Prevalence And Factor Associated of Sleep disturbance Community-Dwelling Older Adults in Indonesia

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The elderly population in Indonesia, specifically in Bekasi District, has experienced a significant rise. Sleep disorders among the elderly have become a serious concern, especially given the escalating risks of degenerative and non-communicable diseases associated with sleep quality. This research focuses on four sub-districts in Bekasi District, aiming to assess the prevalence of sleep disorders among the elderly. Method: This study employs a quantitative approach with a descriptive analytical design. Stratified Random Sampling technique was utilized to select samples from the elderly population aged 55-90 years in Bekasi District. The Sleep Quality Scale (SQS) was employed as an instrument to measure respondents' sleep disorders. Data analysis involved the use of the Chi-Square test to evaluate the relationship between demographic characteristics, medical history, and the level of sleep disorders. Results: The study revealed that out of 200 elderly respondents, 75% experienced sleep disorders at a moderate level, 13% at a poor level, and 0.5% at a very poor level. Age, gender, hypertension, diabetes, smoking history, and caffeine consumption were significantly associated with the level of sleep disorders. These factors emerged as independent predictors of sleep disorders in the elderly. Conclusion: The prevalence of sleep disorders among the elderly in Bekasi District is relatively high. Factors such as age, gender, medical history, and lifestyle behaviors significantly contribute to the level of sleep disorders. Comprehensive prevention and intervention efforts are needed to enhance the sleep quality of the elderly and prevent potential complications arising from sleep disorders. Elderly Sleep Sleep Disturbance Community Dwelling Background The world is undergoing continuous demographic changes as life expectancy increases and birth rates decline. By the year 2020, an estimated 727 million people will be aged 65 and above. Several decades later, the global elderly population is projected to double to over 1.5 billion. The proportion of the population aged 65 and above is anticipated to rise from 9.3% in 2020 to approximately 16% by 2050 [1]. Indonesia, a developing country, is among those with a substantial elderly population. The demographic landscape of the elderly in Indonesia reflects challenging trends with a significant growth in the elderly population. With increased life expectancy and declining birth rates, projections indicate a continued rise in the elderly population in Indonesia over the coming decades. The province of West Java, exemplifying this trend, has witnessed a notable increase in the elderly population, particularly in Bekasi District and Tambun Selatan region, reporting considerable figures [2]. Bekasi District, situated in West Java, recorded a total of 194,349 elderly individuals in 2021 [3]. In Tambun Selatan, there were 27,900 elderly residents[4], while in the Mangunjaya village, the elderly population numbered 10,500 in 2020. This indicates an overall improvement in the health and well-being of the population, including the elderly. With the annual increase in the elderly population in Indonesia, the risk of age-related diseases is also on the rise. The growth of the elderly population in Indonesia has significant social, economic, and health impacts. Socially, the increasing number of elderly individuals presents new challenges in maintaining social welfare and intergenerational harmony [6]. In terms of health, the elderly population tends to have more medical and social needs requiring special attention, including the management of chronic diseases and mobility issues. Other challenges include a lack of elderly-friendly infrastructure, such as accessible transportation and housing tailored to the needs of the elderly, while opportunities include the development of innovative health and social programs and strengthening social support networks for the elderly [7]. Health issues related to the elderly include degenerative problems and non-communicable diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, as well as mental health issues like depression, dementia, anxiety, and sleep disorders [8]. Sleep problems affect both the physical and emotional health, as well as the immune system. Sleep problems are common among older adults due to the changes associated with the aging process[9]. The incidence of sleep disorders in the elderly is remarkably high, with data indicating that 50% of individuals over 65 suffer from sleep disorders [10]. In Indonesia, the prevalence of insomnia among the elderly aged 60 and above is approximately 67%, with 78.1% of women aged 60-74 experiencing insomnia [11]. Sleep disorders in the elderly not only impact their overall quality of life but also have the potential to lead to serious physical and mental health problems[12]. Therefore, a profound understanding of the factors influencing sleep disorders in the Indonesian elderly population is crucial, not only to enhance their well-being but also to inform better public health policies and interventions. Sleep disorders are characterized by reduced sleep duration and quality, decreased sleep efficiency, fragmented sleep, and daytime sleepiness. Sleep quality directly influences daily activities and contributes to an individual's psychological, cognitive, and physical health [13]. Untreated sleep disorders can lead to life-threatening symptoms, not only as a result of a medical condition but also as the primary cause of other diseases. Research on sleep disorders in the elderly is vital as these disorders not only affect physical health but also mental health and overall quality of life. Untreated sleep disorders can negatively impact cognitive function, mood, and physical performance, increasing the risk of serious diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, and psychological disorders [14]. Therefore, a better understanding of sleep disorders in the elderly and the implementation of appropriate interventions are key to improving the well-being of the elderly and reducing the burden of sleep-related disorders in the community [15]. This research is urgently needed due to the significant growth of the elderly population in Indonesia, posing complex health challenges. With increased life expectancy and lifestyle changes, sleep disorders in the elderly become an increasingly important health issue. The objective of this study is to gain a deeper understanding of the prevalence of sleep disorders in the elderly, as well as the contributing risk factors. By comprehensively understanding this issue, it is hoped that more effective interventions can be developed to improve the sleep quality and well-being of the elderly, as well as formulate public health policies that are more responsive to their health needs. Thus, this research is expected to make a significant contribution to disease prevention, healthcare, and the overall improvement of the quality of life for the elderly population in Indonesia. Method Research Design This study adopts a quantitative approach employing a cross-sectional design with descriptive-analytic characteristics. A cross-sectional study design is utilized to gather data at a single point in time, allowing for the examination of relationships and prevalence of sleep disorders among the elderly population in a specific timeframe [16]. The descriptive-analytic aspect of the design focuses on providing a detailed description of the study population while simultaneously analyzing the factors influencing the occurrence of sleep disorders. Research Setting and Sample The research was conducted over a span of three months in the Bekasi District. The population for this study comprises all elderly individuals aged 55 to 90 and above in the Bekasi District, totaling 4,000 people. Sample selection was performed using the stratified random sampling technique based on the proportion of the elderly population in each Community Health Center (35% in Pondok Gede community Health centers, 25% in Jatisampurna community Health centers, 20% in Jatiasih community Health centers, and 10% in Babelan community Health centers). Inclusion criteria for this study include individuals aged ≥60, able to communicate in either Indonesian or the local language, and capable of engaging in communication with others. Exclusion criteria involve individuals with psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. The recruitment of individuals aged 60 and above aligns with the Indonesian definition of the elderly as those aged 60 and above. Sample size calculation for this study was performed using G*Power software version 3.1.9.2. The parameters utilized were alpha = 0.05, power = 0.8, effect size = 0.02, the number of predictors = 23, and the estimated sample size was 300. After excluding 11 elderly individuals based on the aforementioned criteria, 450 eligible elderly individuals were invited to participate; however, 80 individuals declined. Ultimately, 200 participants joined this research. Instrument The single-item Sleep Quality Scale (SQS) instrument has demonstrated a strong (inverse) correlation between sleep quality item and depression in populations with sleep disorders. Additionally, there is a stronger correlation between the basic sleep quality components of SQS and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) compared to other items, supporting the construct validity of convergent/divergent (similarity/discrepancy with relevant/unrelated measures). The test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient) was 0.62 during stable sleep weeks in patients with sleep disorders and 0.7 in stable depressive patients (1 week). The effect size (i.e., standard response) for changes from baseline was 1.32 (week 1) and 0.67 (week 8) in populations with sleep disorder issues. The Sleep Quality Scale (SQS) exhibits measurement characteristics relative to longer sleep questionnaires. The SQS employs a horizontal line consisting of 11 numerical options, including (0) very poor, (1-3) poor, (4-6) fair, (7-9) good, and (10) excellent. Respondents mark a checklist on one of the answers 0-10 based on their experienced condition. The score range is 0 to 10, with lower scores indicating lower sleep quality [16,17]. Statistical Analysis The statistical analysis employed in this study involves the Chi-Square test for categorical variables such as Age, Gender, Highest Education Attainment, Occupation, Medical History, Smoking History, Coffee Consumption, and Sleeping Pill Consumption. Additionally, to explore the relationship between demographic characteristics and medical history with sleep disorders, the researcher utilized binary logistic regression. Ethical considerations This study obtained ethical approval from the Ethics Committee of Bani Saleh College of Health Sciences on April 20, 2023 with number (EC.135/KEPK/STKBS/IV/2023). Participants were informed of the study objectives, methodology, risks, and benefits. Subjects who agreed to complete the questionnaire implied that they agreed to participate in the study. Participants' confidentiality was maintained and the data will not be used for any other purpose beyond this study. Based on Table 1, the prevalence of sleep disorders in the elderly population in Bekasi District is observed among 200 respondents. The majority of respondents fall within the 55-65 age group (73%), are male (58.5%), have completed high school or equivalent education (54.5%), and are not employed (62%). Regarding medical history, hypertension is the most commonly reported condition among respondents (22%), followed by heart disease (5.5%), diabetes, and high cholesterol (both at 5%), uric acid, asthma, and gastritis (2.5-3%), with 1% reporting other illnesses. About 52.5% of respondents have no history of any medical conditions. Additionally, 42.5% of respondents are smokers, and 60.5% consume coffee. Only 1% reported using sleeping pills. Based on these findings, a history of hypertension, smoking habits, and coffee consumption need attention concerning the potential for sleep disorders in the elderly population in this region. Based on table 2, it shows that, of the 200 elderly respondents in the Bekasi Regency area, as many as 150 people (75%) experienced sleep disturbances at a fair level, 26 people (13%) at a poor level, 23 people (11.5%) at a good level. , 1 person (0.5%) at a very poor level, and no respondents slept very well. Based on Table 3, it provides a comprehensive overview of the frequency distribution of sleep disorder levels according to respondent characteristics in Bekasi District. Out of a total of 200 respondents, the majority of the elderly fall into the "Elderly" age category (55-65 years) with 146 individuals. Notably, the most significant sleep disorder level is observed in this elderly group, with 110 individuals experiencing a "Moderate" level. The distribution of gender is relatively balanced, with 117 males and 83 females, although there is one female experiencing a "Very Poor" sleep disorder level. The importance of education is reflected, where the