Assessment of Plant Phytotoxicity from Fireworks Chemicals and Monoammonium Phosphate for Environmentally Safe Land Disposal

Assessment of Plant Phytotoxicity from Fireworks Chemicals and Monoammonium Phosphate for Environmentally Safe Land Disposal | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Assessment of Plant Phytotoxicity from Fireworks Chemicals and Monoammonium Phosphate for Environmentally Safe Land Disposal Azhagurajan Arumugachamy, Mala Rajendran This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6745071/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This research focuses on the safe land disposal of fireworks waste by combining fireworks chemicals with Mono Ammonium Phosphate (MAP). MAP is commonly used as a fertilizer in agriculture and also functions as a fire-extinguishing agent. Previous studies have examined the flammability of fireworks chemicals mixed with MAP through tests such as open burning, impact sensitivity, friction sensitivity, and layer ignition temperature. However, those studies did not include phytotoxicity assessments of the land used for fireworks waste disposal. Phytotoxicity studies are essential to ensure the protection of soil and plant health in areas where fireworks waste is disposed of. In this study, various compositions of fireworks chemicals were tested to evaluate their effects on plants through assessments including seed germination, plant growth, number of leaves, branches, flowers, and fruits, as well as chlorophyll and carotenoid content. Additionally, soil parameters such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) content, electrical conductivity, and pH were measured. The plant toxicity tests revealed that plants could grow in soil containing up to 5 grams of flash and gunpowder-based fireworks chemicals, provided that essential nutrient levels are maintained. These results suggest that fireworks waste can be safely disposed of through land application, and that plants can grow on such land without negatively affecting soil quality—supporting an environmentally friendly disposal method. Fireworks wastes disposal plant phytotoxicity soil NPK content plant nutrients Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 1. INTRODUCTION The manufacturing of fireworks products is generally considered a hazardous process, and the disposal of fireworks waste is equally dangerous. During the production of fireworks—such as sound- and light-producing items—various types of waste are generated, including spilled chemicals, disqualified products, used cotton, and cardboard materials. These materials are highly flammable due to the chemical residues on their surfaces. On average, approximately 10 kilograms of waste are produced daily. According to the standards set by the Petroleum and Explosives Safety Organisation (PESO), Government of India, these daily wastes must be disposed of on the same day. In the fireworks industry, the conventional method of disposal involves burning the waste in open pits. However, this method poses a high risk of accidents during ignition and contributes significantly to air pollution, as it releases noxious gases such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and nitrous oxide. Previous studies have explored alternative disposal methods, such as controlled combustion, and have also highlighted the associated challenges and limitations. In a previous study by A. Azhagurajan ( 2023 ), the author explored the feasibility of land disposal of fireworks chemical waste. In that work, the researchers added Monoammonium Phosphate (MAP) to the chemicals to render them inert and assessed their flammability. They concluded that the mixture of MAP and fireworks chemicals could be safely disposed of on land, and that plants could potentially be grown on such treated soil. However, they did not conduct plant phytotoxicity tests to evaluate the environmental impact of land disposal on vegetation. In the present study, fireworks chemicals were mixed with MAP and incorporated into the soil, followed by the cultivation of plants. Various tests were conducted on both the soil and the plants to assess phytotoxicity. Additionally, Xu Yang et al ( 2021 ) investigated the effects of TNT, RDX, and HMX contamination on plants under hydroponic conditions. Their findings indicated that TNT was primarily responsible for significant alterations in the metabolic pathways of aspartate, alanine, and glutamate. RDX was found to disrupt the arginine biosynthesis pathway, while HMX interfered with oxidative phosphorylation. These compounds collectively caused imbalances in photosynthetic characteristics and the plant antioxidant enzyme system. Vila M et al ( 2007 ) conducted a study on the effects of explosives on soil and plants. They tested rice plants grown in soil containing varying concentrations of RDX. The study concluded that total chlorophyll content decreased significantly when RDX concentrations exceeded 500 mg/kg. It was also observed that chlorophyll levels were correlated with the appearance of necrosis at the leaf tips. However, plant emergence and overall growth were not affected by RDX exposure. The presence of necrosis appeared to be a phytotoxic symptom resulting from RDX accumulation. Yang J et al ( 2017 ) investigated the interactions between nanoparticles and plants through a risk assessment approach. Similarly, a study by Sooyeon et al. (2012) examined the effects of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles and microparticles on plant growth and the activity of antioxidative enzymes in buckwheat. Mathur S. et al. ( 2016 ) studied the phytotoxic effects of chromium (Cr) on wheat plants. Their findings indicated that plant growth parameters—such as growth rate and germination—were significantly inhibited due to disruptions in cellular metabolism caused by Cr toxicity. A review by Peter M. Kopittke et al. (2010) further highlights that trace metal toxicity in solution culture is influenced by both metal concentration and pH levels. Bożym M. et al. ( 2021 ) assessed the phytotoxicity of three types of waste: hazardous waste (slags from zinc and copper smelters) and non-hazardous waste (mineral-organic compounds). They concluded that leachate from the mineral-organic composite stimulated plant growth, leachate from copper smelter slag showed no phytotoxicity, while leachate from zinc slag inhibited plant growth. Nadun Madanayake and Nadeesh M. Adassooriya (2021) examined the potential effects of the accidental release of nanoparticulate-based agrochemical formulations and engineered nanomaterials on agricultural crops by. Wei Chin Kee et al. (2021) evaluated the phytotoxicity of anaerobically digested vinasse (AnVE) before and after treatment using mung beans. A reduction in root length and plant weight indicated that sugarcane vinasse contains high levels of organic substances that adversely affect plant growth. In another study, Muhammad Saqib Khan et al. ( 2021 ) synthesized graphene quantum dots (GQDs) and iron co-doped TiO₂ photocatalysts using a modified sol-gel method. These materials enhanced photocatalytic efficiency in decolorizing reactive black 5 dye. The GQD-0.1Fe-TiO₂-300 photocatalyst demonstrated improved physicochemical properties, significant durability, and no phytotoxic effects on Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato) seed