Analysis of the Coupling Laws between Thermal Insulation Performance and Mechanical Properties of a New Vitrified Microbead (VMB) Smart Insulation Mortar for Reinforcing Existing Masonry Structures

Analysis of the Coupling Laws between Thermal Insulation Performance and Mechanical Properties of a New Vitrified Microbead (VMB) Smart Insulation Mortar for Reinforcing Existing Masonry Structures | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Analysis of the Coupling Laws between Thermal Insulation Performance and Mechanical Properties of a New Vitrified Microbead (VMB) Smart Insulation Mortar for Reinforcing Existing Masonry Structures Kun Zhao, Guobing Wang, Zhu Liang, He Zhang, Qi Li This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7219674/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted 8 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract In masonry structure reinforcement projects, exterior wall reinforcement with steel mesh and insulation layer construction are typically carried out independently. Mixing insulation materials into mortar achieves both thermal insulation and controllable strength reduction. Combining the two processes can save labor and materials, reduce costs, and minimize weight. The primary objective of this manuscript is to develop a new type of smart insulation mortar using glass microspheres (VMB), which combines insulation functionality with mechanical performance requirements, enabling the integration of reinforcing mesh reinforcement and insulation layer construction into a single process. This mortar is intended to replace traditional mortar in the insulation and reinforcement retrofitting of existing masonry structures. By analyzing the influence of different VMB replacement rates (50%, 65%, 75%, 80%) and glass fiber content (1%, 2%, 3% of mortar mass) on the coupling of mechanical and thermal insulation properties of the insulation mortar. The analysis results indicate that as the volume replacement rate of new glass microspheres (VMB) increases, the density of the insulation mortar decreases, porosity increases, compressive and flexural strength decrease, but thermal insulation performance improves; as the glass fiber content increases, flexural strength improves significantly in the 0%-2% range, compressive strength fluctuates slightly, and flexural performance is optimal around 2%, with minimal impact on mortar density and porosity from small amounts of glass fiber. When the replacement rate of new vitrified microbeads (VMB) is approximately 80%, and the glass fiber content is kept around 2%, the thermal insulation and mechanical properties of the mortar can effectively meet the requirements for use. This enables the integration of exterior wall reinforcement with a steel mesh and thermal insulation layer in masonry structure reinforcement, which is of significant importance for achieving carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. Physical sciences/Engineering Physical sciences/Materials science Vitrified microbeads glass fiber compressive strength flexural strength thermal insulation performance Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 1 INTRODUCTION Currently, there are still a large number of old masonry structures worldwide, and most have reached their design service life. Issues such as thermal insulation and mechanical performance, building energy consumption [ 1 – 2 ], human perception [ 3 ], health [ 4 ], material preservation [ 5 – 6 ], and durability of materials [ 7 – 8 ] cannot be ignored. As the performance of building materials gradually deteriorates, the load-bearing capacity of these existing masonry structures decreases, raising concerns about structural safety. If demolition and reconstruction are chosen, this would result in resource waste and environmental pollution. Moreover, these buildings were mostly constructed without considering energy-saving issues. Therefore, structural reinforcement and energy-saving renovations of old masonry structures not only enhance building safety but also improve living environments and conserve resources, holding significant practical significance. In the ongoing process of innovation and development in building materials, improving and optimizing the performance of materials such as concrete and mortar has remained a key research focus. Over the past few decades, numerous scholars have dedicated their efforts to enhancing concrete properties by combining two or more types of fibers, which can significantly improve concrete's shear strength, tensile strength, crack resistance, and energy absorption capacity [ 9 – 16 ]. This material has been widely applied in non-structural components such as panels, pipes, and channels. Additionally, glass fiber (GF) incorporated into concrete at different volume ratios alters the microstructure of mortar, making it suitable for structural components in the sustainable construction industry [ 17 ]. However, the traditional renovation method for old masonry structures involves two steps: first, structural reinforcement, and then the installation of an external insulation layer [ 18 – 22 ]. This two-step process is complex and time-consuming. Additionally, the structural reinforcement layer [ 23 – 26 ] and the insulation layer [ 27 – 29 ] lack overall integrity, and the insulation layer is prone to detachment in the future [ 30 – 31 ]. For example, jute/epoxy composite materials [ 32 ], jute-lime composite mortar [ 33 ], jute-mortar composite materials [ 34 – 37 ], jute-clay insulation blocks [ 38 ], and jute fiber-reinforced concrete [ 39 ]. Therefore, achieving integration between structural reinforcement and energy-saving renovation has become the key to addressing the challenges of renovating old masonry structures [ 40 – 45 ]. Regarding issues related to mortar, scholars have studied the functional role of various mortars in construction and their direct impact on indoor environments. Based on the physical properties, microstructure, thermal performance, mechanical properties, and adsorption capacity of mortar materials, combined with the application conditions of buildings, the importance of these performance factors for buffer plaster mortar has been evaluated [ 46 – 47 ]. Individual performance assessment results indicate that an ideal buffer plaster mortar should possess characteristics such as lightweight, high strength, strong adsorption capacity, and high porosity, enabling it to replace conventional plaster mortar and insulation layers. It should also be easy to apply, stable without additional energy consumption [ 48 ], and possess optimal quality characteristics to meet usage requirements [ 49 ]. In addition to the above characteristics, it also has advantages such as good durability and a wide range of applications [ 50 ], but its high cost limits its large-scale promotion. Based on this, through comprehensive performance evaluation of the mortar and combining case weighting calculations [ 51 – 52 ], it was found that mortar made from a combination of diatomite, sepiolite, and fly ash has better performance than mortar made from a single material. Currently, insulation materials for masonry structures are primarily categorized into organic and inorganic types. Organic insulation materials exhibit poor resistance to aging and fire, resulting in high-strength insulation mortar formulated with them having inadequate safety and durability in practical applications [ 53 – 54 ], severely limiting their use in engineering projects. In contrast, inorganic insulation materials, which possess excellent fire resistance and durability [ 55 – 56 ], have garnered increasing attention from researchers, such as expanded perlite (EP) [ 57 – 59 ] and glass microsphere insulation mortar [ 60 – 61 ]. Research has shown that vitrified microsphere insulation mortar not only has good insulation performance [ 60 – 61 ] but also possesses certain mechanical properties such as compressive and flexural strength [ 62 ]. Although some scholars have focused solely on the insulation performance of vitrified microsphere (VMB) insulation mortar [ 60 – 62 ], there is a lack of analysis on the coupling of its insulation performance and mechanical properties. Therefore, the primary objective of this manuscript is to develop a new type of VMB intelligent thermal insulation mortar that combines thermal insulation functionality with mechanical performance requirements, enabling the integration of reinforcing mesh reinforcement and thermal insulation layer construction into a single process. This mortar is intended to replace traditional mortar in the thermal insulation and reinforcement renovation of existing masonry structures, thereby intelligently enhancing the thermal insulation performance of existing masonry structures. By analyzing the effects of different VMB volume replacement rates (50%, 65%, 75%, 80%) and glass fiber content (1%, 2%, 3% of the total mortar mass) on the density, porosity, compressive strength, flexural strength, and thermal conductivity of VMB insulation mortar, the optimal replacement rate for the new material VMB and the optimal glass fiber content were determined. The research findings provide a reference for the thermal insulation reinforcement and renovation of old masonry structures, achieving the integration of exterior wall reinforcement with thermal insulation layers in masonry structure reinforcement. This is of significant importance for achieving carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. 2 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN 2.1 Purpose of the experiment With the development of the economy, the functionality and thermal insulation performance of many masonry structures no longer meet people's needs. Currently, the conventional approach involves first reinforcing the masonry structure and then adding an insulation layer [ 63 ]. Among the commonly used methods for reinforcing masonry structures, both the reinforced mesh layer reinforcement method and the addition of an insulation layer require construction on the exterior walls. If these two processes could be combined into one, it would not only save labor and materials, shorten the construction period, and reduce the structural self-weight, but also simultaneously meet both insulation and reinforcement requirements. The key to achieving this goal lies in endowing the mortar with insulation capabilities while ensuring that its strength reduction remains within the expected range, enabling the mortar to be used for both insulation renovation and reinforcement. Therefore, the insulation properties of the mortar can be achieved by mixing insulation materials into the mortar. Currently, some scholars have focused solely on the thermal insulation performance of glass microsphere (VMB) insulation mortar, but there is a lack of analysis on the coupling of thermal insulation performance and mechanical properties of VMB smart insulation mortar. Therefore, the primary objective of this manuscript is to develop a new type of VMB smart insulation mortar that combines insulation functionality with mechanical performance requirements, enabling the integration of reinforcing mesh reinforcement and insulation layer construction into a single process. This mortar aims to replace traditional mortar in insulation and reinforcement retrofits of existing masonry structures, thereby intelligently enhancing the insulation performance of existing masonry structures. The new VMB smart insulation mortar enhances its mechanical properties by simultaneously incorporating glass fiber into the mortar. The study analyzes the influence of VMB replacement rates (set at 50%, 65%, 75%, 80%) and glass fiber content (at 1%, 2%, and 3% of the mortar mass) on the mechanical and thermal insulation properties of the insulation mortar, the optimal replacement rate of the new material VMB and the optimal glass fiber content are determined, achieving the goal of combining reinforced mesh reinforcement and insulation layer construction in masonry structure reinforcement. 2.2 test material The experimental materials for the analysis of the coupling characteristics between thermal insulation performance and mechanical properties of the new vitrified microbead (VMB) intelligent thermal insulation mortar primarily include: Ordinary Portland cement PU42.5, fine aggregate (natural river sand with a fineness modulus of 3.0), tap water, glass fiber (Grade A glass fiber produced in Dongguan, Guangzhou, with a length of 6 mm, elastic modulus of 75 GPa, and density of 2.7 g/cm³), glass microspheres, epoxy resin, and hardener. Mixing water is tap water from the laboratory, and the specific physical and mechanical properties of other test materials are described below. (1) Ordinary Portland Cement PU42.5 The cement used was Qilian Mountain brand 42.5-grade ordinary Portland cement with a bulk density of 1359 kg/m³. The performance indicators of the cement are shown in Table 1 . Table 1 Cement performance indexes Standard consistency water content /% setting time /min fineness /% flexural strength /MPa compressive strength /MPa initial setting final setting 3 d 28 d 3 d 28 d GB175-2007 21 ~ 30 ≥ 45 ≤ 390 ≤ 10 ≥ 3.5 ≥ 6.5 ≥ 17 ≥ 42.5 experimental data 28 130 300 3.0 3.9 8.1 19.7 43.6 (2) Silica fume The silica fume used is high-quality microsilica (SiO2 content above 98%) produced in Zhengzhou, Henan Province. The technical performance indicators of the silica fume are shown in Table 2 . Table 2 Technical performance indicators of silica fume Data types Water demand Ratio /% SO 2 含量/% 含水量/% 烧失量/% 比表面积/ 活性指数/% GB 27690 − 2011 ≤ 125 ≥ 85.0 ≤ 3.0 ≤ 4.0 ≥ 15 ≥ 105 experimental data 120 91 0.9 2 20 120 (3) Epoxy resin and curing agent The epoxy resin and curing agent used are water-based epoxy resin F0704 and curing agent F0705 produced by Guangzhou Shenzhen Yoshida Chemical. The physical performance indicators of the epoxy resin are shown in Table 3 , and those of the curing agent are shown in Table 4 . Table 3 Physical properties of epoxy resin Data types Appearance epoxy equivalentG/EQ rotational viscosity(mPa·s·25℃) solids content(%) pH specific gravity F7074 white lotion 400 ~ 800 <1000 50 ± 3 2 ~ 7 1.01–1.08 Table 4 Physical properties of epoxy resin curing agent Data types Appearance epoxy equivalentG/EQ rotational viscosity(mPa·s·25℃) solids content(%) pH specific gravity F7075 yellow liquid >2000 260 ± 60 44 ± 2 8 ~ 11 1.00-1.08 (4) Glass microspheres The glass microspheres used in the test were produced in Langfang, Hebei Province, with a diameter of 2–4 (mm). The bulk density was 100 kg/m3, the porosity was 91%, and the thermal conductivity was 0.045 W/m⸱k. The XRD diffraction pattern is shown in Fig. 1 . 