Clean innovation ecosystems: Lifting distressed communities in Appalachia with clean energy

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Regarding income, poverty, joblessness, and vacancy rates, the average distressed zip code in 2018 showed no improvement compared to its standing relative to the average prosperous zip code in 2000. We have discovered the formation of unique business clusters funded by public-private partnerships have the potential to make a difference in lifting distressed communities. Our research of literature and artifacts (photographs, videos, documents, digital media - websites or social media posts) suggests the discovery of a Clean Innovation Ecosystem (CIE). CIE refers to the network of social entrepreneurs, organizations, institutions, and individuals that work together to promote sustainable technologies and practices. As of the 4th quarter of 2023, manufacturing annual run rate construction spending has skyrocketed to over $200 billion. There are another $600 billion of Voltage Valley projects announced that have not yet been built. Over the past two decades, private investment has been between $20 billion and $100 billion annually in U.S. manufacturing infrastructure. Governments are making unprecedented investments in clean energy - which include approximately $400 billion in funding from the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA), $8 billion to establish 6–10 regional Hydrogen Hubs in the U.S., investments in carbon capture, renewable energy technologies, and other investments in clean energy sectors and technologies. All these investments come with the condition that the investment lifts distressed communities. This article explains why investing in Appalachia and geographic regions with similar characteristics will maximize the social benefit of public investment in a Clean Innovation Ecosystem. Our case study covers the Greater Central Appalachian Voltage Valley (GCAVV) – the states of Kentucky, West Virginia, Ohio, Upstate New York, and Michigan, as well as the Central Appalachian region as defined by 56 of the 85 distressed communities of Appalachia." } { "@context": "http://schema.org", "@type": "BreadcrumbList", "itemListElement": [ { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "1", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/", "name": "Home" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "2", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/browse/articles", "name": "Browse" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "3", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/articles/13-808", "name": "Clean innovation ecosystems: Lifting distressed communities in Appalachia..." } } ] } Home Browse Clean innovation ecosystems: Lifting distressed communities in Appalachia... ALL Metrics - Views Downloads Get PDF Get XML Cite How to cite this article Paolillo W, Cross B, Zelek C et al. Clean innovation ecosystems: Lifting distressed communities in Appalachia with clean energy [version 1; peer review: 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :808 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.150557.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. Close Copy Citation Details Export Export Citation Sciwheel EndNote Ref. Manager Bibtex ProCite Sente EXPORT Select a format first Track Share ▬ ✚ Case Study Clean innovation ecosystems: Lifting distressed communities in Appalachia with clean energy [version 1; peer review: 1 not approved] William Paolillo https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5347-7994 1 , Benjamin Cross https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0790-1721 2 , Charles Zelek 3 , Donald Wingate 4 , Adam Berkebile 5 William Paolillo https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5347-7994 1 , Benjamin Cross https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0790-1721 2 , [...] Charles Zelek 3 , Donald Wingate 4 , Adam Berkebile 5 PUBLISHED 17 Jul 2024 Author details Author details 1 College of Engineering and Polymer Science, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA 2 Voinovich School of Leadership and Public Service, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, 45701, USA 3 Climate Smart Business Solutions LLC, Wheeling, West Virginia, USA 4 Schneider Electric North America, Andover, Massachusetts, USA 5 Climate Smart Business Solutions LLC, Wheeling, West Virginia, USA William Paolillo Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project Administration, Supervision, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Benjamin Cross Roles: Conceptualization, Investigation, Resources, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Charles Zelek Roles: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – Review & Editing Donald Wingate Roles: Conceptualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Adam Berkebile Roles: Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing OPEN PEER REVIEW DETAILS REVIEWER STATUS Abstract The U.S. government has invested in distressed communities in the 21st century but with minimal effect. Regarding income, poverty, joblessness, and vacancy rates, the average distressed zip code in 2018 showed no improvement compared to its standing relative to the average prosperous zip code in 2000. We have discovered the formation of unique business clusters funded by public-private partnerships have the potential to make a difference in lifting distressed communities. Our research of literature and artifacts (photographs, videos, documents, digital media - websites or social media posts) suggests the discovery of a Clean Innovation Ecosystem (CIE). CIE refers to the network of social entrepreneurs, organizations, institutions, and individuals that work together to promote sustainable technologies and practices. As of the 4th quarter of 2023, manufacturing annual run rate construction spending has skyrocketed to over $200 billion. There are another $600 billion of Voltage Valley projects announced that have not yet been built. Over the past two decades, private investment has been between $20 billion and $100 billion annually in U.S. manufacturing infrastructure. Governments are making unprecedented investments in clean energy - which include approximately $400 billion in funding from the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA), $8 billion to establish 6–10 regional Hydrogen Hubs in the U.S., investments in carbon capture, renewable energy technologies, and other investments in clean energy sectors and technologies. All these investments come with the condition that the investment lifts distressed communities. This article explains why investing in Appalachia and geographic regions with similar characteristics will maximize the social benefit of public investment in a Clean Innovation Ecosystem. Our case study covers the Greater Central Appalachian Voltage Valley (GCAVV) – the states of Kentucky, West Virginia, Ohio, Upstate New York, and Michigan, as well as the Central Appalachian region as defined by 56 of the 85 distressed communities of Appalachia. READ ALL READ LESS Keywords Clean innovation ecosystem, hydrogen, social entrepreneurship, business cluster, innovation, renewable energy, hydrogen hub Corresponding Author(s) William Paolillo ( [email protected] ) Close Corresponding author: William Paolillo Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Copyright: © 2024 Paolillo W et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. How to cite: Paolillo W, Cross B, Zelek C et al. Clean innovation ecosystems: Lifting distressed communities in Appalachia with clean energy [version 1; peer review: 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :808 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.150557.1 ) First published: 17 Jul 2024, 13 :808 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.150557.1 ) Latest published: 17 Jul 2024, 13 :808 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.150557.1 ) Introduction Carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide levels in Earth’s atmosphere have skyrocketed to a point unseen in the past 800,000 years. This rapid warming of our planet is triggering a series of catastrophic events, which are severe and often irreversible changes in the Earth’s climate system. These events include rising sea levels, more frequent and intense heat waves, droughts, floods, and other extreme weather events. The world is at a tipping point, and we face urgent challenges requiring bold, innovative solutions. Governments are making unprecedented investments, which include approximately $400 billion in funding from the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA), $8 billion to establish 6–10 regional Hydrogen Hubs in the U.S., and additional investments in carbon capture, utilization, and sequestration, rare earth elements, renewable energy technologies, and a multitude of other investments in clean energy sectors and technologies. 1 The Department of Energy defines a Hydrogen Hub as a hydrogen production, storage, and demand cluster. The energy sector is a dynamic integrated system, with developments in one sector directly or indirectly impacting numerous others. This is particularly true for the low-carbon energy sector. Many of the technologies targeted have not been deployed at scale, lack the existing infrastructure to support their deployment, and lack established markets for low-carbon products (electricity, low-carbon fuels, etc.) at levels that provide sufficient incentives to justify large-scale investment. 