germination. Veeresh Verma et al. (2023) used lanthanum and iodine co-doped TiO₂ nanoparticles for irrigation and tested their impact on the germination of Vigna radiata (mung bean). Siranjeevi R et al ( 2024 ) studied the effects of graphene oxide nanoparticles combined with biosynthesized CeO₂ for treating degraded organic dyes. The treatment proved efficient and cost-effective for industrial wastewater remediation, showing no phytotoxic effects on fenugreek plants. Another study conducted by Teklit Gebregiorgis Ambaye et al ( 2022 ) and it was found that soil treatment using an experimental mesocosm and a bioslurry reactor to degrade petroleum hydrocarbons in contaminated soil. Among six treatment methods tested, the combination of activated sludge, nutrients, and biosurfactants achieved a 79.4% reduction in total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) after 10 days. Soil toxicity was significantly reduced, and biodegradation was enhanced. Lee et al ( 2013 ) assessed the phytotoxicity of ZnO NPs on a medicinal plant. Ajit Kumar et al. (2022) investigated the use of activated carbon–chitosan beads to adsorb the pharmaceutical pollutant Diclofenac from wastewater, achieving a high adsorption capacity of 99.29 mg/g. The treated water was found to be safe for seed germination, indicating effective removal of Diclofenac without any phytotoxic effects. IN another work by Biehler E et al ( 2010 ), the total amount carotenoids present in fruits and vegetables (n = 28), either with or without chlorophyll by three methods are found out. Bożym et al ( 2021 ) conducted the leachate and contact test with Lepidium sativum L. to assess the phytotoxicity of wastes such as hazardous waste (slags from zinc to copper smelters) and nonhazardous waste (mineral–organic composite). Numerous previous studies have examined plant phytotoxicity using various materials; however, no significant research has been conducted on the phytotoxic effects of fireworks chemicals on plant growth. This study focuses on evaluating the impact of fireworks chemical compositions on plant growth through germination tests, chlorophyll and carotenoid estimation, as well as soil tests for nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK), electrical conductivity (EC), and pH (potential hydrogen). Given the increasing scale of fireworks manufacturing and the accumulation of related waste, there is a growing need for technical studies to identify safer and more sustainable disposal methods. The current practice of open burning contributes to significant air pollution, highlighting the necessity to explore alternative approaches such as land disposal. Following land disposal, it is crucial to assess soil quality to determine its suitability for agricultural use. This research contributes valuable insights into environmental sustainability and waste management practices. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1 Materials and Chemical composition For sound-producing fireworks, flash powder (FP) is used. It is composed of aluminum (23%), potassium nitrate (57%), and sulfur (20%). Gunpowder (GP), another chemical composition used to lift firecrackers, contains charcoal (15%), potassium nitrate (75%), and sulfur (10%). Flash powder is a mixture of an oxidizer and metallic fuel that burns rapidly and produces a loud noise, regardless of confinement. It ignites easily and may react exothermically with compounds containing active hydrogen atoms, potentially forming flammable hydrogen gas. Gunpowder also burns quickly and generates a large volume of gas. In this study, a total of twelve samples with different chemical compositions were prepared. Each sample was thoroughly mixed with plain soil and monoammonium phosphate (MAP). Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) seeds were sown in every sample. Purified rainwater was used for irrigation. The details of the sample compositions are provided in Table 1. Each pot contained 5.3 kg of soil. Table 1 - Chemical composition for samples Sample No. Flash Powder (g) Gun powder (g) MAP (g) Total chemicals mixed with sand (g) 1 - - - - 2 20 - - 20 3 - 20 - 20 4 - - 20 20 5 5 - 20 25 6 10 - 20 30 7 15 - 20 30 8 20 - 20 40 9 - 5 20 25 10 10 20 30 11 15 20 30 12 20 20 40 2.2 Tests The following tests were conducted on each sample: seed germination rate, plant growth measurement, leaf surface area, chlorophyll and carotenoid content, as well as the size, weight, and number of Solanum lycopersicum fruits produced per plant. Nutritional profiling and leachate analysis were also performed. In addition, soil parameters such as pH (potential hydrogen), electrical conductivity (EC), and nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) levels were tested. Photographs of the plants are shown in Figure 1. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Seed germination rate The seed germination rate was calculated for each flowerpot. Five Solanum lycopersicum seeds were sown in all samples, and the germination rate is shown in Figure 2. The germination rate was calculated using the following formula: Germination rate (%) = (Number of seeds germinated / Number of seeds sown) × 100 From the graph, samples S1 and S4 show germination rates of 83.33% and 86.65%, respectively, as they contain only pure soil and 20 g of MAP. In contrast, samples S2 and S3 recorded the lowest germination rates. The results from other samples indicate a significant decrease in germination rates, ranging from 5% to 15%, depending on the chemical composition. This suggests that the presence of fireworks chemicals negatively affects seed germination. Further tests will provide a clearer understanding of their influence on plant growth. 3.2 Plant growth and leaf measurement Plant heights were measured every fifth day from the 10th day to the 60th day. The details are provided in Table 2. Several plants died due to the presence of chemical substances in the soil, and such cases are marked as "empty" in Table 2. Table 2 - Plant growth measurement Although all samples showed initial germination, many plants died over time due to the chemical content in the soil. Samples S1 and S4 exhibited good plant growth, as they did not contain any fireworks chemicals. Samples S5 and S9 survived up to the 55th day, likely because they contained only 5% of the chemical composition. Interestingly, samples S2 and S3 showed average growth despite containing 20 g of chemicals without any MAP. Other samples showed varying survival durations depending on the quantity of chemicals present along with 20 g of MAP. This suggests that soil containing up to 5 g of fireworks chemicals mixed with 20 g of MAP did not significantly affect plant growth. It is likely that the chemicals reacted with MAP and altered the soil pH, making it more alkaline. Theoretically, MAP is a slightly acidic compound. When dissolved in water, it releases hydrogen ions, contributing to its acidity. The presence of aluminum can further influence soil pH, particularly in acidic conditions. In such cases, monoammonium phosphate can dissolve alumina and form salts that may result in a higher pH. The number of branches, number of leaves, and leaf surface area were also measured on the 50th day of plant growth, as shown in Table 3. A similar trend in plant development