2.3 Mix design In the experimental study investigating the coupling characteristics between thermal insulation and mechanical properties of new vitrified microbead (VMB) intelligent thermal insulation mortar, the reference mix ratio was first determined through trial mixing: water-to-binder ratio of 0.475, sand-to-binder ratio (S/B) of 1.57, with 10% of the cement mass replaced by silica fume, and epoxy resin content of 10% of the binder mass, to prepare the base mortar. Using new vitrified microbeads (VMB) as the insulation material, four gradients of VMB volume replacement rates (50%, 65%, 75%, 80%) were set, and three glass fiber content levels (1%, 2%, 3%) were considered. The specific mortar mix ratios are shown in Table 5 . Table 5 Material ratio of VMB insulation mortar Serial number Number water-cement ratio Silica fume/cement Epoxy resin/ Cement Sand-adhesive ratio (mass ratio) VMB/sand (volume ratio) Glass fiber/mortar (mass ratio %) 0 1 B00 B10 0.475 0.475 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 1.57 1.57 0 50% 0 0 2 B11 0.475 0.1 0.1 1.57 50% 1 3 B12 0.475 0.1 0.1 1.57 50% 2 4 B13 0.475 0.1 0.1 1.57 50% 3 5 B20 0.475 0.1 0.1 1.57 65% 0 6 B21 0.475 0.1 0.1 1.57 65% 1 7 B22 0.475 0.1 0.1 1.57 65% 2 8 B23 0.475 0.1 0.1 1.57 65% 3 9 B30 0.475 0.1 0.1 1.57 75% 0 10 B31 0.475 0.1 0.1 1.57 75% 1 11 B32 0.475 0.1 0.1 1.57 75% 2 12 B33 0.475 0.1 0.1 1.57 75% 3 13 B40 0.475 0.1 0.1 1.57 80% 0 14 B41 0.475 0.1 0.1 1.57 80% 1 15 B42 0.475 0.1 0.1 1.57 80% 2 16 B43 0.475 0.1 0.1 1.57 80% 3 Note, The first digit after B indicates a VMB substitution rate of 0%. The digits 1, 2, 3, and 4 represent VMB substitution rates of 50%, 65%, 75%, and 80%, respectively. The second digit after P indicates the glass fiber content (%). 2.4 Test specimen preparation Experimental Study on the Coupling Laws of Thermal Insulation and Mechanical Properties of New Vitrified Microbead (VMB) Intelligent Thermal Insulation Mortar The specimens were divided into 17 groups based on the mix ratio, with each group consisting of 3 specimens measuring 100×100×100 mm³ and 3 specimens measuring 40×40×160 mm³. The specimen preparation process is illustrated in Fig. 2 . The preparation process of new vitrified microbead (VMB) intelligent insulation mortar is divided into the following three steps: (1) First, mix water, cement, and silica fume, stir thoroughly, then add epoxy resin and hardener, and continue stirring until uniform; (2) Before starting to stir, first mix sand with new vitrified microbeads (VMB) uniformly; (3) Add the mixture of sand and new vitrified microbeads (VMB) in three batches to the above mixture and stir. After the mortar is thoroughly mixed, pour it into the mold. Remove the mold 24 hours after pouring the specimen, then transfer it to a curing room with a temperature of 20 ± 2°C and relative humidity of 95%. After curing for 28 days, remove the specimen and allow it to dry completely before proceeding with subsequent tests. 3 ANALYSIS OF TEST RESULTS 3.1 Analysis of the coupling laws between thermal insulation performance and mechanical performance (1) Density In the experimental testing of the coupling laws between thermal insulation and mechanical properties of new vitrified microbead (VMB) intelligent thermal insulation mortar, test specimens with dimensions of 100mm × 100mm × 100mm were selected. The density of the mortar was determined through precise weighing, where the density is the ratio of mass to volume. Through experimental analysis, the trend in the density of the new vitrified microbead (VMB) intelligent insulation mortar under different glass fiber content and VMB replacement rates is shown in Fig. 3 . As shown in Fig. 3 , the replacement rate of vitrified microbeads (VMB) has a significant impact on the density of mortar. As the VMB replacement rate increases, the density of mortar decreases gradually. In contrast, the addition of glass fiber has a relatively minor effect on the density of mortar. When compared to the base mortar, under different fiber content levels (0%, 1%, 2%, 3%), when the VMB replacement rate is 50%, the density loss reaches 12.7%, 12.7%, 10.2%, and 10.7%, respectively; When the replacement rate is 65%, the density losses are 14.6%, 15.1%, 13.7%, and 14.6%, respectively; When the replacement rate was 75%, the density losses were 16.1%, 17.1%, 15.6%, and 19.0%, respectively; When the replacement rate was 80%, the density loss was more pronounced, reaching 20.5%, 22.4%, 20.0%, and 26.3%, respectively. From the above data, it can be seen that when glass microspheres (VMB) are used to replace 80% of the sand volume, the density reduction rate reaches as high as 26.3%. For surface materials, under the premise of ensuring that mechanical properties meet standards, the lighter the mass, the less likely it is to peel off, and a lower mass is also more advantageous for the structural load-bearing capacity and overall integrity. Additionally, during the experiment, the increase in the replacement rate of vitrified microbeads (VMB) gradually slowed from 15–10% and then to 5%, but the rate of decrease in mortar density accelerated. This is primarily because, as the volume replacement rate of glass microspheres (VMB) continues to increase, the cement paste cannot fully fill the voids created by the accumulation of glass microspheres (VMB) due to the accumulation effect, resulting in the formation of numerous interconnected pores within the mortar. These internal pores effectively reduce the density of the mortar. Meanwhile, glass fiber with a dosage of 1–3% has a relatively minor impact on mortar quality. Under the same VMB replacement rate, the mass loss caused by it ranges from 1.7–4.8%. Additionally, as the fiber dosage increases, due to the similar densities of glass fiber and sand, the fluctuations in its density are not significant. (2) Porosity To accurately determine the porosity of mortar, test specimens with dimensions of 100 mm × 100 mm × 100 mm were selected for testing. First, the specimen is placed in a drying oven at 105 ± 5°C and dried for 48 ± 5 hours to remove internal moisture. The mass is then measured and recorded as m₀. Next, the specimen is placed in a vacuum saturation apparatus and allowed to absorb water under vacuum conditions until it reaches a saturated state. After saturation, the specimen is removed, and any surface water is carefully wiped off with a wrung-out damp cloth to avoid affecting the weighing accuracy. The mass is then measured and recorded as m₁. The porosity of each specimen is calculated using the given Eq. ( 1 ). To ensure accurate and reliable results and minimize errors, three specimens are tested, and the average of these three measurements is taken as the final mortar porosity, accurate to 1%. Where \(\:AP\) is the water absorption rate of mortar (%), m 1 is the mass of the specimen after water absorption (kg), m 0 is the mass of the dry specimen (kg). The experimental analysis shows the trend of changes in mortar porosity with different glass fiber content and various glass microsphere (VMB) replacement rates, as illustrated in Fig. 4 . As can be clearly seen from Fig. 4 , the glass microsphere (VMB) replacement rate has a significant impact on mortar porosity, while the glass fiber content has a relatively minor effect. The porosity of the insulating mortar increases gradually with the increase in the VMB replacement rate and glass fiber content. Compared to the base mortar, at different fiber content levels (0%, 1%, 2%, 3%), when the VMB replacement rate is 50%, the increase in porosity is 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, and 2 times, respectively; when the replacement rate is 65%, it is 3, 3.4, 3.6, and 4 times, respectively; When the replacement rate is 75%, the increases are 4.4, 5, 5.2, and 5.8 times, respectively; when the replacement rate is 80%, the increases are 6, 6.2, 6.4, and 6.8 times, respectively. When glass microspheres (VMB) replace 80% of the sand volume, the mortar porosity increases to 23.9%. This is primarily because VMB, as the component with the largest volume in the mortar, has the characteristics of being lightweight and highly porous. During the hydration of the cement paste, although it cannot effectively fill the internal pores of VMB, the pores between VMB and the mortar are partially filled during the hydration process. Once cement hydration is complete, the porosity of the thermal insulation mortar primarily depends on the VMB itself. When comparing the effect of glass fiber on porosity at the same VMB replacement rate, it was found that the addition of glass fiber increases porosity by 0–7%, which is significantly smaller than the effect of VMB, and its influence is positively correlated with the increase in addition rate. This is because glass fiber has a large specific surface area and strong adsorption capacity for cementitious materials, reducing the filling of pores in the mortar by cementitious materials and thereby increasing porosity. However, since the influence of glass fiber is relatively limited, the glass microsphere (VMB) replacement rate remains the key factor determining the porosity of thermal insulation mortar. This research provides important theoretical basis for further optimizing the mix design and performance of thermal insulation mortar. (3) Compressive Strength and Flexural Strength Testing was conducted using specimens measuring 40mm×40mm×160mm to determine the compressive and flexural strengths of the mortar. During flexural strength testing, the loading rate was set to 50 N/s, while the compressive strength testing used a loading rate of 2400 N/s. To improve efficiency, the two halves of the flexural test specimens were used for the compressive strength test. The results of the compressive strength of mortar at different glass fiber content levels and corresponding VMB replacement rates are shown in Fig. 5 , while the trend of flexural strength changes is shown in Fig. 6 . As clearly observed in Figs. 5 and 6 , the compressive strength and flexural strength of the VMB insulation mortar decrease gradually with increasing VMB replacement rate. However, when the glass fiber content increases, the compressive strength only shows a slight increase, while the increase in flexural strength exhibits a phased characteristic: it accelerates within the 0–2% glass fiber content range and slows down within the 2–3% range. Compared to standard mortar, the compressive strength of new vitrified microbead (VMB) intelligent insulation mortar exhibits significant variations at different glass fiber content levels (0%, 1%, 2%, 3%) and VMB replacement rates. When the VMB replacement rate is 50%, the compressive strength decreases to 39.5, 39.8, 39.2, and 38.3 MPa, respectively; when the replacement rate is 65%, it decreases to 32.8, 32.7, 32.6, and 31.4 MPa; at a replacement rate of 75%, it further decreased to 31.2, 30.8, 30, and 29.4 MPa; and at a replacement rate of 80%, it significantly decreased to 29.3, 28.6, 25.7, and 21.4 MPa. In terms of flexural strength, under different glass fiber content levels, when the VMB substitution rate is 50%, the values are 8.6, 9, 9.6, and 9.5 MPa; when the substitution rate is 65%, the values are 6.4, 6.5, 7.2, and 6.5 MPa; at a replacement rate of 75%, they were 5.2, 5.8, 6.4, and 6.2 MPa; and at a replacement rate of 80%, they decreased to 4.3, 4.6, 5.1, and 4.9 MPa. When expanded glass microspheres (VMB) replace sand at a volume ratio of 50% without adding glass fiber, the mortar's compressive strength is 39.5 MPa, and the flexural strength is 8.6 MPa; however, when the replacement rate of expanded glass microspheres (VMB) reaches 80%, the compressive strength drops sharply to 21.4 MPa, and the flexural strength decreases to 4.9 MPa. The primary reason for this significant change is that the main material in the insulation mortar, glass microspheres (VMB), has a much lower strength than sand and occupies a large proportion in the mortar, resulting in the strength of the prepared mortar primarily originating from materials other than glass microspheres (VMB). Additionally, as the VMB replacement rate increases, numerous pores and voids form in the mortar, and the VMB itself contains large pores, leading to an increase in the overall porosity of the mortar and consequently reducing compressive and flexural strengths. When comparing the decrease in compressive strength and flexural strength of the new vitrified microsphere (VMB) intelligent insulation mortar, the compressive strength of the new vitrified microsphere (VMB) intelligent insulation mortar decreased by 23.4% compared to the base mortar, while the flexural strength decreased by only 5.5%. This is attributed to the uniform dispersion of resin particles from the epoxy resin emulsion within the cement paste after mixing with the cement mortar. As cement hydration proceeds, epoxy resin particles deposit on the surfaces of C-S-H gel, calcium hydroxide, and unhydrated cement particles. Under the action of the curing agent, they gradually solidify into an epoxy resin film, penetrating through the cement hydration particles to form a three-dimensional network structure, effectively enhancing the mortar's flexural strength. Additionally, water-based epoxy resin possesses good toughness, further enhancing the mortar's flexural strength. However, as the replacement rate of glass microspheres (VMB) increases, the epoxy resin's network structure is disrupted, and the epoxy resin surrounding the glass microspheres (VMB) no longer contributes to flexural strength. The strength and density of glass fiber are slightly higher than those of sand. When glass microspheres (VMB) replace sand at volumes of 50%, 65%, and 75%, an increase in glass fiber content causes slight fluctuations in the compressive strength of the mortar. This is because the density of glass fiber is similar to that of sand, and it can play a certain reinforcing role in the mortar. However, when the VMB replacement rate reaches 80%, the effect of glass fiber on the compressive strength of mortar is not significant within the range of 0–3% glass fiber content. This is because, in uniformly mixed mortar, as the VMB content increases to a