Evaluation of Pre and Post-Emergence Herbicides: It’s Effect on Weed Dynamics, Yield, and Yield Components of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in Awi Zone, Northwestern Ethiopia

Evaluation of Pre and Post-Emergence Herbicides: It’s Effect on Weed Dynamics, Yield, and Yield Components of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in Awi Zone, Northwestern Ethiopia | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Evaluation of Pre and Post-Emergence Herbicides: It’s Effect on Weed Dynamics, Yield, and Yield Components of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in Awi Zone, Northwestern Ethiopia Abebe Yilma, Demekech Wendaferew, Nardos Debebe, Yekoye Abebaw, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6004685/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Field experiments were conducted to evaluate different herbicides’ efficacy and their effect on yield and yield component of barley. Results of the experiment revealed that the dry weight of weeds, yield and most yield components of barley were significantly affected by the type of herbicides applied. Thus, the maximum weed dry weight of 206.7 gm -2 was recorded from the weedy check followed by plots treated with crop star 93.1gm -2 in Guagusa Shikudad. However, the least was obtained from plot treated with two times hand weeding (26.23 gm -2 ) in Banja district next to dry weight of weeds from the weed-free check (0.00gm -2 ). Besides, the maximum grain yield of 3238.9kg ha -1 and 3220kg ha -1 , respectively was recorded from weed-free checks and plot received musket power treatment at Banja. The application of Musket power expressed the maximum marginal rate of return (174.61) and net benefit, reflecting effective management of weeds in barley. grain yield weed control efficiency weed dry weight and weed free Figures Figure 1 INTRODUCTION Barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) is one of the world’s most important cereal crop with an estimated area coverage of 47.1 million hectares and about 154.9 million tons of annual production during 2022–2023 production season (Martínez-Moreno et al. 2024). It is a crop with wider adaptability to different conditions, growing in environments with subarctic to subtropical climates, and in irrigated or dry land areas (Galon et al. 2023). In the African continent, Ethiopia is among the top five largest producers of barley ranked second after Morocco, with estimated area coverage, production, and grain yield of 0.96 million hectares, 2.4 million tons, and 2.45 t ha -1 respectively in 2021/2 (FAOSTAT, 2023). The annual average national productivity of the crop is only 2.5 t ha -1 (CSA, 2020) which is far below the world’s average productivity of 2.98 t ha -1 (FAOSTAT, 2023). This low productivity could be partially attributed to poor weed management, which results in high grain yield loss due to competition for nutrients, water, space and light. Weeds are among the major constraints to any crop production system, reducing productivity and profitability (Sharma et al. 2021). Yield loss of barley due to weed interference ranges from 14–60% depending on the location, type of weed, and other favorable biophysical factors (Negewo et al. 2011). Weeds cause massive grain yield losses in barley reaching up to 48.9% when the crop has received no weed management alternatives (Metwally, et al. 2000). Weed infestation can also cause severe allelopathic effects, harbor insect pests and diseases (Farooq et al. 2020) which can result in a decrease in barley grain yield of up to 78% (Mahajan et al. 2020). Effective weed management is critical in enhancing yield production and maintaining productivity (Kumar Reddy et al. 2022). Weeds in barley can be managed by employing different management practices including cultural, physical, chemical, and integrated weed management methods. Manual weed management is labor intensive and therefore limits the production area (Kalita et al. 2014; Sunil Kumar Verma 2008). Weed management using herbicide on the other hand is the most common, efficient, and economical means (Hussain et al. 2008). In many barley-producing areas, barley fields are mostly treated with broadleaf herbicides which are no longer effective against grassy weeds and competition from grassy weeds is the main factor that adversely affects barley production (Kanatas et al. 2020). Under partial weed management, it is common to observe barley fields infested with grass weeds, causing yield losses of up to 60% in some barley-growing areas of Ethiopia (Hailye et al. 1998) Most broadleaf weeds are effectively controlled by hand weeding because, they are easier to identify and cheaply available 2, 4-D herbicides. However, no effective and applicable technology has yet been adopted to control grass weed species in barley in these areas. Hand weeding has proven in adequate for controlling most grasses like wild oat, darnel weed and palaris which closely resemble the barley crop and inflict significant damage by competing throughout the growing. Hence, the introduction of any revised weed management technology which is economically and agronomical feasible, such as combination of herbicides and/or with hand weeding should be investigated for western Oromia barley growing areas. Today, grass and sedge weeds are more problematic in barley production than broadleaf species because of the selective nature of available herbicides and the difficulties of distinguishing between species while hand weeding. Methodology Description of the experimental site Field experiments were conducted at the Banja and Guagusa Shikudad districts in Awi administrative zone for two consecutive main cropping seasons of 2021 and 2022. Banja is one of the districts in Awi administrative zone with about 38.3% of the land is devoted to crop production. Its geographic location lies between 9°12'30" and 9°35'0" N latitude and 41°29'0"E and 41°49'30"E longitude with an attitude that extends between 2502–2792 meters above sea level (Selomon Afework Yenesew, Yihenew G. Selassie, Workineh Ejigu, Tirusew Abere 2024). Banja district comprises 25 rural and 1 urban kebeles with a total area estimated 47,915.8 ha. About 80% of the area is highland while the remaining 20% consist of middle highland (Mengstu et al. 2023). According to Awi Administrative Zone Agriculture unit (2021) rainfall data, the district receives an average annual rainfall of 1215 mm and mean minimum and maximum temperature of 9.4°C and 26°C respectively (BDAO, 2022). The district is blessed with diverse soil types including Nitisols, Fluvisols, Acrisols and Gleysols accounting about 63, 21, 13, and 1% of the area, respectively (Ding et al. 2023). The major crops suitably grown in the district includes barley, wheat, maize, sorghum faba bean, haricot bean and chat crops (MDARO, 2021). Guagusa Shikudad district is also located in Awi zone neighbor to Banja district with the total land area of 42,936 ha. It suited to altitude ranges from 1780 to 2660 m.a.s.l. and geographically laid at 9°0'0"N latitude and 41°0'0"E longitude. It’s mean annual rainfall and temperature is 751.3 mm and 21.5°C, respectively (GSDA, 2023). Climatic condition of the study area is characterized by cool humid with annual average night and day temperatures of 10.2°C and 22.4°C, respectively, receiving mean total annual rainfall of 2492 mm (Alemayehu et al. 2020). The soil physicochemical properties of the area is combination of low in organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorous, and exchangeable potassium with moderately acidic pH and moderate CEC with compacted bulk density of 1.37 gcm − 3 (Alemayehu et al. 2020). Treatments and experimental design There were a total of ten treatments and were randomly arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The treatments were one time hand weeding; two times hand weeding, musket power, herb set, herb nock, weed nock, weed free check and crop star, weedy check (negative control), and linkoset. Table 1. Different names, Active ingredients and mode of application of herbicides Herbicide application Techniques and Procedures Three of the pre-emergent herbicides were incorporated at the time of second plow 2 weeks before sowing. However remainder three herbicides with post-emergent characteristics were applied in the form of foliar spray after 35 days after emergence during the critical periods of weed competition in barley. Foliar spray was made using hand sprayer targeting the specific plot to minimize drift effect to the non-targeted adjacent experimental plots. Application rate and dose of herbicides were implemented based on the recommended rate separately for each type. Apart from time of herbicides application, first hand weeding was applied 35 days after emergence and second hand weeding was employed after 14 days of firs weeding. The weed-free check was entirely free from weeds throughout the growing periods. Management of the experiment and Data Collection The experimental field was plowed and harrowed to a fine tilth to the recommended level of barley seed bed. It was ploughed two times to prepare the seedbed well and seeds were sown on well-prepared seed bed in rows at the rate of two seeds per hill and later on thinned to one plant per hill. Moreover, all other necessary agronomic and field management practices were carried out as per the recommendation for the study area. All relevant data on weeds in weed species in the field, weed density, dry weight of weeds and weed control efficiency of herbicides were recorded carefully in each respective treatments. On top of that agronomic parameters like plant height, tiller number, days to 50% maturity, spike length, number of grain per spike, 100 seeds weight, grain yield, above ground biomass and harvest index was recorded in their respective units of measurement. Besides, the percent grain yield loss due to weeds was computed for each treatment. Finally, partial economic analysis was performed to screen out the best economical, effective and efficient herbicide for weed management in barley. Weed Management Parameters WCE (weed control efficiency): it is the magnitude of weed reduction due to weed control treatments and is calculated by $$\:\text{W}\text{D}\text{C}=\frac{WDC-WDT}{WDC}*100$$ 1 Where WCE denotes weed control efficiency, WDC denotes weed dry matter in weedy check, and WDT denotes weed dry matter in a particular treatment. Where; YT denotes yield from treatment, YC denotes yield from control, WDT denotes weed dry matter in treatment, and WDC denotes weed dry matter in control. Phenology and Growth Parameters Days to 50% heading (DH)- It was recorded by counting the number of days from the date of sowing to the time when the ears or panicles were fully visible or produced head above the sheath of the flag leaf on 50% of the plants from each net plot. Days to 90% physiological maturity (DPM) was recorded by including the number of days from the date of sowing to the time when the grain hardened and becomes dry and brittle in 90% of the plants in a net plot area. Plant height (cm): from the net plot area, average height of ten randomly selected plants of each plot was measured in centimeters from the ground or base to the tip of the panicle at maturity. Yield Attributes and Yields of Barley The average total number and productive tillers were counted from 1.0 m length of two randomly taken samples in each net plot area at harvesting and converted to meter square (m − 2 ). The number of grains per spike was taken randomly from 20 spikes from each plot. Thousand grains were counted after threshing at random from each plot, and their weight was measured with a sensitive balance in gram. Grain yield (kg ha − 1 )- grain yield was measured by taking the weight of the grains threshed from the net plot area of each plot and converted to kilograms per hectare after adjusting the grain moisture content to 12.5%. Aboveground dry biomass (kg ha − 1 ): total biomass or biological yield was measured in gram by weighting the sun-dried total aboveground dry biomass (straw + grain) from the net plot area of each plot and converted to kilograms per hectare measured at harvest. Harvest index was determined as the grain yield to aboveground dry biomass and expressed as percentage. Statistical analysis The collected data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SAS (version 9.2) software. Mean comparison among all treatments was performed using least significant difference (LSD) test at 5% level of significance upon the presence of significant difference between treatments after ANOVA test. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Weed flora of the experimental sites A total of 16 herbaceous weed species belonging to 9 different botanical families were recorded in both experimental sites with slight variations in their densities, and botanical families. The highest proportion of weeds was found to be broad-leaved weeds accounted 62.5% and 25% grassy weeds. Among the predominant weed species competing vigorously based on their density were Lolium tomulentum (26.7), Plantago lanceolata (24), and Avena fatua (22.5). However, the least populated densities were recorded for Rumix spp. L (1.6) Commelina benghalensis L (4.7) and Digitaria abyssinica (5.7) (Table 2 ). The highest densities of Lolium tomulentum and Avena fatua in barley could be due to mimicry, morphological similarities, and needs for microclimate from barley and similar growth factor requirements. The density of weeds in barley fields was fairly comparable to the finding of (Kebede et al. 2017) who reported that weed density in barley ranged from 13.3 in plots weeded two times to 49.5 in weedy check. Additionally, (Kebede et al. 2017) reported 18 weed species belonging to 10 families accounted for 61% broadleaf and 39% grasses in barley fields of Shambo and Gedio, Westen Ethiopia. Moreover, (Galon et al. 2023) reported that Avena fatua L., Lolium tomulentum , and Palaris minor L. were among the most common weed species scattered in barley fields. Table 2 Weed species, botanical families, and their respective densities infesting barley fields in Banja and Guagussa Shikudad districts during the study period. Weed species Families Density (m- 2 ) Growth habit x Commelina benghalensis L Commelinaceae 4.7 Broad leaved y Rumix spp. L. Papaveraceae 1.6 Broad leaved z Galinsoga parviflora Cav. Asteraceae 10 Broad leaved z Lolium tomulentum L. Poaceae 26.7 Broad leaved z Plantago lanceolata L. Plantaginaceae 24 Broad leaved z Digitaria abyssinica L. Poaceae 5.7 Grassy y Scorpiurus muricatus L. Fabaceae 8.7 Broad leaved z Galinsoga parviflora Cav. AAsteraceae 6.2 Broad leaved z Cyperus esculentus L. Cyperaceae 7.3 Sedge and perennial z Cyperus rotundes L. Cyperaceae 13.3 Sedge perennial z Cynodon dactylon L. Poaceae 10.7 Grassy perennials z Medicago polymorpha L. Fabaceae 10.7 Broad leaved z Palaris paradoxa Poaceae 9.4 Grassy and annual y Amaranthus hybridus L. Amaranthaceae 9.3 Broad leaved x Guizotia scabra L. Asteraceae 9.3 Broad leaved z Erucastrum arabicum Fisch & mey. Crucifereae 8 Broad leaved z Avena fatua L. Poaceae 22.5 Grassy annual x represent weed species found only in Banja site; y Weed species in Guagusashikudad only and z weed species recorded in both location 4.2. Weed dry weight and Weed Control Efficiency of herbicides Combined analysis over the year for each district indicated that weed dry weight was highly significantly (P < 0.001) influenced by the application of different herbicides. The highest weed dry weight (206.7 gm- 2 and 179.7 gm- 2 ) was recorded at weedy check followed by a plot treated with crop star (93.1 and 91.5gm − 2 ) in Guagusa Shikudad and Banja districts respectively which was statistically similar with weed dry weight obtained from plots received one time hand weeding in both locations. Conversely, the minimum dry weight (26.4 gm − 2 and 38.9 gm − 2 ) was obtained at plots weeded two times in Banja and Guagusa shikudad respectively though the 0.00 gm − 2 is common in weed-free checks in both locations (Table 2 ). The weed control efficiency of herbicides also significantly differed (P < 0.001). Thus, two times hand weeding (84.1%) followed by plots received Musket power application (81.3%) expressed the maximum weed control efficiency in Banja district whereas the least was recorded from weed nock herbicides (47.8%) after weedy check (0%) in Guagusa Shikudad district. The significant difference in weed dry weight could be due to the interference of weeds as influenced by weed management and herbicide efficacy. The weed-free plot which is statistically no longer significant to plots treated with Musket power and two times hand weeding exhibited the lowest weed dry weight and highest weed control efficiency, highlighting the substantial yield potential that can be realized through effective weed management. Table 3 Mean summary of Weed dry weight, weed control efficiency of treatments in barley @ Banja and Guagusa shikudad district during 2021/2022 Treatments Banja Guagusa Shikudad WDW WCE WDW WCE One time hand weeding 86.65 bc 49.73 de 90.5 abc 46.19 cd Lincoset 43.14 cd 75.3 bc 72.8 cd 60.11 cd Crop star 91.5 bc 49.28 de 93.1 ab 55.47 de Two times hand weeding 26.44 ef 84.14 ab 38.9 e 76.11 bc Museket Power 32.22 ef 81.3 bc 41.33 e 75.59 bc Herbiset 42.3 ef 77.4 bc 62.3 cd 63.94 b Herbnock 50.93 de 71.36 bc 53.9 de 69.52 b Weedy check (negative control) 179.7 a 0.00 i 206.7 a 0.00 d Weednock 66.69 cd 60.1 cd 82.1 c 47.83 cd Weed-free (Positive control) 0 g 100 a 0 f 100 a P value < 0.0001 < 0.001 < 0.0001 < 0.005 LSD (5%) 21.7 16.8 16.5 19.4 CV (%) 23.7 7.6 13.7 14.2 Where, WDW = weed dry weight; WCE = weed control efficiency and WI = weed index; Means with the different letters in the same columns are statistically significant, whereas means with same letters in the same columns are statistically not significant. In general, weed dry weight was decreased with herbicides having high weed control efficiency and increased with herbicides retaining lower weed control efficiency. In weedy checks and herbicides with low weed control efficiency, the weeds might have exerted severe competition and utilized the growth factors for a longer period, which results in accumulating more dry matter unlike in the case of herbicides which retained higher weed control efficiency. The presence of weed species with varying sensitivities to herbicides can influence the overall weed dry weight and weed control efficiency. The weeds germinated and existed in plots treated with less effective herbicides have become a less competitive advantage which brings suppression of weeds growth by the crop. Thus, the newly emerged weeds are less competent under stress leading to accumulating lower dry weight. In line with this result, (Smitchger et al. 2012) revealed that the density and dry weight of weeds were inversely proportional to the increase in weed removal periods. Similarly (Abebe Yilma et al. 2018) reported that weed dry weight decreased as the weed-free period was prolonged and increased in the increasing duration of weed competition. Moreover, it is reported that seedbed preparation and herbicide application significantly affect the competitive ability of barley against grass weeds and broadleaf weeds as well (Kanatas et al. 2020). Two times hand weeding and plots treated with Musket power showed promising results in reducing weed dry weight and increasing weed control efficiency, reflecting its potential as an effective weed management alternative in the study sites. This finding aligns with the report of from Scursoni et al. (2011) which revealed that the weed control efficiency of herbicides varied significantly against wild oat in both barley and wheat. The significant variation in weed control efficiency observed across different herbicides emphasizes the importance of site-specific weed management strategies. This finding is also in the same page to (Al-Ziady and Shati 2019) who reported significant weed dry weight and weed control efficiency variation increase in barley with application of varying herbicides, demonstrating the potential of herbicides in managing weeds. 4.3. Yield and Yield Component of Barley All herbicidal and hand-weeding treatments showed superiority in all yield-related traits of barley compared to weedy check across locations, though biological yield and straw yield at Banja district is non-significant. The maximum number of tillers (3.67); spike length (6.54cm), number of grains per spike (36.07), and plant height (102.3) were recorded from the weed-free check which showed statistical similarity to plots weeded two times manually, and plots treated with musket power all at Guagusa shikudad district. In Banja district, a similar trend was observed for the aforementioned yield attributes of barley. The analysis of variance showed that grain yield and harvesting index were highly significant (P < 0.001) among the different herbicidal and hand weeding treatments. The highest grain yield (3238.4 and 3220 kgha − 1 ) was recorded from weed-free checks at Guagusa shikudad and Banja respectively, followed by two times hand weeding with a mean yield of 3124.4 and 3031.5 kg ha − 1 at Guagusa Shikudad and Banja respectively which was statistically similar with the yield obtained from plots treated with Musket power herbicide (Tables 3 and 4 ). The highest yield and yield attributes attained from two times hand weeding and Musket power treated plots could be due to high weed reduction potentials enabling them to effectively suppress weeds of diversified flora leading to accumulation of dry matter by the barley crop. All herbicidal treatments and hand weeding significantly gave higher grain yield over the weedy check (Metwally et al. 2000). Isoproturon and Bromofenoxin at high doses were the best treatments, producing the highest grain yield compared to the other weed management treatments. Such superiority is attributed to higher grain yield per unit area, which might have resulted from better weed control (Metwally, et al. 2000). Further to this, it is documented that grain yield of 4312.5 and 4382.6 kg ha − 1 was achieved from two times hand weeding in Shambo and Gedo districts respectively which gave yield advantage of 42.4% and 36.6% in the respective districts (Kebede et al. 2017). Likewise, (Scursoni et al. 2011) reported that the yield of barley was significantly impacted by the type of herbicides, reflecting the direct impact of weeds on the yield of barley. This aligns with the finding of (Kebede et al. 2017) who reported a substantial yield reduction in barley due to increased weed competition in the Ethiopian Highlands. This emphasizes the critical need for effective weed control to achieve remarkable grain yield of barley. Table 4 Effect of weed management on yield and yield component of barley at Banja district Treatments TNr PH SL GrN BiY StY GY HI 1HW 2.38 gh 94.03 ef 5.22 ef 26.08 d 9052.4 a 6765.3 a 2287.1 abc 31.15 ab Lincoset 3.01 de 96.00 cd 5.523 abc 32.04 bc 8750.2 a 6565.4 a 2715.7 bc 27.07 cde Crop star 2.26 h 91.95 f 5.17 fg 26.71 de 8859.7 a 6713.9 a 2145.7 d 29.09 f 2HW 3.48 ab 100.4 ab 5.84 a 35.00 a 9603.0 a 6571.9 a 3031.5 abc 35.44 a Museket P 3.26 abc 101.19 a 5.97 a 35.32 a 8956.7 a 5949.8 a 3006.8 abc 28.97 ab Herbiset 3.03 cd 96.19 bc 5.73 ab 32.06 bc 9043.0 a 6519.3 a 2523.7 cd 28.05 ab Herbnock 2.81 def 97.35 d 5.28 de 29.80 d 8850.8 a 6485.5 a 2365.3 bc 25.94 bc Weedy 1.88 g 95.18 f 4.56 g 24.22 de 8662.9 a 6625.2 a 2037.6 cd 24.85 bc Weednock 2.51 ef 92.97 de 4.05 cd 28.91 d 9215.3 a 6825.6 a 2389.8 cd 28.56 ab Weed free 3.68 a 105.55 a 6.17 a 36.78 a 9211.6 a 7117.1 a 3220.5 a 31.3 ab P value < 0.0016 < 0.001 < 0.001 < .0001 0.28 0.41 < 0.0002 < 0.006 LSD (5%) 0.49 6.11 0.62 2.52 1064 1386.5 409.6.12 5.2 CV (%) 9.7 5.93 6.43 5.02 14.6 12.7 11.906 7.25 Where; TN = tiller number; PH = plant height; SL = spike length; GrN = grain number; BiY = Biomass yield; ST = straw yield; GY = grain yield; WDW = weed dry weight; Means followed by the same letters in the same column are not significantly different. Table 5 Combined mean summary of yield and yield component of barley @ Guagusa Shikudad district Treatments Tiller PH SL GrN BioY StY GY HI 1HW 2.64 cd 89.23 de 5.29 bc 26.85 cd 10037 ab 7465.9 c 2571.3 bcd 25.74 a Lincoset 3.12 bc 96.37 bc 5.65 bc 31.06 bc 10443.5 ab 79426 ab 2470.9 bcd 23.71 bc Crop star 2.33 cd 91.45 de 5.06 cd 26.55 cde 9697.2 ab 7224.4 bc 2472.7 bc 25.78 ab 2HW 3.47 ab 99.8 ab 6.13 a 34.33 a 10935 ab 7810.5 ab 3124.4 a 28.72 a Museket P 3.30 ab 102 a 6.07 a 34.42 a 10963.5 ab 8002.9 ab 2960.3 