was observed in these measurements. For determining leaf surface area, leaves were plucked from the plants and measured using a graph sheet. Table 3 - Leaf surface area measurement Sample Number of branches Number of Leafs Leaf surface area in (cm 2 ) 1 11 70 15 2 9 53 10.5 3 8 50 12.4 4 10 60 19 5 8 47 11.5 6 - - - 7 - - - 8 - - - 9 6 24 10.5 10 - - - 11 - - - 12 - - - 3.3 Leaf chlorophyll estimation Chlorophyll is a green pigment in the leaf and this is crucial for plant photo synthesis process. Chlorophyll estimation is important (Pérez-Patricio et al 2018) and the results are shown in the following figure 3. As per the journal “Optical Method for Estimating the Chlorophyll Contents in Plant Leaves” chlorophyll estimated on the below mentioned formulas. Chlorophyll a (mg/g) = (12.7 * A663) (2.59 * A645) Chlorophyll b (mg/g) = (22.9 * A645) (4.7 * A663) Chlorophyll total (mg/g) = (8.2 * A663) + (20.2 * A645) 3.4 Leaf carotenoids Carotenoids are a type of accessory pigment produced by plants to aid in the absorption of light energy and its conversion into chemical energy. They help plants absorb light for photosynthesis and also provide photoprotection through non-photochemical quenching. Carotenoids are essential for both photosynthesis and photoprotection, serving as light-harvesting pigments and structural components of photosystems. Carotenoid values were calculated according to the method described in "Chlorophyll and Carotenoid Determination" (Lichtenthaler, 1987), a practical instruction manual. The details are presented in Figure 4. 3.5 Solanum lycopersium size, weight and number of fruits in the plant The size, weight and number of fruits were measured. The diameter of the small, medium and large size fruits were measured in the plants which have yielded and the details are shown in the following figure 5, 6 and 7. Based on the results, all samples produced fruits, but they varied in weight and size. A consistent pattern was observed: Sample S-1, which contained no chemicals, produced three fruits. Sample S-2 yielded only two fruits, as it contained 20 g of flash powder. Sample S-3 produced four fruits and contained 20 g of gunpowder. Sample S-4 yielded eight fruits, likely due to the presence of 20 g of monoammonium phosphate (MAP), which acts as a fertilizer. Samples S-5 and S-9 produced two and five fruits, respectively; both contained 5 g of flash powder, 5 g of gunpowder, and 15 g of MAP. 3.6 Nutrition profile test In nutrition profile, Lycopene, Beta carotene, Naringenin and Chlorogenic acid were calculated in tomato juice as per the literatures (Mai Adnan Abdullah et al 2019, Eric et al 2009 Murali Krishna J et al 2013) respectively. The ratio of tomato skin and solvent is 0.5g:5ml, Acetone is used as a solvent to extract tomato juice from the tomato skin. The quantities of the nutrients are tabulated in Table 4. Nutrition profile calculated as per the journal papers Lycopene concentration calculated by this formula = (OD value of sample* Volume of extract* Dilution factor) / Extinction co-efficient where Extinction co-efficient= 3450 Beta carotene calculated by this formula c(mol/L) = A/ (∑. L) Where, A is the OD value of the sample, l= 1 cm and Extinction co-efficient= 139000 Naringenin calculated by this formula, C (mol/L) = A/ (∑. L) Where, A is the OD value of the sample, and Extinction co-efficient= 11500 Chlorogenic acid calculated by this formula, C (mol/L) = A/ (∑. L) Where, A is the OD value of the sample, and Extinction co-efficient= 20000 Table 4. Nutrition profile results Sample Number Lycopene (mg/Kg) Beta carotene (mg/Kg) Naringenin (mg/Kg) Chlorogenic acid (mg/Kg) 1 0.021 596.83 3734.07 27.91 3 0.011 235.35 1443.48 27.83 4 0.023 626.81 3844.05 28.11 5 0.00112 3.02 15.69 26.75 9 0.014 101.02 1098.65 27.77 The lycopene, beta carotene and Naringenin values are high in Sample 1 and 4 as usual. It is noteworthy that sample 9 has more values than sample 5, because the flash powder contains aluminium, but gun powder contains charcoal, ie acts as a nutrient to the soil. 3.7 Leachate test The leachate collected from the soil and tested in the spectrometer to test the metal contents. The details are provided in the Table 5. Table 5. Leachate test Sample Number Aluminum (mg/l) Potassium (mg/l) 5 6.1 4.9 9 4.4 4.7 Aluminium (Al) in soil has long been known to limit plant growth. Large quantities of Al are present in aluminosilicate minerals, but only a small portion exists in soluble form, which can influence plant growth and development. Aluminium limits root growth and nutrient uptake, leading to stunted plant development. Although aluminium concentrations in soil range from 10,000 to 300,000 mg kg⁻¹, it is not considered an essential nutrient for plants. However, small concentrations may sometimes enhance plant growth or produce other beneficial effects. Potassium plays a vital role in various physiological processes, including photosynthesis and enzyme activation. It also improves soil aeration, water infiltration, and root penetration. However, excessive potassium can be harmful, as it interferes with the soil's ability to absorb other essential nutrients. In this study, leachates from samples 5 and 9 were collected and tested. 3.8 Soil test Soil tests were conducted for all samples during 50 th day and the results are tabulated in the figure 8. Soil pH typically affects bacterial growth and promotes decomposition, thereby releasing nutrients that plants can use. Electrical conductivity (EC) serves as an indicator of the availability of essential nutrients in the soil, as well as its overall fertility. Soil EC levels depend on the metal content present in the soil. The samples showed significant EC values in those containing aluminum and charcoal. Accordingly, the EC value increased as the flash powder and gunpowder content increased. 3.9 Soil NPK Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) content in the soil is essential for assessing soil quality. The results of the NPK content on the 50th day are presented in Figure 9. It is evident that all soil samples show higher levels of potassium, likely due to the natural soil composition and the presence of potassium nitrate, an oxidizer that contains potassium. Nitrogen content varied depending on the soil type and the amount of chemical additives. Phosphorus content was higher in samples containing MAP, as MAP reacts with soil metals to form metal phosphates. Based on all the tests, it was found that soils mixed with 20 g of flash powder and gunpowder showed no major negative effects. However, another notable finding is that while pure MAP acts as a fertilizer, when combined with chemical additives, it leads to an increase in soil pH, thereby raising alkalinity. As a result, samples 6 to 8 and samples 9 to 12 showed no positive outcomes. Conclusion In this study, fireworks chemicals (flash powder and gunpowder) ranging from 5 g to 20 g were mixed with monoammonium phosphate (MAP) in various proportions. These mixtures were then combined with 5.3 kg of sand, and plants were grown to assess the effects. Plant phytotoxicity was evaluated by measuring germination rate, plant height, leaf surface area, chlorophyll and carotenoid content, number of branches, and number of leaves. Soil parameters such as pH (potential hydrogen), electrical conductivity (EC), and nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) content were also analyzed. The plant toxicity tests indicated that plants could grow successfully in soil containing up to 5 g of flash powder and gunpowder, provided that appropriate nutrient levels were maintained. The results suggest that fireworks waste chemicals, when properly diluted and combined with nutrients, can be safely disposed of through land disposal. Furthermore, plants can be cultivated on such treated soil without adversely affecting soil quality, making this an environmentally friendly disposal method. Declarations Acknowledgements There is no funding for this work. But, the authors thank the Management and the Principal of Mepco Schlenk Engineering College for motivating to conduct this research work at our Institution. Funding The authors received support from the Management and the Principal of Mepco Schlenk Engineering College to conduct this research work. Author contribution All authors contributed to the study’s conception and design. Dr. Azhagurajan gave the idea of this research work. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by Dr. Azhagurajan and others. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Dinesh Babu. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Ethics approval and consent to participate : Not applicable. Consent to publish : Not applicable. Data availability : Not applicable. Competing interests : The authors declare no competing interests. This study involves no humans or animals. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6745071","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":494771463,"identity":"97568538-fb18-41dc-bade-5ece53902460","order_by":0,"name":"Azhagurajan Arumugachamy","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA8UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYHACNhAhhyqWQIQWY9K1JDYQ7Sr+9uPPHvz4dTh9bXvvwQ8fKu7YNbAffsDwcAduLRJnEtINe/sO5247cy5ZcsaZZ8kNPGkGDIln8FhzIOGYBG8PUMuNHDNm3rbDyQwMOUB3tuHWIX/+YZvk357D6Wb33wC1/ANq4X+DX4vBjWQ2aZ4fhxPMbvAAtTQctmOQIGCL4Y1nbNKyDemG287kAf1y7HACm8QzgwP4tMidT38m+eaPtbzZ8bPAEKs5bM/Pn/zw4U88WsCAEayAB8wGm3+AgAYg+IPQYk9Y9SgYBaNgFIw0AABLnlcrvQYRlQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2733-4807","institution":"Mepco Schlenk Engineering College Department of Mechanical Engineering","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Azhagurajan","middleName":"","lastName":"Arumugachamy","suffix":""},{"id":494771464,"identity":"e22e8579-ff63-4b22-a79e-0bf9d964afb0","order_by":1,"name":"Mala Rajendran","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Mepco Schlenk Engineering College","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mala","middleName":"","lastName":"Rajendran","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-05-25 17:27:47","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6745071/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6745071/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":88617295,"identity":"9cb4ba4d-c4e7-4863-b15e-0b532e383a80","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-08 11:08:10","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":566435,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePlant photos at various stages\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6745071/v1/5ba839a5b9eb13c6122ffb18.png"},{"id":88615970,"identity":"997d572f-2ecc-41bd-82e1-adf6a75e1f38","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-08 10:44:10","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":76444,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEffect of fireworks chemicals on Solanum lycopersium on germination\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6745071/v1/ac5cc4fe4b861d81f6e54fc9.png"},{"id":88616230,"identity":"291ad6eb-3e88-4d0b-b758-4471d24e32d1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-08 10:52:10","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":83229,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eLeaf chlorophyll content\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6745071/v1/1fa32d4c7e767492f4f75a1a.png"},{"id":88616909,"identity":"af725800-16a6-46a3-96f6-271502528895","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-08 11:00:10","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":68896,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eLeaf carotenoid measurement\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6745071/v1/5b304a60b973072577daada7.png"},{"id":88615974,"identity":"58ce760d-ae56-4b89-9b66-9c9e184904d9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-08 10:44:10","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":89850,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEffect of fireworks chemical on Solanum lycopersium size\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6745071/v1/b5a8dcd49c8003b90c682784.png"},{"id":88616235,"identity":"2ff94bef-203a-478b-8da0-8d0a59b0efa9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-08 10:52:10","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":98547,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEffect of fireworks chemicals on Solanum lycopersium weight\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6745071/v1/b44678c366442f88a395abbf.png"},{"id":88616911,"identity":"40606de8-4c74-474c-907f-eb09c75d471b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-08 11:00:10","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":66467,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEffect of fireworks chemicals on Solanum lycopersium\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6745071/v1/3977b06328452aad970f2ed3.png"},{"id":88616236,"identity":"b22caede-805c-4159-b924-e0ebc7168124","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-08 10:52:10","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":77889,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003epH and Electrical Conductivity\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6745071/v1/a2bdea90628dcfdef732a791.png"},{"id":88615987,"identity":"2d1df01d-79d4-449d-af78-72f3fbdbe3e1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-08 10:44:10","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":80289,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSoil NPK content\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6745071/v1/f2d47aa51a10eaf91880ab66.png"},{"id":94470706,"identity":"a194e5ee-135a-4d8f-a01d-7ed3876d485b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 15:33:18","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1827027,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6745071/v1/7c1f3a84-6bb3-4e0c-9705-64eda809bd4f.