Depression, Anxiety and Stress among the Medical Graduates in Bangladesh: Findings from an Online-Based Cross-Sectional Survey

Depression, Anxiety and Stress among the Medical Graduates in Bangladesh: Findings from an Online-Based Cross-Sectional Survey | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Depression, Anxiety and Stress among the Medical Graduates in Bangladesh: Findings from an Online-Based Cross-Sectional Survey Samia Ullah Orthi, Md Mizanur Rahman, Dipak Kumar Mitra, Shah Mahmud Mishu, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6140738/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Mental health problems among health professionals are a substantial public health issue. They can be influenced by a high workload, a stressful environment, unsatisfactory payment, a lack of support from colleagues, and inadequate time for academic activities. The COVID-19 pandemic has even posed a higher threat to medical professionals. This study aimed to find out how common depression, anxiety, and stress are among medical graduates in Bangladesh and what causes them. Methods An online cross-sectional survey was conducted among (n=209) medical graduates in Bangladesh from January to May 2022. Data were collected by using a structured e-questionnaire shared through Facebook, WhatsApp, and Gmail. Depression, anxiety, and stress were measured using the DASS-21 scale. Logistic regression analysis was performed to find associated risk factors. Results The Prevalence estimates of depression, anxiety, and stress were 79.4%, 69.4%, and 77%, respectively. Factors significantly associated with depression included female sex (p≤0.05), (AOR =5.96, [95% CI 1.89- 18.83]); living away from family (p≤0.05), (AOR=3.04, [95% CI 1.14-8.09]); less working hours [p≤0.001, AOR =0.16, (95% CI 0.06-0.47) & [p≤0.05, AOR =0.29, (95% CI 0.08-0.91)]; more monthly income[p≤0.05, AOR =0.45, (95% CI 0.17-1.21)] & [p≤0.05, AOR =0.16, (95% CI 0.04-0.69]; payment satisfaction (p≤0.001), (AOR=12.53, [95% CI 4.35-36.13]) and smoking habit (p≤0.05), (AOR =30, [95% CI 1.83-491.48]) revealed a significant association with depression. On the other hand, age (p≤0.05), (AOR =0.31, [95% CI 0.13-0.73]) was linked with anxiety. Furthermore, there was a significant association between female sex (p≤0.05) (AOR =4.65, [95% CI 1.69-12.77]) and payment dissatisfaction (p≤0.001), (AOR =4.05, [95% CI 1.72-9.53]) with stress. Conclusions The results show shockingly high rates of mental health problems among Bangladeshi medical graduates during the epidemic, so stressing the immediate need for focused treatments. To help this underprivileged group's mental health, authorities have to take care of financial, social, and occupational pressures. Depression anxiety stress medical graduates Covid-19 mental health DASS-21 Introduction "Mental health illness" refers to a broad spectrum of mental health issues that impact emotions, thoughts, and behaviour. Mental illness has detrimental effects on one's physical well-being, society, and financial burden. One-fourth of the world's population is affected by mental illness, which is one of the primary causes of disease burden in a society that is becoming more urbanized today. With the fast spread of COVID-19, healthcare systems worldwide have had to deal with problems that have never been seen before. Lack of training on preventing and controlling infections and using personal protective equipment (PPE) resulted in many COVID-19 cases among healthcare workers, especially in the early stages of the pandemic ( 1 , 2 ). Long working hours and limited resources can cause healthcare professionals to burn out, get tired, and feel stressed. Burnout and stress, although separate ideas, are connected to related to and future psychological impacts including common mental diseases like depression and anxiety, through human social and biological processes. Moreover, depression seems to be one of the issues that most often influences doctors. Apart from their own personal and family circumstances, depression in doctors can seriously affect the health of their patients ( 3 ). Postgraduate trainees differ from other doctors because they have challenging classes, work long hours, and must keep studying. They cannot keep up with their hobbies and simultaneously take care of their housework. According to studies, doctors who are less functional while at work risk endangering their patients, coworkers, and themselves. Therefore, in this demanding stage of the epidemic, the mental health needs of medical practitioners cannot be disregarded. During COVID-19 the Stress prevalence was 29.6%, anxiety prevalence was 31.9%, and depression prevalence was 33.7%. Previous studies identified age, sex, education, employment, marital status, and place of birth as important predictors of depression, anxiety, and stress ( 4 ). However, healthcare workers were more likely than the general public to develop mental health problems during the COVID-19 epidemic. Among healthcare professionals, 80 studies from 18 Asian countries revealed the frequency of anxiety at 34.81%; depression at 34.61%; stress at 15.29%; and post-traumatic stress disorder at 15.29% ( 5 ). Front-line healthcare providers tending to COVID-19 patients have a high stress, anxiety, and depression rate according to another systematic review and meta-regression. Depression, anxiety, and stress were respectively 24.3%, 25.8%, and 45% ( 4 ). Among all the medical professionals in Korea, female healthcare workers had a higher percentage of psychiatric diseases than males prior to COVID-19 ( 6 ). Furthermore, a systematic review revealed a higher-than-expected prevalence of depressive symptoms (28.8%) ( 7 ). In line with this, R.Y. Elbay et al. (2020) polled doctors online and found a prevalence rate higher than others: 64.7% of them reported depression, 51.6% anxiety, and 41.2% of stress ( 8 ). According to some studies, female gender, age, religion, ethnicity, marital status, living status, colleagues' and supervisors' support, adequate academic time, and smoking are significant risk factors for depression among physicians. An observational study in India found that healthcare workers were twice as likely to show high stress, depression, and anxiety symptoms. In contrast, people who lived in hostels or temporary housing had a two-fold increased risk of experiencing depression or anxiety symptoms. In Bangladesh, female physicians who did not receive incentives to use self-funded PPE did not receive adequate training and did not perceive themselves as self-sufficient in managing COVID-19-positive patients. Lower income was all linked to anxiety or depressive symptoms. Reduced exercise, more alcohol consumption, and less sleep were linked to higher levels of depression and anxiety in US doctors. Among UK doctors, low job satisfaction, overworking, and working more hours were all major factors linked to exhaustion and psychiatric morbidity ( 9 , 10 ). While striving to provide quality treatment, many countries' health systems have been taxed and stretched beyond their capacity and resources as the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic started in late 2019 and the WHO noticed it a worldwide pandemic on March 11, 2020. As global and humanitarian crises deepened, health professionals both at home and abroad became progressively stressed and traumatized. Recovering from the epidemic calls for not neglecting the mental health needs of medical professionals and front-line responders of the reaction. Moreover, one should closely examine the components related to stress, anxiety, and depression and keep a low-frequency rate ( 11 ). Therefore, the present study will assess the extent of depression, anxiety, and stress and find their causes. Methods Data source A cross-sectional survey was conducted among Bangladeshi doctors both practicing and non-practicing (newly graduated). A structured survey questionnaire consisting of questions on socio-demographic status and a psychometric scale, translated and validated Bangla version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21 Bangla version) was applied ( 12 ) to collect data through Google form. An Online platform like Facebook, WhatsApp, and Messenger was used to distribute the e-questionnaire. Sampling technique During the COVID-19 pandemic, the participants were chosen using a convenient sampling method while maintaining social distance. An informed consent form was included with the survey questionnaire. We explicitly explained the details of the study and each respondent agreed to take part in the survey after reading and submitting the “Yes” button of the written consent form. The consent form stated that participants could say “no” and leave the study at any time. We also said that the information collected would be kept secret and used only for that purpose. It was urged participants to forward the survey form to their friends. Participants received no incentives or rewards for their involvement. Included were male and female doctors registered under BMDC (Bangladesh Medical and Dental Council), with an internet connection and survey willingness. The sample sizes For this study, the number of respondents was calculated using the following assumptions: using a single proportion population formula ( 13 ): Where, n = sample size; Z = the standard normal deviate with 95% Confidence level (1.96); p = (14.5% or 0.145) is the assumed prevalence from a similar prior study on postgraduate trainee doctors in Bangladesh ( 22 ); d= (5% or 0.05) is allowable error or precision; the final population was n = 190, with 10% non-response rate, so, final sample size, 190 + 19 = 209. Measures Socio-demographic measures: It included age, sex, employment status (working/ non-working), monthly income (which was measured according to the Bangladesh HIES-2016), living away from family (yes/no), religion (Islam/Hindu/Others), marital status (married/ unmarried/ divorced), having children (yes/no), monthly income (no income/ 25000 taka). Personal factors measure the questions concerning satisfaction with the payment (yes/no), enough time for study (yes/no), colleague’s support (yes/no), smoking habit (yes/no), working hours/week (72 hours). Measures of Depression, anxiety and stress Scale (DASS-21): A Frequently used screening tool in community settings to evaluate depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms is the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS) ( 14 ). The Depression sub-scale analyses low positive affect, poor self-esteem, and hopelessness. The Anxiety scale evaluates autonomic arousal, musculoskeletal symptoms, situational anxiety, and subjective sense of anxious arousal; the Stress scale evaluates tension, agitation, and negative affect. Two forms of the DASS are a shorter 21-item version and a full 42-item version. Their domains are the same ( 14 ). The DASS is validated for use in both clinical and community settings in English-speaking nations, including Australia ( 15 ), the United States of America ( 16 ), Canada ( 16 ), England ( 17 ) and Bangladesh ( 12 ). Depression-questions-3, 5, 10, 13, 16, 17, 21, Anxiety-2, 4, 7, 9, 15, 19, 20, Stress-1, 6, 8, 11, 12, 14, 18 questions each of the three sub-scales respectively ( 18 ). Every item has a statement and four short response options to portray the gravity of the matter and scored from 0 (Did not apply to me at all) to 3 (Applied to me very much, or most of the time). To get equivalent scores to the full DASS 42, each scale's total score is doubled (Lovibond & Lovibond, 1996) and ranges from 0 to 42. Using both English and Bangla versions of DASS-21 to assess depression, anxiety and stress ( 12 ). Predefined thresholds for Normal, mild, moderate, and severe levels were used to categorize depression, anxiety and stress as follows: normal (depression 0–9, anxiety 0–7, and stress 0–14), mild (depression 10–13, anxiety 8–9, and stress 15–18), moderate (depression 14–20, anxiety 10–14, and stress 19–25), severe (depression 21–27, anxiety 15–19, and stress 26–33) and extremely severe (depression ≥ 28, anxiety ≥ 20, and stress ≥ 34) ( 18 ). Statistical analysis The data was analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2019 and IBM SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences), version 22. Microsoft Excel was used for completeness, and correctness to exclude missing or incomplete information, editing, sorting, and coding. The Excel file was later imported into SPSS software. Descriptive statistics were used to calculate socio-demographic parameters; frequencies and percentages were also used for categorical variables. The Chi-square test was used to investigate the relationship between independent variables and outcome variables. To assess the risk factors of depression, anxiety, and stress, we lastly ran multivariate logistic regression. Considered statistically significant was a p-value of ≤ 0.05. Results 209 participants responded to our invitation and completed the interview. Information on the socio-demographic details of the participating doctors is provided in Table 1. Table 1 Socio-demographic characteristics of medical graduates (N= 209) Variables Frequency (n) Percentage (%) Age (years) <25 3 1.4 25-30 102 48.8 30-35 92 44.0 35-40 7 3.3 ≥40 5 2.4 Sex Female 171 81.8 Male 38 18.2 Living away from family Yes 65 31.1 No 144 68.9 Religion Islam 158 75.6 Hindu 48 23.0 Others 3 1.4 Marital status Married 141 67.5 Unmarried 62 29.7 Divorced 6 2.9 Having children Yes 93 44.5 No 116 55.5 Working hours/week 72 hours 50 23.9 Others (Not in a job) 36 17.2 Monthly income No income 36 17.2 25000 taka 89 42.6 Satisfied with the payment Yes 47 22.5 No 126 60.3 Others (Not in a job) 36 17.2 Enough time for study Yes 77 36.8 No 132 63.2 Colleague’s support Yes 113 54.1 No 33 15.8 Others (No comment) 63 30.1 Smoking habit Yes 13 6.2 No 196 93.8 Most of the respondents (81.8%) were female and were aged between 25 and 30 (48.8%) and 30-35 (44%). Two-thirds of the population were married (67.5%), while the remainder were either single (29.7%) or divorced (2.9%. Around half (55.5%) of the population did not have children. One-third (31.1%) lived alone and apart from their families. Furthermore, three-fourths of the respondents (75.6%) identified as Muslims, with the remaining respondents (23%) and (1.4%) belonging to other religions. Out of the 209 participants, only 17.2% were unemployed. However, 60.3% of the jobholders were unhappy with their payment. Sixty-three percent of them (63.2%) reported not having enough time to study. Only 89 (42.6%) of the respondents make more than BDT 25,000 per month, and 84 make between BDT 10,000 and 25,000 per month. However, over 50% of workers (56.9%) reported getting support from their co-workers. The prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress among the medical graduates who took part in this study is shown in Table 2. Table 2 Severity of Depression, Anxiety and Stress of the respondents (N= 209) DASS-21 score for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Frequency (n) Percentage (%) Depression Normal (0-9) 43 20.6 Mild (10-13) 20 9.6 Moderate (14-20) 39 18.7 Severe (21-27) 37 17.7 Extremely severe (≥28) 70 33.5 Anxiety Normal (0-7) 64 30.6 Mild (8-9) 12 5.7 Moderate (10-14) 37 17.7 Severe (15-19) 20 9.6 Extremely severe (≥20) 76 36.4 Stress Normal (0-14) 48 23.0 Mild (15-18) 28 13.4 Moderate (19-25) 34 16.3 Severe (26-33) 49 23.4 Extremely severe (≥34) 50 23.9 The DASS-21 score revealed that 20.6% of people had no/minimal depression, 9.6% had mild depression, 18.7% had moderate depression, 17.7% had severe depression, and 33.5% had extremely severe depression. Additionally, 30.6% had no signs of anxiety, compared to 5.7% who had mild, 17.7% who had moderate, 9.6% who had severe, and 36.4% who had extremely severe anxiety. Additionally, 23% were not stressed, while 13.4%, 16.3%, 23.4%, and 23.9% had extremely severe stress. Only 24 (11.5%) respondents did not have any mental health condition, while the same number of people had one, 35 (16.7%) participants had two and 126 (60.3%) participants had all three mental health conditions to some extent (mild – extremely severe). Table 3 displays the chi-square test findings to investigate whether the dependent (depression, anxiety, and stress) and independent variables had any appreciable relationship. Table 3 Factors associated with depression, anxiety and stress among the respondents (n=209) Variables Depression χ 2 p -value Anxiety χ 2 p -value Stress χ 2 p-value No ** Some ## No ** Some ## No ** Some ## n % n % n % n % n % n % Age (years) Less than 30 26 24.8 79 75.2 2.902 0.099 28 26.7 77 73.3 8.574 0.004* 34 32.4 71 67.6 1.446 0.252 30 or above 37 35.6 67 64.4 48 46.2 56 53.8 42 40.4 62 59.6 Sex Male 14 36.8 24 63.2 0.990 0.333 14 36.8 24 63.2 0.005 1.000 18 47.4 20 52.6 2.431 0.137 Female 49 28.7 122 71.3 62 36.3 109 63.7 58 33.9 113 66.1 Living away from family Yes 15 23.1 50 76.9 2.237 0.146 20 30.8 45 69.2 1.276 0.280 22 33.8 43 66.2 0.258 0.644 No 48 33.3 96 66.7 56 38.9 88 61.1 54 37.5 90 62.5 Religion Muslim 49 31 109 69 0.232 0.727 55 34.8 103 65.2 0.675 0.503 56 35.4 102 64.6 0.237 0.738 Non-Muslim 14 27.5 37 72.5 21 41.2 30 58.8 20 39.2 31 60.8 Marital status Married 46 32.6 95 67.4 1.266 0.334 55 39 86 61 1.309 0.285 57 40.4 84 59.6 3.090 0.092 Unmarried/ Divorced 17 25 51 75.0 21 30.9 47 69.1 19 27.9 49 72.1 Having children Yes 28 30.1 65 69.9 0.000 1.000 37 39.8 56 60.2 0.848 0.387 38 40.9 55 59.1 1.464 0.249 No 35 30.2 81 69.8 39 33.6 77 66.4 38 32.8 78 67.2 Working hours/week (n=173) a 72 hours 15 30 35 70 19 38 31 62 19 38 31 62 Monthly income (n=173) b 25000 taka 26 29.2 63 70.8 36 40.4 53 59.6 31 34.8 58 65.2 Satisfied with the payment (n=173) b Yes 29 61.7 18 38.3 27.94 0.000* 24 51.1 23 48.9 5.984 0.020* 26 55.3 21 44.7 8.665 0.005* No 25 19.8 101 80.2 39 31 87 69 39 31 87 69 Colleague’s support Yes 39 34.5 74 65.5 2.231 0.348 44 38.9 69 61.1 3.428 0.186 43 38.1 70 61.9 0.303 0.868 No 8 25 24 75 7 21.9 25 78.8 11 34.4 21 65.6 No comment 16 25 48 75 25 39.1 39 60.9 22 34.4 42 65.6 Smoking habit Yes 1 7.7 12 92.3 Fisher’s Exacta 0.114 3 23.1 10 76.9 Fisher’s Exacta 0.383 3 23.1 10 76.9 1.058 0.383 No 62 31.6 134 68.4 73 37.2 123 62.8 73 37.2 123 62.8 *p value ≤0.05= significant; a Fisher’s Exact test done ; b those who was not in a job were excluded; **No = No/mild depression/Anxiety/Stress; ## Some = Moderate/Severe/Extremely Severe Depression/Anxiety/Stress Younger (aged below 30 years) people had higher levels of anxiety (73.3% vs 53.8%, p=0.004), but no similar effect was observed in the relationship between age and depression or age and stress. Men and women had the same percentage of mental health problems. No effect of marital status, religion, whether living with or away from family, having children, working hours, monthly income, presence/absence of colleagues’ support, or smoking habit was found on any of the mental health conditions. However, satisfaction with payment among the employed medical doctors was strongly associated with all three mental health conditions, with a higher proportion of participants who were unsatisfied with their payment reporting depression, anxiety and stress. Table 4 shows a multivariate model to predict factors associated with depression, anxiety, and stress. Table 4 Multivariate models to predict factors associated with Depression, Anxiety and Stress (n=209) Variables Depression Anxiety Stress AOR (95% CI) p-value AOR (95% CI) p-value AOR (95% CI) p-value Age Less than 30 1.0 1.0 1.0 30 years or more 0.55 (0.21 – 1.46) 0.230 0.31 (0.13 – 0.73) 0.007* 0.77 (0.34 – 1.72) 0.519 Sex Male 1.0 1.0 1.0 Female 5.96 (1.89 – 18.83) 0.002* 2.02 (0.73 – 5.49) 0.170 4.65 (1.69 – 12.77) 0.003* Living away from family No 1.0 1.0 1.0 Yes 3.04 (1.14 – 8.09) 0.026* 1.61 (0.72 – 3.59) 0.243 1.77 (0.79 – 3.93) 0.165 Religion Muslim 1.0 1.0 1.0 Non-Muslim 0.76 (0.28 – 2.05) 0.589 0.55 (0.24 – 1.26) 1.156 0.81 (0.35 – 1.85) 0.612 Marital status Married 1.0 1.0 1.0 Unmarried/Divorced 0.95 (0.36 – 2.52) 0.920 0.74 (0.32 – 1.72) 0.483 1.26 (0.56 – 2.86) 0.579 Work hours/week (n=173) a Less than 48 hours 1.0 1.0 1.0 48-72 hours 0.16 (0.06-0.47) 0.001* 0.83 (0.35 – 1.95) 0.663 0.64 (0.27 - 1.49) 0.299 More than 72 hours 0.29 (0.08 – 0.91) 0.034* 0.78 (0.31 – 1.98) 0.602 0.70 (0.28 – 1.75) 0.448 Monthly Income (n=173) a More than 25,000 BDT 1.0 1.0 1.0 10,000 – 25,000 BDT 0.45 (0.17 – 1.21) 0.114 0.87 (0.28 – 2.71) 0.808 0.50 (0.22 – 1.13) 0.095 Less than 10,000 BDT 0.16 (0.04 – 0.69) 0.013* 0.86 (0.38 – 1.96) 0.720 0.51 (0.17 - 1.56) 0.238 Satisfied with payment (n=173) a Yes 1.0 1.0 1.0 No 12.53 (4.35 – 36.13) <0.001* 2.83 (1.23 – 6.51) 0.015* 4.05 (1.72 – 9.53) 0.001* Support from colleagues Yes 1.0 1.0 1.0 No 1.53 (0.47 – 5.03) 0.480 2.63 (0.97 – 7.15) 0.059 0.95 (0.38 – 2.41) 0.916 No comments 1.10 (0.30 – 4.00) 0.882 0.67 (0.23 – 1.92) 0.454 0.57 (0.20 – 1.63) 0.293 Smoking habit No 1.0 1.0 1.0 Yes 30.00 (1.83 – 491.48) 0.017* 2.31 (0.42 – 12.89) 0.338 4.74 (0.91 - 24.78) 0.065 * p value ≤0.05= significant; a those who was not in a job were excluded; AOR adjusted odds ratio; CI confidence interval. In terms of depression, sex (p≤0.05), (AOR =5.96, [95% CI 1.89-18.83]), living away from family (p≤0.05), (AOR =3.04, [95% CI 1.14-8.09]), working hours 48-72 hours (p≤0.001), (AOR =0.16, [95% CI 0.06-0.47]) & more than 72 hours (p≤0.05), (AOR =0.29, [95% CI 0.08-0.91]), monthly income 10000–25000 BDT (p≤0.05) (AOR =0.45, [95% CI 0.17-1.21]) & less than 10000 BDT, (AOR =0.16, [95% CI 0.04-0.69]), payment satisfaction (p≤0.001), (AOR =12.53, [95% CI 4.35-36.13]) and smoking habit (p≤0.05), (AOR =30, [95% CI 1.83-491.48]) revealed a significant association. On the other hand, age (p≤0.05), (AOR =0.31, [95% CI 0.13-0.73]) and payment satisfaction (p≤0.05), (AOR =2.83, [95% CI 1.23-6.51]) linked with anxiety. Furthermore, there was a significant association between sex (p≤0.05) (AOR =4.65, [95% CI 1.69-12.77]) and payment satisfaction (p≤0.001), (AOR =4.05, [95% CI 1.72-9.53]) with stress. Discussion Considering the importance of determining the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress among healthcare professionals and exploring the factors associated with these conditions, we conducted this study, which reported that 79.4% had some level of depression, 69.4% had some level of anxiety and 77% had some level of stress. In Bangladesh, a study by Tasnim et al. (2021) observed that about 39.5% of healthcare professionals had depression ( 19 ). Similarly, Ripon et al. (2021) reported the prevalence of depression was 44% among healthcare professionals (physicians, pharmacists, nurses, and medical technologists) ( 20 ). Sadiq et al. (2019) conducted a study among postgraduate medical residents, and the prevalence of depression was 11.5% ( 21 ); whereas, Zaman et al. (2014) reported that postgraduate medical trainees in Bangladesh had a 39.6% prevalence of depression ( 22 ). These findings are relatively lower than those of our present study ( 22 ). All these studies were conducted in the pre-COVID-19 era and reported lower depression than our study. However, even, during the COVID-19 pandemic, a study performed by Khatun et al. (2021) among physicians and the study revealed that the prevalence of depression was 34.2% ( 23 ). Different phases of COVID-19 or different time frames, different study tools—the DASS-21 scale used by us in contrast to the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the UCLA loneliness scale (ULS-8), and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9)—could be the causes of the variations between our study and other Bangladeshi studies. Furthermore, comparing the prevalence of depression in Bangladeshi postgraduate medical trainees with the global postgraduate medical trainees, the present finding (79.4%) seems higher than a similar type of investigation performed in India and Singapore among healthcare professionals and the prevalence was found 11.4% and 8.1% respectively ( 10 , 24 ). Cultural variations, differences in healthcare systems and their responses during the COVID-19 epidemic, different approaches, different age groups, different questionnaire tools, a different timeline enhanced mental preparedness and strict infection control measures could be the causes of this discrimination ( 24 ). In other studies, conducted in Asia, the prevalence of depression among physicians and other health professionals in Indonesia was 22.8% ( 25 ), and in Malaysia, 29.5% ( 26 ), which was also lower than our study. These discriminations might be due to different study populations such as general practitioners, emergency room doctors, and doctors in various specialities, including dentists, nurses, midwives, analysts, pharmacists, and public health practitioners, and different questionnaire tools. However, our study is consistent with other studies in Egypt, Saudi Arabia and UAE, where the reported prevalence of depression was 69%, 73.8%, and 63.3% respectively ( 12 , 27 , 28 ). The possible reasons might be due to this strategy led to notable advancements in the healthcare system, including human and financial resources, as well as notable increases in vital health indicators like life expectancy and the accessibility of medical resources ( 29 ). Moreover, the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) outbreak in Saudi Arabia in 2012 significantly increased the country's healthcare facilities' readiness for infection control ( 30 ). However, due to a shortage of qualified doctors and other medical professionals and a lack of preparedness, Bangladesh's healthcare system faces many challenges. There are numerous possible explanations for Bangladeshi doctors' generally poor mental health. Doctors in Bangladesh work longer hours for less money than in many other developed countries because of the nation's low physician density and growing population. As a result, despite their workload, doctors in this COVID-19 situation make low salaries, which is why the study's findings show a higher prevalence of depressive symptoms. In Bangladesh, Tasnim et al. (2021) found that the prevalence of anxiety was 69.5% among healthcare professionals which is consistent with our present study (69.4%)( 19 ). Similarly, in another study performed by Ripon et al. (2021) where the prevalence of anxiety was 78% among healthcare professionals ( 20 ). In addition, Sadiq et al. (2019) conducted a study among postgraduate medical residents, and the prevalence of anxiety was 11% ( 21 ). Moreover, another study was performed by Khatun et al. (2021) among physicians and the prevalence of anxiety was 32.5% ( 23 ). When anxiety prevalence in Bangladeshi postgraduate medical trainees is compared to anxiety prevalence in global postgraduate medical trainees, the current finding (69.4%) appears to be higher than other studies. A study revealed that the global prevalence of anxiety among 64,728 doctors was 25.8% ( 16 ). In Spain, Italy, and the UK, a survey was conducted among 5257 medical doctors during the COVID-19 pandemic where, the prevalence of anxiety was 15.9%, 24.6%, 11.7% and 13.7% respectively ( 31 ). This high anxiety as well as poor mental health might be the possibility of COVID-19 virus transmission, their estrangement from family members, and their ongoing anxiety about getting sick may contribute to their declining mental health. Also, the spread of infection, family and friends' health, changes at work, and isolation, can be linked to anxiety ( 32 ). Moreover, even if the modern era is one of comfort and ease, it also generates an abundance of growing needs that physically and psychologically strain people. Whatever their social or financial situation, this conflict causes stress in everyone. In Bangladesh, a survey study stated that about 10.5% of doctors had a prevalence of stress ( 21 ). Lower than the current study. The possible explanation could be due to different time frames, the COVID-19 pandemic, a different study sample, different tools, and a different age group. Comparing the prevalence of stress in Bangladeshi postgraduate medical trainees with the global postgraduate medical trainees, the present finding (79.4%) seems higher than those studies; in the USA, a survey was conducted among 566 surgical residents where the prevalence