b 27.18 a Herbiset 3.26 ab 98.8 bc 5.96 ab 32.13 ab 10558.4 ab 7845.7 ab 2712.8 bc 25.77 bc Herbnock 2.93 bc 95.2 bc 5.18 bc 30.22 bc 10287.6 ab 7557.3 ab 2730.2 bc 26.56 ab Weedy 1.86 e 84.5 f 4.69 cd 23.86 e 8858.4 b 6625.4 bc 2233 cde 25.37 ab Weednock 2.72 cd 94.1 cd 6.54 a 29.33 bcd 10154.6 ab 7621.6 ab 2533.5 bc 24.97 ab Weed free 3.67 a 102.3 a 5.78 bc 34.77 a 11540.1 a 8302.4 a 3238.4 a 28.44 a P value < 0.0001 < 0.001 < 0.0001 < 0.006 0.003 0.0012 < 0.00015 < 0.01 LSD (5%) 0.49 4.8 0.54 2.9 1094 1003.5 407.6 3.6 CV (%) 6.36 2.93 6.7 7.5 10.4 7.762 8.7 8.81 Where; TN = tiller number; PH = plant height; SL = spike length; GrN = grain number; BioY = Biomass yield; ST = straw yield; GY = grain yield; WDW = weed dry weight; Means followed by the same letters in the same column are not significantly different. Partial budget analysis The economic feasibility of treatments was determined based on net benefit analysis and marginal rate of return following the procedure developed by CIMMYT (1988). A partial budget analysis was done for the evaluation of herbicides and weeding frequency. The cost and benefit of each treatment were analyzed partially, and the marginal rate of return was computed by considering the variable cost available in the respective treatment. The cost-benefit analysis included input variable costs for herbicides, labor for hand weeding, and day labor for herbicide spraying. The result of the economic inquiry showed that the uppermost total variable cost (68.0 $ ) was recorded from weed-free check followed by herb nock application which was registered with a variable cost of 43.75 $ ha − 1 (Table 6 ). The economic analysis revealed that the weed free treatment demonstrated economic dominance, with a high net benefit of USD 1082.98 ha − 1 . Additionally, the two times hand-weeding and the application of musket power herbicide achieved net benefits of USD 1039.12 ha − 1 and 1008.28 ha − 1 , respectively. The maximum (174.6) marginal rate of return was noted from plots treated with Musket power followed by Lincoset with the value of 126.84 (Table 6 ). This indicates that the application of Musket power not only provided the highest financial return but also established itself as the most economically viable option for weed management in barley production. The highest net benefit and positive marginal rate of return for the weed free treatment indicates its superior economic performance compared to other treatments, despite potentially higher labor costs associated with manual weeding. This finding highlights the importance of considering yield and economic factors when evaluating the most suitable weed control strategies for barley production. Table 6 Net benefit, marginal rate of return and dominancy analysis of each treatmentsas influenced by weed management alternatives. Treatments Adjusted yield (kg ha-1) Total variable cost ( $ ) Gross Benefit ( $ ) Net benefit ( $ ) MRR Dominance Weedy check 2135.3 0.00 750.69 750.69 1 time hand-weeding 2429.2 35.16 854.02 818.86 1.94 Crop star 2309.2 39.06 811.83 772.76 -11.80 D Lincoset 2593.3 39.85 911.71 871.86 126.845 Museket Power 2983.55 40.63 1048.9 1008.28 174.613 Weednock 2461.65 40.63 865.42 824.80 -234.855 D 2 times hand-weeding 3077.95 42.97 1082.09 1039.12 91.445 Herbiset 2618.25 43.48 920.48 877.00 -319.254 D Herbnock 2547.75 43.75 895.69 851.94 -91.643 Weed-free check 3229.45 68.00 1135.35 1082.98 26.78668 Where, MRR = marginal rate of return; D = dominated CONCLUSION Weeds adversely affect barley production in barley producing area of Ethiopia and effective management is crucial to maintain barley production and productivity. The result of this experiment clearly confirmed that application of musket power was quite effective against major weeds in barley fields. It could be noted that the efficacy can be governed by heaps of factors including weed types and composition, weed density, dose and time of herbicide application and environmental condition. Although the weed-free plots gave the highest net returns, it is dominated in terms of marginal rate of return as it failed to retain remarkable marginal rate of return, reflecting its impractical phenomenon and served as a positive control for comparison. Therefore, musket power application is found to be effective and economically feasible for weed management in barley under the conditions of Banja and Guagusa Shikudad districts. Statements and Declarations ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are pleased to Injibara University for financing the study budget. The authors would also like to thank Injibara University Plant Science laboratory technical assistant for their tireless support and professional assistance during post-harvest measurement. Funding This research received no external funding Competing Interest All the authors declare that there is no known competing financial interest or personal relationship that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Author Contributions The corresponding author, Abebe Yilma was responsible for weed species identification, classification, and measurements. All the tasks starting from field to data analysis and write up were performed by all the named authors. Data Availability The data used to support the findings of this study can be provided from corresponding author up on reasonable request via email. References Abebe Yilma, Tamado, T., & Mashilla, D. (2018). Determination of Critical Period of Weed Competition in Faba bean (Vicia faba L .) at Haramaya , eastern Ethiopia. Pest Mgt. J. Eth , 21 , 99–114. Al-Ziady, S. H., & Shati, R. K. (2019). Effect of six herbicides to control the wild barley and other weeds accompanied with wheat. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science , 388 (1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/388/1/012039 Alemayehu, G., Shibabaw, A., Adgo, E., Asch, F., & Freyer, B. (2020). Crop rotation and organic matter application restore soil health and productivity of degraded highland crop farms in northwest Ethiopia. Cogent Food and Agriculture , 6 (1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2020.1831124 Central Statistical Agency ( CSA). (2020). The Federa Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Report on Area and Production of Majr Crops (Vol. I). Ding, Z., Ren, B., Chen, Y., Yang, Q., & Zhang, M. (2023). Chemical and Biological Response of Four Soil Types to Lime Application: An Incubation Study. Agronomy , 13 (2). https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13020504 FAOSTAT (2023). FAO Statistical Databases (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) . http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC. Farooq, N., Abbas, T., Tanveer, A., & Jabran, K. (2020). Allelopathy for Weed Management. Reference Series in Phytochemistry , 505–519. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96397-6_16 Galon, L., Marcos, A., Franceschetti, M. B., Weirich, S. N., Toso, J. O., Tonin, R. J., & Perin, F. (2023). Selectivity and efficacy of herbicides applied on barley for weed control, (Conab 2022). Hailye, A., Verkuijl, H., Mwangi, W., & Verkuijl, H. (1998). Farmers ’ Wheat Seed Sources and Seed Management in the Enebssie Area , Ethiopia Farmers ’ Wheat Seed Sources . Hussain, Z., Marwat, K. B., Ishfaq, S., Shah, A., Arifullah, S. A., & Khan, N. M. (2008). Evaluation of different herbicides for weed control in onion. Sarhad journal of agriculture , 24 (3), 453–456. Kalita, S., Phukan, J., Deka, P., & Dutta, P. K. (2014). Weed management in organic farming . Advances in Organic Farming: Crop Production and Management . https://doi.org/10.15740/has/ijas/17.2/712-718 Kanatas, P. J., Travlos, I. S., Gazoulis, J., Antonopoulos, N., Tsekoura, A., Tataridas, A., & Zannopoulos, S. (2020). The combined effects of false seedbed technique , post-emergence chemical control and cultivar on weed management and yield of barley in Greece. Kebede, M., Bidira, T., Gerama, G., Chemeda, G., Mamo, K., Debela, M., & Fayisa, H. (2017). Effect of Various Weed Management Options on Weeds and Yield of Barley ( Hordeum vulgare L .) at Shambo and Gedo , Western Oromia, 7 (21), 74–83. www.iiste.org Kumar Reddy, K. K., Vani, K. P., Sudhakar, C., Babu, P. S., & Triveni, S. (2022). Effect of Tillage and Weed Management Practices on Yield and Economics of Maize. International Journal of Environment and Climate Change , 9 (6), 25–32. https://doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2022/v12i130610 Mahajan, G., Hickey, L., & Chauhan, B. S. (2020). Response of barley genotypes to weed interference in Australia. Agronomy , 10 (1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10010099 Martínez-Moreno, F., Solís, I., & Igartua, E. (2024). Barley History and Breeding in Spain. Agriculture (Switzerland) , 14 (10), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14101674 Mengstu, M., Alemu, A., Dagnew, A., & Worku, C. (2023). Determinants of the Market Outlet Choice of Bamboo Culms (Yushania alpine) Producers in Banja District, Western Ethiopia. International Journal of Forestry Research , 2023 . https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/5578146 Metwally, G., Hassan, A., & Ahmed, S. (2000). Influence of Some Herbicides on Barley Yield, Yield Components and the Common Associated Weeds. Journal of Plant Production , 25 (10), 6009–6019. https://doi.org/10.21608/jpp.2000.259742 Negewo, T., Feyissa, A., & Zemichael4, M. L. and B. (2011). Bayeh Mulatu and Stefania Grando Barley research and development in Ethiopia . Barley Research and Development in Ethiopia . Scursoni, J. A., Martín, A., Catanzaro, M. P., Quiroga, J., & Goldar, F. (2011). Evaluation of post-emergence herbicides for the control of wild oat (Avena fatua L.) in wheat and barley in Argentina. Crop Protection , 30 (1), 18–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2010.09.003 Selomon Afework Yenesew, Yihenew G. Selassie, Workineh Ejigu, Tirusew Abere, M. L. and A. A. (2024). E ff ectiveness of micro-dosing of lime on selected chemical properties of soil in Banja District , North West Ethiopia Selomon Afework Yenesew*, Yihenew G. Selassie, Workineh Ejigu, Tirusew Abere, Mekuanint Lewoyehu and Asmare Adegeh. Open Agriculture . Sharma, G., Shrestha, S., Kunwar, S., & Tseng, T. M. (2021). Crop diversification for improved weed management: A review. Agriculture (Switzerland) , 11 (5), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11050461 Smitchger, J. A., Burke, I. C., & Yenish, J. P. (2012). The Critical Period of Weed Control in Lentil ( Lens culinaris ) in the Pacific Northwest . Weed Science , 60 (1), 81–85. https://doi.org/10.1614/ws-d-11-00069.1 Sunil Kumar Verma, S. B. S. O. p R. (2008). Verma 2008. Indian Journal of Agricultural Science. Table 1 Table 1 is not available with this version. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6004685","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":414562372,"identity":"72919e54-710a-49ba-9230-ed711724da94","order_by":0,"name":"Abebe Yilma","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABAElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACCQY2BoYCBgZ+Zsb2Dx+AAmzsRGkxYGCQbG8+xjgDpIWZWC0GZ46lMfOARAhp4Z/dfOzBDwObaIYbOWaPbX5tk+djZmD88DEHjyV3jqUb9hik5TbOyDE3zu27bdjGzMAsOXMbHmuAhkvwGBzObZbIMZDO7bnNCNTCxsyLR4v8jfxvkn8M/ue2gbRY9ty2J6jF4EYOmzSPwYHcHp5jadIMP24nEtRieOeYubGMQXLuDPbmw4a9DbeT25gZm/H6Re5287OHbyrscvcfZmx88OPPbdv57c0HP3zE530UwNgGJhuIVQ8Cf0hRPApGwSgYBSMFAAAEEFOHcDFaXwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"injibara University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Abebe","middleName":"","lastName":"Yilma","suffix":""},{"id":414562373,"identity":"05fe90ac-43e6-4d83-ae5e-f0afdfb22b31","order_by":1,"name":"Demekech Wendaferew","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"injibara University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Demekech","middleName":"","lastName":"Wendaferew","suffix":""},{"id":414562374,"identity":"7090e530-044a-44b5-9786-fb563b11e4c2","order_by":2,"name":"Nardos Debebe","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"injibara University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nardos","middleName":"","lastName":"Debebe","suffix":""},{"id":414562375,"identity":"5b4db23d-6c60-46dc-bed4-607ac9d28735","order_by":3,"name":"Yekoye Abebaw","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"injibara University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yekoye","middleName":"","lastName":"Abebaw","suffix":""},{"id":414562376,"identity":"c6f309eb-8866-484b-8227-d4b7f7bce1c0","order_by":4,"name":"Yibeltal Tilahun","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"injibara University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yibeltal","middleName":"","lastName":"Tilahun","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-02-11 07:23:29","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6004685/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6004685/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":76470290,"identity":"c6723135-e11b-43aa-9a8d-bffddbe40048","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-17 12:55:16","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":206176,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMap of the study area\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6004685/v1/b7ad5b8128b33157f3bbcc68.png"},{"id":76470673,"identity":"59280a28-72b6-49f1-a10b-393316d99677","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-17 13:03:17","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1262021,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6004685/v1/7b6b0872-ea1a-4169-a902-93df4d612a3e.