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Assessment of Plant Phytotoxicity from Fireworks Chemicals and Monoammonium Phosphate for Environmentally Safe Land Disposal","fulltext":[{"header":"1. INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe manufacturing of fireworks products is generally considered a hazardous process, and the disposal of fireworks waste is equally dangerous. During the production of fireworks\u0026mdash;such as sound- and light-producing items\u0026mdash;various types of waste are generated, including spilled chemicals, disqualified products, used cotton, and cardboard materials. These materials are highly flammable due to the chemical residues on their surfaces. On average, approximately 10 kilograms of waste are produced daily. According to the standards set by the Petroleum and Explosives Safety Organisation (PESO), Government of India, these daily wastes must be disposed of on the same day. In the fireworks industry, the conventional method of disposal involves burning the waste in open pits. However, this method poses a high risk of accidents during ignition and contributes significantly to air pollution, as it releases noxious gases such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and nitrous oxide. Previous studies have explored alternative disposal methods, such as controlled combustion, and have also highlighted the associated challenges and limitations. In a previous study by A. Azhagurajan (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), the author explored the feasibility of land disposal of fireworks chemical waste. In that work, the researchers added Monoammonium Phosphate (MAP) to the chemicals to render them inert and assessed their flammability. They concluded that the mixture of MAP and fireworks chemicals could be safely disposed of on land, and that plants could potentially be grown on such treated soil. However, they did not conduct plant phytotoxicity tests to evaluate the environmental impact of land disposal on vegetation. In the present study, fireworks chemicals were mixed with MAP and incorporated into the soil, followed by the cultivation of plants. Various tests were conducted on both the soil and the plants to assess phytotoxicity. Additionally, Xu Yang et al (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) investigated the effects of TNT, RDX, and HMX contamination on plants under hydroponic conditions. Their findings indicated that TNT was primarily responsible for significant alterations in the metabolic pathways of aspartate, alanine, and glutamate. RDX was found to disrupt the arginine biosynthesis pathway, while HMX interfered with oxidative phosphorylation. These compounds collectively caused imbalances in photosynthetic characteristics and the plant antioxidant enzyme system. Vila M et al (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e) conducted a study on the effects of explosives on soil and plants. They tested rice plants grown in soil containing varying concentrations of RDX. The study concluded that total chlorophyll content decreased significantly when RDX concentrations exceeded 500 mg/kg. It was also observed that chlorophyll levels were correlated with the appearance of necrosis at the leaf tips. However, plant emergence and overall growth were not affected by RDX exposure. The presence of necrosis appeared to be a phytotoxic symptom resulting from RDX accumulation. Yang J et al (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) investigated the interactions between nanoparticles and plants through a risk assessment approach. Similarly, a study by Sooyeon et al. (2012) examined the effects of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles and microparticles on plant growth and the activity of antioxidative enzymes in buckwheat. Mathur S. et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e) studied the phytotoxic effects of chromium (Cr) on wheat plants. Their findings indicated that plant growth parameters\u0026mdash;such as growth rate and germination\u0026mdash;were significantly inhibited due to disruptions in cellular metabolism caused by Cr toxicity. A review by Peter M. Kopittke et al. (2010) further highlights that trace metal toxicity in solution culture is influenced by both metal concentration and pH levels. Bożym M. et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) assessed the phytotoxicity of three types of waste: hazardous waste (slags from zinc and copper smelters) and non-hazardous waste (mineral-organic compounds). They concluded that leachate from the mineral-organic composite stimulated plant growth, leachate from copper smelter slag showed no phytotoxicity, while leachate from zinc slag inhibited plant growth. Nadun Madanayake and Nadeesh M. Adassooriya (2021) examined the potential effects of the accidental release of nanoparticulate-based agrochemical formulations and engineered nanomaterials on agricultural crops by. Wei Chin Kee et al. (2021) evaluated the phytotoxicity of anaerobically digested vinasse (AnVE) before and after treatment using mung beans. A reduction in root length and plant weight indicated that sugarcane vinasse contains high levels of organic substances that adversely affect plant growth. In another study, Muhammad Saqib Khan et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) synthesized graphene quantum dots (GQDs) and iron co-doped TiO₂ photocatalysts using a modified sol-gel method. These materials enhanced photocatalytic efficiency in decolorizing reactive black 5 dye. The GQD-0.1Fe-TiO₂-300 photocatalyst demonstrated improved physicochemical properties, significant durability, and no phytotoxic effects on Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato) seed germination. Veeresh Verma et al. (2023) used lanthanum and iodine co-doped TiO₂ nanoparticles for irrigation and tested their impact on the germination of Vigna radiata (mung bean). Siranjeevi R et al (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) studied the effects of graphene oxide nanoparticles combined with biosynthesized CeO₂ for treating degraded organic dyes. The treatment proved efficient and cost-effective for industrial wastewater remediation, showing no phytotoxic effects on fenugreek plants. Another study conducted by Teklit Gebregiorgis Ambaye et al (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) and it was found that soil treatment using an experimental mesocosm and a bioslurry reactor to degrade petroleum hydrocarbons in contaminated soil. Among six treatment methods tested, the combination of activated sludge, nutrients, and biosurfactants achieved a 79.4% reduction in total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) after 10 days. Soil toxicity was significantly reduced, and biodegradation was enhanced. Lee et al (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e) assessed the phytotoxicity of ZnO NPs on a medicinal plant. Ajit Kumar et al. (2022) investigated the use of activated carbon\u0026ndash;chitosan beads to adsorb the pharmaceutical pollutant Diclofenac from wastewater, achieving a high adsorption capacity of 99.29 mg/g. The treated water was found to be safe for seed germination, indicating effective removal of Diclofenac without any phytotoxic effects. IN another work by Biehler E et al (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e), the total amount carotenoids present in fruits and vegetables (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;28), either with or without chlorophyll by three methods are found out. Bożym et al (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) conducted the leachate and contact test with Lepidium sativum L. to assess the phytotoxicity of wastes such as hazardous waste (slags from zinc to copper smelters) and nonhazardous waste (mineral\u0026ndash;organic composite). Numerous previous studies have examined plant phytotoxicity using various materials; however, no significant research has been conducted on the phytotoxic effects of fireworks chemicals on plant growth. This study focuses on evaluating the impact of fireworks chemical compositions on plant growth through germination tests, chlorophyll and carotenoid estimation, as well as soil tests for nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK), electrical conductivity (EC), and pH (potential hydrogen). Given the increasing scale of fireworks manufacturing and the accumulation of related waste, there is a growing need for technical studies to identify safer and more sustainable disposal methods. The current practice of open burning contributes to significant air pollution, highlighting the necessity to explore alternative approaches such as land disposal. Following land disposal, it is crucial to assess soil quality to determine its suitability for agricultural use. This research contributes valuable insights into environmental sustainability and waste management practices.