certain limit, the primary target of glass fiber reinforcement becomes the extremely low-strength VMB. At this point, the glass fiber in the mortar tends to exist in a free state, and the increased VMB content causes some glass fibers to remain uncoated during cement hydration, thereby failing to effectively exert their reinforcing effect. As the replacement rate of glass microspheres (VMB) increases, the flexural strength of mortar decreases significantly. However, the addition of glass fiber, which has excellent tensile strength, significantly slows down or even reverses this trend under certain conditions. The enhancing effect of glass fiber on the flexural strength of VMB insulation mortar is most pronounced at a dosage of 0–2%, and gradually decreases slightly between 2% and 3%. This is because an appropriate amount of glass fiber can form effective interlocking and bridging effects in the mortar, improving its ductility and enhancing its flexural performance. However, when the glass fiber content is too high, it becomes difficult to disperse uniformly in the mortar, leading to agglomeration, which can adversely affect the mortar's performance. In summary, the replacement rate of glass microspheres (VMB) and the glass fiber content have complex and significant effects on the compressive strength and flexural strength of VMB insulation mortar. In practical engineering applications, these factors must be comprehensively considered, and the replacement rate of VMB and the glass fiber content should be reasonably adjusted to prepare insulation mortar that meets different engineering requirements. (4) Thermal Conductivity In the test, a 100mm×100mm×100mm test block was selected, and the thermal conductivity of the mortar was accurately measured using a steady-state method. To ensure the accuracy of the test results, the mortar was placed in a drying oven at 105°C for 48 hours prior to testing to completely eliminate the interference of moisture on the thermal conductivity. During the test, foam plastic was used to tightly surround the mortar on all sides, effectively reducing the influence of environmental factors on the measurement of the mortar's thermal conductivity. Through an in-depth analysis of the test results, the trend in the thermal conductivity of mortar with different glass fiber content and various glass microsphere (VMB) replacement rates is shown in Fig. 7 . As clearly shown in Fig. 7 , as the VMB replacement rate gradually increases, the trend of decreasing thermal conductivity of the mortar becomes significant; however, when the VMB replacement rate remains constant, the effect of glass fiber content on the thermal conductivity of the mortar is negligible. Compared to the thermal conductivity of 1.4 W/m·K for the original mortar, the changes in thermal conductivity corresponding to different glass microsphere (VMB) replacement rates at various glass fiber content levels (0%, 1%, 2%, 3%) are as follows: When the VMB replacement rate is 50%, the thermal conductivity decreases to 0.92, 0.9, 0.91, and 0.9 W/m·K, respectively; at 65%, it is 0.8, 0.79, 0.8, and 0.79 W/m·K; At 75%, they are 0.61, 0.64, 0.67, and 0.64 W/m·K; at 80%, they decrease to 0.4, 0.42, 0.45, and 0.36 W/m·K. The reduction in thermal conductivity is primarily attributed to two factors. First, the insulation material itself contains a large number of pores and has a low thermal conductivity. Second, the insulation material is uniformly dispersed within the mortar, and its pores slow down the heat transfer efficiency in the high-thermal-conductivity hardened mortar, thereby extending the heat transfer path. When the volume replacement rate of glass microspheres (VMB) is less than 80%, the porosity of the mortar increases with the replacement rate, and all pores are effective pore structures enclosed by the cementitious material, effectively preventing heat transfer between the mortar and the external environment. When the volume replacement rate of the insulation material exceeds 80%, the thermal conductivity of the mortar meets the requirements of engineering specifications. 3.2 Analysis of unstable test data Repeatability uncertainty is one of the important methods for studying the uncertainty of measurement data. With the help of instability analysis, the reliability and stability of data can be accurately determined to verify whether the data is accurate and error-free. Specifically, for each set of data, a specific method can be used to assess its instability, and the instability of each set of data can be calculated using Eq. ( 2 ). $$\:RSD=\frac{s}{x}$$ 2 Where is the standard deviation of the sample, and is the sample mean. The overall uncertainty of the data can be obtained by calculating the value using all the data for all combinations. is calculated using Eq. ( 3 ). $$\:{RSD}_{pool}=\frac{（{n}_{1}-1）{RSD}_{1}^{2}+\left({n}_{2}-1\right){{RSD}_{2}^{2}RSD}^{2}+\dots\:+\left({n}_{n}-1\right){{RSD}_{n}^{2}}^{\:}}{\left({n}_{1}-1\right)+\left({n}_{2}-1\right)+\dots\:+({n}_{n}-1)}$$ 3 Table 6 shows the repeatability uncertainty of different physical and mechanical properties of high-strength thermal insulation mortar. It can be seen that the values of repeatability uncertainty for each physical and mechanical property are close to zero, indicating that the measurement error is very low. Table 6 Repeatability uncertainty of different eigenvalues of high-strength insulation mortar Contents Repeatability uncertainty specific weight 0.02 porosity 0.06 flexural strength 0.21 compressive strength 0.11 thermal conductivity 0.07 3.3 Micro-mechanism analysis Using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and a digital microscope (DM), a microscopic mechanism analysis was conducted on the new vitrified microbead (VMB) intelligent thermal insulation mortar. Figures 8(a) and (b) show SEM images of the VMB thermal insulation mortar. Figures 8(c) and (d) present microscopic images of the thermal insulation mortar obtained using a digital microscope (DM). Figures 8(e) and (f) show SEM images of the fracture surface of the mortar. As can be seen from Figs. 8(a) and (b), although the addition of vitrified microbeads (VMB) creates numerous pores in the mortar, these pores primarily originate from the vitrified microbeads (VMB) themselves. These pores block the heat transfer pathways within the cement paste, prolonging the heat transfer path of the high-strength thermal insulation mortar and thereby reducing its thermal conductivity. This also explains why, as the volume replacement rate of the thermal insulation material increases, the porosity of the high-strength thermal insulation mortar gradually increases while its thermal conductivity gradually decreases. Comparing Fig. 8(b) with Fig. 8(d), it can be observed that cement in the VMB insulation mortar rarely penetrates into the interior of the VMB, resulting in limited bonding with the cement paste in the mortar. This has little effect on enhancing the interfacial bonding performance between the VMB and the cement paste. This is because the surface of the glass microspheres (VMB) is sealed, effectively preventing the cement paste from entering their interior and preserving the integrity of their porous structure within the mortar matrix. As shown in Figs. 8(c) and (d), ordinary mortar has a relatively dense structure, while the addition of glass microspheres (VMB) results in the formation of numerous pores and cavities in the insulating mortar. This indirectly confirms the phenomenon that as the volume replacement rate of insulation materials increases, the porosity of mortar rises sharply. However, most of these pores and cavities are connected to the outside environment, forming pathways for heat flow in high-strength insulation mortar. Ultimately, although the increased volume replacement rate of insulation materials accelerates the rise in porosity of high-strength insulation mortar, the rate of decrease in thermal conductivity remains largely unchanged. As shown in Figs. 8(e) and (f), when subjected to external loads, the cement matrix in glass microsphere (VMB) insulation mortar generates internal stress. Under the influence of internal stress, the pore and cavity structures expand, forming new crack regions, thereby exacerbating the damage to the mortar caused by external loads. Additionally, surface cracks exist at the fiber-matrix interface, which can lead to the detachment of coarse aggregates and the formation of macro cracks. As clearly shown in Figure (f), the glass fibers have been pulled apart, with cracks forming around the fibers. As the stress in the mortar increases, these cracks gradually propagate and expand, ultimately leading to the failure of the specimen. By analyzing these microscopic images, we can gain a deeper understanding of the performance characteristics and failure mechanisms of vitrified microbead (VMB) intelligent insulation mortar, providing a theoretical basis for further optimizing its performance. 4 ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS The test results for vitrified microbead (VMB) mortar are shown in Table 7 . According to the “Code for Design of Reinforcement of Masonry Structures” (GB 50702—2011) [ 64 ], the reinforced cement mortar surface layer reinforcement method requires the mortar strength grade to be no less than M15. Analysis shows that when the VMB replacement rate is within 80% (corresponding to all groups in Table 6 ), the mortar strength meets the requirements of this standard and can be used as a surface reinforcement mortar. Additionally, according to the “General Specifications for Building Energy Conservation and Renewable Energy Utilization” (GB 55015 − 2021) [ 65 ], the thermal conductivity coefficient of exterior walls in residential buildings in Cold Zone A must be ≤ 0.45 W/m·K. When the VMB replacement rate is 80% (Groups B40, B41, B42, and B43 in Table 6 ), the mortar's thermal conductivity coefficient meets this energy-saving requirement and can be used as insulation mortar. In summary, it is recommended to control the VMB replacement rate at 80% or above during construction, while keeping the glass fiber content around 2%. At this point, VMB insulation mortar can effectively meet the requirements of both standards, which has a positive guiding effect on the integrated construction of the finish layer and insulation layer. Table 7 Test results of VMB insulation mortar Serial number Number density(g⸱mm − 3 ) porosity (%) compressive strength (MPa) flexural strength (MPa) thermal conductivity (W/m⸱K) 0 1 B00 B10 2.05 1.79 5 7 51.6 39.5 9.1 8.6 1.4 0.92 2 B11 1.79 8 39.8 9 0.9 3 B12 1.84 9 39.2 9.6 0.91 4 B13 1.83 10 38.3 9.5 0.9 5 B20 1.75 15 32.8 6.4 0.8 6 B21 1.74 17 32.7 6.5 0.79 7 B22 1.77 18 32.6 7.2 0.8 8 B23 1.75 20 31.4 6.5 0.79 9 B30 1.72 22 31.2 5.2 0.61 10 B31 1.7 25 30.8 5.8 0.64 11 B32 1.73 26 30 6.4 0.67 12 B33 1.66 29 29.4 6.2 0.64 13 B40 1.63 30 29.3 4.3 0.4 14 B41 1.59 31 28.6 4.6 0.42 15 B42 1.64 32 25.7 5.1 0.45 16 B43 1.51 34 21.4 4.9 0.36 Note, The first digit after B indicates a VMB substitution rate of 0%. The digits 1, 2, 3, and 4 indicate VMB substitution rates of 50%, 65%, 75%, and 80%, respectively. The second digit after P indicates the glass fiber content percentage. 5 CONCLUSION This manuscript developed a new type of vitrified microbead (VMB) intelligent thermal insulation mortar, which not only has thermal insulation functions but also meets mechanical performance requirements. It can integrate reinforced steel mesh reinforcement and thermal insulation layer construction into one, thereby replacing traditional mortar for thermal insulation and reinforcement renovation of existing masonry structures and improving the thermal insulation performance of existing masonry structures. The study analyzed the effects of different VMB replacement rates (50%, 65%, 75%, 80%) and glass fiber content (1%, 2%, 3% of mortar mass) on the mechanical and thermal insulation properties of the insulation mortar. Through experimental analysis, the following main conclusions were drawn: (1) As the volume replacement rate of vitrified microbeads (VMB) gradually increases, the density of the mortar decreases, while the porosity continues to increase and the thermal conductivity decreases accordingly. This indicates that the increased replacement rate of vitrified microbeads (VMB) makes the internal structure of the mortar more porous and loose, thereby effectively hindering heat transfer and enhancing thermal insulation performance. (2) Both the compressive strength and flexural strength of VMB insulation mortar decrease continuously as the VMB volume replacement rate increases. This means that an increase in the VMB replacement rate has a certain weakening effect on the mechanical properties of the mortar, and strength requirements must be comprehensively considered when determining the replacement rate. (3) An increase in the glass fiber content slightly improves the compressive strength of the VMB insulation mortar and significantly enhances its flexural performance. Specifically, the improvement in flexural performance due to glass fiber content first increases rapidly with increasing content and then stabilizes. When the glass fiber content reaches 2%, the flexural performance achieves its optimal level. (4) In engineering construction, when the VMB replacement rate is controlled at 80% or above, and the glass fiber content is kept around 2%, the VMB insulation mortar can effectively meet both the insulation and mechanical performance requirements of existing masonry structure reinforcement and renovation. This manuscript developed a new type of vitrified microbead (VMB) intelligent thermal insulation mortar, which not only has thermal insulation properties but also has a controllable reduction in strength. It combines steel mesh reinforcement and thermal insulation layer construction into one, thereby replacing traditional mortar for reinforcement and improving the thermal insulation performance of existing masonry structures. Research has found that if the glass microsphere (VMB) replacement rate is controlled at 80% or above, while the glass fiber content is kept around 2%, the requirements for both thermal insulation and mechanical performance in the reinforcement and renovation of existing masonry structures can be met. However, this new glass microsphere (VMB) intelligent thermal insulation mortar also has certain limitations. For instance, in terms of the coupling of thermal insulation and mechanical performance, achieving a perfect balance between the two is challenging; improving thermal insulation may result in a significant decrease in mechanical strength. Its performance is highly influenced by environmental factors; in high-temperature and high-humidity environments, thermal insulation and mechanical performance may degrade. Additionally, precise control of the VMB replacement rate and glass fiber content is difficult, and even minor deviations may lead to unstable performance. To enrich and improve this research framework, future work can further explore the specific mechanisms by which different environmental factors influence performance coupling; develop new additives to optimize performance balance; and refine construction process standards. Additionally, long-term performance monitoring and evaluation should be conducted to establish more precise performance prediction models, reduce costs, and promote the widespread application of this mortar in actual engineering projects. Declarations FUNDING DECLARATION (1) The authors gratefully acknowledge supports from Geotechnical Engineering Research Institute, Xi’an University of Technology and the funding by Gansu Province Higher Education Innovation Fund Project (2024B-233). The funding agency did not participate in the study design, data collection and analysis, manuscript writing, or decision to publish. The authors are solely responsible for the content and conclusions of this study. (2) The authors gratefully acknowledge supports from Geotechnical Engineering Research Institute, Xi’an University of Technology and the funding by Scientific Research Fund of Hainan University (KYQD(ZR)-22122). The funding agency did not participate in the study design, data collection and analysis, manuscript writing, or decision to publish. The authors are solely responsible for the content and conclusions of this study. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors gratefully acknowledge supports from Geotechnical Engineering Research Institute, Xi’an University of Technology and the funding by Gansu Province Higher Education Innovation Fund Project (2024B-233). AVAILABILITY OF DATA All the data and material used to support the findings of this study are included within the article. AUTHOR STATEMENT The authors declare that this manuscript is original, has not been published before and is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere. We confirm that the manuscript has been read and approved by all named authors and that there are no other persons who satisfied the criteria for authorship but are not listed. We further confirm that the order of authors listed in the manuscript has been approved by all of us. DECLARATION OF COMPETING INTEREST The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. AVALILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIAL All the data and material used to support the findings of this study are included within the article. References Lin, B. & Liu, H. China's building energy efficiency and urbanization. Energy Build. 86 , 356–365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.09.069 (2015). Mitz-Hernandez, E. & Miguel Gijón-Rivera, Rivera-Solorio, C. I. Annual thermal performance assessment of a regenerative evaporative cooling system under different climate conditions in Mexico. Indoor Built Environ. 31 (4), 988–1003. https://doi.org/10.1177/1420326X211045732 (2022). Kanoko, I. & Satoru, T. Effects of indoor low humidity on eye discomfort and associated physiological responses in soft contact lens and non-lens wearers. 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Wang","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAqklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACHsYHHyps5EjSwmw440yaMUla2IQ52w4nNhCtweD82mPMDGfS0vuOJzB++JhDjJYb79IeF1TY5M4884BZcuY2IrSY3Thjbgz0S+6GGwlszLxEajGT5m07nG5AvJbzPWAtCcRrsb/BlwwKZMOZZx42E+cXyf6zB0FRKc93PPngh4/EaGGQSIAyDhAdNfwHYFoS8KgaBaNgFIyCEQ0ADcZAQ+zPD4cAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Xi'an University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Guobing","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""},{"id":510641421,"identity":"c30c7f17-9e28-4fd4-976a-eb028cbe2e31","order_by":2,"name":"Zhu Liang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Xi'an University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zhu","middleName":"","lastName":"Liang","suffix":""},{"id":510641422,"identity":"a3c9f6c5-c58b-45f1-b4a4-0a4462d47726","order_by":3,"name":"He Zhang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Lanzhou Bowen Institute of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"He","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhang","suffix":""},{"id":510641423,"identity":"c46321d6-642a-4256-928d-458544e34d65","order_by":4,"name":"Qi Li","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Lanzhou Jiaotong University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Qi","middleName":"","lastName":"Li","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-07-26 08:23:18","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7219674/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7219674/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":90932486,"identity":"8b45afba-ce7d-4c5c-be73-583ed6f2304a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-09 16:27:07","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":105239,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eX-ray diffraction (XRD) image of vitrified beads\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7219674/v1/b2d6691e608f00d1ae2a08f8.png"},{"id":90932760,"identity":"5036c3e2-b562-44c3-9e38-5c9360da09fd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-09 16:35:07","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":477622,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFlow chart of mortar mixing\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7219674/v1/caf0cf5895099e9513b0d71e.png"},{"id":90932759,"identity":"6e544422-0c07-4f7f-bba5-8df17a6437a4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-09 16:35:07","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":30335,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eVariation of mortar density\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7219674/v1/d9f92af02bf0aefcdc1febca.png"},{"id":90933570,"identity":"41fa513c-bdce-4cea-b7d8-6b419fc0ba80","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-09 16:43:07","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":31164,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eChange of mortar porosity\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7219674/v1/db02eb2cbcdc5431786352af.png"},{"id":90932485,"identity":"86fe9cdb-5b7a-41ee-b4fc-f8d5a0486c7d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-09 16:27:07","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":39187,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eVariation of compressive strength of mortar\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7219674/v1/93f00c3693782589fe4e5c50.png"},{"id":90932489,"identity":"448ccd40-3bdd-43df-8ef3-bbe0025a2e73","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-09 16:27:07","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":33696,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eVariation of flexural strength of mortar\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7219674/v1/1b6346f0981c478a723978c9.png"},{"id":90935330,"identity":"c3281722-4126-4662-8eb1-0621a3c18163","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-09 16:59:07","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":36206,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eVariation of thermal conductivity of mortar\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7219674/v1/14c6ff7ead572459ec5b9586.png"},{"id":90932765,"identity":"2dda7b9c-6a7b-4e23-a2f2-34a0c9f34936","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-09 16:35:07","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":474907,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eVariation of thermal conductivity of mortar\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7219674/v1/6537c60b6ed41e851948cff4.png"},{"id":91148957,"identity":"7a63efa9-1e8d-48ba-8dff-1ec003e18ccf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-12 06:46:18","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2488434,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7219674/v1/58d3745e-dede-4554-9088-41a10b49d8fc.pdf"},{"id":90932761,"identity":"210cf719-da07-4551-9c73-3037fcf3e6af","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-09 16:35:07","extension":"doc","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":385536,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"GraphicalAbstract.doc","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7219674/v1/6ab97888ae896b05d2624754.doc"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Analysis of the Coupling Laws between Thermal Insulation Performance and Mechanical Properties of a New Vitrified Microbead (VMB) Smart Insulation Mortar for Reinforcing Existing Masonry Structures","fulltext":[{"header":"1 INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eCurrently, there are still a large number of old masonry structures worldwide, and most have reached their design service life. Issues such as thermal insulation and mechanical performance, building energy consumption [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e], human perception [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e], health [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e], material preservation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e], and durability of materials [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e] cannot be ignored. As the performance of building materials gradually deteriorates, the load-bearing capacity of these existing masonry structures decreases, raising concerns about structural safety. If demolition and reconstruction are chosen, this would result in resource waste and environmental pollution. Moreover, these buildings were mostly constructed without considering energy-saving issues. Therefore, structural reinforcement and energy-saving renovations of old masonry structures not only enhance building safety but also improve living environments and conserve resources, holding significant practical significance.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the ongoing process of innovation and development in building materials, improving and optimizing the performance of materials such as concrete and mortar has remained a key research focus. Over the past few decades, numerous scholars have dedicated their efforts to enhancing concrete properties by combining two or more types of fibers, which can significantly improve concrete's shear strength, tensile strength, crack resistance, and energy absorption capacity [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR10 CR11 CR12 CR13 CR14 CR15\" citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. This material has been widely applied in non-structural components such as panels, pipes, and channels. Additionally, glass fiber (GF) incorporated into concrete at different volume ratios alters the microstructure of mortar, making it suitable for structural components in the sustainable construction industry [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHowever, the traditional renovation method for old masonry structures involves two steps: first, structural reinforcement, and then the installation of an external insulation layer [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR19 CR20 CR21\" citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. This two-step process is complex and time-consuming. Additionally, the structural reinforcement layer [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR24 CR25\" citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e] and the insulation layer [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR28\" citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e] lack overall integrity, and the insulation layer is prone to detachment in the future [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e]. For example, jute/epoxy composite materials [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e], jute-lime composite mortar [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e], jute-mortar composite materials [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR35 CR36\" citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e], jute-clay insulation blocks [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e], and jute fiber-reinforced concrete [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e]. Therefore, achieving integration between structural reinforcement and energy-saving renovation has become the key to addressing the challenges of renovating old masonry structures [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR41 CR42 CR43 CR44\" citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRegarding issues related to mortar, scholars have studied the functional role of various mortars in construction and their direct impact on indoor environments. Based on the physical properties, microstructure, thermal performance, mechanical properties, and adsorption capacity of mortar materials, combined with the application conditions of buildings, the importance of these performance factors for buffer plaster mortar has been evaluated [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e]. Individual performance assessment results indicate that an ideal buffer plaster mortar should possess characteristics such as lightweight, high strength, strong adsorption capacity, and high porosity, enabling it to replace conventional plaster mortar and insulation layers. It should also be easy to apply, stable without additional energy consumption [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e], and possess optimal quality characteristics to meet usage requirements [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e]. In addition to the above characteristics, it also has advantages such as good durability and a wide range of applications [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e], but its high cost limits its large-scale promotion. Based on this, through comprehensive performance evaluation of the mortar and combining case weighting calculations [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e52\u003c/span\u003e], it was found that mortar made from a combination of diatomite, sepiolite, and fly ash has better performance than mortar made from a single material.