2 Clean energy produced by renewable sources and/or employs technology to decarbonize industry and power production - as defined by the Department of Energy for the Hydrogen RFP. An example of decarbonization would be carbon sequestration. Carbon sequestration is a process that captures and stores carbon dioxide in specific geological formations. These factors, combined with the historic investments of the IRA, have resulted in forming a unique configuration of stakeholders in which public-private partnerships have formed at a scale never seen. What we are witnessing is, in fact, the creation of a Clean Innovation Ecosystem (CIE). CIE is an extension, an evolution, of the concepts proposed by Michael Porter’s seminal paper “Clusters and the New Economics of Competition,” published in the Harvard Business Review in 1998. 3 A thriving CIE will consist of and support a suite of business (industrial) clusters appropriate for a given geographic region, where its natural resources and collaborative efforts can provide a competitive advantage. Therefore, a CIE can be viewed as a collection of sustainable business clusters working together to promote economic development in a specific geographic region and focused on creating a competitive advantage. Porter defines clusters as not just geographic concentrations of interconnected companies and institutions in a particular field, but as comprehensive ecosystems. These clusters encompass a wide range of linked industries and other entities crucial to competition. They include, for instance, suppliers of specialized inputs such as components, machinery, and services, and providers of specialized infrastructure. Clusters often extend downstream to supply channels and customers, laterally to manufacturers of complementary products, and to companies in industries related to skills, technologies, or standard inputs. Finally, many clusters incorporate governmental and other institutions—such as universities, standards-setting agencies, think tanks, vocational training providers, and trade associations—that offer specialized training, education, information, research, and technical support. Additionally, Porter points to the fact that clusters affect competition in three ways: 1. By increasing the efficacy of companies based in the area 2. By driving the direction and pace of innovation, which underpins future productivity growth 3. By stimulating the formation of new businesses, which expands and strengthens the cluster itself A cluster allows each member to benefit as if it had a larger scale or had joined with others formally-without contractually requiring it to sacrifice its flexibility. 3 Lis explains that clusters are increasingly recognized as key coordinators within innovation ecosystems, facilitating comprehensive knowledge creation processes. 4 The term ecosystem was originally an ecological metaphor used to describe system-level complexities and can be applied in various contexts. An innovation ecosystem is described as a network of interconnected organizations centered around a leading firm or platform, involving participants from both the production and usage sides, and focused on generating new value through innovation. A distinguishing feature of an innovation ecosystem is the significant role that universities or other research institutions play as primary sources of research outputs. 4 , 5 In the Greater Central Appalachia region, the Voltage Valley business cluster currently being formed provides an excellent example of what can and needs to be done for a business cluster focused on hydrogen, as proposed by the DOE Hydrogen Hub Initiative. 6 The region already has other industries that can become business clusters and join the Greater Central Appalachian CIE. Collectively, the business clusters can collaboratively create a thriving CIE that can ensure distressed communities are included. West Virginia, Ohio, Southwestern Pennsylvania, Eastern Kentucky, Western New York, and Michigan (not an Appalachian State but has close economic ties to Central Appalachia) - are experiencing a new industrial revolution centered around integrated circuits (IC), electrification, recycling, and the mining of information with artificial intelligence and machine learning as the region transforms into the GCAVV. 6 These Clean Innovation Ecosystems are leading to the development of Voltage Valleys (Paolillo, 2022), where electric vehicle battery plants, data centers, microchip plants, recycling facilities, and other large power users affiliated with digital transformation or electrification are located. “An example of electrification is powering a car with electricity versus a carbon-based fuel like gasoline”. 7 Silicon Valley and electrification are the driving forces behind the construction of these advanced manufacturing facilities and the long-term jobs created by these factories. The Voltage Valley business cluster is different than our last significant business cluster formation. 8 For many years, Silicon Valley on the West Coast of the United States was the epicenter of innovation and wealth creation. Silicon Valley produced groundbreaking solutions and entrepreneurial success stories. Silicon Valley is in the greater San Francisco Bay Area and ignited the growth of venture capital firms – 30% of U.S. venture investment flowed to the greater Silicon Valley in 2023. 9 However, a significant part of the Silicon Valley success story involved outsourcing manufacturing to countries like China and Asia, which shifted the U.S. to a service-oriented economy. Unlike the Silicon Valley era, where most manufacturing jobs were outsourced, Voltage Valleys will generate employment opportunities during advanced manufacturing plants’ construction and operation phases. This means jobs for hardworking constructors, makers, and doers who build and create the products that drive the digital age. 9 The Seven Components of the Distressed Community Index This is an outline summary of the DOE’s defined key socio-economic indicators used to assess distressed communities. 1. No High School Diploma : This metric represents the percentage of the population aged 25 years and older without a high school diploma or equivalent. It highlights educational attainment levels within the community. 2. Housing Vacancy Rate : This rate measures the percentage of habitable housing that is unoccupied, excluding properties intended for seasonal, recreational, or occasional use. It reflects housing stability and availability in the area. 3. Adults Not Working : This indicator shows the percentage of the prime working-age population (ages 25-54) currently unemployed, highlighting labor market engagement and employment opportunities. 4. Poverty Rate : This metric indicates the percentage of the population living below the poverty line, providing insight into the community’s economic well-being and financial challenges. 5. Median Income Ratio : This ratio compares median household income as a percentage of the metro area’s median household income (or the state median for non-metro areas), offering a comparative view of income levels within the community. 6. Change in Employment : This indicator tracks the percentage change in the number of jobs from 2016 to 2020, reflecting job growth or decline over the specified period. 7. Change in Establishments : This metric measures the percentage change in business establishments from 2016 to 2020, indicating the community’s entrepreneurial activity and business development. These indicators, when viewed collectively, provide a powerful and comprehensive overview of the socio-economic conditions in distressed communities. They highlight areas for targeted intervention and support, offering a roadmap for effective community development strategies. A distressed community faces social, environmental, and economic challenges that do not allow that community to flourish. This article explains why investing in Appalachia and geographic regions with similar characteristics will maximize the social benefit of public investment in a Clean Innovation Ecosystem. Our case study encompasses the Greater Central Appalachian Voltage Valley (GCAVV)–the states of Kentucky, West Virginia, Ohio, Upstate New York, and Michigan as well as the Central Appalachian region as defined by 56 of the 85 distressed communities of Appalachia. Figure 1. County economic status in Appalachia in fiscal year 2023. Source: https://www.arc.gov/arc-web-and-privacy-policy/ Use or Reproduction of Material from the ARC WebsiteWorks prepared by ARC employees in the scope of their employment are not subject to copyright protection. These works are in the public domain and may be copied and distributed without permission. Methods Research question What factors contribute to lifting distressed communities in a Clean Innovation Ecosystem and have their citizens to flourish? Research design Our design aims to combine the research methods of literature review and artifacts. The literature review will provide a critical analysis of existing academic literature, while using artifacts will enhance the depth and richness of the data collection process. Artifacts can provide rich, detailed data that may not be available through other data collection methods. Second, artifacts can validate or confirm data collected through other methods, providing a more robust and reliable dataset. Integrating these two research methods, the study aims to explore the research problem from multiple perspectives and validate the findings through triangulation. 10 Data collection Data gathering was done by thoroughly researching relevant literature, including scholarly articles, official reports, industry magazines, and the most recent periodicals. This literature review is useful in discovering the present state of the research subject and getting new ideas for potential solutions. Artifacts can be used as a source of data in three ways: as a means of generating data, as a means of verifying data, or as a means of complementing other data sources. 