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. MATERIALS AND METHODS","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.1 Materials and Chemical composition\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor sound-producing fireworks, flash powder (FP) is used. It is composed of aluminum (23%), potassium nitrate (57%), and sulfur (20%). Gunpowder (GP), another chemical composition used to lift firecrackers, contains charcoal (15%), potassium nitrate (75%), and sulfur (10%). Flash powder is a mixture of an oxidizer and metallic fuel that burns rapidly and produces a loud noise, regardless of confinement. It ignites easily and may react exothermically with compounds containing active hydrogen atoms, potentially forming flammable hydrogen gas. Gunpowder also burns quickly and generates a large volume of gas. In this study, a total of twelve samples with different chemical compositions were prepared. Each sample was thoroughly mixed with plain soil and monoammonium phosphate (MAP). Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) seeds were sown in every sample. Purified rainwater was used for irrigation. The details of the sample compositions are provided in Table 1. Each pot contained 5.3 kg of soil.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 1 - Chemical composition for samples\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"520\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSample No.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFlash Powder (g)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGun powder (g)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMAP (g)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal chemicals mixed with sand (g)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.2 Tests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe following tests were conducted on each sample: seed germination rate, plant growth measurement, leaf surface area, chlorophyll and carotenoid content, as well as the size, weight, and number of Solanum lycopersicum fruits produced per plant. Nutritional profiling and leachate analysis were also performed. In addition, soil parameters such as pH (potential hydrogen), electrical conductivity (EC), and nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) levels were tested. Photographs of the plants are shown in Figure 1.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.1 Seed germination rate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe seed germination rate was calculated for each flowerpot. Five Solanum lycopersicum seeds were sown in all samples, and the germination rate is shown in Figure 2. The germination rate was calculated using the following formula:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGermination rate (%) = (Number of seeds germinated / Number of seeds sown) \u0026times; 100\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom the graph, samples S1 and S4 show germination rates of 83.33% and 86.65%, respectively, as they contain only pure soil and 20 g of MAP. In contrast, samples S2 and S3 recorded the lowest germination rates. The results from other samples indicate a significant decrease in germination rates, ranging from 5% to 15%, depending on the chemical composition. This suggests that the presence of fireworks chemicals negatively affects seed germination. Further tests will provide a clearer understanding of their influence on plant growth.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.2 Plant growth and leaf measurement\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePlant heights were measured every fifth day from the 10th day to the 60th day. The details are provided in Table 2. Several plants died due to the presence of chemical substances in the soil, and such cases are marked as \u0026quot;empty\u0026quot; in Table 2.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2 - Plant growth measurement\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg 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\" width=\"809\" height=\"917\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough all samples showed initial germination, many plants died over time due to the chemical content in the soil. Samples S1 and S4 exhibited good plant growth, as they did not contain any fireworks chemicals. Samples S5 and S9 survived up to the 55th day, likely because they contained only 5% of the chemical composition. Interestingly, samples S2 and S3 showed average growth despite containing 20 g of chemicals without any MAP. Other samples showed varying survival durations depending on the quantity of chemicals present along with 20 g of MAP. This suggests that soil containing up to 5 g of fireworks chemicals mixed with 20 g of MAP did not significantly affect plant growth. It is likely that the chemicals reacted with MAP and altered the soil pH, making it more alkaline. Theoretically, MAP is a slightly acidic compound. When dissolved in water, it releases hydrogen ions, contributing to its acidity. The presence of aluminum can further influence soil pH, particularly in acidic conditions. In such cases, monoammonium phosphate can dissolve alumina and form salts that may result in a higher pH. The number of branches, number of leaves, and leaf surface area were also measured on the 50th day of plant growth, as shown in Table 3. A similar trend in plant development was observed in these measurements. For determining leaf surface area, leaves were plucked from the plants and measured using a graph sheet.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 3 - Leaf surface area measurement\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSample\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of branches\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of Leafs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeaf surface area in (cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.3 Leaf chlorophyll estimation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChlorophyll is a green pigment in the leaf and this is crucial for plant photo synthesis process. Chlorophyll estimation is important (P\u0026eacute;rez-Patricio et al 2018) and the results are shown in the following figure 3.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs per the journal \u0026ldquo;Optical Method for Estimating the Chlorophyll Contents in Plant Leaves\u0026rdquo; chlorophyll estimated on the below mentioned formulas.