majority of respondents have completed senior high school (109 individuals), while those with no formal education or only elementary education tend to experience "Poor" or "Very Poor" sleep disorder levels. In terms of occupation, the majority of unemployed respondents (124 individuals) tend to have higher sleep disorder levels, especially at the "Moderate" level. Health history also plays a role, with the majority of respondents having no medical history (105 individuals). However, respondents with a history of hypertension tend to experience a "Moderate" sleep disorder level. Behavioral aspects, such as smoking and coffee consumption, also appear to influence sleep disorder levels. The majority of non-smoking or non-coffee-consuming respondents tend to have better sleep disorder levels. Additionally, the majority of respondents do not use sleeping pills (198 individuals). It was found that respondents using sleeping pills tend to experience higher sleep disorder levels, especially at the "Poor" or "Very Poor" levels. Table 4 Relationship between Demographic Characteristics and Medical History with Sleep Disorders Based on the Chi-Square Test results in Table 4, several factors were found to be significantly associated with sleep disorders among the elderly in Bekasi District. Age contributes to an increased risk of sleep disorders, with each 1-year increase raising the risk by 1.08 times (p=0.021). Females have a 1.74 times greater risk of sleep disorders compared to males (p=0.042). In addition to these demographic factors, specific medical histories and unhealthy behaviors in the elderly play a crucial role. Hypertension (3.12 times risk), diabetes (2.46 times risk), smoking history (2.98 times risk), and caffeine consumption (1.95 times risk) serve as independent predictors for the occurrence of sleep disorders among the elderly (p<0.05). In other words, increasing age, female gender, along with the presence of chronic comorbidities and unhealthy behaviors, are proven to be major risk factors for sleep disorders that need special attention among the elderly in this area. Preventive efforts through risk factor control in high-risk groups are highly recommended. Discussion Recent research in Bekasi District reveals that three-quarters of the elderly, or 75%, experience sleep disorders at a moderate level, 13% at a poor level, and 0.5% at a very poor level. These findings align with a recent longitudinal study conducted in the United States involving 1,689 older adults. The study indicates a high prevalence of sleep disorders in the elderly, with insomnia increasing from 26% in the age range of 70-79 years to over 40% in the age range above 90 years [18]. These findings suggest that sleep disorders escalate with age in the elderly population, emphasizing the urgency for understanding and managing sleep disorders in the context of aging. Previous research on 7,444 elderly individuals in China also identified a relatively high prevalence of sleep disorders, with a rate of 60.4% (defined by a Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index/PSQI score > 5) [19]. Neurobiological theories explain that changes in the central nervous system and circadian regulation in the elderly lead to alterations in sleep patterns and increased vulnerability to sleep disorders [20–23]. Therefore, sleep disorders are a relatively common issue in the elderly population, particularly as age increases. The high prevalence of sleep disorders in the elderly is crucial to be vigilant about, considering the potential negative consequences. Several studies indicate that sleep disorders are associated with a decline in quality of life, the risk of falls, and cognitive impairment or dementia in the elderly. Hence, preventive efforts through early detection and appropriate management from the early stages are essential [24,25]. Several studies have extensively investigated risk factors for sleep disorders in the elderly. One dominant factor is advancing age. As a person gets older, the risk of experiencing sleep disorders increases. A longitudinal study in the United States found that the prevalence of insomnia in the age range of 70-79 years was 26%, sharply rising to >40% in the age group above 90 years [23,26–28]. Another study reported that elderly individuals aged >80 years have a 2.27 times higher risk of sleep disorders than the 65-80 years age group. Another risk factor is being female [29]. Similarly, a history of hypertension has been proven to have a positive correlation with insomnia in the elderly [30,31]. Smoking and caffeine consumption have also been identified as behaviors contributing to increased sleep latency, decreased sleep duration, and overall sleep disturbances in the adult population, including the elderly [32,33]. Sleep disorders experienced by the elderly have been shown to have various negative impacts, both physical, psychological, and social. One of them is a decline in overall quality of life. A study on 155 community-dwelling elderly found that those with chronic insomnia had lower quality of life scores compared to the control group [27,34]. Sleep disorders are also associated with the onset of depressive symptoms, which are significant predictors of reduced quality of life in the elderly [35,36]. The second physical impact is an increased risk of falls, which is also linked to morbidity and mortality in the elderly. Moreover, disrupted sleep also affects cognitive function and has the potential to trigger or exacerbate dementia. A meta-analysis of 15 studies reported that sleep-disordered breathing, such as sleep apnea, is associated with a decline in cognitive function in the elderly [37]. The findings of this study indicate that age, gender, and several medical conditions, as well as behaviors, have a significant association with sleep disorders in the elderly. This aligns with previous research that found the incidence of sleep disorders increases with age [20]. The prevalence of sleep disorders is also known to be higher in older women compared to men [29]. In addition to these intrinsic health factors, the current study's findings confirm the role of unhealthy lifestyle behaviors such as smoking and caffeine consumption. The nicotine and caffeine content in cigarettes and coffee are known to disrupt circadian rhythms, cause difficulty in falling asleep, and reduce total sleep time. Therefore, it is advisable for the elderly to avoid these habits to improve their sleep quality. Overall, the research results support previous scientific publications regarding the contribution of demographic factors, health status, and lifestyle to the risk of sleep disorders in the elderly population. Detecting and controlling these factors are crucial to reducing the incidence of sleep disorders in this vulnerable group. Research Limitations This study is confined to four districts in Kabupaten Bekasi; therefore, the generalization of the results is limited to the elderly population in that specific region and may not be universally applicable to the elderly population in Indonesia. The sample size is restricted, and respondent selection involves Stratified Random Sampling, which may not fully represent the diversity within the elderly population in Kabupaten Bekasi. The limitation of participation only to willing respondents may introduce bias. Declarations Conflict of Interest The author/researcher sincerely declares that there is no conflict of interest that could affect the integrity or objectivity of this research. There is no financial relationship, stock ownership, or other personal interests that could influence the results or interpretation of this study. Acknowledgments The researcher would like to thank the Bekasi District Health Service for providing permission and assisting with the research process and the researcher would also like to thank Bani Saleh University for funding this research and publication. 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Medical History Ispa 2 1 Liver Abscess 2 1 Uric Acid 5 2,5 Asthma 5 2,5 Diabetes 8 4 Gastritis 6 3 Hypertension 44 22 Pinched Nerve/ Herniated Disc 2 1 Heart Disease 11 5,5 High Cholesterol 10 5 Unknown Medical Condition 105 52,5 6. Smoking History <td Smoker 85 42,5 Non-Smoker 115 57,5 7. Coffee Consumption Coffee Consumer 121 60,5 Non-Coffee Consumer 79 39,5 8. Sleeping Pill Consumption Sleeping Pill Consumer 2 1 Non-Sleeping Pill Consumer 198 99 Total 200 100 Table 2 Frequency Distribution of Sleep Disorder Levels in the Elderly in Bekasi District No. Sleep Disorder Level for the Elderly N % Very Good 0 0,0 Good 23 11,5 Moderate 150 75 Poor 26 13 Very Poor 1 0,5 Total 200 100,0 Table 3 Frequency Distribution Based on Sleep Disorder Levels and Characteristics of Respondents in Bekasi District No Characteristics of Respondents F Tingkat Gangguan Tidur (n=200) Very Good Good Moderate Poor Very Poor 1. Age Categories Elderly (55-65 Years) 146 0 18 110 18 0 Young Elderly (66-74 Years) 18 0 3 13 2 0 Old Elderly (75-90 Years) 6 0 1 5 0 0 Very Old Elderly (>90 Years) 0 0 0 0 0 0 2. Gender Male 117 0 14 87 16 0 Female 83 0 8 63 11 1 3. Highest Education Attainment No Formal Education 0 0 0 0 0 0 Elementary School 27 0 2 20 4 1 Junior High Schoo 32 0 5 24 3 0 Senior High School 109 0 13 82 14 0 Higher Education 32 0 3 24 5 0 4. Occupation Employed 76 0 11 56 9 0 Unemployed 124 0 12 94 17 1 5. Medical History Ispa 2 0 0 1 1 0 Liver Abscess 2 0 0 1 1 0 Uric Acid 5 0 0 3 2 0 Asthma 5 0 1 3 1 0 Diabetes 8 0 1 5 2 0 Gastritis 6 0 1 4 1 0 Hypertension 44 0 7 33 4 0 Pinched Nerve/ Herniated Disc 2 0 0 1 1 0 Heart Disease 11 0 3 8 0 0 High Cholesterol 10 0 1 7 2 0 Unknown Medical Condition 105 0 9 84 12 0 6. Smoking History Yes 85 0 8 65 14 0 No 115 0 15 86 12 1 7. Coffee Consumption Yes 121 0 10 93 18 0 No 79 0 13 58 8 1 8. Sleeping Pill Consumption Yes 2 0 0 1 1 0 No 198 0 23 150 25 1 Table 4 Relationship between Demographic Characteristics and Medical History with Sleep Disorders Variabel P Value OR (95% CI) Age 0,021 1,08 (1,01 - 1,15) Gender 0,042 1,74 (1,02 - 2,98) Hypertension 0,001 3,12 (1,58 - 6,17) Diabetes 0,031 2,46 (1,08 - 5,58) Smoking History 0,002 2,98 (1,47 - 6,03) Caffeine Consumption 0,017 1,95 (1,12 - 3,37 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4021008","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":276755674,"identity":"aebc9a77-6c47-40ba-9af5-3520c4935343","order_by":0,"name":"Amzal Andas","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA7klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYHACAwjFDCIqQAzmBuK08IC1nAFpYSRWC4hgbAOT+LXwz27e+PFnjk2+PTvvAYaf82qj+duBWn5UbMOpReLOsWIJyW1plj3MfAmMvduO5844zNjA2HPmNm5rbuQYSBhuO2zAw8xjwMC77VhuA1ALM2Mbbi3yN3KMfyRCtTD+nXMsdz4hLQY3cswkDkK1MPM21ORuIKTF8EZamWXjtjQDnsM8Bodljh3I3QjUchCfX+RuJG+++XObjQF7/xnDh29q6nLnnT988MGPCjzeRwYHGBgOwxjEgzpSFI+CUTAKRsEIAQA/MldBtdNTuwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Bani Saleh University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Amzal","middleName":"","lastName":"Andas","suffix":""},{"id":276755675,"identity":"529b3072-70a7-44b0-b3b6-3745f49da06a","order_by":1,"name":"Fauziah H Wada","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Bani Saleh University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Fauziah","middleName":"H","lastName":"Wada","suffix":""},{"id":276755676,"identity":"0e74e331-a75d-4d01-b037-170615cf5c29","order_by":2,"name":"Indah Puspitasari","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Bani Saleh University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Indah","middleName":"","lastName":"Puspitasari","suffix":""},{"id":276755677,"identity":"a135160f-c6df-4a7a-aeeb-50c9fef9405f","order_by":3,"name":"Marathun Shoaliha","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Bani Saleh University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Marathun","middleName":"","lastName":"Shoaliha","suffix":""},{"id":276755678,"identity":"14a7f583-2455-4dd5-a899-cd511385bfd3","order_by":4,"name":"Anisa Purnamasari","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Mandala Waluya University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Anisa","middleName":"","lastName":"Purnamasari","suffix":""},{"id":276755679,"identity":"f61a3b19-7c9c-4d78-a9a4-7ac661b7ae40","order_by":5,"name":"Netty Huzniati Andas","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"English education lecturer Sembilan Belas November University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Netty","middleName":"Huzniati","lastName":"Andas","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-03-06 13:04:47","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4021008/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4021008/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":55504394,"identity":"edde66aa-5d54-454c-adf3-f688340dcc4e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-29 11:11:00","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":922578,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4021008/v1/0fe2570a-b2c6-46a1-bdb6-adc4bfd9851c.