10 Artifacts, whether physical objects like photographs, videos, or documents, or digital media like websites or social media posts, play a pivotal role in our research. They provide crucial contextual information and serve as a strong validation of the findings from other data sources. For instance, photographs and videos offer visual evidence of certain phenomena, while documents and reports provide detailed information and official perspectives. Digital media, such as websites and social media posts, offer real-time data and insights into public opinion and emerging trends. To support our research, we have prepared a supplementary section with 17 links to websites and digital articles documenting and detailing the emergence of a Clean Innovation Ecosystem in the Greater Appalachian Voltage Valley. This supplementary section serves as a comprehensive resource, offering a wide range of perspectives and up-to-date information on the development of clean innovation in this region. These resources include government reports, industry analyses, academic studies, and news articles, providing a well-rounded view of the subject matter. We have made a conscious effort to include resources from various stakeholders, ensuring a diverse range of perspectives. 11 Data analysis The information collected from the literature review and artifacts is studied with content analysis. This method is utilized to locate patterns and subjects in the data, and then use them to form ideas of where government funds should be invested to establish Clean Innovation Ecosystems. 12 Findings The findings of the study encompass a recap of the literature review, artifacts, the results of the content analysis, and the proposals for the maximum and most efficient government investments in forming Clean Innovation Ecosystems. 13 Conclusion The study’s conclusion includes a review of the research findings. The conclusion will validate the findings through triangulation, comparing the results from the literature review with the insights derived from the artifacts. We will then review the implications for practice and policy, study limitations, and suggestions for potential future research 13 Results Playbook for lifting distressed communities What factors contribute to lifting distressed communities in a Clean Innovation Ecosystem and have their citizens to flourish? See Figure 2 for a graphic representation. Figure 2. The factors that explain how to lift distressed communities with RVVBC as a moderator. Source: Created by the authors based on the research findings presented in the article, may be used without permission. - article citation of F1000 publication is all that is required for use work or paper. Hypotheses: 1. An established Community Advisory Board (CAB) in the geography funded by a PPP. 2. State and local government agencies work together to leverage federal and private funding. 3. A known and reliable regulatory structure for industrial development 4. Workforce development programs that are broadly supported in geography–to include K -12 STEM programs, community colleges and technical schools, universities, and trade organizations. 5. Clean Innovation Ecosystem consisting of a diverse set of business clusters. For example: the formation of a Regional Voltage Valley Business Cluster growing and characterized by public companies and social entrepreneurship. Our literature review shows that hypotheses 1–4 have a positive effect on lifting distressed communities. We extend the literature exploring hypothesis 5. The literature and artifacts explain our findings in Hypothesis 5. The recent phenomenon of Regional Voltage Valley Business Clusters (RVVBC) will act as a moderator, amplifying the effects of Hypotheses 1-4. To lift distressed communities, the following four items are recommended by literature and our research: 1. The establishment of Community Advisory Boards (CAB) within geographic regions funded by a Public-Private Partnership (PPP). 14 Communities need to be fully engaged in the entire life cycle of an industrial development project to ensure the safety, security, and economic and environmental impacts are fully understood and the issues are fully addressed. This means the CAB needs to be fully aware of the environmental, social, and governance (ESG) issues related to industrial development in its geographic jurisdiction. 14 2. State and local government agencies working together to leverage federal and private funding. 15 State and local government agencies must work with economic development organizations (EDOs) in the region to ensure all funding sources are being leveraged to the maximum extent possible. The Minority Business Development Agency (MBDA) is a federal agency that works to promote the growth and competitiveness of minority-owned businesses. By engaging with the MBDA, hydrogen hub developers in Appalachia can access resources and support to help promote diversity and inclusion in their projects, such as by partnering with minority-owned businesses or hiring a diverse workforce. 16 3. The Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC) is a federal-state partnership. ARC actively works to promote economic development and enhance the quality of life in the Appalachian region. The ARC offers funding and technical assistance to projects that align with its strategic plan. This plan encompasses supporting social entrepreneurship, building community infrastructure, increasing economic opportunities, and fostering a culture of innovation. By teaming up with the ARC, investors in a hydrogen hub can ensure that their investments are in sync with the needs and priorities of the communities in the region. Moreover, the ARC funds projects prioritizing community benefit initiatives and supporting diversity and minority populations. 17 4. A known and reliable regulatory structure for industrial development. 18 All legally required regulators must be identified and fully informed about industrial development activities. Agreements will need to be reached as to the roles and responsibilities of each regulator and how any overlap in responsibilities will be addressed. As part of the regulatory structure, each industrial development project must have a single point of contact/entity capable of responding to and addressing regulatory issues. 18 5. Workforce development programs that are broadly supported in geography – to include K-12 STEM programs, community colleges and technical schools, universities, and trade organizations. 19 For each industrial development project, there needs to be a point of contact/entity to address workforce development issues; the entity should be able to coordinate with existing workforce development programs in the region and provide them a detailed description of their workforce needs, including required training and certification. 20 STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math) education is a critical foundation for workforce development, particularly for high-tech industries such as hydrogen production and fuel cell technology. K-12 STEM programs in Appalachia can provide students with early exposure to STEM fields, cultivate interest and enthusiasm, and help develop a skilled workforce for future high-tech industries. 20 Universities in Appalachia can play a vital role in advancing the development and implementation of hydrogen hub technology. By offering specialized education and training programs, universities can help to ensure that the region has a skilled workforce capable of supporting the growth of the hydrogen economy. 21 The presence of research institutions like the University of Kentucky’s Center for Applied Energy Research (CAER) underscores the potential for collaboration between academia and industry in the development of hydrogen technology. CAER’s work on hydrogen production and storage is a prime example of the kind of cutting-edge research that universities in the region can conduct to advance the field. 21 Moreover, universities can collaborate with industry partners to develop workforce training programs that are tailored to the specific needs of the hydrogen hub industry. By aligning their training programs with the requirements of the industry, universities can help to ensure that the region has a workforce that is well-prepared to meet the demands of the hydrogen economy. This kind of collaboration between industry and academia is key to the successful development and implementation of hydrogen technology. 21 Specific Appalachian university programs West Virginia University: The university’s National Research Center for Coal and Energy has been actively involved in research related to hydrogen production and utilization. The university also offers a graduate-level certificate program in Alternative Fuels and Vehicle Technologies that covers topics related to hydrogen fuel cell technology. 22 Virginia Tech: The university’s Center for Power Electronics Systems has researched fuel cells, including hydrogen fuel cells, as a potential power source for transportation applications. Additionally, the university offers a course on fuel cells as part of its mechanical engineering curriculum. 23 Ohio University: Russ College of Engineering and Technology research focuses on sustainable energy technologies, including hydrogen fuel cells. The university’s Institute for Sustainable Energy and the Environment has also researched hydrogen production and storage. 24 ARC has provided funding to the Voinovich School for Leadership and Public Affairs and to other partners at Ohio University to create two programs to facilitate social entrepreneurism: Social Enterprise Ecosystem (SEE) and one to assist communities with maker spaces and incubators – LIGHTS. The SEE and LIGHTS programs provide no-cost services and access to capital for social entrepreneurs and small businesses in the social sector and early-stage product development. 25 Marshall University: The university’s Center for Environmental, Geotechnical and Applied Sciences has researched hydrogen storage and has collaborated with industry partners on the development of hydrogen storage technologies. 