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Evaluation of Pre and Post-Emergence Herbicides: It’s Effect on Weed Dynamics, Yield, and Yield Components of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in Awi Zone, Northwestern Ethiopia","fulltext":[{"header":"INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eBarley (\u003cem\u003eHordeum vulgare\u003c/em\u003e L.) is one of the world\u0026rsquo;s most important cereal crop with an estimated area coverage of 47.1\u0026nbsp;million hectares and about 154.9\u0026nbsp;million tons of annual production during 2022\u0026ndash;2023 production season (Mart\u0026iacute;nez-Moreno et al. 2024). It is a crop with wider adaptability to different conditions, growing in environments with subarctic to subtropical climates, and in irrigated or dry land areas (Galon et al. 2023). In the African continent, Ethiopia is among the top five largest producers of barley ranked second after Morocco, with estimated area coverage, production, and grain yield of 0.96\u0026nbsp;million hectares, 2.4\u0026nbsp;million tons, and 2.45 t ha\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e respectively in 2021/2 (FAOSTAT, 2023). The annual average national productivity of the crop is only 2.5 t ha\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e (CSA, 2020) which is far below the world\u0026rsquo;s average productivity of 2.98 t ha\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e (FAOSTAT, 2023). This low productivity could be partially attributed to poor weed management, which results in high grain yield loss due to competition for nutrients, water, space and light.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeeds are among the major constraints to any crop production system, reducing productivity and profitability (Sharma et al. 2021). Yield loss of barley due to weed interference ranges from 14\u0026ndash;60% depending on the location, type of weed, and other favorable biophysical factors (Negewo et al. 2011). Weeds cause massive grain yield losses in barley reaching up to 48.9% when the crop has received no weed management alternatives (Metwally, et al. 2000). Weed infestation can also cause severe allelopathic effects, harbor insect pests and diseases (Farooq et al. 2020) which can result in a decrease in barley grain yield of up to 78% (Mahajan et al. 2020). Effective weed management is critical in enhancing yield production and maintaining productivity (Kumar Reddy et al. 2022). Weeds in barley can be managed by employing different management practices including cultural, physical, chemical, and integrated weed management methods. Manual weed management is labor intensive and therefore limits the production area (Kalita et al. 2014; Sunil Kumar Verma 2008). Weed management using herbicide on the other hand is the most common, efficient, and economical means (Hussain et al. 2008). In many barley-producing areas, barley fields are mostly treated with broadleaf herbicides which are no longer effective against grassy weeds and competition from grassy weeds is the main factor that adversely affects barley production (Kanatas et al. 2020). Under partial weed management, it is common to observe barley fields infested with grass weeds, causing yield losses of up to 60% in some barley-growing areas of Ethiopia (Hailye et al. 1998)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMost broadleaf weeds are effectively controlled by hand weeding because, they are easier to identify and cheaply available 2, 4-D herbicides. However, no effective and applicable technology has yet been adopted to control grass weed species in barley in these areas. Hand weeding has proven in adequate for controlling most grasses like wild oat, darnel weed and palaris which closely resemble the barley crop and inflict significant damage by competing throughout the growing. Hence, the introduction of any revised weed management technology which is economically and agronomical feasible, such as combination of herbicides and/or with hand weeding should be investigated for western Oromia barley growing areas. Today, grass and sedge weeds are more problematic in barley production than broadleaf species because of the selective nature of available herbicides and the difficulties of distinguishing between species while hand weeding.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methodology","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDescription of the experimental site\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eField experiments were conducted at the Banja and Guagusa Shikudad districts in Awi administrative zone for two consecutive main cropping seasons of 2021 and 2022. Banja is one of the districts in Awi administrative zone with about 38.3% of the land is devoted to crop production. Its geographic location lies between 9\u0026deg;12'30\" and 9\u0026deg;35'0\" N latitude and 41\u0026deg;29'0\"E and 41\u0026deg;49'30\"E longitude with an attitude that extends between 2502\u0026ndash;2792 meters above sea level (Selomon Afework Yenesew, Yihenew G. Selassie, Workineh Ejigu, Tirusew Abere 2024). Banja district comprises 25 rural and 1 urban kebeles with a total area estimated 47,915.8 ha. About 80% of the area is highland while the remaining 20% consist of middle highland (Mengstu et al. 2023). According to Awi Administrative Zone Agriculture unit (2021) rainfall data, the district receives an average annual rainfall of 1215 mm and mean minimum and maximum temperature of 9.4\u0026deg;C and 26\u0026deg;C respectively (BDAO, 2022). The district is blessed with diverse soil types including Nitisols, Fluvisols, Acrisols and Gleysols accounting about 63, 21, 13, and 1% of the area, respectively (Ding et al. 2023). The major crops suitably grown in the district includes barley, wheat, maize, sorghum faba bean, haricot bean and chat crops (MDARO, 2021).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGuagusa Shikudad district is also located in Awi zone neighbor to Banja district with the total land area of 42,936 ha. It suited to altitude ranges from 1780 to 2660 m.a.s.l. and geographically laid at 9\u0026deg;0'0\"N latitude and 41\u0026deg;0'0\"E longitude. It\u0026rsquo;s mean annual rainfall and temperature is 751.3 mm and 21.5\u0026deg;C, respectively (GSDA, 2023). Climatic condition of the study area is characterized by cool humid with annual average night and day temperatures of 10.2\u0026deg;C and 22.4\u0026deg;C, respectively, receiving mean total annual rainfall of 2492 mm (Alemayehu et al. 2020). The soil physicochemical properties of the area is combination of low in organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorous, and exchangeable potassium with moderately acidic pH and moderate CEC with compacted bulk density of 1.37 gcm\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3 (Alemayehu et al. 2020).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eTreatments and experimental design\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere were a total of ten treatments and were randomly arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The treatments were one time hand weeding; two times hand weeding, musket power, herb set, herb nock, weed nock, weed free check and crop star, weedy check (negative control), and linkoset.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;1. Different names, Active ingredients and mode of application of herbicides\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eHerbicide application Techniques and Procedures\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThree of the pre-emergent herbicides were incorporated at the time of second plow 2 weeks before sowing. However remainder three herbicides with post-emergent characteristics were applied in the form of foliar spray after 35 days after emergence during the critical periods of weed competition in barley. Foliar spray was made using hand sprayer targeting the specific plot to minimize drift effect to the non-targeted adjacent experimental plots. Application rate and dose of herbicides were implemented based on the recommended rate separately for each type. Apart from time of herbicides application, first hand weeding was applied 35 days after emergence and second hand weeding was employed after 14 days of firs weeding. The weed-free check was entirely free from weeds throughout the growing periods.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eManagement of the experiment and Data Collection\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe experimental field was plowed and harrowed to a fine tilth to the recommended level of barley seed bed. It was ploughed two times to prepare the seedbed well and seeds were sown on well-prepared seed bed in rows at the rate of two seeds per hill and later on thinned to one plant per hill. Moreover, all other necessary agronomic and field management practices were carried out as per the recommendation for the study area. All relevant data on weeds in weed species in the field, weed density, dry weight of weeds and weed control efficiency of herbicides were recorded carefully in each respective treatments. On top of that agronomic parameters like plant height, tiller number, days to 50% maturity, spike length, number of grain per spike, 100 seeds weight, grain yield, above ground biomass and harvest index was recorded in their respective units of measurement. Besides, the percent grain yield loss due to weeds was computed for each treatment. Finally, partial economic analysis was performed to screen out the best economical, effective and efficient herbicide for weed management in barley.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eWeed Management Parameters\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWCE (weed control efficiency): it is the magnitude of weed reduction due to weed control treatments and is calculated by\u003cdiv id=\"Equ1\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ1\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:\\text{W}\\text{D}\\text{C}=\\frac{WDC-WDT}{WDC}*100$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e1\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere WCE denotes weed control efficiency, WDC denotes weed dry matter in weedy check, and WDT denotes weed dry matter in a particular treatment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere; YT denotes yield from treatment, YC denotes yield from control, WDT denotes weed dry matter in treatment, and WDC denotes weed dry matter in control.