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Prevalence And Factor Associated of Sleep disturbance Community-Dwelling Older Adults in Indonesia","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe world is undergoing continuous demographic changes as life expectancy increases and birth rates decline. By the year 2020, an estimated 727 million people will be aged 65 and above. Several decades later, the global elderly population is projected to double to over 1.5 billion. The proportion of the population aged 65 and above is anticipated to rise from 9.3% in 2020 to approximately 16% by 2050\u0026nbsp;[1]. Indonesia, a developing country, is among those with a substantial elderly population. The demographic landscape of the elderly in Indonesia reflects challenging trends with a significant growth in the elderly population. With increased life expectancy and declining birth rates, projections indicate a continued rise in the elderly population in Indonesia over the coming decades. The province of West Java, exemplifying this trend, has witnessed a notable increase in the elderly population, particularly in Bekasi District and Tambun Selatan region, reporting considerable figures\u0026nbsp;[2]. Bekasi District, situated in West Java, recorded a total of 194,349 elderly individuals in 2021\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;[3]. In Tambun Selatan, there were 27,900 elderly residents[4], while in the Mangunjaya village, the elderly population numbered 10,500 in 2020. This indicates an overall improvement in the health and well-being of the population, including the elderly. With the annual increase in the elderly population in Indonesia, the risk of age-related diseases is also on the rise.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe growth of the elderly population in Indonesia has significant social, economic, and health impacts. Socially, the increasing number of elderly individuals presents new challenges in maintaining social welfare and intergenerational harmony\u0026nbsp;[6]. In terms of health, the elderly population tends to have more medical and social needs requiring special attention, including the management of chronic diseases and mobility issues. Other challenges include a lack of elderly-friendly infrastructure, such as accessible transportation and housing tailored to the needs of the elderly, while opportunities include the development of innovative health and social programs and strengthening social support networks for the elderly\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;[7].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHealth issues related to the elderly include degenerative problems and non-communicable diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, as well as mental health issues like depression, dementia, anxiety, and sleep disorders\u0026nbsp;[8]. Sleep problems affect both the physical and emotional health, as well as the immune system. Sleep problems are common among older adults due to the changes associated with the aging process[9]. The incidence of sleep disorders in the elderly is remarkably high, with data indicating that 50% of individuals over 65 suffer from sleep disorders\u0026nbsp;[10]. In Indonesia, the prevalence of insomnia among the elderly aged 60 and above is approximately 67%, with 78.1% of women aged 60-74 experiencing insomnia\u0026nbsp;[11].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSleep disorders in the elderly not only impact their overall quality of life but also have the potential to lead to serious physical and mental health problems[12]. Therefore, a profound understanding of the factors influencing sleep disorders in the Indonesian elderly population is crucial, not only to enhance their well-being but also to inform better public health policies and interventions. Sleep disorders are characterized by reduced sleep duration and quality, decreased sleep efficiency, fragmented sleep, and daytime sleepiness. Sleep quality directly influences daily activities and contributes to an individual's psychological, cognitive, and physical health\u0026nbsp;[13]. Untreated sleep disorders can lead to life-threatening symptoms, not only as a result of a medical condition but also as the primary cause of other diseases.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResearch on sleep disorders in the elderly is vital as these disorders not only affect physical health but also mental health and overall quality of life. Untreated sleep disorders can negatively impact cognitive function, mood, and physical performance, increasing the risk of serious diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, and psychological disorders\u0026nbsp;[14]. Therefore, a better understanding of sleep disorders in the elderly and the implementation of appropriate interventions are key to improving the well-being of the elderly and reducing the burden of sleep-related disorders in the community\u0026nbsp;[15].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research is urgently needed due to the significant growth of the elderly population in Indonesia, posing complex health challenges. With increased life expectancy and lifestyle changes, sleep disorders in the elderly become an increasingly important health issue. The objective of this study is to gain a deeper understanding of the prevalence of sleep disorders in the elderly, as well as the contributing risk factors. By comprehensively understanding this issue, it is hoped that more effective interventions can be developed to improve the sleep quality and well-being of the elderly, as well as formulate public health policies that are more responsive to their health needs. Thus, this research is expected to make a significant contribution to disease prevention, healthcare, and the overall improvement of the quality of life for the elderly population in Indonesia.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Method ","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch Design\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study adopts a quantitative approach employing a cross-sectional design with descriptive-analytic characteristics. A cross-sectional study design is utilized to gather data at a single point in time, allowing for the examination of relationships and prevalence of sleep disorders among the elderly population in a specific timeframe [16]. The descriptive-analytic aspect of the design focuses on providing a detailed description of the study population while simultaneously analyzing the factors influencing the occurrence of sleep disorders.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch Setting and Sample\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe research was conducted over a span of three months in the Bekasi District. The population for this study comprises all elderly individuals aged 55 to 90 and above in the Bekasi District, totaling 4,000 people. Sample selection was performed using the stratified random sampling technique based on the proportion of the elderly population in each Community Health Center (35% in Pondok Gede community Health centers, 25% in Jatisampurna community Health centers, 20% in Jatiasih community Health centers, and 10% in Babelan community Health centers). Inclusion criteria for this study include individuals aged \u0026ge;60, able to communicate in either Indonesian or the local language, and capable of engaging in communication with others. Exclusion criteria involve individuals with psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. The recruitment of individuals aged 60 and above aligns with the Indonesian definition of the elderly as those aged 60 and above.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSample size calculation for this study was performed using G*Power software version 3.1.9.2. The parameters utilized were alpha = 0.05, power = 0.8, effect size = 0.02, the number of predictors = 23, and the estimated sample size was 300. After excluding 11 elderly individuals based on the aforementioned criteria, 450 eligible elderly individuals were invited to participate; however, 80 individuals declined. Ultimately, 200 participants joined this research.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInstrument\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe single-item Sleep Quality Scale (SQS) instrument has demonstrated a strong (inverse) correlation between sleep quality item and depression in populations with sleep disorders. Additionally, there is a stronger correlation between the basic sleep quality components of SQS and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) compared to other items, supporting the construct validity of convergent/divergent (similarity/discrepancy with relevant/unrelated measures). The test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient) was 0.62 during stable sleep weeks in patients with sleep disorders and 0.7 in stable depressive patients (1 week). The effect size (i.e., standard response) for changes from baseline was 1.32 (week 1) and 0.67 (week 8) in populations with sleep disorder issues. The Sleep Quality Scale (SQS) exhibits measurement characteristics relative to longer sleep questionnaires. The SQS employs a horizontal line consisting of 11 numerical options, including (0) very poor, (1-3) poor, (4-6) fair, (7-9) good, and (10) excellent. Respondents mark a checklist on one of the answers 0-10 based on their experienced condition. The score range is 0 to 10, with lower scores indicating lower sleep quality\u0026nbsp;[16,17].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatistical Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe statistical analysis employed in this study involves the Chi-Square test for categorical variables such as Age, Gender, Highest Education Attainment, Occupation, Medical History, Smoking History, Coffee Consumption, and Sleeping Pill Consumption. Additionally, to explore the relationship between demographic characteristics and medical history with sleep disorders, the researcher utilized binary logistic regression.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical considerations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study obtained ethical approval from the Ethics Committee of Bani Saleh College of Health Sciences on April 20, 2023 with number (EC.135/KEPK/STKBS/IV/2023). Participants were informed of the study objectives, methodology, risks, and benefits. Subjects who agreed to complete the questionnaire implied that they agreed to participate in the study. Participants\u0026apos; confidentiality was maintained and the data will not be used for any other purpose beyond this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on Table 1, the prevalence of sleep disorders in the elderly population in Bekasi District is observed among 200 respondents. The majority of respondents fall within the 55-65 age group (73%), are male (58.5%), have completed high school or equivalent education (54.5%), and are not employed (62%). Regarding medical history, hypertension is the most commonly reported condition among respondents (22%), followed by heart disease (5.5%), diabetes, and high cholesterol (both at 5%), uric acid, asthma, and gastritis (2.5-3%), with 1% reporting other illnesses. About 52.5% of respondents have no history of any medical conditions. Additionally, 42.5% of respondents are smokers, and 60.5% consume coffee. Only 1% reported using sleeping pills. Based on these findings, a history of hypertension, smoking habits, and coffee consumption need attention concerning the potential for sleep disorders in the elderly population in this region.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on table 2, it shows that, of the 200 elderly respondents in the Bekasi Regency area, as many as 150 people (75%) experienced sleep disturbances at a fair level, 26 people (13%) at a poor level, 23 people (11.5%) at a good level. , 1 person (0.5%) at a very poor level, and no respondents slept very well.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on Table 3, it provides a comprehensive overview of the frequency distribution of sleep disorder levels according to respondent characteristics in Bekasi District. Out of a total of 200 respondents, the majority of the elderly fall into the \u0026quot;Elderly\u0026quot; age category (55-65 years) with 146 individuals. Notably, the most significant sleep disorder level is observed in this elderly group, with 110 individuals experiencing a \u0026quot;Moderate\u0026quot; level. The distribution of gender is relatively balanced, with 117 males and 83 females, although there is one female experiencing a \u0026quot;Very Poor\u0026quot; sleep disorder level. The importance of education is reflected, where the majority of respondents have completed senior high school (109 individuals), while those with no formal education or only elementary education tend to experience \u0026quot;Poor\u0026quot; or \u0026quot;Very Poor\u0026quot; sleep disorder levels. In terms of occupation, the majority of unemployed respondents (124 individuals) tend to have higher sleep disorder levels, especially at the \u0026quot;Moderate\u0026quot; level. Health history also plays a role, with the majority of respondents having no medical history (105 individuals). However, respondents with a history of hypertension tend to experience a \u0026quot;Moderate\u0026quot; sleep disorder level. Behavioral aspects, such as smoking and coffee consumption, also appear to influence sleep disorder levels. The majority of non-smoking or non-coffee-consuming respondents tend to have better sleep disorder levels. Additionally, the majority of respondents do not use sleeping pills (198 individuals). It was found that respondents using sleeping pills tend to experience higher sleep disorder levels, especially at the \u0026quot;Poor\u0026quot; or \u0026quot;Very Poor\u0026quot; levels.