26 Trade organizations are critical in facilitating communication, collaboration, and workforce development initiatives in the hydrogen hub industry. These organizations have extensive knowledge and experience in the field and can provide a platform for industry professionals to share information and best practices. 27 In addition to promoting collaboration and communication, trade organizations also offer specialized training programs and certifications for professionals in the industry. One such organization is the Appalachian Hydrogen and Carbon Capture Center (AHCCC), based in Morgantown, West Virginia. The AHCCC is a non-profit organization that supports the development of hydrogen and carbon capture technologies in the region. It provides a forum for communication and collaboration between industry stakeholders, research institutions, and government agencies, to advance the development of a hydrogen economy in Appalachia. 28 Another organization that supports hydrogen hubs in the region is the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), which is also based in Morgantown, West Virginia, and has additional locations in Pennsylvania and Oregon. The NETL conducts research and development related to energy technologies, including hydrogen production and storage, and supports the development of a skilled workforce through education and training programs. 29 In addition to these organizations, there are also trade associations at the national level that support the development of hydrogen hubs in Appalachia. The National Hydrogen Association (NHA) and the Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Energy Association (FCHEA) are two such organizations. These associations provide a platform for industry stakeholders to communicate and collaborate on workforce development initiatives, offer specialized training programs and certifications for professionals in the industry, and advocate for policies that support the growth of the hydrogen economy. 30 , 31 Appalachian social entrepreneurship ecosystem Ricket et al. 32 posit the emergence of an ecosystem that is a convergence of the Social Entrepreneurial Ecosystem (SEE) and Community Sustainability. In this model, social entrepreneurs use their business for good, not just to make a profit but to positively impact the triple bottom line profit—people, planet, and profit. This is a departure from the “urban-centric economic policies [that] have historically used rural areas as “sacrifice zones”: areas environmentally degraded to produce goods (and human capital) necessary to feed, literally and figuratively, urban centers. 33 – 36 A driving force for this change is investment by government agencies that have set a criterion for the award – there must be a positive socioeconomic effect on distressed communities. Public sector investment rules, combined with a new accountability of the economic development in the private sectors, are pushing the normative business process towards social entrepreneurism. 37 A way we have seen social entrepreneurship take hold in other rural areas is the Mondragon Cooperative. 38 The Mondragon Cooperative Model 39 has over 80,000 people with sales in more than 150 countries. It is a worker-owned cooperative, meaning the employees collectively own and manage the business. The model is named after the town in the Basque country of Spain, where the first cooperative was established. In this model, the employees are the owners and decision-makers of the business. They elect a board of directors, who are responsible for managing the day-to-day operations of the business. The board of directors is accountable to the general assembly, which comprises all the worker-owners. 39 The Mondragon Cooperative Model has several distinctive features. One of these is its commitment to social responsibility. The model emphasizes the importance of creating sustainable jobs, promoting social justice, and contributing to the local community. 39 Mondragon believes that profitability allows enterprises and ecosystems to afford their chosen values. Mondragon solidarity brings “ordinary people together achieving extraordinary things”. 39 Another key feature of the model is its emphasis on education and training. The Mondragon cooperatives have established a network of education and training centers, which provide workers with the skills and knowledge they need to succeed in their jobs and advance within the cooperative. 39 Triple bottom line profit and innovation John Elkington is a sustainability thought leader who introduced the concept of the “triple bottom line,” which considers not just financial profit but also social and environmental impact. 40 A Clean Innovation Ecosystem is an interconnected network of organizations, individuals, and resources that work together to develop and deploy sustainable solutions to environmental challenges. The triple bottom line profit advises the Clean Innovation Ecosystem and is specific in its approach to solving the existential threat of climate change – deploying sustainable solutions to environmental challenges. 40 The literature guides many models for successful innovation. 41 To maximize social benefit for federal, state, and local agencies in a Clean Innovation Ecosystem, the success of the Clean Energy Ecosystem is not in a model, but in the execution of the relationships. It is essential to foster collaboration, innovation, and equity while setting clear goals and standards and regularly monitoring progress and adapting strategies as necessary. 42 The National Science Foundation suggests that the ’Valley of Death’ for Innovation Hubs is not just a phase, but a critical one. It’s a phase where research funding and public investments cease before commercial success has been established to ensure a sustainable enterprise. The literature suggests that cultivating successful relationships must be intentional and practiced before the Regional CIE (Centers for Innovation Excellence) location receives research funds or resources. 43 The innovation ecosystem comprises various actors, entities, and intangible elements. These intangible elements include the complex relationships and interactions that gradually transform the steep, formidable Valley of Death into a more navigable and supportive Challenge Basin , facilitating smoother progress and greater collaboration within the ecosystem. ESG, Net Zero, and Fortune 500 companies Investors use environmental, social, and governance criteria to evaluate the societal impact and sustainability of companies. ESG criteria include factors like a company’s carbon footprint, diversity and inclusion policies, employee relations, and ethical business practices. ESG is used to evaluate a company’s short- and long-term risks, which directly affect the company’s stock price and return on shareholder equity. 44 Net Zero, Fortune 500, and ESG are all related to the growing global concern about sustainability and responsible corporate behavior. The European Union, United Kingdom, and United States are all in the process of developing the mandatory reporting requirements for ESG and expect to have them in place by 2024. 44 ’Net zero’ is a term used to describe a state where the amount of greenhouse gas emissions released into the atmosphere is balanced by the amount removed from the atmosphere. The goal is to achieve this balance by reducing emissions as much as possible and compensating for any remaining emissions through methods like carbon capture and storage or reforestation. In simpler terms, it is like a scale where the weight of emissions on one side equals the weight of emissions removed on the other, resulting in a balance. 44 Scope 1, 2, and 3, as defined by the World Economic Forum 2022 , are terms used to categorize the different sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from a company or organization. These scopes are defined by the Greenhouse Gas Protocol, which is a widely used international standard for GHG accounting. 44 • Scope 1 emissions: These are direct emissions from sources that are owned or controlled by the company, such as emissions from the combustion of fuels in company-owned vehicles or emissions from company-owned facilities. 44 • Scope 2 emissions: These are indirect emissions that result from the generation of electricity, heating, or cooling that the company consumes. These emissions are associated with generating electricity purchased by the company from utilities. 44 • Scope 3 emissions: These are indirect emissions that result from activities outside of the company’s operations, such as emissions from the production of raw materials, transportation of products, and the use and disposal of products and services that the company provides. 44 To achieve net-zero emissions, companies must first measure and understand their emissions in all three scopes. Then, they must set targets to reduce emissions and develop a plan to achieve them. The plan should include strategies to reduce energy consumption, switch to renewable energy sources, and develop more sustainable supply chains. Companies must also engage with suppliers, customers, and other stakeholders to encourage them to adopt sustainable practices. In summary, understanding and addressing emissions across all three scopes is essential for companies to achieve net-zero emissions and contribute to global sustainability efforts. The relationship between these concepts is that achieving net-zero emissions requires significant changes in how companies operate. The Fortune 500 companies, as major players in the global economy, have a crucial role in achieving net-zero emissions and sustainable development. Investors are also increasingly interested in companies that prioritize ESG considerations, and those that do are likely to be more successful. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has identified 2050 as the deadline for achieving net-zero emissions. To limit global warming to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, many countries and companies have set ambitious intermediate targets for 2030 and 2040 to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050. Intel has pledged to achieve net zero by 2040. Companies must lay out their plans and report on their progress to targets. 