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePhenology and Growth Parameters\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eDays to 50% heading (DH)- It was recorded by counting the number of days from the date of sowing to the time when the ears or panicles were fully visible or produced head above the sheath of the flag leaf on 50% of the plants from each net plot. Days to 90% physiological maturity (DPM) was recorded by including the number of days from the date of sowing to the time when the grain hardened and becomes dry and brittle in 90% of the plants in a net plot area. Plant height (cm): from the net plot area, average height of ten randomly selected plants of each plot was measured in centimeters from the ground or base to the tip of the panicle at maturity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eYield Attributes and Yields of Barley\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe average total number and productive tillers were counted from 1.0 m length of two randomly taken samples in each net plot area at harvesting and converted to meter square (m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e). The number of grains per spike was taken randomly from 20 spikes from each plot. Thousand grains were counted after threshing at random from each plot, and their weight was measured with a sensitive balance in gram. Grain yield (kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)- grain yield was measured by taking the weight of the grains threshed from the net plot area of each plot and converted to kilograms per hectare after adjusting the grain moisture content to 12.5%. Aboveground dry biomass (kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e): total biomass or biological yield was measured in gram by weighting the sun-dried total aboveground dry biomass (straw\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;grain) from the net plot area of each plot and converted to kilograms per hectare measured at harvest. Harvest index was determined as the grain yield to aboveground dry biomass and expressed as percentage.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe collected data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SAS (version 9.2) software. Mean comparison among all treatments was performed using least significant difference (LSD) test at 5% level of significance upon the presence of significant difference between treatments after ANOVA test.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS AND DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eWeed flora of the experimental sites\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 16 herbaceous weed species belonging to 9 different botanical families were recorded in both experimental sites with slight variations in their densities, and botanical families. The highest proportion of weeds was found to be broad-leaved weeds accounted 62.5% and 25% grassy weeds. Among the predominant weed species competing vigorously based on their density were \u003cem\u003eLolium tomulentum\u003c/em\u003e (26.7), \u003cem\u003ePlantago lanceolata\u003c/em\u003e (24), and \u003cem\u003eAvena fatua\u003c/em\u003e (22.5). However, the least populated densities were recorded for \u003cem\u003eRumix spp. L (1.6) Commelina benghalensis\u003c/em\u003e L (4.7) and \u003cem\u003eDigitaria abyssinica\u003c/em\u003e (5.7) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The highest densities of \u003cem\u003eLolium tomulentum\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eAvena fatua\u003c/em\u003e in barley could be due to mimicry, morphological similarities, and needs for microclimate from barley and similar growth factor requirements. The density of weeds in barley fields was fairly comparable to the finding of (Kebede et al. 2017) who reported that weed density in barley ranged from 13.3 in plots weeded two times to 49.5 in weedy check. Additionally, (Kebede et al. 2017) reported 18 weed species belonging to 10 families accounted for 61% broadleaf and 39% grasses in barley fields of Shambo and Gedio, Westen Ethiopia. Moreover, (Galon et al. 2023) reported that \u003cem\u003eAvena fatua\u003c/em\u003e L., \u003cem\u003eLolium tomulentum\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003ePalaris minor\u003c/em\u003e L. were among the most common weed species scattered in barley fields.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeed species, botanical families, and their respective densities infesting barley fields in Banja and Guagussa Shikudad districts during the study period.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeed species\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFamilies\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDensity (m-\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrowth habit\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ex\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003eCommelina benghalensis\u003c/em\u003e L\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommelinaceae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBroad leaved\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ey\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003eRumix spp. L.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePapaveraceae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBroad leaved\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ez\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003eGalinsoga parviflora\u003c/em\u003e Cav.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAsteraceae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBroad leaved\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ez\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003eLolium tomulentum L.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoaceae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBroad leaved\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ez\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003ePlantago lanceolata\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlantaginaceae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBroad leaved\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ez\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003eDigitaria abyssinica L.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoaceae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrassy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ey\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003eScorpiurus muricatus\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFabaceae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBroad leaved\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ez\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003eGalinsoga parviflora\u003c/em\u003e Cav.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAAsteraceae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBroad leaved\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ez\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003eCyperus esculentus\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyperaceae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSedge and perennial\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ez\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003eCyperus rotundes\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyperaceae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSedge perennial\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ez\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003eCynodon dactylon\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoaceae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrassy perennials\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ez\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003eMedicago polymorpha\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFabaceae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBroad leaved\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ez\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003ePalaris paradoxa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoaceae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrassy and annual\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ey\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003eAmaranthus hybridus\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmaranthaceae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBroad leaved\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ex\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003eGuizotia scabra\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAsteraceae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBroad leaved\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ez\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003eErucastrum arabicum\u003c/em\u003e Fisch \u0026amp; mey.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrucifereae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBroad leaved\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ez\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003eAvena fatua\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoaceae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrassy annual\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ex\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e represent weed species found only in Banja site; \u003csup\u003ey\u003c/sup\u003e Weed species in Guagusashikudad only and \u003csup\u003ez\u003c/sup\u003eweed species recorded in both location\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.2. Weed dry weight and Weed Control Efficiency of herbicides\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eCombined analysis over the year for each district indicated that weed dry weight was highly significantly (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) influenced by the application of different herbicides. The highest weed dry weight (206.7 gm-\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e and 179.7 gm-\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) was recorded at weedy check followed by a plot treated with crop star (93.1 and 91.5gm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e) in Guagusa Shikudad and Banja districts respectively which was statistically similar with weed dry weight obtained from plots received one time hand weeding in both locations. Conversely, the minimum dry weight (26.4 gm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e and 38.9 gm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e) was obtained at plots weeded two times in Banja and Guagusa shikudad respectively though the 0.00 gm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e is common in weed-free checks in both locations (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The weed control efficiency of herbicides also significantly differed (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Thus, two times hand weeding (84.1%) followed by plots received Musket power application (81.3%) expressed the maximum weed control efficiency in Banja district whereas the least was recorded from weed nock herbicides (47.8%) after weedy check (0%) in Guagusa Shikudad district. The significant difference in weed dry weight could be due to the interference of weeds as influenced by weed management and herbicide efficacy. The weed-free plot which is statistically no longer significant to plots treated with Musket power and two times hand weeding exhibited the lowest weed dry weight and highest weed control efficiency, highlighting the substantial yield potential that can be realized through effective weed management.