has been used in traditional medicine to treat coughs, toothaches, sore throats, parasite infections, rheumatism, wound healing, and other ailments. It also bears antibacterial and anticancer properties (Wahua, Okoli and Sam, 2013 ).Green chilies are rich in nutrients, Alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, essential oils, tannins, steroids, and capsaicin are examples of bioactive chemicals. Green chili contains various dietary components and accordingly the nutritional composition of green chili is shown in table-1(Batiha et al. , 2020). Table-1: Nutritional Composition of Green Chili ( Batiha et al., 2020 ). S. No. Nutritional component Conc. (g/kg) 1 Carbohydrates 9.46 2 Proteins 2 3 Fats 0.2 4 Fiber 1.5 5 Sugar 5.1 6 Iron 0.0012 7 Calcium 0.018 8 Phosphorous 0.046 9 Magnesium 0.025 10 Potassium 0.340 Capsicum frutescens is a wild chili pepper native to Central and South America that is genetically related to the cultivated pepper Capsicum Chinese. C. frutescens pepper varieties can be either annuals or short-lived perennials (Basu and De, 2003 ). Flowers are either insect- or self-pollinated and are white with a greenish white or greenish yellow corolla. Berries on the bushes are normally upright and ellipsoid-conical to lanceoloid in shape (Ciju, 2021 ). They are typically small and pungent, measuring 10–20 millimeters (0.39–0.79 in) in length and 3–7 millimeters (0.12–0.28 in) in diameter. Fruit is normally pale yellow in hue and matures to a vivid red, but different colors are also possible. C. frutescens has a narrower range of forms than other Capsicum species. Because of its great size, C. frutescens has been cultivated to produce ornamental strains (Govindarajan et al., 1987 ).The description of different parts of the chili are shown in figure-1 (Carrizo García et al., 2016 ). METHODOLOGY Procurement of Standard Microbial Strains of PGPR Bacillus megaterium ( NAIMCC-B-02287) i.e. BM and Enterobacterkobei ( NAIMCC-B-02167 )i.e. ECM were procured from National Agriculturally Important Microbial Culture Collection (NAIMCC), ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms (ICAR-NBAIM), Mau. Azotobacter i.e. AzoR was the commercially available Azotobacter strain procured from Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Rajsamand. The liquid Azotobacter was developed by Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology MPUAT checked by the Department of Biotechnology, KNHPI, Jaipur. Isolation of New Bacterial Strains Bacillus species was isolated from ground soil collected from KNHPI garden on 21-07-2023. Dilutions were made upto 10 − 3 and by using pour plate method, the colonies of Bacillus species were isolated. To characterize the bacterium Gram’s staining was done. The bacteria were found to be Gram positive, rod shaped under microscope (Coico, 2006 ). Collection of Waste Effluents of Handmade Papermaking units Two types of waste streams/effluents of handmade papermaking from cow dung were collected before (RL = raw liquor) and after pulping (BL = black liquor) of the cow dung squeezed through Cow Dung Dewatering Machine at KNHPI as described in Narayana et al. (2024). The RL thus generated from freshly collected cow dung was used for the present study. Procurement of Seeds The chili seeds, variety NU1919 was obtained from Rajasthan Agricultural Research Institute, Durgapura, Jaipur. Seeds Sterilization Method The chili seeds were first surface sterilized before sowing them into the pots using the modified method reported by Borah et al., 2022 . Accordingly, Chili seeds were first washed with 1.5% Mercuric Chloride solution for 3 minutes followed by washing with sterile water ten times. Plant test The plant experiment was carried in plastic pots (12 cm high, 14 cm diameter and 38 cm girth) containing air dried and sieved (mesh size of 75–120 µm) soil. The surface sterilized seeds were sown in the pots and put under ambient conditions. The germinated seedlings were transplanted in fields after 2 weeks of plant growth (Fig. 1 –3). Preparation of Modified RL Solutions for Biofertilizer Use The selected specific strains of microbes Bacillus isolate, ECM and Azotobacter were grown and maintained in their respective media/broth solutions. Bacillus sp Nutrient Agar media (HiMedia, M001) was used. For Azotobacter sps , Jenson’s Agar (HiMedia, M710) and for Enterobacter kobei (ECM), King’s B media was prepared using the composition (Glycerol-10gpl, Dipotassium hydrogen phosphate-1.5gpl, Magnesium Sulphate-1.5 gpl, Peptone-20gpl, Agar-20gpl, Distilled water-1L)at 28°C for 48 hours. The 48 hr old culture broth was used to inoculate RL solution @2% and incubated for a period of 48 hrs at 28°C and 100rpm as per the following combination of cultures. Before using the chosen microbial consortia, the compatibility of all the selected cultures to grow together was also tested using the standard test method of inoculating the microbes into NA plates through cross streak method. Set A : The un-autoclaved RL was used as such without adding any other bacterium. Set B : For this, biofertilizer sample was developed using a combination of two microbial cultures ( Bacillus megaterium and Azotobacter ) in un-autoclaved RL solution i.e. RL + BM + Azo R Set C :For this, biofertilizer sample was developed using a combination of Bacillus sps and AzoR into un-autoclaved RL solution i.e. RL + Bst (S) + Azo R Set D : For this, biofertilizer sample was developed using a combination of Azotobacter and ECM i.e. RL + Azo R + ECM. Random Block Design was used for growing plants in the field having a plot size each of 35.5 x 32 cm. The plants were grown in three different blocks and labeled with flags as three replicates of each of the three samples (Set B,C, D) and the control (Set A) A-1 B-1 C-1 D-1 C-2 D-2 A-2 B-2 B-3 A-3 D-3 C-3 Inoculation of the BF Solutions Prepared into the Rhizosphere of the Chilli Plants A hole was punctured with the help of iron rod in which 3ml of each sample had been given in the rhizosphere of respective plants at a time interval of 1 week (Figure-4) Review of Progress during the Crop Development Period The measurements/monitoring in terms of the number of leaf pairs/ branches, buds, flowers, fruits and other characteristics, were taken every one to two weeks. As and when required insecticide with a neem foundation and cow dung based incense sticks/dhoop batti were used to keep away pests/flies/ants and mosquitoes. This need was felt especially during the flowering stage. Harvesting of the Fruits The chilli fruits were harvested at different points of time. Initially, green chillies were harvested and dried in shade to convert into red form but later on, the chillies were allowed to mature on the plant itself. Accordingly, the chillies were plucked, and measurements were taken for the fruit's length, girth, pedicel, calyx length, fresh weight and dry weight. The first two harvestings were green chilli, but the rest were fully ripened red chillies. Analysis of Specific Biochemical Attributes of the Chilli Harvest The harvested chillies were also analyzed for the specific biochemical parameters viz. Vitamin A, Vitamin C and Capsaicinoides using the standard test protocols as listed below through M/S Oasis Test House Limited, Jaipur. S.No. Parameters Standard Test Method Used 1. Vitamin A HIS 2. Vitamin C IS 5838:1970 3. Capsaicinoides AOAC 995.03 Results and Discussion The microscopic view of the Gram stained slides of the different PGPR strains as given in Fig. 5 illustrated that the Bacillus species isolated from garden soil was found to be Gram + ve, rod shaped bacteria, arranged in chains of 3–4 bacterial cells. Bacillus megaterium showed Gram + ve, rod shaped bacteria having a few chains of two bacterial cells. Azotobacter sps. was found to be Gram –ve, oval shaped bacteria arranged in diplococcus pattern. Enterobacter kobie was found to be Gram –ve, rod shaped, spore forming bacteria arranged in chains of two cells. The colony morphology was also different for all the three bacterial strains used. The Bacillus sps. grew in the branched (rhizoid) pattern on NA plates. Bacillus megaterium grew in the form of thick colonies having branched edges. Azotobacter sps. grew in the form of glossy white, thick colonies. Preparation of Modified RL Solutions (Biofertilizer Samples) Before inoculating the microbial consortium into the RL solutions as per the method given in the methodology section, biocompatibility of Azotobacter species with all the other strains was evaluated separately and results show that the Azotobacter sps is compatible with Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus species and Enterobacterkobie (Fig. 6). Therefore, they could be used freely for developing different biofertilizer samples as described earlier. Review of the Progress of Plant Growth The first flowering was recorded after 40 DAS in A-3, B-1, D-1 and D-2 (Fig. 7 ). The first fruiting started on the 48 DAS in all of them. The first harvest was done from the block A-2(2 chilli), A-3(5chilli), B-1(3), D-1(2), D-2 (2) and D-3(4) on 70 DAS. The second harvest was obtained from A-2 (4), A-3 (4), B-1 (1), B-2 (1), B-3(1), D-1(3), D-2(3) and D-3(3) on 85 DAS. The first and second harvest of C-3(1 + 1) were obtained on 1.2.24 (129 DAS) and 5.2.2024 (133 DAS) respectively. Third harvest was picked from B-1(1) and C-3(1) on 9.2.2024 (137 DAS). The next harvest was collected from A-2 (1), C-3 (1) and D-3(2) on 12.2.2024 (140 DAS). The plants of B-3 (1) and D-2 (1) were harvested on 13.2.2024 (141 DAS). On 14.2.2024 (142 DAS), A-3 (1), B-1 (1), B-2 (1) and D-1(3) yielded red chillies. The next harvest was obtained on 16.2.2024 (144 DAS) from A-2 (1) and A-3 (1). On 19.2.2024 (147 DAS), almost all the plants including A-2 (2), A-3 (2), B-1(2), B-3(1), C-3(1), D-1(3) and D-2 (1) yielded red chillies. B-1(1), D-2(1) and D-3(2) had given red chilies on 21.2.2024(149 DAS). There was a maximum harvest on 26.2.2024 (154 DAS) as it yielded red chilies from A-2 (3). A-3 (3), B-1(1), B-3(2), C-3 (2), D-1(2), D-2(1) and D-3(1). Two successive harvests were collected from D-1(4 + 3) on 1st (158 DAS) and 5th March 2024 (162 DAS). Figure-8 shows the status of growing chilli plants on the 147 DAS, when the plants bearing red and green chillies besides some new flowers can be seen. Figure-9 shows the neem based pesticide. Biopesticide prepared from neem ( Azadirachtus indica ) was used to sprinkle over the leaves and soil for preventing them from any disease at an interval of 3–4 days for only three time e during budding and flowering period of the plants. It was completely organic in made from natural resources, an environmentally friendly product that replenishes soil with organic nutrients. It also acts as a natural fertilizer with pesticide characteristics and protects plants from diseases. Neem pesticide removes nematodes, grubs, termites, and mites from soil and acts as an anti-feedant and pest repellent. For the prevention from ants and insects, anti-insecticidal DhoopBatti was used. Burning cow dung Dhoop Batti produced