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCurrently, insulation materials for masonry structures are primarily categorized into organic and inorganic types. Organic insulation materials exhibit poor resistance to aging and fire, resulting in high-strength insulation mortar formulated with them having inadequate safety and durability in practical applications [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e53\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e], severely limiting their use in engineering projects. In contrast, inorganic insulation materials, which possess excellent fire resistance and durability [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e55\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e56\u003c/span\u003e], have garnered increasing attention from researchers, such as expanded perlite (EP) [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR58\" citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e57\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e59\u003c/span\u003e] and glass microsphere insulation mortar [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e60\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e61\u003c/span\u003e]. Research has shown that vitrified microsphere insulation mortar not only has good insulation performance [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e60\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e61\u003c/span\u003e] but also possesses certain mechanical properties such as compressive and flexural strength [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e62\u003c/span\u003e]. Although some scholars have focused solely on the insulation performance of vitrified microsphere (VMB) insulation mortar [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR61\" citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e60\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e62\u003c/span\u003e], there is a lack of analysis on the coupling of its insulation performance and mechanical properties.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTherefore, the primary objective of this manuscript is to develop a new type of VMB intelligent thermal insulation mortar that combines thermal insulation functionality with mechanical performance requirements, enabling the integration of reinforcing mesh reinforcement and thermal insulation layer construction into a single process. This mortar is intended to replace traditional mortar in the thermal insulation and reinforcement renovation of existing masonry structures, thereby intelligently enhancing the thermal insulation performance of existing masonry structures. By analyzing the effects of different VMB volume replacement rates (50%, 65%, 75%, 80%) and glass fiber content (1%, 2%, 3% of the total mortar mass) on the density, porosity, compressive strength, flexural strength, and thermal conductivity of VMB insulation mortar, the optimal replacement rate for the new material VMB and the optimal glass fiber content were determined. The research findings provide a reference for the thermal insulation reinforcement and renovation of old masonry structures, achieving the integration of exterior wall reinforcement with thermal insulation layers in masonry structure reinforcement. This is of significant importance for achieving carbon peaking and carbon neutrality.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.1 Purpose of the experiment\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eWith the development of the economy, the functionality and thermal insulation performance of many masonry structures no longer meet people's needs. Currently, the conventional approach involves first reinforcing the masonry structure and then adding an insulation layer [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e63\u003c/span\u003e]. Among the commonly used methods for reinforcing masonry structures, both the reinforced mesh layer reinforcement method and the addition of an insulation layer require construction on the exterior walls. If these two processes could be combined into one, it would not only save labor and materials, shorten the construction period, and reduce the structural self-weight, but also simultaneously meet both insulation and reinforcement requirements. The key to achieving this goal lies in endowing the mortar with insulation capabilities while ensuring that its strength reduction remains within the expected range, enabling the mortar to be used for both insulation renovation and reinforcement. Therefore, the insulation properties of the mortar can be achieved by mixing insulation materials into the mortar.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCurrently, some scholars have focused solely on the thermal insulation performance of glass microsphere (VMB) insulation mortar, but there is a lack of analysis on the coupling of thermal insulation performance and mechanical properties of VMB smart insulation mortar. Therefore, the primary objective of this manuscript is to develop a new type of VMB smart insulation mortar that combines insulation functionality with mechanical performance requirements, enabling the integration of reinforcing mesh reinforcement and insulation layer construction into a single process. This mortar aims to replace traditional mortar in insulation and reinforcement retrofits of existing masonry structures, thereby intelligently enhancing the insulation performance of existing masonry structures.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe new VMB smart insulation mortar enhances its mechanical properties by simultaneously incorporating glass fiber into the mortar. The study analyzes the influence of VMB replacement rates (set at 50%, 65%, 75%, 80%) and glass fiber content (at 1%, 2%, and 3% of the mortar mass) on the mechanical and thermal insulation properties of the insulation mortar, the optimal replacement rate of the new material VMB and the optimal glass fiber content are determined, achieving the goal of combining reinforced mesh reinforcement and insulation layer construction in masonry structure reinforcement.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.2 test material\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe experimental materials for the analysis of the coupling characteristics between thermal insulation performance and mechanical properties of the new vitrified microbead (VMB) intelligent thermal insulation mortar primarily include: Ordinary Portland cement PU42.5, fine aggregate (natural river sand with a fineness modulus of 3.0), tap water, glass fiber (Grade A glass fiber produced in Dongguan, Guangzhou, with a length of 6 mm, elastic modulus of 75 GPa, and density of 2.7 g/cm\u0026sup3;), glass microspheres, epoxy resin, and hardener. Mixing water is tap water from the laboratory, and the specific physical and mechanical properties of other test materials are described below.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(1) Ordinary Portland Cement PU42.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe cement used was Qilian Mountain brand 42.5-grade ordinary Portland cement with a bulk density of 1359 kg/m\u0026sup3;. The performance indicators of the cement are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCement performance indexes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStandard consistency water content /%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003esetting time /min\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003efineness\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e/%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eflexural strength /MPa\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ecompressive strength /MPa\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003einitial setting\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003efinal setting\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28 d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28 d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGB175-2007\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;390\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;3.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;6.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;42.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eexperimental data\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e130\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e300\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(2) Silica fume\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe silica fume used is high-quality microsilica (SiO2 content above 98%) produced in Zhengzhou, Henan Province. The technical performance indicators of the silica fume are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTechnical performance indicators of silica fume\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eData types\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWater demand\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRatio /%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e含量/%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e含水量/%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e烧失量/%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e比表面积/\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e活性指数/%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGB 27690\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2011\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;125\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;85.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;3.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;4.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;105\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eexperimental data\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e120\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e120\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(3) Epoxy resin and curing agent\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe epoxy resin and curing agent used are water-based epoxy resin F0704 and curing agent F0705 produced by Guangzhou Shenzhen Yoshida Chemical. The physical performance indicators of the epoxy resin are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, and those of the curing agent are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhysical properties of epoxy resin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eData types\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAppearance\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eepoxy equivalentG/EQ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003erotational viscosity(mPa\u0026middot;s\u0026middot;25℃)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003esolids content(%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003epH\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003especific gravity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eF7074\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ewhite lotion\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e400\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;800\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;1000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.01\u0026ndash;1.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhysical properties of epoxy resin curing agent\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eData types\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAppearance\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eepoxy equivalentG/EQ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003erotational viscosity(mPa\u0026middot;s\u0026middot;25℃)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003esolids content(%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003epH\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003especific gravity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eF7075\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eyellow liquid\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;2000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e260\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00-1.