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean summary of Weed dry weight, weed control efficiency of treatments in barley @ Banja and Guagusa shikudad district during 2021/2022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBanja\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGuagusa Shikudad\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWDW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWCE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWDW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWCE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne time hand weeding\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.65\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.73\u003csup\u003ede\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90.5\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.19\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLincoset\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.14\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75.3\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.8\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.11\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrop star\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91.5\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.28\u003csup\u003ede\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.1\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.47\u003csup\u003ede\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwo times hand weeding\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.44\u003csup\u003eef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.14\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.9\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76.11\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMuseket Power\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.22\u003csup\u003eef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.3\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.33\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75.59\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHerbiset\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.3\u003csup\u003eef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77.4\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.3\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.94\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHerbnock\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.93\u003csup\u003ede\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.36\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.9\u003csup\u003ede\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.52\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeedy check (negative control)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e179.7\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003csup\u003ei\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e206.7\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeednock\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.69\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.1\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.1\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.83\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeed-free (Positive control)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003csup\u003eg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026nbsp;0.005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLSD (5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCV (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere, WDW\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;weed dry weight; WCE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;weed control efficiency and WI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;weed index; Means with the different letters in the same columns are statistically significant, whereas means with same letters in the same columns are statistically not significant.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn general, weed dry weight was decreased with herbicides having high weed control efficiency and increased with herbicides retaining lower weed control efficiency. In weedy checks and herbicides with low weed control efficiency, the weeds might have exerted severe competition and utilized the growth factors for a longer period, which results in accumulating more dry matter unlike in the case of herbicides which retained higher weed control efficiency. The presence of weed species with varying sensitivities to herbicides can influence the overall weed dry weight and weed control efficiency. The weeds germinated and existed in plots treated with less effective herbicides have become a less competitive advantage which brings suppression of weeds growth by the crop. Thus, the newly emerged weeds are less competent under stress leading to accumulating lower dry weight. In line with this result, (Smitchger et al. 2012) revealed that the density and dry weight of weeds were inversely proportional to the increase in weed removal periods. Similarly (Abebe Yilma et al. 2018) reported that weed dry weight decreased as the weed-free period was prolonged and increased in the increasing duration of weed competition. Moreover, it is reported that seedbed preparation and herbicide application significantly affect the competitive ability of barley against grass weeds and broadleaf weeds as well (Kanatas et al. 2020).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwo times hand weeding and plots treated with Musket power showed promising results in reducing weed dry weight and increasing weed control efficiency, reflecting its potential as an effective weed management alternative in the study sites. This finding aligns with the report of from Scursoni et al. (2011) which revealed that the weed control efficiency of herbicides varied significantly against wild oat in both barley and wheat. The significant variation in weed control efficiency observed across different herbicides emphasizes the importance of site-specific weed management strategies. This finding is also in the same page to (Al-Ziady and Shati 2019) who reported significant weed dry weight and weed control efficiency variation increase in barley with application of varying herbicides, demonstrating the potential of herbicides in managing weeds.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.3. Yield and Yield Component of Barley\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll herbicidal and hand-weeding treatments showed superiority in all yield-related traits of barley compared to weedy check across locations, though biological yield and straw yield at Banja district is non-significant. The maximum number of tillers (3.67); spike length (6.54cm), number of grains per spike (36.07), and plant height (102.3) were recorded from the weed-free check which showed statistical similarity to plots weeded two times manually, and plots treated with musket power all at Guagusa shikudad district. In Banja district, a similar trend was observed for the aforementioned yield attributes of barley. The analysis of variance showed that grain yield and harvesting index were highly significant (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) among the different herbicidal and hand weeding treatments. The highest grain yield (3238.4 and 3220 kgha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) was recorded from weed-free checks at Guagusa shikudad and Banja respectively, followed by two times hand weeding with a mean yield of 3124.4 and 3031.5 kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e at Guagusa Shikudad and Banja respectively which was statistically similar with the yield obtained from plots treated with Musket power herbicide (Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe highest yield and yield attributes attained from two times hand weeding and Musket power treated plots could be due to high weed reduction potentials enabling them to effectively suppress weeds of diversified flora leading to accumulation of dry matter by the barley crop. All herbicidal treatments and hand weeding significantly gave higher grain yield over the weedy check (Metwally et al. 2000). Isoproturon and Bromofenoxin at high doses were the best treatments, producing the highest grain yield compared to the other weed management treatments. Such superiority is attributed to higher grain yield per unit area, which might have resulted from better weed control (Metwally, et al. 2000). Further to this, it is documented that grain yield of 4312.5 and 4382.6 kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e was achieved from two times hand weeding in Shambo and Gedo districts respectively which gave yield advantage of 42.4% and 36.6% in the respective districts (Kebede et al. 2017). Likewise, (Scursoni et al. 2011) reported that the yield of barley was significantly impacted by the type of herbicides, reflecting the direct impact of weeds on the yield of barley. This aligns with the finding of (Kebede et al. 2017) who reported a substantial yield reduction in barley due to increased weed competition in the Ethiopian Highlands. This emphasizes the critical need for effective weed control to achieve remarkable grain yield of barley.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect of weed management on yield and yield component of barley at Banja district\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTNr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1HW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.38\u003csup\u003egh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94.03\u003csup\u003eef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.22\u003csup\u003eef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.08\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9052.4\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6765.3\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2287.1\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.15\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLincoset\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.01\u003csup\u003ede\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.00\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.523\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.04\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8750.2\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6565.4\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2715.7\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.07\u003csup\u003ecde\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrop star\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.26\u003csup\u003eh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91.95\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.17\u003csup\u003efg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.71\u003csup\u003ede\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8859.7\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6713.9\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2145.7\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.09\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2HW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.48\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.4\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.84\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9603.0\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6571.9\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3031.5\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.44\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMuseket P\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.26\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e101.19\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.97\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.32\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8956.7\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5949.8\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3006.8\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.97\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHerbiset\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.03\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.19\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.73\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.06\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9043.0\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6519.3\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2523.7\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.05\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHerbnock\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.81\u003csup\u003edef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97.35\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.28\u003csup\u003ede\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.80\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8850.8\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6485.5\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2365.3\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.94\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeedy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.88\u003csup\u003eg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95.18\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.56\u003csup\u003eg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.22\u003csup\u003ede\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8662.9\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6625.2\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2037.6\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.85\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeednock\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.51\u003csup\u003eef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.97\u003csup\u003ede\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.05\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.91\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9215.3\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6825.6\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2389.8\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.56\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeed free\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.68\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105.55\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.17\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.78\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9211.6\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7117.