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRelationship between Demographic Characteristics and Medical History with Sleep Disorders\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on the Chi-Square Test results in Table 4, several factors were found to be significantly associated with sleep disorders among the elderly in Bekasi District. Age contributes to an increased risk of sleep disorders, with each 1-year increase raising the risk by 1.08 times (p=0.021). Females have a 1.74 times greater risk of sleep disorders compared to males (p=0.042). In addition to these demographic factors, specific medical histories and unhealthy behaviors in the elderly play a crucial role. Hypertension (3.12 times risk), diabetes (2.46 times risk), smoking history (2.98 times risk), and caffeine consumption (1.95 times risk) serve as independent predictors for the occurrence of sleep disorders among the elderly (p\u0026lt;0.05). In other words, increasing age, female gender, along with the presence of chronic comorbidities and unhealthy behaviors, are proven to be major risk factors for sleep disorders that need special attention among the elderly in this area. Preventive efforts through risk factor control in high-risk groups are highly recommended.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eRecent research in Bekasi District reveals that three-quarters of the elderly, or 75%, experience sleep disorders at a moderate level, 13% at a poor level, and 0.5% at a very poor level. These findings align with a recent longitudinal study conducted in the United States involving 1,689 older adults. The study indicates a high prevalence of sleep disorders in the elderly, with insomnia increasing from 26% in the age range of 70-79 years to over 40% in the age range above 90 years\u0026nbsp;[18]. These findings suggest that sleep disorders escalate with age in the elderly population, emphasizing the urgency for understanding and managing sleep disorders in the context of aging.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrevious research on 7,444 elderly individuals in China also identified a relatively high prevalence of sleep disorders, with a rate of 60.4% (defined by a Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index/PSQI score \u0026gt; 5)\u0026nbsp;[19]. Neurobiological theories explain that changes in the central nervous system and circadian regulation in the elderly lead to alterations in sleep patterns and increased vulnerability to sleep disorders\u0026nbsp;[20\u0026ndash;23]. Therefore, sleep disorders are a relatively common issue in the elderly population, particularly as age increases. The high prevalence of sleep disorders in the elderly is crucial to be vigilant about, considering the potential negative consequences. Several studies indicate that sleep disorders are associated with a decline in quality of life, the risk of falls, and cognitive impairment or dementia in the elderly. Hence, preventive efforts through early detection and appropriate management from the early stages are essential\u0026nbsp;[24,25].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSeveral studies have extensively investigated risk factors for sleep disorders in the elderly. One dominant factor is advancing age. As a person gets older, the risk of experiencing sleep disorders increases. A longitudinal study in the United States found that the prevalence of insomnia in the age range of 70-79 years was 26%, sharply rising to \u0026gt;40% in the age group above 90 years\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;[23,26\u0026ndash;28]. Another study reported that elderly individuals aged \u0026gt;80 years have a 2.27 times higher risk of sleep disorders than the 65-80 years age group. Another risk factor is being female [29]. Similarly, a history of hypertension has been proven to have a positive correlation with insomnia in the elderly\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;[30,31]. Smoking and caffeine consumption have also been identified as behaviors contributing to increased sleep latency, decreased sleep duration, and overall sleep disturbances in the adult population, including the elderly\u0026nbsp;[32,33].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSleep disorders experienced by the elderly have been shown to have various negative impacts, both physical, psychological, and social. One of them is a decline in overall quality of life. A study on 155 community-dwelling elderly found that those with chronic insomnia had lower quality of life scores compared to the control group\u0026nbsp;[27,34]. Sleep disorders are also associated with the onset of depressive symptoms, which are significant predictors of reduced quality of life in the elderly\u0026nbsp;[35,36]. The second physical impact is an increased risk of falls, which is also linked to morbidity and mortality in the elderly. Moreover, disrupted sleep also affects cognitive function and has the potential to trigger or exacerbate dementia. A meta-analysis of 15 studies reported that sleep-disordered breathing, such as sleep apnea, is associated with a decline in cognitive function in the elderly\u0026nbsp;[37].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe findings of this study indicate that age, gender, and several medical conditions, as well as behaviors, have a significant association with sleep disorders in the elderly. This aligns with previous research that found the incidence of sleep disorders increases with age [20]. The prevalence of sleep disorders is also known to be higher in older women compared to men \u0026nbsp;[29]. In addition to these intrinsic health factors, the current study\u0026apos;s findings confirm the role of unhealthy lifestyle behaviors such as smoking and caffeine consumption. The nicotine and caffeine content in cigarettes and coffee are known to disrupt circadian rhythms, cause difficulty in falling asleep, and reduce total sleep time. Therefore, it is advisable for the elderly to avoid these habits to improve their sleep quality. Overall, the research results support previous scientific publications regarding the contribution of demographic factors, health status, and lifestyle to the risk of sleep disorders in the elderly population. Detecting and controlling these factors are crucial to reducing the incidence of sleep disorders in this vulnerable group.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch Limitations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study is confined to four districts in Kabupaten Bekasi; therefore, the generalization of the results is limited to the elderly population in that specific region and may not be universally applicable to the elderly population in Indonesia. The sample size is restricted, and respondent selection involves Stratified Random Sampling, which may not fully represent the diversity within the elderly population in Kabupaten Bekasi. The limitation of participation only to willing respondents may introduce bias.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of Interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe author/researcher sincerely declares that there is no conflict of interest that could affect the integrity or objectivity of this research. There is no financial relationship, stock ownership, or other personal interests that could influence the results or interpretation of this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe researcher would like to thank the Bekasi District Health Service for providing permission and assisting with the research process and the researcher would also like to thank Bani Saleh University for funding this research and publication. Top of Form\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAmzal Mortin Andas:Designing the research and drafting the research manuscript.Collecting data.Performing data analysis.Fauziah H Wada:Managing research permits and ethical clearance.Collecting data.Indah Puspitasari:Performing data analysis.Marathun Shoaliha:Collecting data.Netty Huzniaty Andas:Translating the manuscript into English.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eUnited Nations. World Population Ageing. 2020.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBadan pusat statistik. Statistik Penduduk Lanjut Usia 2021. Andhie Surya Mustari, Budi Santoso, Ika Maylasari RS, editor. Indonesia: Badan Pusat Statistik; 2021. xxvi + 288.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBadan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Bekasi. Kabupaten Bekasi Dalam Angka. 2022.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBPS Kecamatan Tambun Selatan. Kecamatan Tambun Selatan Dalam Angka 2022. 2021;23(January):2022.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRizky Herna Putra. Hubungan Antara Tingkat Depresi dengan Gangguan Tidur (Insomnia) Pada Lansia Di Panti Jompo kota Malang. 2019;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKemenkes RI. Profil Kesehatan Indonesia 2021. Farida Sibuea, SKM, MSc.PH Boga Hardhana, S.Si, MM Winne Widiantini, SKM M, editor. Pusdatin.Kemenkes.Go.Id. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia; 2022. Kementrian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSlovacek H, Khalafalla K, Wang R. Age is not a number when it comes to penile prosthesis surgery: A case series and mini literature review. UroPrecision [Internet]. 2023 Nov 19;n/a(n/a). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/uro2.26\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLe Couteur DG, Thillainadesan J. What Is an Aging-Related Disease? An Epidemiological Perspective. Journals Gerontol Ser A [Internet]. 2022 Nov 1;77(11):2168\u0026ndash;74. 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Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(3):1\u0026ndash;57.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCasagrande M, Forte G, Favieri F, Corbo I. Sleep Quality and Aging: A Systematic Review on Healthy Older People, Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer\u0026rsquo;s Disease. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(14).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKim DK, Lee IH, Lee BC, Lee CY. Article Effect of Sleep Disturbance on Cognitive Function in Elderly Individuals: A Prospective Cohort Study. J Pers Med. 2022;12(7).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSella E, Toffalini E, Canini L, Borella E. Non-pharmacological interventions targeting sleep quality in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Aging Ment Health [Internet]. 2023 May 4;27(5):847\u0026ndash;61. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2022.2056879\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAmzal Mortin Andas, Christantie Effendi, Sri Setyarini. Validity and Reliability Test on Sleep Quality Scale (SQS) Instruments in Indonesia Version on Cancer Patients. Int J Res Pharm Sci [Internet]. 2020 Dec 24;11(4):7275\u0026ndash;80. Available from: https://pharmascope.org/ijrps/article/view/3865\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSnyder E, Cai B, DeMuro C, Morrison MF, Ball W. A new single-item sleep quality scale: Results of psychometric evaluation in patients with chronic primary insomnia and depression. J Clin Sleep Med. 2018;14(11):1849\u0026ndash;57.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMolnar F, Frank C, Chun S, Lee EK. Insomnia in older adults: Approaching a clinical challenge systematically. Can Fam Physician. 2021 Jan;67(1):25\u0026ndash;6.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLuo J, Zhu G, Zhao Q, Guo Q, Meng H, Hong Z, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of poor sleep quality among Chinese elderly in an urban community: results from the Shanghai aging study. PLoS One [Internet]. 2013 Nov 25;8(11):e81261\u0026ndash;e81261. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24282576\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGooneratne NS, Vitiello M V. Sleep in older adults: normative changes, sleep disorders, and treatment options. Clin Geriatr Med. 2014 Aug;30(3):591\u0026ndash;627.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDaley-Brown D, Oprea-Iles G, Vann KT, Lanier V, Lee R, Candelaria P V, et al. Type II Endometrial Cancer Overexpresses NILCO: A Preliminary Evaluation. Dis Markers. 2017;2017:8248175.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBlanc PD, Annesi-Maesano I, Balmes JR, Cummings KJ, Fishwick D, Miedinger D, et al. The Occupational Burden of Nonmalignant Respiratory Diseases. An Official American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society Statement. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Jun;199(11):1312\u0026ndash;34.