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(4) Glass microspheres\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe glass microspheres used in the test were produced in Langfang, Hebei Province, with a diameter of 2\u0026ndash;4 (mm). The bulk density was 100 kg/m3, the porosity was 91%, and the thermal conductivity was 0.045 W/m⸱k. The XRD diffraction pattern is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.3 Mix design\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the experimental study investigating the coupling characteristics between thermal insulation and mechanical properties of new vitrified microbead (VMB) intelligent thermal insulation mortar, the reference mix ratio was first determined through trial mixing: water-to-binder ratio of 0.475, sand-to-binder ratio (S/B) of 1.57, with 10% of the cement mass replaced by silica fume, and epoxy resin content of 10% of the binder mass, to prepare the base mortar. Using new vitrified microbeads (VMB) as the insulation material, four gradients of VMB volume replacement rates (50%, 65%, 75%, 80%) were set, and three glass fiber content levels (1%, 2%, 3%) were considered. The specific mortar mix ratios are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMaterial ratio of VMB insulation mortar\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSerial number\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNumber\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ewater-cement ratio\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSilica fume/cement\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEpoxy resin/\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCement\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSand-adhesive ratio\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(mass ratio)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVMB/sand (volume ratio)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGlass fiber/mortar (mass ratio %)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eB00\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eB10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.475\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.475\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e50%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eB11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.475\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eB12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.475\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eB13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.475\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eB20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.475\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eB21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.475\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eB22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.475\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eB23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.475\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eB30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.475\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e75%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eB31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.475\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e75%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eB32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.475\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e75%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eB33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.475\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e75%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eB40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.475\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eB41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.475\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eB42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.475\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eB43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.475\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003eNote, The first digit after B indicates a VMB substitution rate of 0%. The digits 1, 2, 3, and 4 represent VMB substitution rates of 50%, 65%, 75%, and 80%, respectively. The second digit after P indicates the glass fiber content (%).\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.4 Test specimen preparation\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eExperimental Study on the Coupling Laws of Thermal Insulation and Mechanical Properties of New Vitrified Microbead (VMB) Intelligent Thermal Insulation Mortar The specimens were divided into 17 groups based on the mix ratio, with each group consisting of 3 specimens measuring 100\u0026times;100\u0026times;100 mm\u0026sup3; and 3 specimens measuring 40\u0026times;40\u0026times;160 mm\u0026sup3;. The specimen preparation process is illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. The preparation process of new vitrified microbead (VMB) intelligent insulation mortar is divided into the following three steps:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(1) First, mix water, cement, and silica fume, stir thoroughly, then add epoxy resin and hardener, and continue stirring until uniform;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(2) Before starting to stir, first mix sand with new vitrified microbeads (VMB) uniformly;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(3) Add the mixture of sand and new vitrified microbeads (VMB) in three batches to the above mixture and stir. After the mortar is thoroughly mixed, pour it into the mold. Remove the mold 24 hours after pouring the specimen, then transfer it to a curing room with a temperature of 20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2\u0026deg;C and relative humidity of 95%. After curing for 28 days, remove the specimen and allow it to dry completely before proceeding with subsequent tests.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3 ANALYSIS OF TEST RESULTS","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.1 Analysis of the coupling laws between thermal insulation performance and mechanical performance\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e(1) Density\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the experimental testing of the coupling laws between thermal insulation and mechanical properties of new vitrified microbead (VMB) intelligent thermal insulation mortar, test specimens with dimensions of 100mm \u0026times; 100mm \u0026times; 100mm were selected. The density of the mortar was determined through precise weighing, where the density is the ratio of mass to volume. Through experimental analysis, the trend in the density of the new vitrified microbead (VMB) intelligent insulation mortar under different glass fiber content and VMB replacement rates is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, the replacement rate of vitrified microbeads (VMB) has a significant impact on the density of mortar. As the VMB replacement rate increases, the density of mortar decreases gradually. In contrast, the addition of glass fiber has a relatively minor effect on the density of mortar.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen compared to the base mortar, under different fiber content levels (0%, 1%, 2%, 3%), when the VMB replacement rate is 50%, the density loss reaches 12.7%, 12.7%, 10.2%, and 10.7%, respectively; When the replacement rate is 65%, the density losses are 14.6%, 15.1%, 13.7%, and 14.6%, respectively; When the replacement rate was 75%, the density losses were 16.1%, 17.1%, 15.6%, and 19.0%, respectively; When the replacement rate was 80%, the density loss was more pronounced, reaching 20.5%, 22.4%, 20.0%, and 26.3%, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrom the above data, it can be seen that when glass microspheres (VMB) are used to replace 80% of the sand volume, the density reduction rate reaches as high as 26.3%. For surface materials, under the premise of ensuring that mechanical properties meet standards, the lighter the mass, the less likely it is to peel off, and a lower mass is also more advantageous for the structural load-bearing capacity and overall integrity.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, during the experiment, the increase in the replacement rate of vitrified microbeads (VMB) gradually slowed from 15\u0026ndash;10% and then to 5%, but the rate of decrease in mortar density accelerated. This is primarily because, as the volume replacement rate of glass microspheres (VMB) continues to increase, the cement paste cannot fully fill the voids created by the accumulation of glass microspheres (VMB) due to the accumulation effect, resulting in the formation of numerous interconnected pores within the mortar. These internal pores effectively reduce the density of the mortar. Meanwhile, glass fiber with a dosage of 1\u0026ndash;3% has a relatively minor impact on mortar quality. Under the same VMB replacement rate, the mass loss caused by it ranges from 1.7\u0026ndash;4.8%. Additionally, as the fiber dosage increases, due to the similar densities of glass fiber and sand, the fluctuations in its density are not significant.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(2) Porosity\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo accurately determine the porosity of mortar, test specimens with dimensions of 100 mm \u0026times; 100 mm \u0026times; 100 mm were selected for testing. First, the specimen is placed in a drying oven at 105\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5\u0026deg;C and dried for 48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5 hours to remove internal moisture. The mass is then measured and recorded as m₀. Next, the specimen is placed in a vacuum saturation apparatus and allowed to absorb water under vacuum conditions until it reaches a saturated state. After saturation, the specimen is removed, and any surface water is carefully wiped off with a wrung-out damp cloth to avoid affecting the weighing accuracy. The mass is then measured and recorded as m₁. The porosity of each specimen is calculated using the given Eq.\u0026nbsp;(\u003cspan refid=\"Equ1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). To ensure accurate and reliable results and minimize errors, three specimens are tested, and the average of these three measurements is taken as the final mortar porosity, accurate to 1%.\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\" style=\"width: 527px; height: 70.2667px;\" width=\"527\" height=\"70.2667\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhere \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:AP\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e is the water absorption rate of mortar (%), \u003cem\u003em\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e is the mass of the specimen after water absorption (kg), \u003cem\u003em\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e is the mass of the dry specimen (kg).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe experimental analysis shows the trend of changes in mortar porosity with different glass fiber content and various glass microsphere (VMB) replacement rates, as illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. As can be clearly seen from Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, the glass microsphere (VMB) replacement rate has a significant impact on mortar porosity, while the glass fiber content has a relatively minor effect.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe porosity of the insulating mortar increases gradually with the increase in the VMB replacement rate and glass fiber content. Compared to the base mortar, at different fiber content levels (0%, 1%, 2%, 3%), when the VMB replacement rate is 50%, the increase in porosity is 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, and 2 times, respectively; when the replacement rate is 65%, it is 3, 3.4, 3.6, and 4 times, respectively; When the replacement rate is 75%, the increases are 4.4, 5, 5.2, and 5.8 times, respectively; when the replacement rate is 80%, the increases are 6, 6.2, 6.4, and 6.8 times, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen glass microspheres (VMB) replace 80% of the sand volume, the mortar porosity increases to 23.9%. This is primarily because VMB, as the component with the largest volume in the mortar, has the characteristics of being lightweight and highly porous. During the hydration of the cement paste, although it cannot effectively fill the internal pores of VMB, the pores between VMB and the mortar are partially filled during the hydration process. Once cement hydration is complete, the porosity of the thermal insulation mortar primarily depends on the VMB itself.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen comparing the effect of glass fiber on porosity at the same VMB replacement rate, it was found that the addition of glass fiber increases porosity by 0\u0026ndash;7%, which is significantly smaller than the effect of VMB, and its influence is positively correlated with the increase in addition rate. This is because glass fiber has a large specific surface area and strong adsorption capacity for cementitious materials, reducing the filling of pores in the mortar by cementitious materials and thereby increasing porosity. However, since the influence of glass fiber is relatively limited, the glass microsphere (VMB) replacement rate remains the key factor determining the porosity of thermal insulation mortar. This research provides important theoretical basis for further optimizing the mix design and performance of thermal insulation mortar.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(3) Compressive Strength and Flexural Strength\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTesting was conducted using specimens measuring 40mm\u0026times;40mm\u0026times;160mm to determine the compressive and flexural strengths of the mortar. During flexural strength testing, the loading rate was set to 50 N/s, while the compressive strength testing used a loading rate of 2400 N/s. To improve efficiency, the two halves of the flexural test specimens were used for the compressive strength test. The results of the compressive strength of mortar at different glass fiber content levels and corresponding VMB replacement rates are shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, while the trend of flexural strength changes is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs clearly observed in Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, the compressive strength and flexural strength of the VMB insulation mortar decrease gradually with increasing VMB replacement rate. However, when the glass fiber content increases, the compressive strength only shows a slight increase, while the increase in flexural strength exhibits a phased characteristic: it accelerates within the 0\u0026ndash;2% glass fiber content range and slows down within the 2\u0026ndash;3% range.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCompared to standard mortar, the compressive strength of new vitrified microbead (VMB) intelligent insulation mortar exhibits significant variations at different glass fiber content levels (0%, 1%, 2%, 3%) and VMB replacement rates. When the VMB replacement rate is 50%, the compressive strength decreases to 39.5, 39.8, 39.2, and 38.3 MPa, respectively; when the replacement rate is 65%, it decreases to 32.8, 32.7, 32.6, and 31.4 MPa; at a replacement rate of 75%, it further decreased to 31.2, 30.8, 30, and 29.4 MPa; and at a replacement rate of 80%, it significantly decreased to 29.3, 28.6, 25.7, and 21.4 MPa. In terms of flexural strength, under different glass fiber content levels, when the VMB substitution rate is 50%, the values are 8.6, 9, 9.6, and 9.5 MPa; when the substitution rate is 65%, the values are 6.4, 6.5, 7.2, and 6.5 MPa; at a replacement rate of 75%, they were 5.2, 5.8, 6.4, and 6.2 MPa; and at a replacement rate of 80%, they decreased to 4.3, 4.6, 5.1, and 4.9 MPa.