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3220.5\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.3\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0016\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLSD (5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1064\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1386.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e409.6.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCV (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.906\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere; TN\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;tiller number; PH\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;plant height; SL\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;spike length; GrN\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;grain number; BiY\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Biomass yield; ST\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;straw yield; GY\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;grain yield; WDW\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;weed dry weight; Means followed by the same letters in the same column are not significantly different.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCombined mean summary of yield and yield component of barley @ Guagusa Shikudad district\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTiller\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBioY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1HW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.64\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89.23\u003csup\u003ede\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.29\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.85\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10037\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7465.9\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2571.3\u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.74\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLincoset\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.12\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.37\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.65\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.06\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10443.5\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79426\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2470.9\u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.71\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrop star\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.33\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91.45\u003csup\u003ede\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.06\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.55\u003csup\u003ecde\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9697.2\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7224.4\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2472.7\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.78\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2HW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.47\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99.8\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.13\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.33\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10935\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7810.5\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3124.4\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.72\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMuseket P\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.30\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e102\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.07\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.42\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10963.5\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8002.9\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2960.3\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.18\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHerbiset\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.26\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98.8\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.96\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.13\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10558.4\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7845.7\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2712.8\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.77\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHerbnock\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.93\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95.2\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.18\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.22\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10287.6\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7557.3\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2730.2\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.56\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeedy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.86\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.5\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.69\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.86\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8858.4\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6625.4\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2233\u003csup\u003ecde\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.37\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeednock\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.72\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94.1\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.54\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.33\u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10154.6\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7621.6\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2533.5\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.97\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeed free\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.67\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e102.3\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.78\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.77\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11540.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8302.4\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3238.4\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.44\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP value\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0012\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.00015\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLSD (5%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1094\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1003.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e407.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCV (%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.762\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere; TN\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;tiller number; PH\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;plant height; SL\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;spike length; GrN\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;grain number; BioY\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Biomass yield; ST\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;straw yield; GY\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;grain yield; WDW\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;weed dry weight; Means followed by the same letters in the same column are not significantly different.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePartial budget analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe economic feasibility of treatments was determined based on net benefit analysis and marginal rate of return following the procedure developed by CIMMYT (1988). A partial budget analysis was done for the evaluation of herbicides and weeding frequency. The cost and benefit of each treatment were analyzed partially, and the marginal rate of return was computed by considering the variable cost available in the respective treatment. The cost-benefit analysis included input variable costs for herbicides, labor for hand weeding, and day labor for herbicide spraying. The result of the economic inquiry showed that the uppermost total variable cost (68.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e) was recorded from weed-free check followed by herb nock application which was registered with a variable cost of 43.75 \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). The economic analysis revealed that the weed free treatment demonstrated economic dominance, with a high net benefit of USD 1082.98 ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. Additionally, the two times hand-weeding and the application of musket power herbicide achieved net benefits of USD 1039.12 ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and 1008.28 ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively. The maximum (174.6) marginal rate of return was noted from plots treated with Musket power followed by Lincoset with the value of 126.84 (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). This indicates that the application of Musket power not only provided the highest financial return but also established itself as the most economically viable option for weed management in barley production. The highest net benefit and positive marginal rate of return for the weed free treatment indicates its superior economic performance compared to other treatments, despite potentially higher labor costs associated with manual weeding. This finding highlights the importance of considering yield and economic factors when evaluating the most suitable weed control strategies for barley production.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNet benefit, marginal rate of return and dominancy analysis of each treatmentsas influenced by weed management alternatives.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdjusted\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eyield (kg ha-1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal variable cost (\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGross\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBenefit (\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNet benefit\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMRR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDominance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeedy check\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2135.