44 Case study and discussion Greater Central Appalachian Voltage Valley In an era where the world is facing pressing challenges related to climate change and economic transformation, a shining light is emerging in the heart of America - the Voltage Valley. This region, Greater Central Appalachia encompassing states such as Kentucky, West Virginia, Ohio, Upstate New York, Tennessee, Michigan, and the Central Appalachian communities, is poised to become a driving force behind saving the planet and reinvigorating American manufacturing. Voltage Valley represents a new type of business cluster, one that supports electric vehicle battery plants, data centers driven by artificial intelligence and machine learning, integrated circuit chip manufacturing, recycling facilities, and other large-scale endeavors related to digital transformation and electrification. The Voltage Valley created in the CIE helps pave the way for a more sustainable future. 45 Figure 3. GCAVV market service area one day freight radius. Source: Ohio University PORTSfuture Program, funded by a grant from the US Department of Energy Office of Environmental Management Portsmouth/Paducah Project Office. This has been reproduced with permission of Ohio University. The leading indicator of the Voltage Valley revolution is the surge in manufacturing construction spending. Over the past two decades, the United States has invested between $20 billion to $100 billion annually in manufacturing infrastructure – a yearly average spending of approximately $60 billion annually. As of July 2023, manufacturing annual run rate construction spending has skyrocketed to over $200 billion. Another $600 billion of Voltage Valley projects are in the U.S. as of the third quarter of 2023. 45 For many years, Silicon Valley on the West Coast of the United States was the epicenter of innovation and wealth creation. It produced groundbreaking solutions and entrepreneurial success stories and ignited the growth of venture capital firms primarily concentrated in the San Francisco Bay Area. However, a significant part of the Silicon Valley success story involved outsourcing manufacturing to countries like China and Asia, which shifted the U.S. economy towards a service-oriented one. Unlike the Silicon Valley era, where most manufacturing jobs were outsourced, Voltage Valleys generated employment opportunities during advanced manufacturing plants’ construction and operation phases. This means jobs for hardworking makers and doers, individuals who build and create the products that drive the digital age. 45 The story of Voltage Valley is not confined to a specific city; it is a phenomenon occurring in regions that were once at the forefront of the Industrial Revolution, such as Greater Appalachia. As the 21st century unfolds, we are witnessing the birth of a new industrial revolution – GCAVV the Voltage Valley Revolution. 45 Our case study, as documented by the artifacts, focuses on the Greater Central Appalachian Voltage Valley (GCAVV) forming in Ohio, West Virginia, Kentucky, western Pennsylvania, upstate New York, and parts of Michigan ( Figure 3 ). We have named this region the Greater Central Appalachia Triangle as it spans from Central Appalachia to the Great Lakes of New York, Ohio, and Michigan. The combined GDP of this geography across these six states is approximately $2 trillion, the equivalent of a top 8 country in the world, between Italy (8) and France (7). 46 Once we have set the economic conditions of the Greater Central Appalachian Voltage Valley, we will discuss the 56 distressed counties in Central Appalachia, situated within the tri-state region of Ohio, West Virginia, and Kentucky. The 13-state region of Appalachia is among the most economically distressed in the country, including 82 distressed counties. As shown in Figure 1 , the Appalachian Regional Commission has assigned the “distressed area” designation to many counties; 56 of the 82 counties were identified as distressed areas. 47 The GCAVV region is experiencing a new industrial revolution centered around integrated circuit chips, electrification, and information mining with artificial intelligence and machine learning as the region transforms into the Greater Appalachian Voltage Valley. The construction of these advanced manufacturing facilities and the long-term jobs created by these factories can potentially grow the defined region’s economy. The actual factory locations are in or around these distressed counties. The government investment criteria to impact distressed communities and this economic surge provides a generational opportunity to lift the people in these geographies. Maximize the social impact of government investment. This is a review of the artifacts we found in our study. 48 The construction value of the defined region’s new unbuilt Greater Central Appalachian Voltage Valley is more than $50 billion over the next five years for this region. According to the Associated Builders and Contractors, every additional billion dollars spent in a region contributes 6,300 additional construction jobs. Assuming an incremental construction build of $10 billion over the next five years, that is an incremental 63,000 construction workers in the Greater Appalachian Voltage Valley projects. 49 The General Motors 2.8 million square feet gigacity Ultium battery plant Gigafactory started operation in Lordstown, Ohio, in August 2022. Construction of the GM Gigafactory started in 2020, providing 5,000 construction jobs and over 2,000 operation jobs at the factory. The cost was over $2 billion. Since 2020, in the Greater Appalachian Voltage Valley, there have been many project announcements of similar scope and community benefit—a Ford electric vehicle plant in Avon Lake, Ohio, two Ford EV battery plants in Glendale, Kentucky, Cleveland-Cliffs Steel investments in Toledo, Nucor Steel in Mason County (classified at risk), West Virginia, Honda EV Battery Plant and Innovation Center in Marysville, Ohio , Cirba Solutions l ithium battery recycling in Lancaster, Ohio, and Li-Cycle in Rochester, New York. When fully operational, these two plants will recycle enough lithium ion to make over 250,000 EV car batteries. Another example is Hemlock Semiconductor’s silicon refinery in Lansing, Michigan, which will create 170 permanent jobs and supply polysilicon to the semiconductor and solar industries. Integrated chip manufacturers are opening Intel f acilities outside of Columbus, Ohio, and Micron facilities located in the greater Syracuse, New York area. The cost of these facilities is $20 billion and $50 billion, respectively. 50 All the companies establishing their operations in this region are doing so because of access to reliable power and transmission lines. Voltage Valleys need reliable, resilient, and sustainable power to drive advancements in artificial intelligence, blockchain, machine learning, faster IC chips, and robots used in manufacturing, recycling, and product manufacturing that support electrification. 51 Moreover, each of these companies has net-zero carbon goals for 2050 based upon ESG plans . The Greater Central Appalachian Voltage Valley ecosystem presents a unique opportunity for the reshoring of advanced industries. The clustering of advanced manufacturing in this region would allow companies access to sustainable power and clean industrial inputs. 52 Rewriting the manufacturing playbook for the 21st century One of the most vital assets of Central Appalachia is its people; they are “makers” and possess the know-how and the “can-do” spirit needed to manufacture products at scale. 53 The makers and the region’s already strong manufacturing base and growing Voltage Valley business cluster provide an excellent foundation upon which to make American manufacturing great again. Advanced manufacturing also requires access to trains, ports, feedstocks, and water. These needs are precisely why the Ohio River Valley has historically been a manufacturing powerhouse. 54 We anticipate high-value, energy-intensive manufacturers making sizeable investments in the Greater Appalachian Voltage Valley to keep up with market demands. The development of these new facilities will require the production of silicon, polymer, and glass inputs essential for the booming electric vehicle, semiconductor, and photovoltaic industries in the area. Fortunately, the Ohio River Valley has the proven ability to take on large energy-intensive projects, and it possesses many assets that can be utilized. In solar manufacturing, Illuminate USA announced a $600 million project to establish a solar panel manufacturing factory in Pataskala, Ohio. The development is expected to create 850 jobs in March of 2023. 55 When the Piketon Gaseous Diffusion plant opened in 1952, it consumed 5% of all electricity consumption in the United States. At its peak, it used up to 40 million gallons of water each day for cooling. After a decade of inactivity, the Department of Energy decommissioned the facility in 2011. For the first stage of recommissioning, 248 acres of the site will be revitalized by Trillium H2 Power. 56 This $1.5 billion endeavor includes 250 megawatts of power generation capacity and carbon sequestration. The power plant provides 500 metric tons of clean hydrogen daily, which will be utilized for the primary production of silicon and green ammonia, as well as powering a 65-acre greenhouse farm with the waste heat from the power plant. 56 The building and operation of these facilities will require the use of a digital twin as well as project teams that use human-machine collaboration. The Trillium integrated manufacturing facility in Piketon, Ohio, intends to use a digital twin to design, build, and operate the facility. The way it will work is that the architects and designers create a 3D model of the Piketon project – the digital twin. This requires the participants in the project to collaborate and the digital model - Human-machine collaboration. As the participants go through the process of human-machine collaboration, the region’s digital capability grows. 