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen expanded glass microspheres (VMB) replace sand at a volume ratio of 50% without adding glass fiber, the mortar's compressive strength is 39.5 MPa, and the flexural strength is 8.6 MPa; however, when the replacement rate of expanded glass microspheres (VMB) reaches 80%, the compressive strength drops sharply to 21.4 MPa, and the flexural strength decreases to 4.9 MPa. The primary reason for this significant change is that the main material in the insulation mortar, glass microspheres (VMB), has a much lower strength than sand and occupies a large proportion in the mortar, resulting in the strength of the prepared mortar primarily originating from materials other than glass microspheres (VMB). Additionally, as the VMB replacement rate increases, numerous pores and voids form in the mortar, and the VMB itself contains large pores, leading to an increase in the overall porosity of the mortar and consequently reducing compressive and flexural strengths.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen comparing the decrease in compressive strength and flexural strength of the new vitrified microsphere (VMB) intelligent insulation mortar, the compressive strength of the new vitrified microsphere (VMB) intelligent insulation mortar decreased by 23.4% compared to the base mortar, while the flexural strength decreased by only 5.5%. This is attributed to the uniform dispersion of resin particles from the epoxy resin emulsion within the cement paste after mixing with the cement mortar. As cement hydration proceeds, epoxy resin particles deposit on the surfaces of C-S-H gel, calcium hydroxide, and unhydrated cement particles. Under the action of the curing agent, they gradually solidify into an epoxy resin film, penetrating through the cement hydration particles to form a three-dimensional network structure, effectively enhancing the mortar's flexural strength. Additionally, water-based epoxy resin possesses good toughness, further enhancing the mortar's flexural strength. However, as the replacement rate of glass microspheres (VMB) increases, the epoxy resin's network structure is disrupted, and the epoxy resin surrounding the glass microspheres (VMB) no longer contributes to flexural strength.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe strength and density of glass fiber are slightly higher than those of sand. When glass microspheres (VMB) replace sand at volumes of 50%, 65%, and 75%, an increase in glass fiber content causes slight fluctuations in the compressive strength of the mortar. This is because the density of glass fiber is similar to that of sand, and it can play a certain reinforcing role in the mortar. However, when the VMB replacement rate reaches 80%, the effect of glass fiber on the compressive strength of mortar is not significant within the range of 0\u0026ndash;3% glass fiber content. This is because, in uniformly mixed mortar, as the VMB content increases to a certain limit, the primary target of glass fiber reinforcement becomes the extremely low-strength VMB. At this point, the glass fiber in the mortar tends to exist in a free state, and the increased VMB content causes some glass fibers to remain uncoated during cement hydration, thereby failing to effectively exert their reinforcing effect.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs the replacement rate of glass microspheres (VMB) increases, the flexural strength of mortar decreases significantly. However, the addition of glass fiber, which has excellent tensile strength, significantly slows down or even reverses this trend under certain conditions. The enhancing effect of glass fiber on the flexural strength of VMB insulation mortar is most pronounced at a dosage of 0\u0026ndash;2%, and gradually decreases slightly between 2% and 3%. This is because an appropriate amount of glass fiber can form effective interlocking and bridging effects in the mortar, improving its ductility and enhancing its flexural performance. However, when the glass fiber content is too high, it becomes difficult to disperse uniformly in the mortar, leading to agglomeration, which can adversely affect the mortar's performance.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn summary, the replacement rate of glass microspheres (VMB) and the glass fiber content have complex and significant effects on the compressive strength and flexural strength of VMB insulation mortar. In practical engineering applications, these factors must be comprehensively considered, and the replacement rate of VMB and the glass fiber content should be reasonably adjusted to prepare insulation mortar that meets different engineering requirements.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(4) Thermal Conductivity\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the test, a 100mm\u0026times;100mm\u0026times;100mm test block was selected, and the thermal conductivity of the mortar was accurately measured using a steady-state method. To ensure the accuracy of the test results, the mortar was placed in a drying oven at 105\u0026deg;C for 48 hours prior to testing to completely eliminate the interference of moisture on the thermal conductivity. During the test, foam plastic was used to tightly surround the mortar on all sides, effectively reducing the influence of environmental factors on the measurement of the mortar's thermal conductivity.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThrough an in-depth analysis of the test results, the trend in the thermal conductivity of mortar with different glass fiber content and various glass microsphere (VMB) replacement rates is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e. As clearly shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, as the VMB replacement rate gradually increases, the trend of decreasing thermal conductivity of the mortar becomes significant; however, when the VMB replacement rate remains constant, the effect of glass fiber content on the thermal conductivity of the mortar is negligible.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCompared to the thermal conductivity of 1.4 W/m\u0026middot;K for the original mortar, the changes in thermal conductivity corresponding to different glass microsphere (VMB) replacement rates at various glass fiber content levels (0%, 1%, 2%, 3%) are as follows: When the VMB replacement rate is 50%, the thermal conductivity decreases to 0.92, 0.9, 0.91, and 0.9 W/m\u0026middot;K, respectively; at 65%, it is 0.8, 0.79, 0.8, and 0.79 W/m\u0026middot;K; At 75%, they are 0.61, 0.64, 0.67, and 0.64 W/m\u0026middot;K; at 80%, they decrease to 0.4, 0.42, 0.45, and 0.36 W/m\u0026middot;K.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe reduction in thermal conductivity is primarily attributed to two factors. First, the insulation material itself contains a large number of pores and has a low thermal conductivity. Second, the insulation material is uniformly dispersed within the mortar, and its pores slow down the heat transfer efficiency in the high-thermal-conductivity hardened mortar, thereby extending the heat transfer path. When the volume replacement rate of glass microspheres (VMB) is less than 80%, the porosity of the mortar increases with the replacement rate, and all pores are effective pore structures enclosed by the cementitious material, effectively preventing heat transfer between the mortar and the external environment. When the volume replacement rate of the insulation material exceeds 80%, the thermal conductivity of the mortar meets the requirements of engineering specifications.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.2 Analysis of unstable test data\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eRepeatability uncertainty is one of the important methods for studying the uncertainty of measurement data. With the help of instability analysis, the reliability and stability of data can be accurately determined to verify whether the data is accurate and error-free. Specifically, for each set of data, a specific method can be used to assess its instability, and the instability of each set of data can be calculated using Eq.\u0026nbsp;(\u003cspan refid=\"Equ2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003cdiv id=\"Equ2\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ2\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:RSD=\\frac{s}{x}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e2\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhere is the standard deviation of the sample, and is the sample mean. The overall uncertainty of the data can be obtained by calculating the value using all the data for all combinations. is calculated using Eq.\u0026nbsp;(\u003cspan refid=\"Equ3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Equ3\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ3\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:{RSD}_{pool}=\\frac{（{n}_{1}-1）{RSD}_{1}^{2}+\\left({n}_{2}-1\\right){{RSD}_{2}^{2}RSD}^{2}+\\dots\\:+\\left({n}_{n}-1\\right){{RSD}_{n}^{2}}^{\\:}}{\\left({n}_{1}-1\\right)+\\left({n}_{2}-1\\right)+\\dots\\:+({n}_{n}-1)}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e3\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e shows the repeatability uncertainty of different physical and mechanical properties of high-strength thermal insulation mortar. It can be seen that the values of repeatability uncertainty for each physical and mechanical property are close to zero, indicating that the measurement error is very low.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRepeatability uncertainty of different eigenvalues of high-strength insulation mortar\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eContents\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRepeatability uncertainty\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003especific weight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eporosity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eflexural strength\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ecompressive strength\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ethermal conductivity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.3 Micro-mechanism analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eUsing a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and a digital microscope (DM), a microscopic mechanism analysis was conducted on the new vitrified microbead (VMB) intelligent thermal insulation mortar. Figures\u0026nbsp;8(a) and (b) show SEM images of the VMB thermal insulation mortar. Figures\u0026nbsp;8(c) and (d) present microscopic images of the thermal insulation mortar obtained using a digital microscope (DM). Figures\u0026nbsp;8(e) and (f) show SEM images of the fracture surface of the mortar. As can be seen from Figs.\u0026nbsp;8(a) and (b), although the addition of vitrified microbeads (VMB) creates numerous pores in the mortar, these pores primarily originate from the vitrified microbeads (VMB) themselves. These pores block the heat transfer pathways within the cement paste, prolonging the heat transfer path of the high-strength thermal insulation mortar and thereby reducing its thermal conductivity. This also explains why, as the volume replacement rate of the thermal insulation material increases, the porosity of the high-strength thermal insulation mortar gradually increases while its thermal conductivity gradually decreases. Comparing Fig.\u0026nbsp;8(b) with Fig.\u0026nbsp;8(d), it can be observed that cement in the VMB insulation mortar rarely penetrates into the interior of the VMB, resulting in limited bonding with the cement paste in the mortar. This has little effect on enhancing the interfacial bonding performance between the VMB and the cement paste. This is because the surface of the glass microspheres (VMB) is sealed, effectively preventing the cement paste from entering their interior and preserving the integrity of their porous structure within the mortar matrix.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs shown in Figs.\u0026nbsp;8(c) and (d), ordinary mortar has a relatively dense structure, while the addition of glass microspheres (VMB) results in the formation of numerous pores and cavities in the insulating mortar. This indirectly confirms the phenomenon that as the volume replacement rate of insulation materials increases, the porosity of mortar rises sharply. However, most of these pores and cavities are connected to the outside environment, forming pathways for heat flow in high-strength insulation mortar. Ultimately, although the increased volume replacement rate of insulation materials accelerates the rise in porosity of high-strength insulation mortar, the rate of decrease in thermal conductivity remains largely unchanged.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs shown in Figs.\u0026nbsp;8(e) and (f), when subjected to external loads, the cement matrix in glass microsphere (VMB) insulation mortar generates internal stress. Under the influence of internal stress, the pore and cavity structures expand, forming new crack regions, thereby exacerbating the damage to the mortar caused by external loads. Additionally, surface cracks exist at the fiber-matrix interface, which can lead to the detachment of coarse aggregates and the formation of macro cracks. As clearly shown in Figure (f), the glass fibers have been pulled apart, with cracks forming around the fibers. As the stress in the mortar increases, these cracks gradually propagate and expand, ultimately leading to the failure of the specimen. By analyzing these microscopic images, we can gain a deeper understanding of the performance characteristics and failure mechanisms of vitrified microbead (VMB) intelligent insulation mortar, providing a theoretical basis for further optimizing its performance.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4 ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe test results for vitrified microbead (VMB) mortar are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e. According to the \u0026ldquo;Code for Design of Reinforcement of Masonry Structures\u0026rdquo; (GB 50702\u0026mdash;2011) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e64\u003c/span\u003e], the reinforced cement mortar surface layer reinforcement method requires the mortar strength grade to be no less than M15. Analysis shows that when the VMB replacement rate is within 80% (corresponding to all groups in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e), the mortar strength meets the requirements of this standard and can be used as a surface reinforcement mortar.