smoke, which functions as a natural air cleanser. Cow dung smoke has antibacterial qualities that can help to clean the air and eradicate unwanted bacteria and insects. The smoke produced by cow dung dhoopbatti repelled the insects and ants. Burning these incense sticks had effectively repelled mosquitoes and other insects. These dhoopbattis were actually prepared at KNHPI as a part of the exhaustive R&D studies. Effect of Biofertilizer Samples on Plant Growth Promotion (PGP) Characteristics of Chilli Plants Chemical fertilizers are extremely expensive and have significant manufacturing costs, as well as negative impacts on microbial population and soil health (Lenart-Boroń, 2011 ), bio fertilizer becomes the ideal choice for preserving soil fertility (Bhardwaj et al., 2014 ) and (Kour et al. , 2020). Bio fertilizers, which are both environmentally benign and cost-effective (Nagananda et al. , 2010), have been shown to be extremely beneficial for improving crop output and yield (Kartoolinejad, 2016 ). With a view to develop cost-effective biofertilizer samples from the waste effluents of handmade papermaking using cow dung, the waste effluent, RL was modified in the present study with the addition of different PGPR strains including Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus sps, Azotobacter and Enterobacterkobie in different feasible combinations after a preliminary evaluation of their biocompatibility. The Azotobactersps. was found to be compatible with all the remaining three bacterial species and therefore a combination of each one of them with Azotobacter was used to modify the RL solution. The biofertilizer samples thus developed were added into the rhizosphere of chilli plants at regular time intervals as per the RBD described in the methodology section. The plant growth was furtherexamined to find out the most efficient and the best sample of the biofertilizers developed in the present study. While observing the PGP attributes of different sets of chilli plants, it was found that the plant height was maximum (27.36cm, 38.9cm and 50.73cm) in Set D at 50, 100 and 150 DAS respectively. Set D also had maximum number of branches per plant and it took minimum number of days to first flowering. Although the number of branches and days taken to first flowering were nearly equal to the Set A. Similarly, days to 50% flowering were 65 in both Set A and Set B. Set A was the control where un-inoculated RL solution was used as a biofertilizer whereas in Set D, a consortium of AR and ECM was used in RL to develop the biofertilizer sample (Table 1). So, the effect of unmodified RL (means without adding any other bacterium) in promoting some of the PGPR attributes (branching, lesser number of days to first and 50% flowering) is in agreement of its biofertilizer potential reported earlier also (Narayana, 2024). While observing the yield parameters of chilli plants supplemented with different types of biofertilizer samples developed, it was observed that the Set D had resulted into the best of almost all the parameters including number of fruits per plant, average length of chillis harvested, average pedicel, average number of flowers per plant, average fruit weight (both Fresh and oven dried), average fruit yield per plant and average Plant Height (Table-2). Set D plants were supplied with the biofertilizer sample developed using a consortium of Azotobacter species (AR) and Enterobacterkobie (ECM). Azotobacter is a free living nitrogen fixing bacteria which is reported to promote plant growth by fixing atmospheric N 2 , solubilizing phosphate, producing PGRs like auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, amino acids, and vitamins(Sumbul et al,2020) .According to Das and De ( 2018 ), the Azotobacter species has a wide range of N 2 fixation, ranging from 2 to 15mg N fixed per gram of glucose ingested, as well as a high acetylene reduction test. Azotobacterchroococcum reduces nematode infection rates as well. Azotobacter sps. in soils have been shown to improve plant growth, seed germination, and Crop Growth Rate (CGR) (Sobariu et al. , 2017). Their abundance also correlates with soil physicochemicals (e.g. organic matter, pH, moisture, temperature) and microbiological properties. Similarly, the capacity of free-living diazotrophs, namely Enterobacter species, to fix nitrogen and their role in promoting plant growth in rice plants has also been reported wherein Sikkim's organic paddy soils contained Enterobacter strains and some of them were demonstrated to produce large amounts of exopolysaccharides, a positive characteristic that promotes the creation of biofilms and aids in the adhesion of soil microbes to the plants (PeriyasamyPanneerselvam et.al 2021). It is also known that Enterobacter producesphytohormones such as Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) (Nutaratat et al, 2017 ). The synthesis of phytohormones and the isolates' capacity to fix nitrogen were both highlighted in this investigation. Enterobacter is one of the powerful culturable bacteria that is suggested to be utilized as biofertilizer in the rice environment due to its ability to enhance rice plant growth (Lima et al, 2018 ). According to the models, which suggest improvements in the growth parameters viz. root length, surface area, and volume—all of which were found to be significantly correlated with the improvement of nitrogen uptake in rice plants—the rhizosphere association of Enterobacter strains was also found to improve root architecture of the rice plants (Vadstein et al, 2018 ). Similar research has demonstrated that E. ludwigii isolated from the ecosystem of rice soil possesses certain physiological properties, such as the generation of phytohormones and the solubilization of silicon and phosphate, indicating the possible use of Enterobacter as a biofertilizer in the rice ecosystem (Lee et al, 2019 ). Additionally, it has been discovered that the zinc-solubilizing Enterobacter species, E. cloacae plays an active part in the bioremediation of hexavalent chromium and contain a number of additional features that promote plant growth and increase crop output in rice environments contaminated with heavy metals (Pattnaik et al, 2020 ).Sikarwar et al ( 2023 ) have also reported the effect of biofertilizers (Azotobacter and Phosphate Solubilizing bacteria,PSB) the growth and yield of Chilli ( Capsicum annum L .) but they used biofertilizers in combination with different doses of NPK and concluded that such an integrated farming system may not only increase the production but also reduces the consumption of chemical fertilizers thereby improving the soil health. In an another study reported by Gangadhar et al (2020), Thus when both the biocompatible strains of Azotobacter (AzoR) and Enterobacter (ECM) were used together to develop biofertilizer sample for Set D, it proved to be very effective in improving the PGP attributes of chilli plants added with this biofertilizer in their rhizosphere On observing the yield parameters of chilli (Table-2), the average chilli weight (both the fresh-5.28 ± 0.92gm and oven dried- 1.21 ± 0.42gm) and average girth (4.34 ± 0.41 cm) was found to be maximum in the case of Set B where Bacillus megaterium was used in combination with Azotobacter to modify RL solution. Hanoi et al. , 2019 have also reported the use of Bacillus megaterium biofertilizerfor improving the productivity and yield of cabbage. They had reported higher growth and yield in the cabbage inoculated with beads-based biofertilizer and NPK as compared to the cabbage treated with NPK alone. The beads-based biofertilizer encouraged plant development and increased yield by 13.07% compared to the control. Figure-10 shows the chilli harvest of the different sets of plants. On evaluation of biochemical attributes of the chilli harvest (Table-3), Vitamin A and Vitamin B was found to be maximum in the case of Set A where plants were supplied with RL as a biofertilizer. However, vitamin B obtained in the case of Set D (167.30 mg/100gm) was also equivalent to that of set A (167.79 mg/100gm). Although the interesting point to note here is that the Capsaicinoids content was found to be maximum in the case of Set C (67,793.18 SHU) where a consortium of AR and Bacillus species was used to modify RL. It indicates the efficacy of our Bacillus isolate to improve the biochemical characteristics of the chilli fruits particularly in terms of capsaicinoids content. CONCLUSION From the results of the present study, it can be concluded that the effluent (RL) of the handmade paper manufacturing process specifically while using cow dung as a raw material has significant biofertilizer potential which can further be improved by augmenting the specific PGPR strains into it. The modified RL solutions i.e. the biofertilizer samples thus developed have resulted into higher fruit yields and capsaicinoids content when the rhizospheres of chilli plants were inoculated with them. Such use of effluents can not only help in reducing the pollution problems caused by the use of chemical fertilizers in agriculture but it can also help in sustainable management of the handmade paper industry waste besides creating additional income generation opportunities to the gaushalas and handmade paper manufacturers. Declarations Consent to participate Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Consent to publish The authors affirm that almost all the images and figures have been created by us and not copied from anywhere else. Wherever, any image is taken, source is clearly mentioned. Authors are responsible for correctness of the statements provided in the manuscript. Ethics approval This study doesn’t involve any of the human/animal participants. The biological material used has been clearly given the source of origin. The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article. All authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest or non-financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript. The authors have no financial or proprietary interests in any material discussed in this article. Authors are responsible for correctness of the statements provided in the manuscript. See also Authorship Principles. The Editor-in-Chief reserves the right to reject submissions that do not meet the guidelines described in this section. Financial interests The authors declare they have no financial interests. Declaration for funding This research was funded by the Directorate of Science & Technology, Khadi & Village Industries Commission (KVIC), Mumbai and the experiments were conducted at Kumarappa National Handmade Paper Institute (KNHPI). Jaipur Authors contributions Mr. Satya Narayana worked as a research scholar Dr. Rajesh Mathur is the PhD Supervisor of Mr. Satya Narayana Dr. Rahul Mishra is the Director, KNHPI, Jaipur i.e. research centre where all the studies were conducted. Dr. Sunita Chauhan - is the external supervisor of Mr. Satya Narayana and is also the Principal Investigator of the S&T project under which fund was received from the S&T, KVIC, Mumbai.The paper was also presented by her as an invited speaker during the international conference held at Vivekanand Global University (VGU), Jaipur Contributions of Dr. Poonam Singh, Scientist, NBRI and Miss Divya Harwani, Project Assistant, S&T project have been mentioned in the acknowledgement section. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors are thankful to the Directorate of Science & Technology, Khadi& Village Industries Commission (KVIC) for providing financial support to conduct this study. The authors would also like to thank Miss DivyaHarwani, Project Assistant, BF-I, KNHPI for her assistance in the study.The microbial cultures received from the Director, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Rajsamand are also thankfully acknowledged. 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Stoch Env Res Risk Assess 27:747–756 Hejabi N et al (2021) ‘Evaluation of the effluent quality parameters of wastewater treatment plant based on uncertainty analysis and post-processing approaches (case study)’, Water Science and Technology , 83(7), pp. 1633–1648. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2021.067 Jalgaonkar (2017) Kirti&Mahawar, Manoj. Evaluation of Physico-chemical properties of selected chilli cultivars. International Journal of Chemical Sciences. 5. 2076–2079 Kartoolinejad D (2016) Effect of Azospirillumlipoferum and Azotobacterchroococcum on germination and early growth of hopbush shrub (Dodonaeaviscosa L.) under salinity stress. J Sustainable Forestry 36:107–120 Kour D et al (2020) ‘Microbial biofertilizers: Bioresources and eco-friendly technologies for agricultural and environmental sustainability’, Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology [Preprint]. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214497660 Lenart-Boroń A (2011) Occurrence, Characteristics, and Genetic Diversity of Azotobacterchroococcum in Various Soils of Southern Poland. Pol J Environ Stud 21:415–424 Lee KE, Adhikari A, Kang SM, You YH, Joo GJ, Kim JH, Kim SJ, Lee IJ (2019) Isolation and characterization of the high silicate and phosphate solubilizing novel strain Enterobacterludwigii GAK2 that promotes growth in rice plants. Agronomy 9(3):144 Lima DR, Santos IB, Oliveira JT, Barbosa JG, Diniz WP, Farias AR, Freire FJ, Sobral JK (2018) Tolerance of potentially diazotrophic bacteria to adverse environmental conditions and plant growth-promotion in sugarcane. Arch Agron Soil Sci 64(11):1534–1548 Muthuswamy R, Asish S, NisonQ M (2021) ‘Review on Capsicum frutescens, A Tribal herbal food used as Medicine’, Research Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry , pp. 191–194. https://doi.org/10.52711/0975-4385.2021.00033 Nagananda GS et al (2010) ‘In vitro Studies on the Effects of Biofertilizers (Azotobacter and Rhizobium) on Seed Germination and Development of Trigonellafoenum-graecum L. using a Novel Glass Marble containing Liquid Medium’, International Journal of Botany , 6(4), pp. 394–403. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijb.2010.394.403 Nourani V, Elkiran G, Abba SI (2018) ‘Wastewater treatment plant performance analysis using artificial intelligence - an ensemble approach.’, Water science and technology: a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research , 78(10), pp. 2064–2076. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2018.477 Nutaratat P, Monprasit A, Srisuk N (2017) High-yield production of indole-3-acetic acid by Enterobacter sp. DMKU-RP206, a rice phyllosphere bacterium that possesses plant growth-promoting traits. 3 Biotech 7(5):305 Pattnaik S, Dash D, Mohapatra S, Pattnaik M, Marandi AK, Das S, Samantaray DP (2020) Improvement of rice plant productivity by native Cr (VI) reducing and plant growth promoting soil bacteria Enterobacter cloacae. Chemosphere ;240 Periyasamy Panneerselvam A, Senapati L, Sharma AK, Nayak A, Kumar U, Kumar SR, Prabhukarthikeyan D, Mitra, Mahapatra Smruthi Sagarika (2021) Understanding rice growth-promoting potential of Enterobacter spp. isolated from long-term organic farming soil in India through a supervised learning approach. Curr Res Microb Sci. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crmicr.2021.100035 Sikarwar H, Seetpal MK, Singh N, Deb P (2023) Effect of NPK and biofertilizers on growth and yield of chilli (Capsicum annum L.). Biological Forum-an international journal. 15(2):73–77 Sobariu DL et al (2017) ‘Rhizobacteria and plant symbiosis in heavy metal uptake and its implications for soil bioremediation.’, New biotechnology , 39(Pt A), pp. 125–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbt.2016.09.002 Sumbul A et al (2020) ‘Azotobacter: A potential bio-fertilizer for soil and plant health management.’, Saudi journal of biological sciences , 27(12), pp. 3634–3640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.08.004 Vadstein O, Attramadal KJ, Bakke I, Olsen Y (2018) K-selection as microbial community management strategy: a method for improved viability of larvae in aquaculture. Front Microbiol 9:2730 Wahua C, Okoli BE, Sam SM (2013) Comparative morphological, anatomical, cytological and phytochemical studies on Capsicum frutescens Linn. and Capsicum annuumLinn.(Solanaceae). Int J Sci Eng Res 4(1):1–11 Tables Table-1: Effect of Biofertilizer Samples on Growth Attributes of Chilli ( Capsicum fructescens ) Sets Treatment details Plant height (cm) Number of branches per plant Days to first flowering Days to 50% flowering 50 DAS 100 DAS 150 DAS A RL 23.43 36.56 45.76 21.33 41 65.5 B RL + AR + BM 24.7 33.36 42.16 28 54 65 C RL + AR + BSt 13.43 17.53 31.5 6.66 99 110 D RL + AR + ECM 27.36 38.9 50.73 20.66 40.66 70.66 Table-2: Effect of Biofertilizer Samples on Yield Parameters of Chilli ( Capsicum fructescens ) Parameters Set-A Set-B Set-C Set-D Bio-fertilizer details RL RL + AR + BM RL + AR + BSt RL + AR + ECM Fruits/ plant 12.33± 6.65 10.33±6.24 3.33±2.82 13.33± 5.85 Girth (cm) 3.22±0.85 4.34±0.41 3.37±1.08 3.77±0.14 Fruit length (cm) 7.39±3.7 8.81±2.03 5.55±0.61 8.83±1.56 Flowers/plant 17 12.33 8 20 Fresh weight of chilli (gm) 3.5±1.93 5.28±0.92 3.07±1.23 4.44±1.05 Dry weight of chilli (gm) 0.97±0.46 1.21±0.42 1.01±0.05 1.16±0.13 Pedicel +Calyx (cm) 3.60±0.99 3.7±0.87 2.7 ±0.28 3.80± 0.59 Fruit yield / plant (gms) 51.79 36.22 46.79 55.29 Plant Height (cm) 45.76±21.87 42.16±8.90 31.5±19.15 50.73±6.45 Table-3: Effect of Biofertilizer samples on Biochemical Attributes of the Chilli Harvest Sets Biofertilizer details Capsaicinoids content (SHU) Capsaicinoids content (%w/w) Vit A (IU/gm) Vit C mg/100gm A RL 21,768.39 0.145 482.22 167.79 B RL + AR + BM 31,930.52 0.213 374.38 159.79 C RL + AR + BSt 67,793.18 0.452 370.82 155.01 D RL + AR + ECM 44,265.13 0.295 388.29 167.30 Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4231985","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":308888441,"identity":"1858a333-5890-431a-b20c-e7fb3f9e24d1","order_by":0,"name":"Satya Narayana","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Chemical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science \u0026 Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Satya","middleName":"","lastName":"Narayana","suffix":""},{"id":308888442,"identity":"1489e964-a65d-4156-871c-9789db124381","order_by":1,"name":"Mathur Rajesh","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Chemical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science \u0026 Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mathur","middleName":"","lastName":"Rajesh","suffix":""},{"id":308888443,"identity":"ce7a67dd-236d-4cbf-8b24-0821198c4416","order_by":2,"name":"Rahul Mishra","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Director, Kumarappa National Handmade Paper Institute (KNHPI), Ramsinghpura, Sikarpura Road, Sanganer, Jaipur 302029, Rajasthan, India","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rahul","middleName":"","lastName":"Mishra","suffix":""},{"id":308888444,"identity":"981965a8-e63d-464e-a8d9-81051b715afa","order_by":3,"name":"Sunita 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version.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4231985/v1/3f9db13de09f4c2b7f999a9e.png"},{"id":58316291,"identity":"c7a85a19-9abf-48f9-8f1e-0af3d2bd4528","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-13 21:07:22","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":642689,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFigure-4: Inoculation of Biofertilizer Samples into the Rhizosphere of Specific Plants\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4231985/v1/c4e11ea3f3fd282a371a9c93.png"},{"id":58316293,"identity":"94f5c5c4-bcb1-4de8-be38-dbcdf4bb4715","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-13 21:07:22","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":413632,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFigure-5: Gram Staining of the PGPR Strains used\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4231985/v1/6a79bac3186ad5d3a4274c8f.png"},{"id":58316286,"identity":"37174155-73e5-418f-bdab-20f383c369d8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-13 21:07:22","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":359621,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFigure-6: Biocompatibility of the PGPR Strains Used\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4231985/v1/9860ec52dc16e611a5d23864.png"},{"id":58316294,"identity":"06b57f24-1b76-4794-9d1b-8fea2add1415","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-13 21:07:22","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1500095,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFigure-7: First Flowering in the Chilli plants on 40 DAS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4231985/v1/7b53c8838ae72a3185f43d2d.png"},{"id":58316289,"identity":"6f3214e2-3dd3-4c4c-95f7-bced5888c8d4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-13 21:07:22","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1100087,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFigure-8: Plant Growth in the Field on 147 DAS, showing both the green and red chillis on different plants.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4231985/v1/bc2fbea5a948db6730cce65a.png"},{"id":58316292,"identity":"06fdc505-fd06-4b74-b5c6-17fa91214df8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-13 21:07:22","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":239723,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFigure-9: Neem based pesticide used in the present study for sprinkling over leaves thrice\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4231985/v1/e57b9beb14b7ec0840526ffd.png"},{"id":58316290,"identity":"b03ef5d7-a609-49b5-9cfc-b60a1fe5cd91","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-13 21:07:22","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":418172,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFigure 10: The Chilli Harvest from different Sets of Plants\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4231985/v1/860b18017e72eb196795aa40.png"},{"id":58923052,"identity":"d566a9bb-90d8-4eda-9450-898e87c0e0b4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-24 07:38:48","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":5790729,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4231985/v1/0201e780-d5cf-4572-819d-f421bdd93e45.