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e750.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e750.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 time hand-weeding\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2429.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e854.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e818.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrop star\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2309.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e811.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e772.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-11.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLincoset\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2593.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e911.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e871.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e126.845\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMuseket Power\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2983.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1048.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1008.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e174.613\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeednock\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2461.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e865.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e824.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-234.855\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 times hand-weeding\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3077.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1082.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1039.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91.445\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHerbiset\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2618.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e920.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e877.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-319.254\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHerbnock\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2547.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e895.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e851.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-91.643\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeed-free check\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3229.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1135.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1082.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.78668\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003eWhere, MRR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;marginal rate of return; D\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;dominated\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eWeeds adversely affect barley production in barley producing area of Ethiopia and effective management is crucial to maintain barley production and productivity. The result of this experiment clearly confirmed that application of musket power was quite effective against major weeds in barley fields. It could be noted that the efficacy can be governed by heaps of factors including weed types and composition, weed density, dose and time of herbicide application and environmental condition. Although the weed-free plots gave the highest net returns, it is dominated in terms of marginal rate of return as it failed to retain remarkable marginal rate of return, reflecting its impractical phenomenon and served as a positive control for comparison. Therefore, musket power application is found to be effective and economically feasible for weed management in barley under the conditions of Banja and Guagusa Shikudad districts.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Statements and Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eACKNOWLEDGMENTS\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe are pleased to Injibara University for financing the study budget. The authors would also like to thank Injibara University Plant Science laboratory technical assistant for their tireless support and professional assistance during post-harvest measurement.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research received no external funding\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll the authors declare that there is no known competing financial interest or personal relationship that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe corresponding author, Abebe Yilma was responsible for weed species identification, classification, and measurements. All the tasks starting from field to data analysis and write up were performed by all the named authors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data used to support the findings of this study can be provided from corresponding author up on reasonable request via email. \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAbebe Yilma, Tamado, T., \u0026amp; Mashilla, D. (2018). Determination of Critical Period of Weed Competition in Faba bean (Vicia faba L .) at Haramaya , eastern Ethiopia. \u003cem\u003ePest Mgt. J. Eth\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e21\u003c/em\u003e, 99\u0026ndash;114.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAl-Ziady, S. H., \u0026amp; Shati, R. K. (2019). 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Effect of Tillage and Weed Management Practices on Yield and Economics of Maize. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Environment and Climate Change\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e9\u003c/em\u003e(6), 25\u0026ndash;32. https://doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2022/v12i130610\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMahajan, G., Hickey, L., \u0026amp; Chauhan, B. S. (2020). Response of barley genotypes to weed interference in Australia. \u003cem\u003eAgronomy\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e10\u003c/em\u003e(1), 1\u0026ndash;12. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10010099\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMart\u0026iacute;nez-Moreno, F., Sol\u0026iacute;s, I., \u0026amp; Igartua, E. (2024). Barley History and Breeding in Spain. \u003cem\u003eAgriculture (Switzerland)\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e14\u003c/em\u003e(10), 1\u0026ndash;20. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14101674\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMengstu, M., Alemu, A., Dagnew, A., \u0026amp; Worku, C. (2023). Determinants of the Market Outlet Choice of Bamboo Culms (Yushania alpine) Producers in Banja District, Western Ethiopia. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Forestry Research\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e2023\u003c/em\u003e. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/5578146\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMetwally, G., Hassan, A., \u0026amp; Ahmed, S. (2000). Influence of Some Herbicides on Barley Yield, Yield Components and the Common Associated Weeds. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Plant Production\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e25\u003c/em\u003e(10), 6009\u0026ndash;6019. https://doi.org/10.21608/jpp.2000.259742\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNegewo, T., Feyissa, A., \u0026amp; Zemichael4, M. L. and B. (2011). \u003cem\u003eBayeh Mulatu and Stefania Grando Barley research and development in Ethiopia\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003eBarley Research and Development in Ethiopia\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eScursoni, J. A., Mart\u0026iacute;n, A., Catanzaro, M. P., Quiroga, J., \u0026amp; Goldar, F. (2011). Evaluation of post-emergence herbicides for the control of wild oat (Avena fatua L.) in wheat and barley in Argentina. \u003cem\u003eCrop Protection\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e30\u003c/em\u003e(1), 18\u0026ndash;23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2010.09.003\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSelomon Afework Yenesew, Yihenew G. Selassie, Workineh Ejigu, Tirusew Abere, M. L. and A. A. (2024). E ff ectiveness of micro-dosing of lime on selected chemical properties of soil in Banja District , North West Ethiopia Selomon Afework Yenesew*, Yihenew G. Selassie, Workineh Ejigu, Tirusew Abere, Mekuanint Lewoyehu and Asmare Adegeh. \u003cem\u003eOpen Agriculture\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSharma, G., Shrestha, S., Kunwar, S., \u0026amp; Tseng, T. M. (2021). Crop diversification for improved weed management: A review. \u003cem\u003eAgriculture (Switzerland)\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e11\u003c/em\u003e(5), 1\u0026ndash;17. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11050461\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSmitchger, J. A., Burke, I. C., \u0026amp; Yenish, J. P. (2012). \u0026nbsp;The Critical Period of Weed Control in Lentil ( Lens culinaris ) in the Pacific Northwest . \u003cem\u003eWeed Science\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e60\u003c/em\u003e(1), 81\u0026ndash;85. https://doi.org/10.1614/ws-d-11-00069.1\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSunil Kumar Verma, S. B. S. O. p R. (2008). Verma 2008. Indian Journal of Agricultural Science.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Table 1","content":"\u003cp\u003eTable 1 is not available with this version.\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"grain yield, weed control efficiency, weed dry weight and weed free","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6004685/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6004685/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eField experiments were conducted to evaluate different herbicides’ efficacy and their effect on yield and yield component of barley. Results of the experiment revealed that the dry weight of weeds, yield and most yield components of barley were significantly affected by the type of herbicides applied. Thus, the maximum weed dry weight of 206.7 gm\u003csup\u003e-2\u003c/sup\u003e was recorded from the weedy check followed by plots treated with crop star 93.1gm\u003csup\u003e-2\u003c/sup\u003e in Guagusa Shikudad. However, the least was obtained from plot treated with two times hand weeding (26.23 gm\u003csup\u003e-2\u003c/sup\u003e) in Banja district next to dry weight of weeds from the weed-free check (0.00gm\u003csup\u003e-2\u003c/sup\u003e). Besides, the maximum grain yield of 3238.9kg ha\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e and 3220kg ha\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively was recorded from weed-free checks and plot received musket power treatment at Banja. The application of Musket power expressed the maximum marginal rate of return (174.61) and net benefit, reflecting effective management of weeds in barley.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Evaluation of Pre and Post-Emergence Herbicides: It’s Effect on Weed Dynamics, Yield, and Yield Components of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in Awi Zone, Northwestern Ethiopia","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-02-17 12:55:12","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6004685/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"60d51ad0-d708-4728-b196-40fa2440ce37","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 17th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-02-17T12:55:12+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-02-17 12:55:12","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6004685","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6004685","identity":"rs-6004685","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}