of stress (burnout) was 69% ( 33 ). On the other hand, in UAE, a study was performed among resident doctors working in Dubai Health Authority (DHA) hospitals and peripheral clinics, where the prevalence of stress was 42% ( 28 ). In India, Sharma et al. (2013) reported the stress levels among postgraduate medical and dental students were 54% (mild), 22% (moderate), and 10% (severe), respectively ( 34 ). A study of doctors interning in Saudi Arabia found that stress was common, with severe stress (34.9%) coming in second, followed by mild (19.3%) and moderate (18.8%) levels. Compared to male interns (66.5%), female interns (84%) reported much higher levels of stress ( 35 ). Similarly, in Pakistan, a survey was conducted among students, interns, and residents where the prevalence of stress was 12.5% ( 36 ). In Jordan, another study was carried out on healthcare professionals where the prevalence of stress was 27% ( 37 ). Moreover, in Australia and New Zealand, a survey was performed among 135 radiation oncology trainees’ doctors where 49.5% of respondents had stress/burnout ( 38 ). On the other hand, in the UK, the prevalence of stress was 37% among trainee doctors ( 39 ). According to the current study, stress levels were higher. This discrimination might be, frequently exposed to COVID-19 patients, the doctors' long working hours, extended absences from their families and a lack of incentives and personal protective equipment (PPE) ( 40 ). Added to this, variability in study environments, methodologies, tools, and cultures could be another factor ( 41 ). According to a multivariate analysis in this study, significant risk factors for depression included sex, living away from family, working hours, monthly income, payment satisfaction, and smoking habits. On the other hand, age and payment satisfaction were discovered to be significant risk factors for anxiety. However, it was discovered that satisfaction with payment and sex were significant risk factors for stress. All these risk factors are consistent with other studies investigating risk factors of depression, anxiety and stress, like, female gender, age, religion, ethnicity, marital status, living status, colleagues' and supervisors' support, adequate time for academics, and smoking ( 21 ). There were significant gender differences in depression and stress in this study. This may be due to several factors, such as increased vulnerability to COVID-19 infection, female hormonal fluctuations, and social, cultural, and religious barriers that prevent women from participating in or being involved in activities at work that are related to or involve men (Morgan et al., 2022). Notably, our study reported there were no significant gender differences in depression or anxiety when compared to other studies around the globe ( 42 , 43 ). There are several reasons why living alone is associated with depression. First, living alone increases the risk of social isolation, especially among those who do not have children or live far away from them. Socially isolated individuals receive significantly less emotional support. Those who do not have many friends are more likely to get emotional and practical help than those who do not. During COVID-19, social distancing is one of the great factors for depression. As a result, the risk of depression increases ( 44 ). Long working hours can lead to depression; one possible explanation is that constant stress on your body and mind leads to depression. Doctors who worked more hours were less likely to develop depression, according to our findings. More research is needed to rule out this association. Depression develops as a result of stressors brought on by low income, such as lack of security and uncertainty regarding housing, food, education, and medical care. Surprisingly, our results show that doctors are less likely to experience depression if their income is lower. More research is needed to rule out this association. In our study, those unsatisfied with the payment were vulnerable to depression, anxiety and stress. Satisfaction with payment is associated with depression, anxiety, and stress. The possible causes might be economic constraints due to this COVID-19 pandemic situation, which can significantly affect a person's physical and mental health, relationships with other people, and overall quality of life. Additionally, it can undermine one's sense of worth, make them feel flawed, and fill them with hopelessness. Moreover, unsatisfied payments, result in a sense of insecurity and uncertainty about housing, food, education, and medical care. Smoking habits associated with depression in our study. The possible explanation might be we encourage our brain to down-regulate dopamine production when consistently smoking. In other words, we tell our brain to make less dopamine because we supply it instead of smoking nicotine. Age and anxiety showed a statistically significant correlation in the present work. Following COVID-19, young physicians experienced psychological distress, emotional vulnerability, and a change in their quality of life. One explanation could be that young doctors worry about contracting the virus and potentially spreading it because they lack personal protective equipment (PPE), lack sufficient experience, have long working hours, or have more organizational duties ( 45 ). The strengths and limitations are determined by several issues. The survey questionnaire (e- questionnaire) enabled us to evaluate the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress during the COVID- 19 pandemic as well as maintaining social distance otherwise it would have been quite difficult. Moreover, the data for the study was collected from globally validated standardized tools for quantitive analysis. On the other hand, first of all, the study was cross-sectional; thus, any causal correlations between depression, anxiety, stress and the factors analyzed cannot be inferred. Second, as structured clinical interviews were not conducted, the provision of the results may not fully reflect the severity of depression, anxiety and stress among doctors. Furthermore, the findings of this study are not generalizable due to the small sample size and convenience sampling technique. As a result, further nationwide research is required. Conclusion Despite some limitations, this study revealed that a large percentage of Bangladeshi medical graduates have been suffering from depression, anxiety or stress symptoms during the ongoing pandemic. In addition to academic and professional uncertainty, vulnerability to COVID-19 infection, financial insecurity, lack of experience, and working overload, contribute to the rise of depression and anxiety among medical graduates. Finally, to minimize the growing mental health problems among doctors, the respective Bangladeshi authorities should address the risk factors (e.g., Government, university counsellors and practitioners, public health policymakers). They should take necessary steps like building awareness programs, intervening with medical graduates at risk as early as possible, and providing them with an appropriate salary, a proper working schedule, and a familiar working environment with psychiatric support with adequate, affordable services. Declarations Research involving human participants: Ethical approval was obtained from the institutional review board of North South University (reference no. 2022/OR-NSU/IRB/0101) in Bangladesh and performed under the Declaration of Helsinki. An informed consent form was included with the survey questionnaire. Participants respond anonymously to an online survey form that provides information about the research purpose, information confidentiality, and the right to refuse or withdraw from the study at any time. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Clinical trial number: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Availability of data and material: The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available in the Harvard Dataverse Repository; https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/NZ7VFL. Funding: This research received no specific grant from public, commercial, or not-for-profit funding agencies. Authors' contributions: Conceptualization: SO, MR and DM; methodology: SO, MR and SM; formal analysis: MR and PM; data curation: SO, MR and PM; writing-original draft preparation: SO, MR and PM; visualization and supervision: DM, SM and PM. The manuscript has been read and approved by all authors, and each author believes that the manuscript represents honest work. Acknowledgements We are grateful to the participants who participated in this study voluntarily and spontaneously. We also would like to express most profound gratitude to all the staff of the Public Health Department, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. References Nguyen LH, Drew DA, Graham MS, Joshi AD, Guo C-G, Ma W, et al. Risk of COVID-19 among front-line health-care workers and the general community: a prospective cohort study. The Lancet Public Health. 2020;5(9):e475-e83. doi: 10.1016/s2468-2667(20)30164-x . Tanne JH, Hayasaki E, Zastrow M, Pulla P, Smith P, Rada AG. Covid-19: how doctors and healthcare systems are tackling coronavirus worldwide. Bmj. 2020;368. doi: 10.1136/bmj.m1090 . Yousuf A, Ishaque S, Qidwai W. 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PubMed PMID: 34191997; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7562785. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files Questionnaire.pdf Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6140738","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":441696108,"identity":"f45073fa-4ee5-4811-bf68-35701989a2df","order_by":0,"name":"Samia Ullah Orthi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"North South University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Samia","middleName":"Ullah","lastName":"Orthi","suffix":""},{"id":441696109,"identity":"9511f201-4fa1-4147-a500-7c489f066afd","order_by":1,"name":"Md Mizanur Rahman","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"North South University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Md","middleName":"Mizanur","lastName":"Rahman","suffix":""},{"id":441696110,"identity":"288802f5-b3ed-46e4-b9b8-ce0fce2e1c78","order_by":2,"name":"Dipak Kumar Mitra","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"North South University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Dipak","middleName":"Kumar","lastName":"Mitra","suffix":""},{"id":441696111,"identity":"b95bf14a-c301-4be2-88ed-c7f481963e8d","order_by":3,"name":"Shah Mahmud Mishu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"North South University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shah","middleName":"Mahmud","lastName":"Mishu","suffix":""},{"id":441696112,"identity":"321873df-7d1c-463c-896e-68311bf0f2ed","order_by":4,"name":"Prasenjit Mondal","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"North South University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Prasenjit","middleName":"","lastName":"Mondal","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-03-02 17:38:16","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6140738/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6140738/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":85024691,"identity":"76e4dd58-ecb5-47f8-b19a-6f8afe3d7a48","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-20 05:39:24","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1316250,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6140738/v1/a49e671b-9e3d-42a0-adda-135e4ab50457.pdf"},{"id":81094667,"identity":"6561e59f-d9d1-4d4d-934e-e06170477719","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-22 07:48:14","extension":"pdf","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":692537,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Questionnaire.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6140738/v1/bd9ddddec34d758f6edd3996.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Depression, Anxiety and Stress among the Medical Graduates in Bangladesh: Findings from an Online-Based Cross-Sectional Survey","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003e\"Mental health illness\" refers to a broad spectrum of mental health issues that impact emotions, thoughts, and behaviour. Mental illness has detrimental effects on one's physical well-being, society, and financial burden. One-fourth of the world's population is affected by mental illness, which is one of the primary causes of disease burden in a society that is becoming more urbanized today. With the fast spread of COVID-19, healthcare systems worldwide have had to deal with problems that have never been seen before. Lack of training on preventing and controlling infections and using personal protective equipment (PPE) resulted in many COVID-19 cases among healthcare workers, especially in the early stages of the pandemic (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLong working hours and limited resources can cause healthcare professionals to burn out, get tired, and feel stressed. Burnout and stress, although separate ideas, are connected to related to and future psychological impacts including common mental diseases like depression and anxiety, through human social and biological processes. Moreover, depression seems to be one of the issues that most often influences doctors. Apart from their own personal and family circumstances, depression in doctors can seriously affect the health of their patients (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePostgraduate trainees differ from other doctors because they have challenging classes, work long hours, and must keep studying. They cannot keep up with their hobbies and simultaneously take care of their housework. According to studies, doctors who are less functional while at work risk endangering their patients, coworkers, and themselves. Therefore, in this demanding stage of the epidemic, the mental health needs of medical practitioners cannot be disregarded. During COVID-19 the Stress prevalence was 29.6%, anxiety prevalence was 31.9%, and depression