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNguyen V, George T, Brewster GS. Insomnia in Older Adults. Vol. 8, Current Geriatrics Reports. 2019. 271\u0026ndash;290 p.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDing L, Zhang L, Cui Y, Gong Q, Ma J, Wang Y, et al. The association of sleep duration and quality with depressive symptoms in older Chinese women. PLoS One [Internet]. 2022 Mar 15;17(3):e0262331. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262331\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAmelia VL, Jen HJ, Lee TY, Chang LF, Chung MH. Comparison of the Associations between Self-Reported Sleep Quality and Sleep Duration Concerning the Risk of Depression: A Nationwide Population-Based Study in Indonesia. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(21).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNadorff MR, Drapeau CW, Pigeon WR. Psychiatric Illness and Sleep in Older Adults. Sleep Med Clin. 2018;13(1):81\u0026ndash;91.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLee S, Kim JH, Chung JH. The association between sleep quality and quality of life: a population-based study. Sleep Med. 2021 Aug;84:121\u0026ndash;6.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLo CMH, Lee PH. Prevalence and impacts of poor sleep on quality of life and associated factors of good sleepers in a sample of older Chinese adults. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2012 Jun;10:72.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCurtis AF, Costa AN, Musich M, Schmiedeler A, Jagannathan S, Connell M, et al. Sex as a moderator of the sleep and cognition relationship in middle-aged and older adults: A preliminary investigation. Behav Sleep Med [Internet]. 2024 Jan 2;22(1):14\u0026ndash;27. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/15402002.2023.2177293\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLiu D, Yu C, Huang K, Thomas S, Yang W, Liu S, et al. The Association between Hypertension and Insomnia: A Bidirectional Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies. Int J Hypertens. 2022;2022:4476905.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMakarem N, Alc\u0026aacute;ntara C, Williams N, Bello NA, Abdalla M. Effect of Sleep Disturbances on Blood Pressure. Hypertension [Internet]. 2021 Apr 1;77(4):1036\u0026ndash;46. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.14479\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTruong MK, Berger M, Haba-Rubio J, Siclari F, Marques-Vidal P, Heinzer R. Impact of smoking on sleep macro\u0026ndash; and microstructure. Sleep Med [Internet]. 2021;84:86\u0026ndash;92. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389945721003038\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHwang JH, Park SW. The relationship between poor sleep quality measured by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and smoking status according to sex and age: an analysis of the 2018 Korean Community Health Survey. Epidemiol Health. 2022;44:1\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eXu W, Bai A, Huang X, Gao Y, Liu L. Association Between Sleep and Motoric Cognitive Risk Syndrome Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults: Results From the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. Front Aging Neurosci [Internet]. 2021;13. Available from: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnagi.2021.774167\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDong L, Xie Y, Zou X. Association between sleep duration and depression in US adults: A cross-sectional study. J Affect Disord [Internet]. 2022;296:183\u0026ndash;8. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016503272101034X\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLin CY, Lai TF, Huang WC, Hung YC, Hsueh MC, Park JH, et al. Sleep duration and timing are nonlinearly associated with depressive symptoms among older adults. Sleep Med [Internet]. 2021;81:93\u0026ndash;7. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389945721001039\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMason GM, Lokhandwala S, Riggins T, Spencer RMC. Sleep and human cognitive development. Sleep Med Rev [Internet]. 2021;57:101472. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1087079221000575\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrequency Distribution of Respondent Characteristics in Bekasi District\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"Left\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.129094412331407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.113680154142585%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRespondent Characteristics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.71868978805395%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrequency Distribution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(n=200)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.038535645472063%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePercentage\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.129094412331407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.113680154142585%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.71868978805395%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.038535645472063%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.129094412331407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.113680154142585%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge Categories\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.71868978805395%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.038535645472063%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.129094412331407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.113680154142585%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eElderly\u0026nbsp;(55-65 Years)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.71868978805395%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e146\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.038535645472063%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.129094412331407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.113680154142585%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYoung Elderly\u0026nbsp;(66-74 Years)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.71868978805395%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.038535645472063%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.129094412331407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.113680154142585%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOld Elderly\u0026nbsp;(75-90 Years)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.71868978805395%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.038535645472063%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.129094412331407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.113680154142585%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVery Old Elderly\u0026nbsp;(\u0026gt;90 Years)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.71868978805395%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.038535645472063%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.129094412331407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.113680154142585%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGender\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd \n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd \n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.129094412331407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.113680154142585%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.71868978805395%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e117\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.038535645472063%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58,5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.129094412331407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.113680154142585%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.71868978805395%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.038535645472063%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41,5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.129094412331407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.113680154142585%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHighest Education Attainment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd \n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd \n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.129094412331407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.113680154142585%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo Formal Education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.71868978805395%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.038535645472063%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.129094412331407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.113680154142585%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eElementary School\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.71868978805395%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.038535645472063%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13,5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.129094412331407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.113680154142585%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJunior High Schoo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.71868978805395%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.038535645472063%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.129094412331407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.113680154142585%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSenior High School\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.71868978805395%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e109\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.038535645472063%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54,5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.129094412331407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.113680154142585%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigher Education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.71868978805395%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.038535645472063%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.129094412331407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.113680154142585%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOccupation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd \n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd \n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.129094412331407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.113680154142585%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEmployed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.71868978805395%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.038535645472063%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.129094412331407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.113680154142585%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnemployed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.71868978805395%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e124\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.038535645472063%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.129094412331407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.113680154142585%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMedical History\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.71868978805395%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.038535645472063%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.129094412331407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.113680154142585%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIspa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.71868978805395%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.038535645472063%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.129094412331407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.113680154142585%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLiver Abscess\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.71868978805395%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.038535645472063%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.129094412331407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.113680154142585%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUric Acid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.71868978805395%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.038535645472063%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2,5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.129094412331407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.113680154142585%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAsthma\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.71868978805395%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.038535645472063%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2,5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.129094412331407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.113680154142585%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiabetes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.71868978805395%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.038535645472063%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.129094412331407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.113680154142585%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGastritis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.71868978805395%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.038535645472063%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.129094412331407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.113680154142585%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHypertension\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.71868978805395%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.038535645472063%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.129094412331407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.113680154142585%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePinched Nerve/ Herniated Disc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.71868978805395%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.038535645472063%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.129094412331407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.113680154142585%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHeart Disease\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.71868978805395%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.038535645472063%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5,5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.129094412331407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.113680154142585%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh Cholesterol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.71868978805395%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.038535645472063%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.129094412331407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.113680154142585%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnknown Medical Condition\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.71868978805395%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e105\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.038535645472063%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52,5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.129094412331407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.113680154142585%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSmoking History\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd \n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.038535645472063%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.129094412331407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.113680154142585%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSmoker\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.71868978805395%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.038535645472063%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42,5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.129094412331407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.113680154142585%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNon-Smoker\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.71868978805395%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e115\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.038535645472063%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57,5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.129094412331407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.113680154142585%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCoffee Consumption\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.71868978805395%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.038535645472063%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.129094412331407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.113680154142585%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCoffee Consumer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.71868978805395%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e121\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.038535645472063%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60,5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.129094412331407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.113680154142585%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNon-Coffee Consumer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.71868978805395%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.038535645472063%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39,5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.129094412331407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.113680154142585%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSleeping Pill Consumption\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.71868978805395%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.038535645472063%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.129094412331407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.113680154142585%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSleeping Pill Consumer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.71868978805395%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.038535645472063%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.129094412331407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.113680154142585%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNon-Sleeping Pill Consumer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.71868978805395%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e198\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.038535645472063%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.129094412331407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.113680154142585%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.71868978805395%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.038535645472063%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2 Frequency Distribution of Sleep Disorder Levels in the Elderly in Bekasi District\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"51.54639175257732%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSleep Disorder Level for the Elderly \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.61855670103093%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; N\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.556701030927837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003col start=\"1\" type=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"51.54639175257732%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVery Good\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.61855670103093%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.556701030927837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003col start=\"2\" type=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"51.54639175257732%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGood\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.61855670103093%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.556701030927837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11,5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003col start=\"3\" type=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"51.54639175257732%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.61855670103093%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;150\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.556701030927837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003col start=\"4\" type=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"51.54639175257732%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.61855670103093%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.556701030927837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003col start=\"5\" type=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"51.54639175257732%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVery Poor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.61855670103093%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.556701030927837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 0,5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"51.54639175257732%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.61855670103093%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 200\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.556701030927837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100,0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrequency Distribution Based on Sleep Disorder Levels and Characteristics of Respondents in Bekasi District\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"651\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.769230769230769%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.46153846153846%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCharacteristics of Respondents\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.923076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eF\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.230769230769231%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"48.61538461538461%\" colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Tingkat Gangguan Tidur\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.769230769230769%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.46153846153846%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.923076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(n=200)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.230769230769231%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.153846153846153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVery Good\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.384615384615385%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGood\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.76923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eModerate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.23076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePoor\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.076923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVery Poor\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.769230769230769%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.46153846153846%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge Categories\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.923076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.230769230769231%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.153846153846153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.384615384615385%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.76923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.23076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.076923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.769230769230769%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.46153846153846%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eElderly\u0026nbsp;(55-65 Years)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.923076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e146\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.230769230769231%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.153846153846153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.384615384615385%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.76923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e110\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.23076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.076923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.769230769230769%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.46153846153846%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYoung Elderly\u0026nbsp;(66-74 Years)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.923076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.230769230769231%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.153846153846153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.384615384615385%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.76923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.23076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.076923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.769230769230769%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.46153846153846%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOld Elderly\u0026nbsp;(75-90 