56 In our interviews with Trillium H2 Power officials, they are looking at the Mondragon system of operation and a citizen share model. The farm’s production will be owned by the individuals who work at the co-op. The coop will target the sale of the garden’s fresh vegetables in the local community. The coop sells the surplus in the surrounding cities if there is an incremental product. In the Mondragon model, profit is good; this cooperative wants to take it a step further, creating a citizen share. A citizen share would be 15% of the profits distributed to the employee’s non-profit of choice. 56 In the hills of Kentucky, the world’s most invaluable fossil fuel deposits are not too far away. Kentucky’s Blue Gem Coal seam contains ultra-low sulfur coking coal, which is highly sought after by semiconductor manufacturers. This feedstock is mixed with raw silica and put into arc furnaces to make 99.9% pure silicon for semiconductor production. Ferro’s global arrangement to supply silicon from its Beverly, Ohio, foundry to the Renewable Energy Corporation (REC) plant in Montana speaks to the length’s companies are willing to go to get premium feedstocks. 57 Hemlock Semiconductor is investing $375 million in a silicon refinery in Lansing, Michigan. Currently, the United States produces 310,000 metric tons of metallurgical grade silicon each year, split between REC and Hemlock. Owing to the surging number of onshoring projects for semiconductor and solar manufacturing, U.S. silicon demand is predicted to double in the coming years. In this case, the Appalachian Triangle and Pennsylvania offer an optimal clean manufacturing ecosystem to produce additional metric tons of metallurgical-grade silicon. Nucor Steel announced a 3 million ton of steel facility in February 2023. 58 On the shores of Lake Erie, Cleveland-Cliffs, the most extensive producer of flat stock steel and iron ore in North America, has built a steel manufacturing plant in Toledo, responsible for 25% fewer carbon dioxide emissions per ton of steel. This facility uses clean hydrogen to reduce iron oxide instead of coal. In Ohio alone, nearly 30,000 acres of solar power plants are either being developed or assessed. This could bring about comprehensive decarbonization throughout the steel manufacturing supply chain of the Greater Central Appalachian Voltage Valley. 59 Conclusions Hydrogen Hubs, carbon capture utilization and sequestration, rare earth elements, renewable energy technologies, and many other investments in the clean energy sectors and technologies can power Clean Innovation Ecosystems. The level of private investment in the GCAVV is unprecedented, as analyzed by the artifacts. Our research points to the positive nature of how a forming RVVBC will moderate or amplify the benefits of federal government investment - uplift distressed communities. The artifacts also show that RVVBC are characterized by social entrepreneurs and major corporations committed to triple bottom line profit. The values of the social entrepreneurs and major corporations with stated ESG goals, tax, and government-guaranteed loan programs compel companies to develop ways to uplift distressed communities. The GCAVV has the opportunity to serve as a case study of what will work and what will not work in a CIE powered by hydrogen and other clean energy technologies. Monitoring the environmental and social landscape, as well as measuring the financial results of those participating in the GCAVV, will value insights on how to lift distressed communities with investments in clean energy. 60 Future research Future research opportunities of interest 1. A quantitative multivariant equation model to test the validity of all antecedents. 2. Quantitative study at 5-year intervals to determine best practices and evaluate performance. 3. Compare the European Union’s vs the US’s approach to creating a clean energy-powered CIE. Limitations 1. The ability to obtain data for the complete model of what lifts a distressed community. 2. The ability to obtain valid data on the business clusters that make up the CIE and quantitively verify their individual and collective impact. In addition to future research opportunities, there are other important considerations for the development and operation of Clean Innovation Ecosystems in Greater Central Appalachia. One consideration is the identifying and inventorying of assets available in the region, particularly of former fossil fuel sites and their infrastructure that can be repurposed and built back better as part of a CIE. Another key area for research is identifying appropriate business clusters for CIE and how to establish these clusters in the region. It is also important to identify the obstacles and their mitigation options for developing a conducive regional business environment in which a CIE can be established and flourish. Additional Research should explore how to create Community Advisory Boards (CABs) across governmental boundaries and whether multiple CABs can exist across the CIE region, and if so, how can they be coordinated. Finally, to promote public buy-in and support, it is essential to develop effective ways to educate and inform the public of a CIE’s development and its impact on the community, especially in the distressed communities. 61 Author contributions Conceptualization, B.P., B.C., D.W., A.B., and C.Z.; Definitions of Voltage Valley and Clean Innovation Ecosystem, B.P.; Formal analysis, W.P., B.C., and C.Z.; Methodology, B.P.; Original draft preparation, B.P., B.C., and C.Z.; Refinement of regional business cluster concept, B.C.; Resources, B.P.; Validation, B.P., B.C., D.W., and C.Z.; Writing of report, W.P.; Writing of introduction and of literature review for hypotheses 1–4, B.C., A.B., and C.Z.; Writing discussion B.P. & D.W.; Writing about future research, B.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Ethics and consent Ethical approval and consent were not required. Data availability statement Underlying data This study is based on secondary sources. All data supporting the findings are included in the manuscript and its supplementary materials. No underlying data are associated with this article. Extended data The supplementary materials provide comprehensive documentation of the sources, including hyperlinks to government reports, industry analyses, academic studies, and news articles relevant to the Clean Innovation Ecosystem in the Greater Appalachian Voltage Valley. These resources offer a diverse range of perspectives and up-to-date information on the subject matter. For additional details or specific data inquiries, readers are encouraged to consult the supplementary materials provided. The artifacts used in the research can be found on the websites mentioned below: 1. Brookings Institution Report on Distressed Communities 2. Community Voice and Power Sharing Guidebook 3. Community Advisory Board Toolkit 4. Business Strategy and the Environment 5. Why State and Local Relationships Matter 6. Economic Policy Institute Report 7. Personal View: Ohio is Winner in Race to Create Voltage Valleys 8. A Typology of Social Entrepreneurs 9. Economic Impacts of Coal-Fired Power Plants 10. Houston Region Poised to Become Global Clean Hydrogen Hub 11. Innovation Ecosystems: A Conceptual Review 12. Flourishing: The New Spirit of Business Enterprise 13. Doing Interpretive Research 14. The Importance of Workforce Development 15. Working with Value: Industry-specific Approaches to Workforce Development 16. Center for Applied Energy Research (CAER) 17. National Research Center for Coal and Energy Acknowledgments This article is informed by the past 13 years of ongoing work carried out by Ohio University’s Voinovich School of Leadership and Public Service PORTSfuture Program. The program is planning for, developing, and pursuing the redevelopment of a federal facility in southern Ohio into a decarbonized energy production and sustainable manufacturing complex. This effort will bring economic stability and prosperity back to the communities in the region while also addressing many national priorities related to energy independence, reshoring of vital supply chains, advancing the clean energy economy, and combatting the climate crisis. PORTSfuture is carried out in partnership with local, regional, national, and federal entities, organized labor, private industry, and many other site stakeholders. Program activities include creating public-private partnerships, community outreach and engagement, data analyses and geographic information systems, economic impact analysis, workforce analysis, K-12 STEM education, and conducting applied environmental work, among other items. The PORTSfuture Program is funded by a grant from the US Department of Energy Office of Environmental Management Portsmouth/Paducah Project Office. References 1. Inflation Reduction Act: U.S. Department of Energy. Reference Source 2. U.S. Department of Energy: Hydrogen Hubs. Reference Source 3. Porter ME: Clusters and the new economics of competition. Harv. Bus. Rev. November–December 1998; 76 (6): 77–90. PubMed Abstract 4. Lis AM, McPhillips M, Lis A: Sustainability of Cluster Organizations as Open Innovation Intermediaries. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (10520). Publisher Full Text 5. Asplund F, Björk J, Magnusson M, et al. : The genesis of public-private innovation ecosystems: Bias and challenges. Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang. 2021; 162 : 120378. Publisher Full Text 6. DOE Hydrogen Hub Initiative: U.S. Department of Energy. Reference Source 7. Paolillo B: Personal view: Ohio is winner in race to create voltage valleys. Crain’s Business Cleveland; April 16, 2022. Reference Source 8. Lis AM, McPhillips M, Lis A: Sustainability of Cluster Organizations as Open Innovation Intermediaries. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (10520). Publisher Full Text 9. Silicon Valley venture investment statistics. http 10. Walsham G: Doing interpretive research. Eur. J. Inf. Syst. 2006; 15 (3): 320–330. Publisher Full Text 11. Supplementary materials documenting Clean Innovation Ecosystem. http 12. Content analysis methodology. http 13. Proposals for government investments in Clean Innovation Ecosystems. http 14. Arnos D, Kroll E, Jaromin E, et al. : Tools and resources for project-based community advisory boards. Community Voice and Power Sharing Guidebook. October 2021. Reference Source 15. Liu A, Rezk P: Why state and local relationships matter to national prosperity: A case for economic collaboration. Brookings Institute; January 19, 2023. Reference Source 16. U.S. Department of Commerce: Minority Business Development Agency (MBDA).2021. Reference Source 17. Appalachian Regional Commission: About ARC.2021. Reference Source 18. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD): Regulatory Policy and the Road to Sustainable Growth.2010. Reference Source 19. Perez-Johnson I, Holzer H: The Importance of Workforce Development for a Future-Ready, Resilient, and Equitable American Economy. American Institute for Research, Workforce Development and Economic Mobility/Prosperity Team; April 2021. Reference Source 20. Backes B, Holzer HJ, Velez EE: Is it worth it? Postsecondary education and the labor market outcomes for the disadvantaged. IZA J. Labor Policy. 2015; 4 (1): 1–29. Publisher Full Text 21. University of Kentucky: Center for Applied Energy Research (CAER).2022. Reference Source 22. West Virginia University: National Research Center for Coal and Energy.2022. Reference Source 23. Virginia Tech: Center for Power Electronics Systems (CPESC).2022. Reference Source 24. Ohio University: Institute for Sustainable Energy and the Environment. Russ College of Engineering and Technology; 2022. Reference Source 25. Jolley GJ, Khalaf C, Michaud G, et al. : The economic, fiscal, and workforce impacts of coal-fired power plants in Appalachian Ohio. Reg. Sci. Policy Pract. 2019; 11 : 403–423. Publisher Full Text 26. Marshall University: Center for Environmental, Geotechnical and Applied Sciences (CEGAS).2022. Reference Source 27. Appalachian Hydrogen and Carbon Capture Center: About the AHCCC.2022. Reference Source 28. National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL): NETL locations: Morgantown, West Virginia. U.S. Department of Energy; 2021. Reference Source 29. National Hydrogen Association (NHA): About the National Hydrogen Association.2022. Reference Source 30. Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Energy Association: Certified fuel cell technician program.2022. Reference Source 31. Ricket AL, Knutsen FB, Jolley GJ, et al. : Appalachian social entrepreneurship ecosystem: A framework for rural development. Community Dev. 2022; 54 : 315–336. Publisher Full Text 32. Catte E: What You Are Getting Wrong about Appalachia. Belt Publishing; 2018. 33. Lerner S: Sacrifice Zones: The Front Lines of Toxic Chemical Exposure in the United States. MIT Press; 2010. 34. Ohio River Valley Institute: Appalachia’s natural gas counties: Contributing more to the U.S. economy and getting less in return. Ohio River Institute; 2021. Reference Source 35. Theobald P: Education Now: How Rethinking America’s Past Can Change Its Future. Routledge; 2009. 36. Clamp C, Peck M: Humanity at Work & Life: Global Diffusion of the Mondragon Cooperative Ecosystem Experience. Oak Tree Press; 2023. 37. Mondragon Corporation: Mondragon.2022. Reference Source 38. Elkington J: Cannibals with Forks: The Triple Bottom Line of 21st Century Business. New Society Publishers; 1998. 39. Grandstrand O, Holgersson M: Innovation ecosystems: A conceptual review and a new definition. Technovation. February–March 2020; 90-91 : 102091–102098. Publisher Full Text 40. Jackson DJ: What is an innovation ecosystem? National Science Foundation; 2011. Reference Source 41. Fink L: The power of capitalism. Blackrock; 2022. Reference Source 42. Appalachian Regional Commission: Classifying economic distress in Appalachian counties. ARC.gov; 2022. Reference Source 43. Knowles AK: The making of ethnic capitalists: Welsh iron-makers in southern Ohio. University of Wisconsin–Madison; 1993 44. Paolillo B, Murray M: Personal view: Here’s why Ohio is poised for decades of job growth. Crain’s Business Cleveland. July 17, 2022. Reference Source 45. Grandstrand O, Holgersson M: Innovation ecosystems: A conceptual review and a new definition. Technovation. February–March 2020; 90-91 : 102091–102098. Publisher Full Text 46. Velt H, Torkkeli L, Laine I: Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Research: Bibliometric Mapping of the Domain. Journal of Business Ecosystems. 2020; 1 : 43–83. Publisher Full Text 47. Autio E, Thomas L: Innovation ecosystems. The Oxford Handbook of Innovation Management. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 2014; 204–288. 48. Xu Z, Maas G: Innovation and Entrepreneurial Ecosystems as Important Building Blocks. Transformational Entrepreneurship Practices. Springer International Publishing; 2019; pp. 15–32. 49. Velt H, Torkkeli L, Laine I: Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Research: Bibliometric Mapping of the Domain. Journal of Business Ecosystems. 2020; 1 : 43–83. Publisher Full Text 50. Autio E, Thomas L: Innovation ecosystems. The Oxford Handbook of Innovation Management. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 2014; pp. 204–288. 51. Xu Z, Maas G: Innovation and Entrepreneurial Ecosystems as Important Building Blocks. Transformational Entrepreneurship Practices. Springer International Publishing; 2019; pp. 15–32. 52. Walsham G: Doing interpretive research. Eur. J. Inf. Syst. 2006; 15 (3): 320–330. Publisher Full Text 53. Ricket AL, Knutsen FB, Jolley GJ, et al. : Appalachian social entrepreneurship ecosystem: A framework for rural development. Community Dev. 2022; 54 : 315–336. Publisher Full Text 54. Catte E: What You Are Getting Wrong about Appalachia. Belt Publishing; 2018. 55. Lerner S: Sacrifice Zones: The Front Lines of Toxic Chemical Exposure in the United States. MIT Press; 2010. 56. Ohio River Valley Institute: Appalachia’s natural gas counties: Contributing more to the U.S. economy and getting less in return. Ohio River Institute; 2021. Reference Source 57. Theobald P: Education Now: How Rethinking America’s Past Can Change Its Future. Routledge; 2009. 58. Clamp C, Peck M: Humanity at Work & Life: Global Diffusion of the Mondragon Cooperative Ecosystem Experience. Oak Tree Press; 2023. 59. Mondragon Corporation: Mondragon.2022. Reference Source 60. Elkington J: Cannibals with Forks: The Triple Bottom Line of 21st Century Business. New Society Publishers; 1998. 61. Grandstrand O, Holgersson M: Innovation ecosystems: A conceptual review and a new definition. Technovation. February–March 2020; 90-91 : 102091–102098. Publisher Full Text Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 17 Jul 2024 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment Author details Author details 1 College of Engineering and Polymer Science, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA 2 Voinovich School of Leadership and Public Service, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, 45701, USA 3 Climate Smart Business Solutions LLC, Wheeling, West Virginia, USA 4 Schneider Electric North America, Andover, Massachusetts, USA 5 Climate Smart Business Solutions LLC, Wheeling, West Virginia, USA William Paolillo Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project Administration, Supervision, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Benjamin Cross Roles: Conceptualization, Investigation, Resources, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Charles Zelek Roles: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – Review & Editing Donald Wingate Roles: Conceptualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Adam Berkebile Roles: Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Competing interests No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Article Versions (1) version 1 Published: 17 Jul 2024, 13:808 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.150557.1 Copyright © 2024 Paolillo W et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Download Export To Sciwheel Bibtex EndNote ProCite Ref. Manager (RIS) Sente metrics Views Downloads F1000Research - - PubMed Central info_outline Data from PMC are received and updated monthly. - - Citations open_in_new 0 open_in_new 0 open_in_new SEE MORE DETAILS CITE how to cite this article Paolillo W, Cross B, Zelek C et al. Clean innovation ecosystems: Lifting distressed communities in Appalachia with clean energy [version 1; peer review: 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :808 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.150557.