prevalence was 33.7%. Previous studies identified age, sex, education, employment, marital status, and place of birth as important predictors of depression, anxiety, and stress (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, healthcare workers were more likely than the general public to develop mental health problems during the COVID-19 epidemic. Among healthcare professionals, 80 studies from 18 Asian countries revealed the frequency of anxiety at 34.81%; depression at 34.61%; stress at 15.29%; and post-traumatic stress disorder at 15.29% (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). Front-line healthcare providers tending to COVID-19 patients have a high stress, anxiety, and depression rate according to another systematic review and meta-regression. Depression, anxiety, and stress were respectively 24.3%, 25.8%, and 45% (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Among all the medical professionals in Korea, female healthcare workers had a higher percentage of psychiatric diseases than males prior to COVID-19 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, a systematic review revealed a higher-than-expected prevalence of depressive symptoms (28.8%) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). In line with this, R.Y. Elbay et al. (2020) polled doctors online and found a prevalence rate higher than others: 64.7% of them reported depression, 51.6% anxiety, and 41.2% of stress (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to some studies, female gender, age, religion, ethnicity, marital status, living status, colleagues' and supervisors' support, adequate academic time, and smoking are significant risk factors for depression among physicians. An observational study in India found that healthcare workers were twice as likely to show high stress, depression, and anxiety symptoms. In contrast, people who lived in hostels or temporary housing had a two-fold increased risk of experiencing depression or anxiety symptoms. In Bangladesh, female physicians who did not receive incentives to use self-funded PPE did not receive adequate training and did not perceive themselves as self-sufficient in managing COVID-19-positive patients. Lower income was all linked to anxiety or depressive symptoms. Reduced exercise, more alcohol consumption, and less sleep were linked to higher levels of depression and anxiety in US doctors. Among UK doctors, low job satisfaction, overworking, and working more hours were all major factors linked to exhaustion and psychiatric morbidity (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhile striving to provide quality treatment, many countries' health systems have been taxed and stretched beyond their capacity and resources as the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic started in late 2019 and the WHO noticed it a worldwide pandemic on March 11, 2020. As global and humanitarian crises deepened, health professionals both at home and abroad became progressively stressed and traumatized. Recovering from the epidemic calls for not neglecting the mental health needs of medical professionals and front-line responders of the reaction. Moreover, one should closely examine the components related to stress, anxiety, and depression and keep a low-frequency rate (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTherefore, the present study will assess the extent of depression, anxiety, and stress and find their causes.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData source\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA cross-sectional survey was conducted among Bangladeshi doctors both practicing and non-practicing (newly graduated). A structured survey questionnaire consisting of questions on socio-demographic status and a psychometric scale, translated and validated Bangla version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21 Bangla version) was applied (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e) to collect data through Google form. An Online platform like Facebook, WhatsApp, and Messenger was used to distribute the e-questionnaire.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSampling technique\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, the participants were chosen using a convenient sampling method while maintaining social distance. An informed consent form was included with the survey questionnaire. We explicitly explained the details of the study and each respondent agreed to take part in the survey after reading and submitting the \u0026ldquo;Yes\u0026rdquo; button of the written consent form. The consent form stated that\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eparticipants could say \u0026ldquo;no\u0026rdquo; and leave the study at any time. We also said that the information collected would be kept secret and used only for that purpose. It was urged participants to forward the survey form to their friends. Participants received no incentives or rewards for their involvement. Included were male and female doctors registered under BMDC (Bangladesh Medical and Dental Council), with an internet connection and survey willingness.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eThe sample sizes\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor this study, the number of respondents was calculated using the following assumptions: using a single proportion population formula (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e):\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhere, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;sample size; Z\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;the standard normal deviate with 95% Confidence level (1.96); p = (14.5% or 0.145) is the assumed prevalence from a similar prior study on postgraduate trainee doctors in Bangladesh (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e); d= (5% or 0.05) is allowable error or precision; the final population was n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;190, with 10% non-response rate, so, final sample size, 190\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;19\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;209.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMeasures\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocio-demographic measures: It included age, sex, employment status (working/ non-working), monthly income (which was measured according to the Bangladesh HIES-2016), living away from family (yes/no), religion (Islam/Hindu/Others), marital status (married/ unmarried/ divorced), having children (yes/no), monthly income (no income/ \u0026lt;10000 taka/ 10000\u0026ndash;25000 taka/ \u0026gt;25000 taka). Personal factors measure the questions concerning satisfaction with the payment (yes/no), enough time for study (yes/no), colleague\u0026rsquo;s support (yes/no), smoking habit (yes/no), working hours/week (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;48 hours/ 48\u0026ndash;72 hours/ \u0026gt;72 hours).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasures of Depression, anxiety and stress Scale (DASS-21):\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Frequently used screening tool in community settings to evaluate depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms is the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e). The Depression sub-scale analyses low positive affect, poor self-esteem, and hopelessness. The Anxiety scale evaluates autonomic arousal, musculoskeletal symptoms, situational anxiety, and subjective sense of anxious arousal; the Stress scale evaluates tension, agitation, and negative affect. Two forms of the DASS are a shorter 21-item version and a full 42-item version. Their domains are the same (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e). The DASS is validated for use in both clinical and community settings in English-speaking nations, including Australia (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e), the United States of America (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e), Canada (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e), England (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e) and Bangladesh (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e). Depression-questions-3, 5, 10, 13, 16, 17, 21, Anxiety-2, 4, 7, 9, 15, 19, 20, Stress-1, 6, 8, 11, 12, 14, 18 questions each of the three sub-scales respectively (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e). Every item has a statement and four short response options to portray the gravity of the matter and scored from 0 (Did not apply to me at all) to 3 (Applied to me very much, or most of the time). To get equivalent scores to the full DASS 42, each scale's total score is doubled (Lovibond \u0026amp; Lovibond, 1996) and ranges from 0 to 42. Using both English and Bangla versions of DASS-21 to assess depression, anxiety and stress (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e). Predefined thresholds for Normal, mild, moderate, and severe levels were used to categorize depression, anxiety and stress as follows: normal (depression 0\u0026ndash;9, anxiety 0\u0026ndash;7, and stress 0\u0026ndash;14), mild (depression 10\u0026ndash;13, anxiety 8\u0026ndash;9, and stress 15\u0026ndash;18), moderate (depression 14\u0026ndash;20, anxiety 10\u0026ndash;14, and stress 19\u0026ndash;25), severe (depression 21\u0026ndash;27, anxiety 15\u0026ndash;19, and stress 26\u0026ndash;33) and extremely severe (depression\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;28, anxiety\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;20, and stress\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;34) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe data was analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2019 and IBM SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences), version 22. Microsoft Excel was used for completeness, and correctness to exclude missing or incomplete information, editing, sorting, and coding. The Excel file was later imported into SPSS software. Descriptive statistics were used to calculate socio-demographic parameters; frequencies and percentages were also used for categorical variables. The Chi-square test was used to investigate the relationship between independent variables and outcome variables. To assess the risk factors of depression, anxiety, and stress, we lastly ran multivariate logistic regression. Considered statistically significant was a p-value of \u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e209 participants responded to our invitation and completed the interview. Information on the socio-demographic details of the participating doctors is provided in Table 1.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eSocio-demographic characteristics of medical graduates (N= 209)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.5275%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.1715%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrequency (n)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23.301%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge (years)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.5275%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.1715%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23.301%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.5275%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25-30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.1715%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e102\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23.301%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.5275%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30-35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.1715%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23.301%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.5275%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35-40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.1715%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23.301%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.5275%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.1715%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23.301%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSex\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.5275%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.1715%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e171\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23.301%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.5275%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.1715%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23.301%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLiving\u0026nbsp;away\u0026nbsp;from family\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.5275%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.1715%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23.301%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.5275%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.1715%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e144\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23.301%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReligion\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.5275%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIslam\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.1715%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e158\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23.301%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.5275%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHindu\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.1715%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23.301%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.5275%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.1715%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23.301%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMarital status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.5275%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.1715%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e141\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23.301%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.5275%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnmarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.1715%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23.301%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.5275%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDivorced\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.1715%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23.301%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHaving children\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.5275%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.1715%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23.301%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.5275%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.1715%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23.301%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWorking hours/week\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.5275%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;48\u0026nbsp;hours\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.1715%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23.301%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.5275%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48-72 hours\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.1715%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23.301%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.5275%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;72\u0026nbsp;hours\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.1715%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23.301%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.5275%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOthers\u0026nbsp;(Not\u0026nbsp;in\u0026nbsp;a job)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.1715%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23.301%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMonthly income\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.5275%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u0026nbsp;income\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.1715%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23.301%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.5275%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;10000 taka\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.1715%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23.301%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.5275%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10000-25000 taka\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.1715%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23.301%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.5275%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;25000 taka\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.1715%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23.301%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSatisfied\u0026nbsp;with\u0026nbsp;the payment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.5275%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.1715%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23.301%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.5275%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.1715%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e126\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23.301%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.5275%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOthers\u0026nbsp;(Not\u0026nbsp;in\u0026nbsp;a job)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.1715%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23.301%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEnough\u0026nbsp;time\u0026nbsp;for study\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.5275%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.1715%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23.301%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.5275%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.1715%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e132\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23.301%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eColleague\u0026rsquo;s support\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.5275%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.1715%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e113\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23.301%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.5275%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.1715%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23.301%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.5275%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOthers\u0026nbsp;(No comment)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.1715%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23.301%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSmoking habit\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.5275%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.1715%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23.301%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.5275%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.1715%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e196\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23.301%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMost of the respondents (81.8%) were female and were aged between 25 and 30 (48.8%) and 30-35 (44%). Two-thirds of the population were married (67.5%), while the remainder were either single (29.7%) or divorced (2.9%. Around half (55.5%) of the population did not have children. One-third (31.1%) lived alone and apart from their families. Furthermore, three-fourths of the respondents (75.6%) identified as Muslims, with the remaining respondents (23%) and (1.4%) belonging to other religions. Out of the 209 participants, only 17.2% were unemployed. However, 60.3% of the jobholders were unhappy with their\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003epayment. Sixty-three percent of them (63.2%) reported not having enough time to study. Only 89 (42.6%) of the respondents make more than BDT 25,000 per month, and 84 make between BDT 10,000 and 25,000 per month. However, over 50% of workers (56.9%) reported getting support from their co-workers.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe\u0026nbsp;prevalence\u0026nbsp;of\u0026nbsp;depression,\u0026nbsp;anxiety,\u0026nbsp;and\u0026nbsp;stress\u0026nbsp;among\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;medical\u0026nbsp;graduates\u0026nbsp;who\u0026nbsp;took\u0026nbsp;part\u0026nbsp;in\u0026nbsp;this\u0026nbsp;study is shown in Table 2.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eSeverity of Depression, Anxiety and Stress of the respondents (N= 209)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 360px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDASS-21\u0026nbsp;score\u0026nbsp;for\u0026nbsp;Depression, Anxiety\u0026nbsp;and\u0026nbsp;Stress\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrequency\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(n)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePercentage\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 623px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDepression\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 360px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNormal\u0026nbsp;(0-9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 360px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMild\u0026nbsp;(10-13)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 360px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModerate\u0026nbsp;(14-20)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 360px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSevere\u0026nbsp;(21-27)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 360px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExtremely\u0026nbsp;severe (\u0026ge;28)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 623px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnxiety\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 360px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNormal\u0026nbsp;(0-7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 360px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMild\u0026nbsp;(8-9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 360px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModerate\u0026nbsp;(10-14)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 360px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSevere\u0026nbsp;(15-19)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 360px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExtremely\u0026nbsp;severe (\u0026ge;20)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 623px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStress\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 360px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNormal\u0026nbsp;(0-14)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 360px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMild\u0026nbsp;(15-18)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 360px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModerate\u0026nbsp;(19-25)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 360px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSevere\u0026nbsp;(26-33)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 360px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExtremely\u0026nbsp;severe (\u0026ge;34)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe\u0026nbsp;DASS-21\u0026nbsp;score\u0026nbsp;revealed\u0026nbsp;that\u0026nbsp;20.6%\u0026nbsp;of\u0026nbsp;people\u0026nbsp;had\u0026nbsp;no/minimal\u0026nbsp;depression,\u0026nbsp;9.6%\u0026nbsp;had\u0026nbsp;mild\u0026nbsp;depression, 18.7% had moderate depression, 17.7% had severe depression, and 33.5% had extremely severe depression.\u0026nbsp;Additionally,\u0026nbsp;30.6%\u0026nbsp;had\u0026nbsp;no signs\u0026nbsp;of\u0026nbsp;anxiety,\u0026nbsp;compared\u0026nbsp;to\u0026nbsp;5.7%\u0026nbsp;who\u0026nbsp;had\u0026nbsp;mild,\u0026nbsp;17.7%\u0026nbsp;who\u0026nbsp;had moderate, 9.6% who had severe, and 36.4% who had extremely severe anxiety. Additionally, 23% were not stressed, while 13.4%, 16.3%, 23.4%, and 23.9% had extremely severe stress. Only 24 (11.5%) respondents did not have any mental health condition, while the same number of people had one, 35 (16.7%)\u0026nbsp;participants\u0026nbsp;had\u0026nbsp;two\u0026nbsp;and\u0026nbsp;126\u0026nbsp;(60.3%)\u0026nbsp;participants\u0026nbsp;had\u0026nbsp;all\u0026nbsp;three\u0026nbsp;mental\u0026nbsp;health\u0026nbsp;conditions\u0026nbsp;to\u0026nbsp;some extent (mild \u0026ndash; extremely severe).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 3 displays the chi-square test findings to investigate whether the dependent (depression, anxiety, and stress) and independent variables had any appreciable relationship.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"1212\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"19\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 1212px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTable 3 Factors associated with depression, anxiety and stress among the respondents (n=209)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 211px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 175px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDepression\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnxiety\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStress\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ep-value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSome\u003csup\u003e##\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSome\u003csup\u003e##\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSome\u003csup\u003e##\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"19\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 1212px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge (years)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 211px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLess than 30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.902\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.099\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.574\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.004*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.446\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.252\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 211px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 or above\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"19\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 1212px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSex\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 211px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.990\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.333\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.431\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.137\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 211px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e122\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e109\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e113\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"19\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 1212px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLiving away from family\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 