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Enrichment of the Waste Effluents of Handmade Paper Industry for Biofertilizer Use in Green Chili Plants","fulltext":[{"header":"INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eWastewater is a diluted mixture of different types of waste from commercial, industrial, and residential locations. Depending on where it is discharged and the community's way of life, wastewater has different qualities. Water, organic materials, minerals, and living things are all found in wastewater (Nourani, Elkiran and Abba, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Wastewater treatment plant operations are affected by a number of elements, including technological advancements, economic factors, and environmental factors. The primary goals of a Wastewater treatment plant 's management to lessen pollution levels are lowering operating costs and enhancing effluent quality (Hao et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). The initial forecast and subsequent analysis of pollutant parameters based on novel methodologies are receiving more attention, given the increase in the number of Wastewater treatment plants. Therefore, managing waste effluents as converting into bio fertilizer and using them for crop production are effective approaches to deal with the non-linearity and intricacy of the problem and have attained successful results(Hejabi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffluents pose a great concern for each and every industry including the paper mills. In fact, the effluents of papermaking always need more attention due to their dark colours which on disposal may destroy the aesthetic value of a water body/land. Due to the use of non-woody raw materials with minimum chemicals, effluents of handmade paper industry are although better and safer as compared to conventional paper mills, but colour problem can\u0026rsquo;t be avoided.(Atmopawiro, Purwanto and Sudarno, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).Therefore, efforts to reduce waste and to manage effluents properly are always desired. In one of our recently published studies, the biofertilizer potential of the effluents of handmade papermaking from cow dung has been reported (Narayana \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e, 2024). Such biofertilizers being developed may not only contribute towards bringing sustainability to the agriculture sector but it would also help in improving employment and income generation opportunities besides reducing environmental pollution. Therefore, the present study was taken up with an aim to utilize such effluents of handmade papermaking from cow dung as liquid biofertilizers by enriching them using different strains of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo prove the hypothesis, various standard cultures of PGPR strains procured from different agencies and the strains isolated in our laboratory were added to these effluents in different permutation-combinations and the solutions thus prepared were used to evaluate the plant growth promoting traits in chili (\u003cem\u003eCapsicum frutescence\u003c/em\u003e) plants. Chili is a subtropical crop which thrives in the warm, humid climates (20\u0026ndash;30\u0026deg;C). The plant can be cultivated in a variety of agro-climatic circumstances. It was a suitable choice for the season (Sept\u0026rsquo;2023-Mar\u0026rsquo;2024)during which the present study was conducted. Different species of chillies have varying lifespans, ranging from 1.5 to 15 years.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eCapsicum frutescens\u003c/em\u003e, a member of the Solanaceae family, is a very useful medicinal herb found throughout India. Because of the presence of phytochemicals, it has been used in traditional medicine to treat coughs, toothaches, sore throats, parasite infections, rheumatism, wound healing, and other ailments. It also bears antibacterial and anticancer properties (Wahua, Okoli and Sam, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e).Green chilies are rich in nutrients, Alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, essential oils, tannins, steroids, and capsaicin are examples of bioactive chemicals. Green chili contains various dietary components and accordingly the nutritional composition of green chili is shown in table-1(Batiha\u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2020).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eTable-1: Nutritional Composition of Green Chili (\u003c/b\u003eBatiha et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e).\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS. No.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNutritional component\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConc. (g/kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarbohydrates\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProteins\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFats\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFiber\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSugar\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIron\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0012\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalcium\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhosphorous\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.046\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMagnesium\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.025\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePotassium\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.340\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eCapsicum frutescens\u003c/em\u003e is a wild chili pepper native to Central and South America that is genetically related to the cultivated pepper Capsicum Chinese. \u003cem\u003eC. frutescens\u003c/em\u003e pepper varieties can be either annuals or short-lived perennials (Basu and De, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e). Flowers are either insect- or self-pollinated and are white with a greenish white or greenish yellow corolla. Berries on the bushes are normally upright and ellipsoid-conical to lanceoloid in shape (Ciju, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). They are typically small and pungent, measuring 10\u0026ndash;20 millimeters (0.39\u0026ndash;0.79 in) in length and 3\u0026ndash;7 millimeters (0.12\u0026ndash;0.28 in) in diameter. Fruit is normally pale yellow in hue and matures to a vivid red, but different colors are also possible. \u003cem\u003eC. frutescens\u003c/em\u003e has a narrower range of forms than other Capsicum species. Because of its great size, C. frutescens has been cultivated to produce ornamental strains (Govindarajan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1987\u003c/span\u003e).The description of different parts of the chili are shown in figure-1 (Carrizo Garc\u0026iacute;a et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"METHODOLOGY","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eProcurement of Standard Microbial Strains of PGPR\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eBacillus megaterium (\u003c/em\u003eNAIMCC-B-02287) i.e. BM \u003cem\u003eand Enterobacterkobei (\u003c/em\u003eNAIMCC-B-02167\u003cem\u003e)i.e. ECM\u003c/em\u003e were procured from National Agriculturally Important Microbial Culture Collection (NAIMCC), ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms (ICAR-NBAIM), Mau. Azotobacter i.e. AzoR was the commercially available \u003cem\u003eAzotobacter\u003c/em\u003e strain procured from Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Rajsamand. The liquid Azotobacter was developed by Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology MPUAT checked by the Department of Biotechnology, KNHPI, Jaipur.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eIsolation of New Bacterial Strains\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eBacillus\u003c/em\u003e species was isolated from ground soil collected from KNHPI garden on 21-07-2023. Dilutions were made upto 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e and by using pour plate method, the colonies of \u003cem\u003eBacillus\u003c/em\u003e species were isolated. To characterize the bacterium Gram\u0026rsquo;s staining was done. The bacteria were found to be Gram positive, rod shaped under microscope (Coico, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eCollection of Waste Effluents of Handmade Papermaking units\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwo types of waste streams/effluents of handmade papermaking from cow dung were collected before (RL\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;raw liquor) and after pulping (BL\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;black liquor) of the cow dung squeezed through Cow Dung Dewatering Machine at KNHPI as described in Narayana \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e (2024). The RL thus generated from freshly collected cow dung was used for the present study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eProcurement of Seeds\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe chili seeds, variety NU1919 was obtained from Rajasthan Agricultural Research Institute, Durgapura, Jaipur.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSeeds Sterilization Method\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe chili seeds were first surface sterilized before sowing them into the pots using the modified method reported by Borah et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e. Accordingly, Chili seeds were first washed with 1.5% Mercuric Chloride solution for 3 minutes followed by washing with sterile water ten times.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePlant test\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe plant experiment was carried in plastic pots (12 cm high, 14 cm diameter and 38 cm girth) containing air dried and sieved (mesh size of 75\u0026ndash;120 \u0026micro;m) soil. The surface sterilized seeds were sown in the pots and put under ambient conditions. The germinated seedlings were transplanted in fields after 2 weeks of plant growth (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;3).