Years)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.923076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.230769230769231%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.153846153846153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.384615384615385%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.76923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.23076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.076923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.769230769230769%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.46153846153846%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVery Old Elderly\u0026nbsp;(\u0026gt;90 Years)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.923076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.230769230769231%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.153846153846153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.384615384615385%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.76923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.23076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.076923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.769230769230769%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.46153846153846%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGender\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.923076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.230769230769231%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.153846153846153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.384615384615385%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.76923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.23076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.076923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.769230769230769%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.46153846153846%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.923076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e117\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.230769230769231%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.153846153846153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.384615384615385%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.76923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.23076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.076923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.769230769230769%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.46153846153846%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.923076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.230769230769231%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.153846153846153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.384615384615385%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.76923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.23076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.076923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.769230769230769%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.46153846153846%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHighest Education Attainment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.923076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.230769230769231%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.153846153846153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.384615384615385%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.76923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.23076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.076923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.769230769230769%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.46153846153846%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo Formal Education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.923076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.230769230769231%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.153846153846153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.384615384615385%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.76923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.23076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.076923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.769230769230769%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.46153846153846%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eElementary School\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.923076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.230769230769231%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.153846153846153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.384615384615385%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.76923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.23076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.076923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.769230769230769%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.46153846153846%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJunior High Schoo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.923076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.230769230769231%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.153846153846153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.384615384615385%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.76923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.23076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.076923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.769230769230769%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.46153846153846%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSenior High School\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.923076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e109\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.230769230769231%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.153846153846153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.384615384615385%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.76923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.23076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.076923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.769230769230769%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.46153846153846%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigher Education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.923076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.230769230769231%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.153846153846153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.384615384615385%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.76923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.23076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.076923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.769230769230769%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.46153846153846%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOccupation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.923076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.230769230769231%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.153846153846153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.384615384615385%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.76923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.23076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.076923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.769230769230769%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.46153846153846%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEmployed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.923076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.230769230769231%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.153846153846153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.384615384615385%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.76923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.23076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.076923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.769230769230769%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.46153846153846%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnemployed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.923076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e124\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.230769230769231%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.153846153846153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.384615384615385%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.76923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.23076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.076923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.769230769230769%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.46153846153846%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMedical History\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.923076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.230769230769231%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.153846153846153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.384615384615385%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.76923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.23076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.076923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.769230769230769%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.46153846153846%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIspa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.923076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.230769230769231%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.153846153846153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.384615384615385%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.76923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.23076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.076923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.769230769230769%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.46153846153846%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLiver Abscess\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.923076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.230769230769231%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.153846153846153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.384615384615385%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.76923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.23076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.076923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.769230769230769%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.46153846153846%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUric Acid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.923076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.230769230769231%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.153846153846153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.384615384615385%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.76923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.23076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.076923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.769230769230769%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.46153846153846%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAsthma\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.923076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.230769230769231%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.153846153846153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.384615384615385%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.76923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.23076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.076923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.769230769230769%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.46153846153846%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiabetes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.923076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.230769230769231%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.153846153846153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.384615384615385%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.76923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.23076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.076923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.769230769230769%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.46153846153846%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGastritis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.923076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.230769230769231%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.153846153846153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.384615384615385%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.76923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.23076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.076923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.769230769230769%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.46153846153846%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHypertension\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.923076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.230769230769231%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.153846153846153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.384615384615385%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.76923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.23076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.076923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.769230769230769%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.46153846153846%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePinched Nerve/ Herniated Disc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.923076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.230769230769231%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.153846153846153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.384615384615385%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.76923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.23076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.076923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.769230769230769%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.46153846153846%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHeart Disease\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.923076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.230769230769231%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.153846153846153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.384615384615385%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.76923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.23076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.076923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.769230769230769%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.46153846153846%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh Cholesterol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.923076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.230769230769231%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.153846153846153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.384615384615385%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.76923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.23076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.076923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.769230769230769%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.46153846153846%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnknown Medical Condition\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.923076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e105\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.230769230769231%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.153846153846153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.384615384615385%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.76923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.23076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.076923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.769230769230769%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.46153846153846%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSmoking History\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.923076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.230769230769231%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.153846153846153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.384615384615385%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.76923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.23076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.076923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.769230769230769%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.46153846153846%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.923076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.230769230769231%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.153846153846153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.384615384615385%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.76923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.23076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.076923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.769230769230769%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.46153846153846%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.923076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e115\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.230769230769231%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.153846153846153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.384615384615385%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.76923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.23076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.076923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.769230769230769%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.46153846153846%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCoffee Consumption\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.923076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.230769230769231%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.153846153846153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.384615384615385%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.76923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.23076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.076923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.769230769230769%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.46153846153846%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.923076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e121\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.230769230769231%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.153846153846153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.384615384615385%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.76923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.23076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.076923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.769230769230769%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.46153846153846%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.923076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.230769230769231%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.153846153846153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.384615384615385%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.76923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.23076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.076923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.769230769230769%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.46153846153846%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSleeping Pill Consumption\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.923076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.230769230769231%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.153846153846153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.384615384615385%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.76923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.23076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.076923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.769230769230769%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.46153846153846%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.923076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.230769230769231%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.153846153846153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.384615384615385%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.76923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.23076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.076923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.769230769230769%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.46153846153846%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.923076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e198\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.230769230769231%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.153846153846153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.384615384615385%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.76923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e150\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.23076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.076923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRelationship between Demographic Characteristics and Medical History with Sleep Disorders\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariabel\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP Value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOR (95% CI)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,08 (1,01 - 1,15)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,042\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,74 (1,02 - 2,98)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHypertension\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3,12 (1,58 - 6,17)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiabetes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,031\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2,46 (1,08 - 5,58)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSmoking History\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2,98 (1,47 - 6,03)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCaffeine Consumption\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,017\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,95 (1,12 - 3,37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Elderly, Sleep, Sleep Disturbance, Community Dwelling","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4021008/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4021008/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground: \u003c/strong\u003eThe global population is undergoing a shift in age structure due to increased life expectancy and declining birth rates, particularly in the elderly demographic. The elderly population in Indonesia, specifically in Bekasi District, has experienced a significant rise. Sleep disorders among the elderly have become a serious concern, especially given the escalating risks of degenerative and non-communicable diseases associated with sleep quality. This research focuses on four sub-districts in Bekasi District, aiming to assess the prevalence of sleep disorders among the elderly.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethod: \u003c/strong\u003eThis study employs a quantitative approach with a descriptive analytical design. Stratified Random Sampling technique was utilized to select samples from the elderly population aged 55-90 years in Bekasi District. The Sleep Quality Scale (SQS) was employed as an instrument to measure respondents' sleep disorders. Data analysis involved the use of the Chi-Square test to evaluate the relationship between demographic characteristics, medical history, and the level of sleep disorders.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults: \u003c/strong\u003eThe study revealed that out of 200 elderly respondents, 75% experienced sleep disorders at a moderate level, 13% at a poor level, and 0.5% at a very poor level. Age, gender, hypertension, diabetes, smoking history, and caffeine consumption were significantly associated with the level of sleep disorders. These factors emerged as independent predictors of sleep disorders in the elderly.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion: \u003c/strong\u003eThe prevalence of sleep disorders among the elderly in Bekasi District is relatively high. Factors such as age, gender, medical history, and lifestyle behaviors significantly contribute to the level of sleep disorders. Comprehensive prevention and intervention efforts are needed to enhance the sleep quality of the elderly and prevent potential complications arising from sleep disorders.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Prevalence And Factor Associated of Sleep disturbance Community-Dwelling Older Adults in Indonesia","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-03-13 13:01:29","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4021008/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"9c092deb-c502-4605-bc4c-561025f50a3a","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 13th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-04-29T09:46:09+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-03-13 13:01:29","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4021008","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4021008","identity":"rs-4021008","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}