211px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.237\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.146\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.276\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.280\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.258\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.644\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 211px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"19\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 1212px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReligion\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 211px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMuslim\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e109\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.232\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.727\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e103\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.675\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.503\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e102\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.237\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.738\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 211px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNon-Muslim\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"19\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 1212px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMarital status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 211px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.266\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.334\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.309\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.285\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.090\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.092\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 211px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnmarried/ Divorced\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"19\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 1212px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHaving children\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 211px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.848\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.387\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.464\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.249\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 211px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"19\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 1212px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWorking hours/week (n=173)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 211px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;48 hours\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.990\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.085\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.248\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.902\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.598\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.722\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 211px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48-72 hours\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 211px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;72 hours\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"19\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 1212px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMonthly income (n=173)\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 211px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;10000 taka\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.453\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.794\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.288\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.538\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.612\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.754\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 211px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10000-25000 taka\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 211px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;25000 taka\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"19\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 1212px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSatisfied with the payment (n=173)\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 211px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.984\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.020*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.665\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.005*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 211px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e101\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"19\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 1212px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eColleague\u0026rsquo;s support\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 211px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.231\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.348\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.428\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.186\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.303\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.868\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 211px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 211px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo comment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"19\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 1212px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSmoking habit\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 211px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFisher\u0026rsquo;s Exacta\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0.114\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFisher\u0026rsquo;s Exacta\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.383\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.058\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.383\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 211px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e134\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e123\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e123\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"19\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 1212px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*p value \u0026le;0.05= significant; \u003cstrong\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003eFisher\u0026rsquo;s Exact test done\u003csup\u003e; \u003cstrong\u003eb\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003ethose who was not in a job were excluded; **No = No/mild depression/Anxiety/Stress; ## Some = Moderate/Severe/Extremely Severe Depression/Anxiety/Stress\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYounger (aged below 30 years) people had higher levels of anxiety (73.3% vs 53.8%, p=0.004), but no similar\u0026nbsp;effect\u0026nbsp;was\u0026nbsp;observed\u0026nbsp;in\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;relationship\u0026nbsp;between age and\u0026nbsp;depression\u0026nbsp;or\u0026nbsp;age and stress.\u0026nbsp;Men and women had the same percentage of mental health problems. No\u0026nbsp;effect\u0026nbsp;of\u0026nbsp;marital status,\u0026nbsp;religion,\u0026nbsp;whether\u0026nbsp;living\u0026nbsp;with\u0026nbsp;or\u0026nbsp;away\u0026nbsp;from\u0026nbsp;family,\u0026nbsp;having\u0026nbsp;children,\u0026nbsp;working\u0026nbsp;hours,\u0026nbsp;monthly\u0026nbsp;income, presence/absence of colleagues\u0026rsquo; support, or smoking habit was found on any of the mental health conditions. However, satisfaction with payment among the employed medical doctors was strongly associated with all three mental health conditions, with a higher proportion of participants who were unsatisfied with their payment reporting depression, anxiety and stress.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 4 shows a multivariate model to predict factors associated with depression, anxiety, and stress.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"744\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 744px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eMultivariate models to predict factors associated with Depression, Anxiety and Stress (n=209)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 212px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDepression\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 175px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnxiety\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 175px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStress\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAOR (95% CI)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAOR (95% CI)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAOR (95% CI)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 744px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 212px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLess than 30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 175px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 175px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 212px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 years or more\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.55 (0.21 \u0026ndash; 1.46)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.230\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.31 (0.13 \u0026ndash; 0.73)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.007*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.77 (0.34 \u0026ndash; 1.72)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.519\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 744px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSex\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 212px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 175px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 175px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 212px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.96 (1.89 \u0026ndash; 18.83)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.02 (0.73 \u0026ndash; 5.49)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.170\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.65 (1.69 \u0026ndash; 12.77)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 744px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLiving away from family\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 212px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 175px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 175px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 212px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.04 (1.14 \u0026ndash; 8.09)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.026*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.61 (0.72 \u0026ndash; 3.59)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.243\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.77 (0.79 \u0026ndash; 3.93)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.165\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 744px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReligion\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 212px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMuslim\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 175px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 175px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 212px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNon-Muslim\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.76 (0.28 \u0026ndash; 2.05)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.589\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.55 (0.24 \u0026ndash; 1.26)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.156\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.81 (0.35 \u0026ndash; 1.85)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.612\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 744px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMarital status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 212px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 175px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 175px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 212px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnmarried/Divorced\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.95 (0.36 \u0026ndash; 2.52)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.920\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.74 (0.32 \u0026ndash; 1.72)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.483\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.26 (0.56 \u0026ndash; 2.86)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.579\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 744px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWork hours/week (n=173)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 212px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLess than 48 hours\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 175px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 175px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 212px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48-72 hours\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16 (0.06-0.47)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.83 (0.35 \u0026ndash; 1.95)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.663\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.64 (0.27 - 1.49)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.299\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 212px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMore than 72 