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePreparation of Modified RL Solutions for Biofertilizer Use\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe selected specific strains of microbes \u003cem\u003eBacillus isolate, ECM and Azotobacter\u003c/em\u003e were grown and maintained in their respective media/broth solutions. \u003cem\u003eBacillus sp\u003c/em\u003e Nutrient Agar media (HiMedia, M001) was used. For \u003cem\u003eAzotobacter sps\u003c/em\u003e, Jenson\u0026rsquo;s Agar (HiMedia, M710) and for \u003cem\u003eEnterobacter kobei\u003c/em\u003e (ECM), King\u0026rsquo;s B media was prepared using the composition (Glycerol-10gpl, Dipotassium hydrogen phosphate-1.5gpl, Magnesium Sulphate-1.5 gpl, Peptone-20gpl, Agar-20gpl, Distilled water-1L)at 28\u0026deg;C for 48 hours. The 48 hr old culture broth was used to inoculate RL solution @2% and incubated for a period of 48 hrs at 28\u0026deg;C and 100rpm as per the following combination of cultures. Before using the chosen microbial consortia, the compatibility of all the selected cultures to grow together was also tested using the standard test method of inoculating the microbes into NA plates through cross streak method.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eSet A\u003c/b\u003e: The un-autoclaved RL was used as such without adding any other bacterium.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eSet B\u003c/b\u003e: For this, biofertilizer sample was developed using a combination of two microbial cultures (\u003cem\u003eBacillus megaterium and Azotobacter\u003c/em\u003e) in un-autoclaved RL solution i.e. RL\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;BM\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Azo R\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eSet C\u003c/b\u003e:For this, biofertilizer sample was developed using a combination of \u003cem\u003eBacillus sps\u003c/em\u003e and AzoR into un-autoclaved RL solution i.e. RL\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Bst (S)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Azo R\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eSet D\u003c/b\u003e: For this, biofertilizer sample was developed using a combination of Azotobacter and ECM i.e. RL\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Azo R\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;ECM.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eRandom Block Design was used for growing plants in the field having a plot size each of 35.5 x 32 cm. The plants were grown in three different blocks and labeled with flags as three replicates of each of the three samples (Set B,C, D) and the control (Set A)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabb\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA-1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB-1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC-1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD-1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC-2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD-2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA-2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB-2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB-3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA-3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD-3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC-3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eInoculation of the BF Solutions Prepared into the Rhizosphere of the Chilli Plants\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA hole was punctured with the help of iron rod in which 3ml of each sample had been given in the rhizosphere of respective plants at a time interval of 1 week (Figure-4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eReview of Progress during the Crop Development Period\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe measurements/monitoring in terms of the number of leaf pairs/ branches, buds, flowers, fruits and other characteristics, were taken every one to two weeks.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs and when required insecticide with a neem foundation and cow dung based incense sticks/dhoop batti were used to keep away pests/flies/ants and mosquitoes. This need was felt especially during the flowering stage.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eHarvesting of the Fruits\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe chilli fruits were harvested at different points of time. Initially, green chillies were harvested and dried in shade to convert into red form but later on, the chillies were allowed to mature on the plant itself. Accordingly, the chillies were plucked, and measurements were taken for the fruit's length, girth, pedicel, calyx length, fresh weight and dry weight. The first two harvestings were green chilli, but the rest were fully ripened red chillies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAnalysis of Specific Biochemical Attributes of the Chilli Harvest\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe harvested chillies were also analyzed for the specific biochemical parameters viz. Vitamin A, Vitamin C and Capsaicinoides using the standard test protocols as listed below through M/S Oasis Test House Limited, Jaipur.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabc\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS.No.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStandard Test Method Used\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVitamin A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHIS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVitamin C\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIS 5838:1970\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCapsaicinoides\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAOAC 995.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe microscopic view of the Gram stained slides of the different PGPR strains as given in Fig. 5 illustrated that the Bacillus species isolated from garden soil was found to be Gram\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;ve, rod shaped bacteria, arranged in chains of 3\u0026ndash;4 bacterial cells. \u003cem\u003eBacillus megaterium\u003c/em\u003e showed Gram\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;ve, rod shaped bacteria having a few chains of two bacterial cells. \u003cem\u003eAzotobacter sps.\u003c/em\u003e was found to be Gram \u0026ndash;ve, oval shaped bacteria arranged in diplococcus pattern. \u003cem\u003eEnterobacter kobie\u003c/em\u003e was found to be Gram \u0026ndash;ve, rod shaped, spore forming bacteria arranged in chains of two cells. The colony morphology was also different for all the three bacterial strains used. The \u003cem\u003eBacillus\u003c/em\u003e sps. grew in the branched (rhizoid) pattern on NA plates. \u003cem\u003eBacillus megaterium\u003c/em\u003e grew in the form of thick colonies having branched edges. \u003cem\u003eAzotobacter sps.\u003c/em\u003e grew in the form of glossy white, thick colonies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePreparation of Modified RL Solutions (Biofertilizer Samples)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBefore inoculating the microbial consortium into the RL solutions as per the method given in the \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003emethodology\u003c/span\u003e section, biocompatibility of Azotobacter species with all the other strains was evaluated separately and results show that the \u003cem\u003eAzotobacter sps\u003c/em\u003e is compatible with \u003cem\u003eBacillus megaterium, Bacillus species\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eEnterobacterkobie\u003c/em\u003e (Fig. 6). Therefore, they could be used freely for developing different biofertilizer samples as described earlier.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eReview of the Progress of Plant Growth\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe first flowering was recorded after 40 DAS in A-3, B-1, D-1 and D-2 (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). The first fruiting started on the 48 DAS in all of them. The first harvest was done from the block A-2(2 chilli), A-3(5chilli), B-1(3), D-1(2), D-2 (2) and D-3(4) on 70 DAS. The second harvest was obtained from A-2 (4), A-3 (4), B-1 (1), B-2 (1), B-3(1), D-1(3), D-2(3) and D-3(3) on 85 DAS. The first and second harvest of C-3(1\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;1) were obtained on 1.2.24 (129 DAS) and 5.2.2024 (133 DAS) respectively. Third harvest was picked from B-1(1) and C-3(1) on 9.2.2024 (137 DAS). The next harvest was collected from A-2 (1), C-3 (1) and D-3(2) on 12.2.2024 (140 DAS). The plants of B-3 (1) and D-2 (1) were harvested on 13.2.2024 (141 DAS). On 14.2.2024 (142 DAS), A-3 (1), B-1 (1), B-2 (1) and D-1(3) yielded red chillies. The next harvest was obtained on 16.2.2024 (144 DAS) from A-2 (1) and A-3 (1). On 19.2.2024 (147 DAS), almost all the plants including A-2 (2), A-3 (2), B-1(2), B-3(1), C-3(1), D-1(3) and D-2 (1) yielded red chillies. B-1(1), D-2(1) and D-3(2) had given red chilies on 21.2.2024(149 DAS). There was a maximum harvest on 26.2.2024 (154 DAS) as it yielded red chilies from A-2 (3). A-3 (3), B-1(1), B-3(2), C-3 (2), D-1(2), D-2(1) and D-3(1). Two successive harvests were collected from D-1(4\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;3) on 1st (158 DAS) and 5th March 2024 (162 DAS). Figure-8 shows the status of growing chilli plants on the 147 DAS, when the plants bearing red and green chillies besides some new flowers can be seen. Figure-9 shows the neem based pesticide.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBiopesticide prepared from neem (\u003cem\u003eAzadirachtus indica\u003c/em\u003e) was used to sprinkle over the leaves and soil for preventing them from any disease at an interval of 3\u0026ndash;4 days for only three time e during budding and flowering period of the plants. It was completely organic in made from natural resources, an environmentally friendly product that replenishes soil with organic nutrients. It also acts as a natural fertilizer with pesticide characteristics and protects plants from diseases. Neem pesticide removes nematodes, grubs, termites, and mites from soil and acts as an anti-feedant and pest repellent.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFor the prevention from ants and insects, anti-insecticidal DhoopBatti was used. Burning cow dung Dhoop Batti produced smoke, which functions as a natural air cleanser. Cow dung smoke has antibacterial qualities that can help to clean the air and eradicate unwanted bacteria and insects. The smoke produced by cow dung dhoopbatti repelled the insects and ants. Burning these incense sticks had effectively repelled mosquitoes and other insects. These dhoopbattis were actually prepared at KNHPI as a part of the exhaustive R\u0026amp;D studies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eEffect of Biofertilizer Samples on Plant Growth Promotion (PGP) Characteristics of Chilli Plants\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChemical fertilizers are extremely expensive and have significant manufacturing costs, as well as negative impacts on microbial population and soil health (Lenart-Boroń, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e), bio fertilizer becomes the ideal choice for preserving soil fertility (Bhardwaj et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e) and (Kour\u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2020). Bio fertilizers, which are both environmentally benign and cost-effective (Nagananda\u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2010), have been shown to be extremely beneficial for improving crop output and yield (Kartoolinejad, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). With a view to develop cost-effective biofertilizer samples from the waste effluents of handmade papermaking using cow dung, the waste effluent, RL was modified in the present study with the addition of different PGPR strains including \u003cem\u003eBacillus megaterium, Bacillus sps, Azotobacter\u003c/em\u003eand\u003cem\u003eEnterobacterkobie\u003c/em\u003ein different feasible combinations after a preliminary evaluation of their biocompatibility. The\u003cem\u003eAzotobactersps.