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, according to the \u0026ldquo;General Specifications for Building Energy Conservation and Renewable Energy Utilization\u0026rdquo; (GB 55015\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2021) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e65\u003c/span\u003e], the thermal conductivity coefficient of exterior walls in residential buildings in Cold Zone A must be \u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.45 W/m\u0026middot;K. When the VMB replacement rate is 80% (Groups B40, B41, B42, and B43 in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e), the mortar's thermal conductivity coefficient meets this energy-saving requirement and can be used as insulation mortar.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn summary, it is recommended to control the VMB replacement rate at 80% or above during construction, while keeping the glass fiber content around 2%. At this point, VMB insulation mortar can effectively meet the requirements of both standards, which has a positive guiding effect on the integrated construction of the finish layer and insulation layer.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTest results of VMB insulation mortar\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSerial number\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNumber\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003edensity(g⸱mm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eporosity (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ecompressive strength (MPa)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eflexural strength (MPa)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ethermal conductivity (W/m⸱K)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eB00\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eB10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eB11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eB12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eB13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eB20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eB21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eB22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eB23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eB30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eB31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eB32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eB33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eB40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eB41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eB42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eB43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003eNote, The first digit after B indicates a VMB substitution rate of 0%. The digits 1, 2, 3, and 4 indicate VMB substitution rates of 50%, 65%, 75%, and 80%, respectively. The second digit after P indicates the glass fiber content percentage.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5 CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis manuscript developed a new type of vitrified microbead (VMB) intelligent thermal insulation mortar, which not only has thermal insulation functions but also meets mechanical performance requirements. It can integrate reinforced steel mesh reinforcement and thermal insulation layer construction into one, thereby replacing traditional mortar for thermal insulation and reinforcement renovation of existing masonry structures and improving the thermal insulation performance of existing masonry structures. The study analyzed the effects of different VMB replacement rates (50%, 65%, 75%, 80%) and glass fiber content (1%, 2%, 3% of mortar mass) on the mechanical and thermal insulation properties of the insulation mortar. Through experimental analysis, the following main conclusions were drawn:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(1) As the volume replacement rate of vitrified microbeads (VMB) gradually increases, the density of the mortar decreases, while the porosity continues to increase and the thermal conductivity decreases accordingly. This indicates that the increased replacement rate of vitrified microbeads (VMB) makes the internal structure of the mortar more porous and loose, thereby effectively hindering heat transfer and enhancing thermal insulation performance.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(2) Both the compressive strength and flexural strength of VMB insulation mortar decrease continuously as the VMB volume replacement rate increases. This means that an increase in the VMB replacement rate has a certain weakening effect on the mechanical properties of the mortar, and strength requirements must be comprehensively considered when determining the replacement rate.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(3) An increase in the glass fiber content slightly improves the compressive strength of the VMB insulation mortar and significantly enhances its flexural performance. Specifically, the improvement in flexural performance due to glass fiber content first increases rapidly with increasing content and then stabilizes. When the glass fiber content reaches 2%, the flexural performance achieves its optimal level.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(4) In engineering construction, when the VMB replacement rate is controlled at 80% or above, and the glass fiber content is kept around 2%, the VMB insulation mortar can effectively meet both the insulation and mechanical performance requirements of existing masonry structure reinforcement and renovation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis manuscript developed a new type of vitrified microbead (VMB) intelligent thermal insulation mortar, which not only has thermal insulation properties but also has a controllable reduction in strength. It combines steel mesh reinforcement and thermal insulation layer construction into one, thereby replacing traditional mortar for reinforcement and improving the thermal insulation performance of existing masonry structures. Research has found that if the glass microsphere (VMB) replacement rate is controlled at 80% or above, while the glass fiber content is kept around 2%, the requirements for both thermal insulation and mechanical performance in the reinforcement and renovation of existing masonry structures can be met. However, this new glass microsphere (VMB) intelligent thermal insulation mortar also has certain limitations. For instance, in terms of the coupling of thermal insulation and mechanical performance, achieving a perfect balance between the two is challenging; improving thermal insulation may result in a significant decrease in mechanical strength. Its performance is highly influenced by environmental factors; in high-temperature and high-humidity environments, thermal insulation and mechanical performance may degrade. Additionally, precise control of the VMB replacement rate and glass fiber content is difficult, and even minor deviations may lead to unstable performance. To enrich and improve this research framework, future work can further explore the specific mechanisms by which different environmental factors influence performance coupling; develop new additives to optimize performance balance; and refine construction process standards. Additionally, long-term performance monitoring and evaluation should be conducted to establish more precise performance prediction models, reduce costs, and promote the widespread application of this mortar in actual engineering projects.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFUNDING DECLARATION\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(1) The authors gratefully acknowledge supports from Geotechnical Engineering Research Institute, Xi’an University of Technology and the funding by Gansu Province Higher Education Innovation Fund Project (2024B-233). The funding agency did not participate in the study design, data collection and analysis, manuscript writing, or decision to publish. The authors are solely responsible for the content and conclusions of this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(2) The authors gratefully acknowledge supports from Geotechnical Engineering Research Institute, Xi’an University of Technology and the funding by Scientific Research Fund of Hainan University (KYQD(ZR)-22122). The funding agency did not participate in the study design, data collection and analysis, manuscript writing, or decision to publish. The authors are solely responsible for the content and conclusions of this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eACKNOWLEDGMENTS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors gratefully acknowledge supports from Geotechnical Engineering Research Institute, Xi’an University of Technology and the funding by Gansu Province Higher Education Innovation Fund Project (2024B-233).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAVAILABILITY OF DATA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll the data and material used to support the findings of this study are included within the article.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAUTHOR STATEMENT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that this manuscript is original, has not been published before and is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere. We confirm that the manuscript has been read and approved by all named authors and that there are no other persons who satisfied the criteria for authorship but are not listed. We further confirm that the order of authors listed in the manuscript has been approved by all of us.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDECLARATION OF COMPETING INTEREST\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAVALILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIAL\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll the data and material used to support the findings of this study are included within the article.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLin, B. \u0026amp; Liu, H. 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(in Chinese).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Vitrified microbeads, glass fiber, compressive strength, flexural strength, thermal insulation performance","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7219674/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7219674/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIn masonry structure reinforcement projects, exterior wall reinforcement with steel mesh and insulation layer construction are typically carried out independently. Mixing insulation materials into mortar achieves both thermal insulation and controllable strength reduction. Combining the two processes can save labor and materials, reduce costs, and minimize weight. The primary objective of this manuscript is to develop a new type of smart insulation mortar using glass microspheres (VMB), which combines insulation functionality with mechanical performance requirements, enabling the integration of reinforcing mesh reinforcement and insulation layer construction into a single process. This mortar is intended to replace traditional mortar in the insulation and reinforcement retrofitting of existing masonry structures. By analyzing the influence of different VMB replacement rates (50%, 65%, 75%, 80%) and glass fiber content (1%, 2%, 3% of mortar mass) on the coupling of mechanical and thermal insulation properties of the insulation mortar. The analysis results indicate that as the volume replacement rate of new glass microspheres (VMB) increases, the density of the insulation mortar decreases, porosity increases, compressive and flexural strength decrease, but thermal insulation performance improves; as the glass fiber content increases, flexural strength improves significantly in the 0%-2% range, compressive strength fluctuates slightly, and flexural performance is optimal around 2%, with minimal impact on mortar density and porosity from small amounts of glass fiber. When the replacement rate of new vitrified microbeads (VMB) is approximately 80%, and the glass fiber content is kept around 2%, the thermal insulation and mechanical properties of the mortar can effectively meet the requirements for use. This enables the integration of exterior wall reinforcement with a steel mesh and thermal insulation layer in masonry structure reinforcement, which is of significant importance for achieving carbon peaking and carbon neutrality.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Analysis of the Coupling Laws between Thermal Insulation Performance and Mechanical Properties of a New Vitrified Microbead (VMB) Smart Insulation Mortar for Reinforcing Existing Masonry Structures","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-09-09 16:27:02","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7219674/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-01-19T15:46:15+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"304967620741285861042953543388019779812","date":"2025-12-01T08:24:20+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-09-27T20:43:18+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"311294373798384685175985602517536542665","date":"2025-09-27T10:10:29+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-09-03T05:26:54+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-08-20T17:21:29+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-08-07T02:01:56+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2025-08-07T01:58:01+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"a869fc5d-7f3c-4007-911d-945e60a4c7a7","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 9th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"in-revision","subjectAreas":[{"id":54244003,"name":"Physical sciences/Engineering"},{"id":54244004,"name":"Physical sciences/Materials science"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-01-19T16:34:51+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-09-09 16:27:02","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7219674","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7219674","identity":"rs-7219674","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}