hours\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.29 (0.08 \u0026ndash; 0.91)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.034*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.78 (0.31 \u0026ndash; 1.98)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.602\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.70 (0.28 \u0026ndash; 1.75)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.448\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 744px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMonthly Income (n=173)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 212px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMore than 25,000 BDT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 175px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 175px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 212px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10,000 \u0026ndash; 25,000 BDT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.45 (0.17 \u0026ndash; 1.21)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.114\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.87 (0.28 \u0026ndash; 2.71)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.808\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.50 (0.22 \u0026ndash; 1.13)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.095\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 212px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLess than 10,000 BDT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16 (0.04 \u0026ndash; 0.69)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.013*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.86 (0.38 \u0026ndash; 1.96)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.720\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.51 (0.17 - 1.56)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.238\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 744px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSatisfied with payment (n=173)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 212px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 175px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 175px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 212px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.53 (4.35 \u0026ndash; 36.13)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.83 (1.23 \u0026ndash; 6.51)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.015*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.05 (1.72 \u0026ndash; 9.53)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 744px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSupport from colleagues\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 212px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 175px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 175px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 212px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.53 (0.47 \u0026ndash; 5.03)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.480\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.63 (0.97 \u0026ndash; 7.15)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.059\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.95 (0.38 \u0026ndash; 2.41)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.916\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 212px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo comments\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.10 (0.30 \u0026ndash; 4.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.882\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.67 (0.23 \u0026ndash; 1.92)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.454\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.57 (0.20 \u0026ndash; 1.63)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.293\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 744px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSmoking habit\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 212px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 175px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 175px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 212px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.00 (1.83 \u0026ndash; 491.48)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.017*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.31 (0.42 \u0026ndash; 12.89)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.338\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.74 (0.91 - 24.78)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.065\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 744px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*\u003cem\u003ep\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003evalue \u0026le;0.05= significant; \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003ethose who was not in a job were excluded; AOR adjusted odds ratio; CI confidence interval.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn terms of depression, sex (p\u0026le;0.05), (AOR =5.96, [95% CI 1.89-18.83]), living away from family (p\u0026le;0.05), (AOR =3.04, [95% CI 1.14-8.09]), working hours 48-72 hours (p\u0026le;0.001), (AOR =0.16, [95% CI 0.06-0.47]) \u0026amp; more than 72 hours (p\u0026le;0.05), (AOR =0.29, [95% CI 0.08-0.91]), monthly income 10000\u0026ndash;25000 BDT (p\u0026le;0.05) (AOR =0.45, [95% CI 0.17-1.21]) \u0026amp; less than 10000 BDT, (AOR =0.16, [95% CI 0.04-0.69]), payment satisfaction (p\u0026le;0.001), (AOR =12.53, [95% CI 4.35-36.13]) and smoking habit (p\u0026le;0.05), (AOR =30, [95% CI 1.83-491.48]) revealed a significant association. On the other hand, age (p\u0026le;0.05), (AOR =0.31, [95% CI 0.13-0.73]) and payment satisfaction (p\u0026le;0.05), (AOR =2.83, [95% CI 1.23-6.51]) linked with anxiety. Furthermore, there was a significant association between sex (p\u0026le;0.05) (AOR =4.65, [95% CI 1.69-12.77]) and payment satisfaction (p\u0026le;0.001), (AOR =4.05, [95% CI 1.72-9.53]) with stress.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eConsidering the importance of determining the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress among healthcare professionals and exploring the factors associated with these conditions, we conducted this study, which reported that 79.4% had some level of depression, 69.4% had some level of anxiety and 77% had some level of stress.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Bangladesh, a study by Tasnim et al. (2021) observed that about 39.5% of healthcare professionals had depression (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e). Similarly, Ripon et al. (2021) reported the prevalence of depression was 44% among healthcare professionals (physicians, pharmacists, nurses, and medical technologists) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e). Sadiq et al. (2019) conducted a study among postgraduate medical residents, and the prevalence of depression was 11.5% (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e); whereas, Zaman et al. (2014) reported that postgraduate medical trainees in Bangladesh had a 39.6% prevalence of depression (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e). These findings are relatively lower than those of our present study (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e). All these studies were conducted in the pre-COVID-19 era and reported lower depression than our study. However, even, during the COVID-19 pandemic, a study performed by Khatun et al. (2021) among physicians and the study revealed that the prevalence of depression was 34.2% (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDifferent phases of COVID-19 or different time frames, different study tools\u0026mdash;the DASS-21 scale used by us in contrast to the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the UCLA loneliness scale (ULS-8), and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9)\u0026mdash;could be the causes of the variations between our study and other Bangladeshi studies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, comparing the prevalence of depression in Bangladeshi postgraduate medical trainees with the global postgraduate medical trainees, the present finding (79.4%) seems higher than a similar type of investigation performed in India and Singapore among healthcare professionals and the prevalence was found 11.4% and 8.1% respectively (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCultural variations, differences in healthcare systems and their responses during the COVID-19 epidemic, different approaches, different age groups, different questionnaire tools, a different timeline enhanced mental preparedness and strict infection control measures could be the causes of this discrimination (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn other studies, conducted in Asia, the prevalence of depression among physicians and other health professionals in Indonesia was 22.8% (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e), and in Malaysia, 29.5% (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e), which was also lower than our study. These discriminations might be due to different study populations such as general practitioners, emergency room doctors, and doctors in various specialities, including dentists, nurses, midwives, analysts, pharmacists, and public health practitioners, and different questionnaire tools.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, our study is consistent with other studies in Egypt, Saudi Arabia and UAE, where the reported prevalence of depression was 69%, 73.8%, and 63.3% respectively (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e). The possible reasons might be due to this strategy led to notable advancements in the healthcare system, including human and financial resources, as well as notable increases in vital health indicators like life expectancy and the accessibility of medical resources (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e). Moreover, the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) outbreak in Saudi Arabia in 2012 significantly increased the country's healthcare facilities' readiness for infection control (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e). However, due to a shortage of qualified doctors and other medical professionals and a lack of preparedness, Bangladesh's healthcare system faces many challenges.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere are numerous possible explanations for Bangladeshi doctors' generally poor mental health. Doctors in Bangladesh work longer hours for less money than in many other developed countries because of the nation's low physician density and growing population. As a result, despite their workload, doctors in this COVID-19 situation make low salaries, which is why the study's findings show a higher prevalence of depressive symptoms.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Bangladesh, Tasnim et al. (2021) found that the prevalence of anxiety was 69.5% among healthcare professionals which is consistent with our present study (69.4%)(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e). Similarly, in another study performed by Ripon et al. (2021) where the prevalence of anxiety was 78% among healthcare professionals (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, Sadiq et al. (2019) conducted a study among postgraduate medical residents, and the prevalence of anxiety was 11% (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e). Moreover, another study was performed by Khatun et al. (2021) among physicians and the prevalence of anxiety was 32.5% (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen anxiety prevalence in Bangladeshi postgraduate medical trainees is compared to anxiety prevalence in global postgraduate medical trainees, the current finding (69.4%) appears to be higher than other studies. A study revealed that the global prevalence of anxiety among 64,728 doctors was 25.8% (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e). In Spain, Italy, and the UK, a survey was conducted among 5257 medical doctors during the COVID-19 pandemic where, the prevalence of anxiety was 15.9%, 24.6%, 11.7% and 13.7% respectively (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis high anxiety as well as poor mental health might be the possibility of COVID-19 virus transmission, their estrangement from family members, and their ongoing anxiety about getting sick may contribute to their declining mental health. Also, the spread of infection, family and friends' health, changes at work, and isolation, can be linked to anxiety (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoreover, even if the modern era is one of comfort and ease, it also generates an abundance of growing needs that physically and psychologically strain people. Whatever their social or financial situation, this conflict causes stress in everyone. In Bangladesh, a survey study stated that about 10.5% of doctors had a prevalence of stress (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e). Lower than the current study. The possible explanation could be due to different time frames, the COVID-19 pandemic, a different study sample, different tools, and a different age group.