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChlorophyll a (mg/g) = (12.7 * A663) (2.59 * A645)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChlorophyll b (mg/g) = (22.9 * A645) (4.7 * A663)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChlorophyll total (mg/g) = (8.2 * A663) + (20.2 * A645)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.4 Leaf carotenoids\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCarotenoids are a type of accessory pigment produced by plants to aid in the absorption of light energy and its conversion into chemical energy. They help plants absorb light for photosynthesis and also provide photoprotection through non-photochemical quenching. Carotenoids are essential for both photosynthesis and photoprotection, serving as light-harvesting pigments and structural components of photosystems. Carotenoid values were calculated according to the method described in \u0026quot;Chlorophyll and Carotenoid Determination\u0026quot; (Lichtenthaler, 1987), a practical instruction manual. The details are presented in Figure 4.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.5 Solanum lycopersium size, weight and number of fruits in the plant\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe size, weight and number of fruits were measured. The diameter of the small, medium and large size fruits were measured in the plants which have yielded and the details are shown in the following figure 5, 6 and 7.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on the results, all samples produced fruits, but they varied in weight and size. A consistent pattern was observed: Sample S-1, which contained no chemicals, produced three fruits. Sample S-2 yielded only two fruits, as it contained 20 g of flash powder. Sample S-3 produced four fruits and contained 20 g of gunpowder. Sample S-4 yielded eight fruits, likely due to the presence of 20 g of monoammonium phosphate (MAP), which acts as a fertilizer. Samples S-5 and S-9 produced two and five fruits, respectively; both contained 5 g of flash powder, 5 g of gunpowder, and 15 g of MAP.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.6 Nutrition profile test\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn nutrition profile, Lycopene, Beta carotene, Naringenin \u0026nbsp;and Chlorogenic acid were calculated in tomato juice as per the literatures (Mai Adnan Abdullah et al 2019, Eric et al 2009 Murali Krishna J et al 2013) respectively. The ratio of tomato skin and solvent is 0.5g:5ml, Acetone is used as a solvent to extract tomato juice from the tomato skin. The quantities of the nutrients are tabulated in Table 4.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNutrition profile calculated as per the journal papers\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLycopene concentration calculated by this formula = (OD value of sample* Volume of extract* Dilution factor) / Extinction co-efficient where Extinction co-efficient= 3450\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBeta carotene calculated by this formula\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ec(mol/L) = A/ (\u0026sum;. L) Where, A is the OD value of the sample, l= 1 cm and Extinction co-efficient= 139000\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNaringenin calculated by this formula,\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eC (mol/L) = A/ (\u0026sum;. L) Where, A is the OD value of the sample, and Extinction co-efficient= 11500\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eChlorogenic acid calculated by this formula,\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eC (mol/L) = A/ (\u0026sum;. L) Where, A is the OD value of the sample, and Extinction co-efficient= 20000\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 4. Nutrition profile results\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"649\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSample Number\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLycopene\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(mg/Kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBeta carotene (mg/Kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNaringenin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(mg/Kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChlorogenic acid (mg/Kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e596.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3734.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.011\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e235.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1443.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e626.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3844.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00112\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e101.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1098.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe lycopene, beta carotene and Naringenin values are high in Sample 1 and 4 as usual. It is noteworthy that sample 9 has more values than sample 5, because the flash powder contains aluminium, but gun powder contains charcoal, ie acts as a nutrient to the soil. \u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.7 Leachate test\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe leachate collected from the soil and tested in the spectrometer to test the metal contents. The details are provided in the Table 5.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 5. Leachate test\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSample Number\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAluminum (mg/l)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePotassium (mg/l)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAluminium (Al) in soil has long been known to limit plant growth. Large quantities of Al are present in aluminosilicate minerals, but only a small portion exists in soluble form, which can influence plant growth and development. Aluminium limits root growth and nutrient uptake, leading to stunted plant development. Although aluminium concentrations in soil range from 10,000 to 300,000 mg kg⁻\u0026sup1;, it is not considered an essential nutrient for plants. However, small concentrations may sometimes enhance plant growth or produce other beneficial effects. Potassium plays a vital role in various physiological processes, including photosynthesis and enzyme activation. It also improves soil aeration, water infiltration, and root penetration. However, excessive potassium can be harmful, as it interferes with the soil\u0026apos;s ability to absorb other essential nutrients. In this study, leachates from samples 5 and 9 were collected and tested.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.8 Soil test\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSoil tests were conducted for all samples during 50\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e day and the results are tabulated in the figure 8.