\u003c/em\u003e was found to be compatible with all the remaining three bacterial species and therefore a combination of each one of them with\u003cem\u003eAzotobacter\u003c/em\u003ewas used to modify the RL solution. The biofertilizer samples thus developed were added into the rhizosphere of chilli plants at regular time intervals as per the RBD described in the \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003emethodology\u003c/span\u003e section. The plant growth was furtherexamined to find out the most efficient and the best sample of the biofertilizers developed in the present study.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhile observing the PGP attributes of different sets of chilli plants, it was found that the plant height was maximum (27.36cm, 38.9cm and 50.73cm) in Set D at 50, 100 and 150 DAS respectively. Set D also had maximum number of branches per plant and it took minimum number of days to first flowering. Although the number of branches and days taken to first flowering were nearly equal to the Set A. Similarly, days to 50% flowering were 65 in both Set A and Set B. Set A was the control where un-inoculated RL solution was used as a biofertilizer whereas in Set D, a consortium of AR and ECM was used in RL to develop the biofertilizer sample (Table\u0026nbsp;1). So, the effect of unmodified RL (means without adding any other bacterium) in promoting some of the PGPR attributes (branching, lesser number of days to first and 50% flowering) is in agreement of its biofertilizer potential reported earlier also (Narayana, 2024).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhile observing the yield parameters of chilli plants supplemented with different types of biofertilizer samples developed, it was observed that the Set D had resulted into the best of almost all the parameters including number of fruits per plant, average length of chillis harvested, average pedicel, average number of flowers per plant, average fruit weight (both Fresh and oven dried), average fruit yield per plant and average Plant Height (Table-2). Set D plants were supplied with the biofertilizer sample developed using a consortium of Azotobacter species (AR) and \u003cem\u003eEnterobacterkobie\u003c/em\u003e (ECM). Azotobacter is a free living nitrogen fixing bacteria which is reported to promote plant growth by fixing atmospheric N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, solubilizing phosphate, producing PGRs like auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, amino acids, and vitamins(Sumbul\u003cem\u003eet al,2020)\u003c/em\u003e.According to Das and De (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), the Azotobacter species has a wide range of N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e fixation, ranging from 2 to 15mg N fixed per gram of glucose ingested, as well as a high acetylene reduction test. \u003cem\u003eAzotobacterchroococcum\u003c/em\u003e reduces nematode infection rates as well. \u003cem\u003eAzotobacter\u003c/em\u003esps. in soils have been shown to improve plant growth, seed germination, and Crop Growth Rate (CGR) (Sobariu\u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2017). Their abundance also correlates with soil physicochemicals (e.g. organic matter, pH, moisture, temperature) and microbiological properties.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSimilarly, the capacity of free-living diazotrophs, namely Enterobacter species, to fix nitrogen and their role in promoting plant growth in rice plants has also been reported wherein Sikkim\u0026apos;s organic paddy soils contained\u003cem\u003eEnterobacter\u003c/em\u003e strains and some of them were demonstrated to produce large amounts of exopolysaccharides, a positive characteristic that promotes the creation of biofilms and aids in the adhesion of soil microbes to the plants (PeriyasamyPanneerselvam et.al 2021). It is also known that \u003cem\u003eEnterobacter\u003c/em\u003eproducesphytohormones such as Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) (Nutaratat et al, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). The synthesis of phytohormones and the isolates\u0026apos; capacity to fix nitrogen were both highlighted in this investigation. \u003cem\u003eEnterobacter\u003c/em\u003e is one of the powerful culturable bacteria that is suggested to be utilized as biofertilizer in the rice environment due to its ability to enhance rice plant growth (Lima et al, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). According to the models, which suggest improvements in the growth parameters viz. root length, surface area, and volume\u0026mdash;all of which were found to be significantly correlated with the improvement of nitrogen uptake in rice plants\u0026mdash;the rhizosphere association of Enterobacter strains was also found to improve root architecture of the rice plants (Vadstein et al, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Similar research has demonstrated that \u003cem\u003eE. ludwigii\u003c/em\u003e isolated from the ecosystem of rice soil possesses certain physiological properties, such as the generation of phytohormones and the solubilization of silicon and phosphate, indicating the possible use of \u003cem\u003eEnterobacter\u003c/em\u003eas a biofertilizer in the rice ecosystem (Lee et al, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, it has been discovered that the zinc-solubilizing \u003cem\u003eEnterobacter\u003c/em\u003especies,\u003cem\u003eE. cloacae\u003c/em\u003e plays an active part in the bioremediation of hexavalent chromium and contain a number of additional features that promote plant growth and increase crop output in rice environments contaminated with heavy metals (Pattnaik et al, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).Sikarwar et al (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) have also reported the effect of biofertilizers (Azotobacter and Phosphate Solubilizing bacteria,PSB) the growth and yield of Chilli (\u003cem\u003eCapsicum annum L\u003c/em\u003e.) but they used biofertilizers in combination with different doses of NPK and concluded that such an integrated farming system may not only increase the production but also reduces the consumption of chemical fertilizers thereby improving the soil health. In an another study reported by Gangadhar et al (2020), Thus when both the biocompatible strains of \u003cem\u003eAzotobacter\u003c/em\u003e(AzoR) and \u003cem\u003eEnterobacter\u003c/em\u003e(ECM) were used together to develop biofertilizer sample for Set D, it proved to be very effective in improving the PGP attributes of chilli plants added with this biofertilizer in their rhizosphere\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOn observing the yield parameters of chilli (Table-2), the average chilli weight (both the fresh-5.28\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.92gm and oven dried- 1.21\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.42gm) and average girth (4.34\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.41 cm) was found to be maximum in the case of Set B where \u003cem\u003eBacillus megaterium\u003c/em\u003ewas used in combination with \u003cem\u003eAzotobacter\u003c/em\u003e to modify RL solution. Hanoi \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2019 have also reported the use of \u003cem\u003eBacillus megaterium\u003c/em\u003ebiofertilizerfor improving the productivity and yield of cabbage. They had reported higher growth and yield in the cabbage inoculated with beads-based biofertilizer and NPK as compared to the cabbage treated with NPK alone. The beads-based biofertilizer encouraged plant development and increased yield by 13.07% compared to the control. Figure-10 shows the chilli harvest of the different sets of plants.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOn evaluation of biochemical attributes of the chilli harvest (Table-3), Vitamin A and Vitamin B was found to be maximum in the case of Set A where plants were supplied with RL as a biofertilizer. However, vitamin B obtained in the case of Set D (167.30 mg/100gm) was also equivalent to that of set A (167.79 mg/100gm). Although the interesting point to note here is that the Capsaicinoids content was found to be maximum in the case of Set C (67,793.18 SHU) where a consortium of AR and \u003cem\u003eBacillus\u003c/em\u003e species was used to modify RL. It indicates the efficacy of our \u003cem\u003eBacillus\u003c/em\u003e isolate to improve the biochemical characteristics of the chilli fruits particularly in terms of capsaicinoids content.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eFrom the results of the present study, it can be concluded that the effluent (RL) of the handmade paper manufacturing process specifically while using cow dung as a raw material has significant biofertilizer potential which can further be improved by augmenting the specific PGPR strains into it. The modified RL solutions i.e. the biofertilizer samples thus developed have resulted into higher fruit yields and capsaicinoids content when the rhizospheres of chilli plants were inoculated with them. Such use of effluents can not only help in reducing the pollution problems caused by the use of chemical fertilizers in agriculture but it can also help in sustainable management of the handmade paper industry waste besides creating additional income generation opportunities to the gaushalas and handmade paper manufacturers.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInformed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to publish\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors affirm that almost all the images and figures have been created by us and not copied from anywhere else. Wherever, any image is taken, source is clearly mentioned.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAuthors are responsible for correctness of the statements provided in the manuscript.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003ch4\u003eEthics approval\u003c/h4\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study doesn\u0026rsquo;t involve any of the human/animal participants. The biological material used has been clearly given the source of origin.