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparing the prevalence of stress in Bangladeshi postgraduate medical trainees with the global postgraduate medical trainees, the present finding (79.4%) seems higher than those studies; in the USA, a survey was conducted among 566 surgical residents where the prevalence of stress (burnout) was 69% (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e). On the other hand, in UAE, a study was performed among resident doctors working in Dubai Health Authority (DHA) hospitals and peripheral clinics, where the prevalence of stress was 42% (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e). In India, Sharma et al. (2013) reported the stress levels among postgraduate medical and dental students were 54% (mild), 22% (moderate), and 10% (severe), respectively (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e). A study of doctors interning in Saudi Arabia found that stress was common, with severe stress (34.9%) coming in second, followed by mild (19.3%) and moderate (18.8%) levels. Compared to male interns (66.5%), female interns (84%) reported much higher levels of stress (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e). Similarly, in Pakistan, a survey was conducted among students, interns, and residents where the prevalence of stress was 12.5% (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e). In Jordan, another study was carried out on healthcare professionals where the prevalence of stress was 27% (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e). Moreover, in Australia and New Zealand, a survey was performed among 135 radiation oncology trainees\u0026rsquo; doctors where 49.5% of respondents had stress/burnout (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e). On the other hand, in the UK, the prevalence of stress was 37% among trainee doctors (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to the current study, stress levels were higher. This discrimination might be, frequently exposed to COVID-19 patients, the doctors' long working hours, extended absences from their families and a lack of incentives and personal protective equipment (PPE) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e). Added to this, variability in study environments, methodologies, tools, and cultures could be another factor (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to a multivariate analysis in this study, significant risk factors for depression included sex, living away from family, working hours, monthly income, payment satisfaction, and smoking habits. On the other hand, age and payment satisfaction were discovered to be significant risk factors for anxiety. However, it was discovered that satisfaction with payment and sex were significant risk factors for stress. All these risk factors are consistent with other studies investigating risk factors of depression, anxiety and stress, like, female gender, age, religion, ethnicity, marital status, living status, colleagues' and supervisors' support, adequate time for academics, and smoking (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere were significant gender differences in depression and stress in this study. This may be due to several factors, such as increased vulnerability to COVID-19 infection, female hormonal fluctuations, and social, cultural, and religious barriers that prevent women from participating in or being involved in activities at work that are related to or involve men (Morgan et al., 2022). Notably, our study reported there were no significant gender differences in depression or anxiety when compared to other studies around the globe (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere are several reasons why living alone is associated with depression. First, living alone increases the risk of social isolation, especially among those who do not have children or live far away from them.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocially isolated individuals receive significantly less emotional support. Those who do not have many friends are more likely to get emotional and practical help than those who do not. During COVID-19, social distancing is one of the great factors for depression. As a result, the risk of depression increases (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLong working hours can lead to depression; one possible explanation is that constant stress on your body and mind leads to depression. Doctors who worked more hours were less likely to develop depression, according to our findings. More research is needed to rule out this association.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDepression develops as a result of stressors brought on by low income, such as lack of security and uncertainty regarding housing, food, education, and medical care. Surprisingly, our results show that doctors are less likely to experience depression if their income is lower. More research is needed to rule out this association.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn our study, those unsatisfied with the payment were vulnerable to depression, anxiety and stress. Satisfaction with payment is associated with depression, anxiety, and stress. The possible causes might be economic constraints due to this COVID-19 pandemic situation, which can significantly affect a person's physical and mental health, relationships with other people, and overall quality of life. Additionally, it can undermine one's sense of worth, make them feel flawed, and fill them with hopelessness. Moreover, unsatisfied payments, result in a sense of insecurity and uncertainty about housing, food, education, and medical care.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSmoking habits associated with depression in our study. The possible explanation might be we encourage our brain to down-regulate dopamine production when consistently smoking. In other words, we tell our brain to make less dopamine because we supply it instead of smoking nicotine.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge and anxiety showed a statistically significant correlation in the present work. Following COVID-19, young physicians experienced psychological distress, emotional vulnerability, and a change in their quality of life. One explanation could be that young doctors worry about contracting the virus and potentially spreading it because they lack personal protective equipment (PPE), lack sufficient experience, have long working hours, or have more organizational duties (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe strengths and limitations are determined by several issues. The survey questionnaire (e- questionnaire) enabled us to evaluate the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress during the COVID- 19 pandemic as well as maintaining social distance otherwise it would have been quite difficult. Moreover, the data for the study was collected from globally validated standardized tools for quantitive analysis. On the other hand, first of all, the study was cross-sectional; thus, any causal correlations between depression, anxiety, stress and the factors analyzed cannot be inferred. Second, as structured clinical interviews were not conducted, the provision of the results may not fully reflect the severity of depression, anxiety and stress among doctors. Furthermore, the findings of this study are not generalizable due to the small sample size and convenience sampling technique. As a result, further nationwide research is required.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eDespite some limitations, this study revealed that a large percentage of Bangladeshi medical graduates have been suffering from depression, anxiety or stress symptoms during the ongoing pandemic. In addition to academic and professional uncertainty, vulnerability to COVID-19 infection, financial insecurity, lack of experience, and working overload, contribute to the rise of depression and anxiety among medical graduates. Finally, to minimize the growing mental health problems among doctors, the respective Bangladeshi authorities should address the risk factors (e.g., Government, university counsellors and practitioners, public health policymakers). They should take necessary steps like building awareness programs, intervening with medical graduates at risk as early as possible, and providing them with an appropriate salary, a proper working schedule, and a familiar working environment with psychiatric support with adequate, affordable services.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eResearch involving human participants:\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthical approval was obtained from the institutional review board of North South University (reference no. 2022/OR-NSU/IRB/0101) in Bangladesh and performed under the Declaration of Helsinki. An informed consent form was included with the survey questionnaire. Participants respond anonymously to an online survey form that provides information about the research purpose, information confidentiality, and the right to refuse or withdraw from the study at any time.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eConsent for publication:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eClinical trial number:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCompeting interests:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAvailability\u0026nbsp;of\u0026nbsp;data\u0026nbsp;and\u0026nbsp;material:\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available in the Harvard Dataverse Repository; https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/NZ7VFL.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFunding:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eThis\u0026nbsp;research\u0026nbsp;received\u0026nbsp;no\u0026nbsp;specific\u0026nbsp;grant\u0026nbsp;from\u0026nbsp;public,\u0026nbsp;commercial,\u0026nbsp;or\u0026nbsp;not-for-profit funding agencies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAuthors\u0026apos; contributions:\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConceptualization: SO, MR and DM; methodology: SO, MR and SM; formal analysis: MR and PM; data curation: SO, MR and PM; writing-original draft preparation: SO, MR and PM; visualization\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eand\u0026nbsp;supervision:\u0026nbsp;DM,\u0026nbsp;SM\u0026nbsp;and\u0026nbsp;PM.\u0026nbsp;The\u0026nbsp;manuscript\u0026nbsp;has\u0026nbsp;been\u0026nbsp;read\u0026nbsp;and\u0026nbsp;approved\u0026nbsp;by\u0026nbsp;all\u0026nbsp;authors,\u0026nbsp;and each author believes that the manuscript represents honest work.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe are grateful to the participants who participated in this study voluntarily and spontaneously. We also would like to express most profound gratitude to all the staff of the Public Health Department, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNguyen LH, Drew DA, Graham MS, Joshi AD, Guo C-G, Ma W, et al. Risk of COVID-19 among front-line health-care workers and the general community: a prospective cohort study. The Lancet Public Health. 2020;5(9):e475-e83. doi: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1016/s2468-2667(20)30164-x\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/s2468-2667(20)30164-x\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTanne JH, Hayasaki E, Zastrow M, Pulla P, Smith P, Rada AG. Covid-19: how doctors and healthcare systems are tackling coronavirus worldwide. 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PubMed PMID: 34191997; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7562785.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Depression, anxiety, stress, medical graduates, Covid-19, mental health, DASS-21","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6140738/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6140738/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMental health problems among health professionals are a substantial public health issue. They can be influenced by a high workload, a stressful environment, unsatisfactory payment, a lack of support from colleagues, and inadequate time for academic activities. The COVID-19 pandemic has even posed a higher threat to medical professionals. This study aimed to find out how common depression, anxiety, and stress are among medical graduates in Bangladesh and what causes them.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAn online cross-sectional survey was conducted among (n=209) medical graduates in Bangladesh from January to May 2022. Data were collected by using a structured e-questionnaire shared through Facebook, WhatsApp, and Gmail. Depression, anxiety, and stress were measured using the DASS-21 scale. Logistic regression analysis was performed to find associated risk factors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Prevalence estimates of depression, anxiety, and stress were 79.4%, 69.4%, and 77%, respectively. Factors significantly associated with depression included female sex (p≤0.05), (AOR =5.96, [95% CI 1.89- 18.83]); living away from family (p≤0.05), (AOR=3.04, [95% CI 1.14-8.09]); less working hours [p≤0.001, AOR =0.16, (95% CI 0.06-0.47) \u0026amp; [p≤0.05, AOR =0.29, (95% CI 0.08-0.91)]; more monthly income[p≤0.05, AOR =0.45, (95% CI 0.17-1.21)] \u0026amp; [p≤0.05, AOR =0.16, (95% CI 0.04-0.69]; payment satisfaction (p≤0.001), (AOR=12.53, [95% CI 4.35-36.13]) and smoking habit (p≤0.05), (AOR =30, [95% CI 1.83-491.48]) revealed a significant association with depression. On the other hand, age (p≤0.05), (AOR =0.31, [95% CI 0.13-0.73]) was linked with anxiety. Furthermore, there was a significant association between female sex (p≤0.05) (AOR =4.65, [95% CI 1.69-12.77]) and payment dissatisfaction (p≤0.001), (AOR =4.05, [95% CI 1.72-9.53]) with stress.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results show shockingly high rates of mental health problems among Bangladeshi medical graduates during the epidemic, so stressing the immediate need for focused treatments. To help this underprivileged group's mental health, authorities have to take care of financial, social, and occupational pressures.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Depression, Anxiety and Stress among the Medical Graduates in Bangladesh: Findings from an Online-Based Cross-Sectional Survey","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-04-22 07:40:10","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6140738/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"b8afe1eb-05c9-4565-b261-570e5dd09f47","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 22nd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-06-20T05:31:07+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-04-22 07:40:10","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6140738","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6140738","identity":"rs-6140738","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}