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSoil pH typically affects bacterial growth and promotes decomposition, thereby releasing nutrients that plants can use. Electrical conductivity (EC) serves as an indicator of the availability of essential nutrients in the soil, as well as its overall fertility. Soil EC levels depend on the metal content present in the soil. The samples showed significant EC values in those containing aluminum and charcoal. Accordingly, the EC value increased as the flash powder and gunpowder content increased.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.9 Soil NPK\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) content in the soil is essential for assessing soil quality. The results of the NPK content on the 50th day are presented in Figure 9. It is evident that all soil samples show higher levels of potassium, likely due to the natural soil composition and the presence of potassium nitrate, an oxidizer that contains potassium. Nitrogen content varied depending on the soil type and the amount of chemical additives. Phosphorus content was higher in samples containing MAP, as MAP reacts with soil metals to form metal phosphates.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on all the tests, it was found that soils mixed with 20 g of flash powder and gunpowder showed no major negative effects. However, another notable finding is that while pure MAP acts as a fertilizer, when combined with chemical additives, it leads to an increase in soil pH, thereby raising alkalinity. As a result, samples 6 to 8 and samples 9 to 12 showed no positive outcomes.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study, fireworks chemicals (flash powder and gunpowder) ranging from 5 g to 20 g were mixed with monoammonium phosphate (MAP) in various proportions. These mixtures were then combined with 5.3 kg of sand, and plants were grown to assess the effects. Plant phytotoxicity was evaluated by measuring germination rate, plant height, leaf surface area, chlorophyll and carotenoid content, number of branches, and number of leaves. Soil parameters such as pH (potential hydrogen), electrical conductivity (EC), and nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) content were also analyzed. The plant toxicity tests indicated that plants could grow successfully in soil containing up to 5 g of flash powder and gunpowder, provided that appropriate nutrient levels were maintained. The results suggest that fireworks waste chemicals, when properly diluted and combined with nutrients, can be safely disposed of through land disposal. Furthermore, plants can be cultivated on such treated soil without adversely affecting soil quality, making this an environmentally friendly disposal method.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere is no funding for this work. But, the authors thank the Management and the Principal of Mepco Schlenk Engineering College for motivating to conduct this research work at our Institution.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors received support from the Management and the Principal of Mepco Schlenk Engineering College to conduct this research work.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contribution\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors contributed to the study\u0026rsquo;s conception and design. Dr. Azhagurajan gave the idea of this research work. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by Dr. Azhagurajan and others. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Dinesh Babu. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to publish\u003c/strong\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability\u003c/strong\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study involves no humans or animals.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAjit Kumar, Chandi Patra, Harish Kumar Rajendran, Selvaraju Narayanasamy (2022)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eActivated carbon-chitosan based adsorbent for the efficient removal of the emerging contaminant diclofenac: Synthesis, characterization and phytotoxicity studies, Chemosphere. \u003cstrong\u003e307(2)\u003c/strong\u003e: 135806.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135806.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAzhagurajan A., Prakash L. 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Chemosphere. \u003cstrong\u003e281\u003c/strong\u003e:130842. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130842.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYang J, Cao, W, \u0026amp; Rui Y (2017) Interactions between nanoparticles and plants: phytotoxicity and defense mechanisms. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Plant Interactions\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e12\u003c/em\u003e(1)\u003c/strong\u003e:158\u0026ndash;169. https://doi.org/10.1080/17429145.2017.1310944.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Fireworks wastes, disposal, plant phytotoxicity, soil NPK content, plant nutrients","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6745071/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6745071/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis research focuses on the safe land disposal of fireworks waste by combining fireworks chemicals with Mono Ammonium Phosphate (MAP). MAP is commonly used as a fertilizer in agriculture and also functions as a fire-extinguishing agent. Previous studies have examined the flammability of fireworks chemicals mixed with MAP through tests such as open burning, impact sensitivity, friction sensitivity, and layer ignition temperature. However, those studies did not include phytotoxicity assessments of the land used for fireworks waste disposal. Phytotoxicity studies are essential to ensure the protection of soil and plant health in areas where fireworks waste is disposed of. In this study, various compositions of fireworks chemicals were tested to evaluate their effects on plants through assessments including seed germination, plant growth, number of leaves, branches, flowers, and fruits, as well as chlorophyll and carotenoid content. Additionally, soil parameters such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) content, electrical conductivity, and pH were measured. The plant toxicity tests revealed that plants could grow in soil containing up to 5 grams of flash and gunpowder-based fireworks chemicals, provided that essential nutrient levels are maintained. These results suggest that fireworks waste can be safely disposed of through land application, and that plants can grow on such land without negatively affecting soil quality\u0026mdash;supporting an environmentally friendly disposal method.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Assessment of Plant Phytotoxicity from Fireworks Chemicals and Monoammonium Phosphate for Environmentally Safe Land Disposal","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-08-08 10:44:05","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6745071/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"5264f475-09a8-4472-bfce-a8ee59f22e40","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 8th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-10-27T14:03:45+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-08-08 10:44:05","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6745071","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6745071","identity":"rs-6745071","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}