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eThe authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eThe authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAll authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest or non-financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eThe authors have no financial or proprietary interests in any material discussed in this article.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAuthors are responsible for correctness of the statements provided in the manuscript. See also Authorship Principles. The Editor-in-Chief reserves the right to reject submissions that do not meet the guidelines described in this section.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFinancial interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare they have no financial interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeclaration for funding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research was funded by the Directorate of Science \u0026amp; Technology, Khadi \u0026amp; Village Industries Commission (KVIC), Mumbai and the experiments were conducted at Kumarappa National Handmade Paper Institute (KNHPI). Jaipur\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMr. Satya Narayana\u003c/strong\u003e worked as a research scholar\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDr. Rajesh Mathur\u003c/strong\u003e is the PhD Supervisor of Mr. Satya Narayana\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDr. Rahul Mishra\u003c/strong\u003e is the Director, KNHPI, Jaipur i.e. research centre where all the studies were conducted.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDr. Sunita Chauhan\u003c/strong\u003e- is the external supervisor of Mr. Satya Narayana and is also the Principal Investigator of the S\u0026amp;T project under which fund was received from the S\u0026amp;T, KVIC, Mumbai.The paper was also presented by her as an invited speaker during the international conference held at Vivekanand Global University (VGU), Jaipur\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eContributions of Dr. Poonam Singh, Scientist, NBRI and Miss Divya Harwani, Project Assistant, S\u0026amp;T project have been mentioned in the acknowledgement section.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eACKNOWLEDGEMENT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors are thankful to the Directorate of Science \u0026amp; Technology, Khadi\u0026amp; Village Industries Commission (KVIC) for providing financial support to conduct this study. The authors would also like to thank Miss DivyaHarwani, Project Assistant, BF-I, KNHPI for her assistance in the study.The microbial cultures received from the Director, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Rajsamand are \u0026nbsp;also \u0026nbsp;thankfully acknowledged. The overwhelming thanks are also recorded herewith for Dr. Poonam Singh, Principal Scientist and Associate Professor, Division of Plant-Microbe Interaction, National Botanical Research Institute (NBRI), Lucknow.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAbou E, Magd MM, Zaki MF, Sedera SA (2018) Bio-fertilization and foliar application of Milagro bio-stimulant in relation to growth, head yield and quality as well as mineral K requirements of Chinese cabbage. 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Front Microbiol 9:2730\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWahua C, Okoli BE, Sam SM (2013) Comparative morphological, anatomical, cytological and phytochemical studies on Capsicum frutescens Linn. and Capsicum annuumLinn.(Solanaceae). Int J Sci Eng Res 4(1):1\u0026ndash;11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable-1: Effect of Biofertilizer Samples on Growth Attributes of Chilli (\u003cem\u003eCapsicum fructescens\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"624\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.14102564102564%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Sets\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.192307692307693%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTreatment details\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.358974358974358%\" colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlant height \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; (cm)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.538461538461538%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNumber of branches per plant\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.102564102564102%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDays to first flowering\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDays to 50% flowering\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.89473684210526%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e50 DAS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.55263157894737%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e100\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDAS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.55263157894737%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e150\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDAS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.14102564102564%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.192307692307693%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; RL\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.012820512820513%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.173076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.173076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.538461538461538%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.102564102564102%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.14102564102564%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; B\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.192307692307693%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRL + AR + BM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.012820512820513%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.173076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.173076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.538461538461538%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.102564102564102%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.14102564102564%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; C\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.192307692307693%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRL + AR + BSt\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.012820512820513%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.173076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.173076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.538461538461538%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.102564102564102%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e110\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.14102564102564%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.192307692307693%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRL + AR + ECM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.012820512820513%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.173076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.173076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.538461538461538%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.102564102564102%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable-2: Effect of Biofertilizer Samples on Yield Parameters of Chilli (\u003cem\u003eCapsicum fructescens\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.310344827586206%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParameters\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.300940438871475%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSet-A\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.711598746081506%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSet-B\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.711598746081506%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSet-C\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.96551724137931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSet-D\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.310344827586206%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBio-fertilizer details\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.300940438871475%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.711598746081506%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRL + AR + BM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.711598746081506%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRL + AR + BSt\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.96551724137931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRL + AR + ECM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.310344827586206%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFruits/ plant\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.300940438871475%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.33\u0026plusmn; 6.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.711598746081506%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.33\u0026plusmn;6.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.711598746081506%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.33\u0026plusmn;2.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.96551724137931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.33\u0026plusmn; 5.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.310344827586206%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGirth\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(cm)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.300940438871475%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.22\u0026plusmn;0.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.711598746081506%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.34\u0026plusmn;0.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.711598746081506%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.37\u0026plusmn;1.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.96551724137931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.77\u0026plusmn;0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.310344827586206%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFruit length\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(cm)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.300940438871475%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.39\u0026plusmn;3.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.711598746081506%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.81\u0026plusmn;2.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.711598746081506%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.55\u0026plusmn;0.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.96551724137931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.83\u0026plusmn;1.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.310344827586206%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFlowers/plant\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.300940438871475%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.711598746081506%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.711598746081506%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.96551724137931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.310344827586206%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFresh weight of chilli \u0026nbsp;(gm)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.300940438871475%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.5\u0026plusmn;1.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.711598746081506%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.28\u0026plusmn;0.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.711598746081506%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.07\u0026plusmn;1.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.96551724137931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.44\u0026plusmn;1.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.310344827586206%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDry weight of chilli (gm)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.300940438871475%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.97\u0026plusmn;0.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.711598746081506%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.21\u0026plusmn;0.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.711598746081506%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.01\u0026plusmn;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.96551724137931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.16\u0026plusmn;0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.310344827586206%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePedicel +Calyx (cm)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.300940438871475%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.60\u0026plusmn;0.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.711598746081506%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.7\u0026plusmn;0.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.711598746081506%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.7 \u0026plusmn;0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.96551724137931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.80\u0026plusmn; 0.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.310344827586206%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFruit yield / plant (gms)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.300940438871475%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.711598746081506%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.711598746081506%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.96551724137931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.310344827586206%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlant Height (cm)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.300940438871475%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.76\u0026plusmn;21.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.711598746081506%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.16\u0026plusmn;8.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.711598746081506%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.5\u0026plusmn;19.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.96551724137931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.73\u0026plusmn;6.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable-3: Effect of Biofertilizer samples on Biochemical Attributes of the Chilli Harvest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"648\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.437403400309119%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Sets\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.165378670788254%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBiofertilizer details\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.465224111282843%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCapsaicinoids\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003econtent\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(SHU)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.228748068006183%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCapsaicinoids\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003econtent\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(%w/w)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.31066460587326%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVit A\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(IU/gm)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.39258114374034%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVit C\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;mg/100gm\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.437403400309119%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.165378670788254%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.465224111282843%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21,768.39\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.228748068006183%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.145\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.31066460587326%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e482.22\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.39258114374034%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e167.79\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.437403400309119%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.165378670788254%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRL + AR + BM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.465224111282843%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31,930.52\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.228748068006183%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.213\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.31066460587326%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e374.38\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.39258114374034%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e159.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.437403400309119%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.165378670788254%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRL + AR + BSt\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.465224111282843%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67,793.18\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.228748068006183%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.452\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.31066460587326%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e370.82\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.39258114374034%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e155.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.437403400309119%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.165378670788254%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRL + AR + ECM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.465224111282843%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44,265.13\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.228748068006183%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.295\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.31066460587326%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e388.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.39258114374034%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e167.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"biofertilizer, effluents, handmade paper, PGPR, chilli","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4231985/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4231985/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eEffluents pose a great concern for each and every industry including the paper mills. The effluents of papermaking industry need attention due to their dark colors and alkaline nature which on disposal may destroy the biodiversity and aesthetic value of any water body. Due to the non-woody raw materials with minimum chemicals, effluents of handmade paper industry are rich in organic matter and less toxic and less harmful compared to the conventional paper mills. Therefore, the present study was taken up with an aim to utilize effluents of handmade papermaking from cow dung as liquid biofertilizers. For this, the effluent was enriched with selected Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) and then used to study its plant growth promoting traits with the seeds of NU1919 variety in Green chilli (\u003cem\u003eCapsicum frutescens\u003c/em\u003e) plants using four treatments in triplicates with the Random Block Design.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of plant growth promotion (viz. number of fruits per plant, average pedicel, average fruit length, fruit yield per plant and average plant height) were found to be best in Set D where a consortium of \u003cem\u003eAzotobacter sp\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eEnterobacter sps\u003c/em\u003e was used along with un-autoclaved effluent (RL). However, average girth and average fruit weight (fresh and dry weight) were maximum in Set B where \u003cem\u003eAzotobacter\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eBacillus megaterium\u003c/em\u003e were used for modifying RL. On analysis of biochemical attributes of chilli harvest, Vitamin A was found to be maximum in the case of Set A where RL (as such) was used as a biofertilizer, whereas, Vitamin C was found to be almost equal in Set A (167.79 mg/100gm) and Set D (167.30 mg/100gm). The Set C (\u003cem\u003eBacillus\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003eAzotobacter\u003c/em\u003e) showed maximum capsaicinoid content (67,793.18 SHU). Thus the handmade paper industry effluents have been found to be suitable for their biofertilizer use in cultivation of chilli (\u003cem\u003eCapsicum frutescence\u003c/em\u003e) plants.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Enrichment of the Waste Effluents of Handmade Paper Industry for Biofertilizer Use in Green Chili Plants","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-06-13 21:07:16","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4231985/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"06646c97-2d05-46c5-8b65-13b14855d624","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 13th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-06-24T07:30:39+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-06-13 21:07:16","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4231985","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4231985","identity":"rs-4231985","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}