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS track receive updates on this article Track an article to receive email alerts on any updates to this article. TRACK THIS ARTICLE Share Open Peer Review Current Reviewer Status: ? Key to Reviewer Statuses VIEW HIDE Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 17 Jul 2024 Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Norris T. Reviewer Report For: Clean innovation ecosystems: Lifting distressed communities in Appalachia with clean energy [version 1; peer review: 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :808 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.165140.r310040 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-808/v1#referee-response-310040 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 21 Aug 2024 Tyler Norris , Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA Not Approved VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.165140.r310040 This article presents a case study on how public-private partnerships (PPPs) and the formation of business clusters within the Greater Central Appalachian Voltage Valley (GCAVV) can potentially revitalize distressed communities in the Appalachian region. It introduces the concept of Clean ... Continue reading READ ALL This article presents a case study on how public-private partnerships (PPPs) and the formation of business clusters within the Greater Central Appalachian Voltage Valley (GCAVV) can potentially revitalize distressed communities in the Appalachian region. It introduces the concept of Clean Innovation Ecosystems (CIEs) as networks of organizations, institutions, and entrepreneurs working together to promote sustainable technologies, emphasizing the importance of government investment in these ecosystems to maximize social benefits and economic development in the region. Detailed Review/Feedback 1. Background of case’s history and progression Answer: Partly Feedback: The background provided in the paper is conceptually rich but lacks specific historical context and progression details regarding the Appalachian region's economic struggles and the evolution of the GCAVV. While the paper introduces the idea of Voltage Valleys and CIEs effectively, it does not sufficiently explain the historical development of these concepts or the specific challenges faced by the region. The authors should consider providing a more detailed historical overview, including key events, policies, and economic conditions that have shaped the region's current state, which could help readers better understand the context and significance of the proposed solutions. 2. Clarity and accuracy of presentation and citation of current literature Answer: No Feedback: The paper's presentation is ambitious, but it struggles with clarity and coherence. The integration of concepts like CIEs, business clusters, and public-private partnerships is not consistently clear, leading to confusion regarding the main arguments. The paper cites a range of sources, but many references are either outdated or not directly relevant to the specific case of the Appalachian region. To improve the paper, the authors should refine their focus, clarify key concepts, and ensure the literature cited is current and directly supports their arguments. A more structured presentation of ideas, possibly with clear subheadings and a logical flow of information, would substantially enhance the paper’s readability. 3. Statistical analysis and interpretation Answer: Not applicable Feedback: As there is no statistical analysis in the paper, this question is not applicable. However, the authors should consider including quantitative data or analysis to support their claims, especially when discussing the economic impacts of the proposed business clusters, such as data on job creation, investment levels, or economic growth in similar regions. 4. Availability of source data for reproducibility: Answer: Partly Feedback: The paper includes references to various sources and artifacts, but the reproducibility of the results is questionable due to the lack of detailed data. The supplementary materials are mentioned but not thoroughly integrated into the main text. To improve reproducibility, the authors should provide clearer links to the data sources, including any datasets or documents used in their analysis. They should also describe their data collection and analysis methods in more detail, enabling other researchers to replicate their study. 5. Support for conclusions Answer: No Feedback: The conclusions drawn in the paper are ambitious but not adequately supported by the evidence presented. The paper makes broad claims about the potential impact of CIEs and Voltage Valleys on distressed communities but does not provide sufficient empirical data or detailed case studies to substantiate these claims. The authors should strengthen their conclusions by presenting more concrete evidence, such as case studies of similar initiatives in other regions or quantitative data showing the impact of these ecosystems on economic development. Additionally, a more cautious and nuanced interpretation of the findings would make the conclusions more credible. 6. Usefulness of the case for teaching or other practitioners Answer: No Feedback: While the paper introduces interesting concepts, its practical applicability is limited by the lack of specific examples and actionable insights. The case is presented in a theoretical manner, which may not be immediately useful for practitioners or educators looking for real-world applications. To make the paper more useful for teaching or practice, the authors should include detailed case studies or examples of how CIEs and Voltage Valleys have been successfully implemented in other regions. They should also provide practical recommendations or guidelines for policymakers and practitioners interested in applying these concepts in similar contexts. Conclusion The paper presents an innovative and important topic with significant potential. However, it currently falls short in several key areas, including the clarity of its presentation, support for its conclusions, and practical applicability. To make the article scientifically sound and useful for a broader audience, the authors need to address the issues identified above. Is the background of the case’s history and progression described in sufficient detail? Partly Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? No If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Not applicable Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Partly Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? No Is the case presented with sufficient detail to be useful for teaching or other practitioners? No Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Energy system modeling, Techno-economic and market analysis, Statistical analysis, Machine learning I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to state that I do not consider it to be of an acceptable scientific standard, for reasons outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Norris T. Reviewer Report For: Clean innovation ecosystems: Lifting distressed communities in Appalachia with clean energy [version 1; peer review: 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :808 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.165140.r310040 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-808/v1#referee-response-310040 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 17 Jul 2024 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment keyboard_arrow_left keyboard_arrow_right Open Peer Review Reviewer Status info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Reviewer Reports Invited Reviewers 1 Version 1 17 Jul 24 read Tyler Norris , Duke University, Durham, USA Comments on this article All Comments (0) Add a comment Sign up for content alerts Sign Up You are now signed up to receive this alert Browse by related subjects keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2024 Norris T. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 21 Aug 2024 | for Version 1 Tyler Norris , Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA 0 Views copyright © 2024 Norris T. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Not Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions This article presents a case study on how public-private partnerships (PPPs) and the formation of business clusters within the Greater Central Appalachian Voltage Valley (GCAVV) can potentially revitalize distressed communities in the Appalachian region. It introduces the concept of Clean Innovation Ecosystems (CIEs) as networks of organizations, institutions, and entrepreneurs working together to promote sustainable technologies, emphasizing the importance of government investment in these ecosystems to maximize social benefits and economic development in the region. Detailed Review/Feedback 1. Background of case’s history and progression Answer: Partly Feedback: The background provided in the paper is conceptually rich but lacks specific historical context and progression details regarding the Appalachian region's economic struggles and the evolution of the GCAVV. While the paper introduces the idea of Voltage Valleys and CIEs effectively, it does not sufficiently explain the historical development of these concepts or the specific challenges faced by the region. The authors should consider providing a more detailed historical overview, including key events, policies, and economic conditions that have shaped the region's current state, which could help readers better understand the context and significance of the proposed solutions. 2. Clarity and accuracy of presentation and citation of current literature Answer: No Feedback: The paper's presentation is ambitious, but it struggles with clarity and coherence. The integration of concepts like CIEs, business clusters, and public-private partnerships is not consistently clear, leading to confusion regarding the main arguments. The paper cites a range of sources, but many references are either outdated or not directly relevant to the specific case of the Appalachian region. To improve the paper, the authors should refine their focus, clarify key concepts, and ensure the literature cited is current and directly supports their arguments. A more structured presentation of ideas, possibly with clear subheadings and a logical flow of information, would substantially enhance the paper’s readability. 3. Statistical analysis and interpretation Answer: Not applicable Feedback: As there is no statistical analysis in the paper, this question is not applicable. However, the authors should consider including quantitative data or analysis to support their claims, especially when discussing the economic impacts of the proposed business clusters, such as data on job creation, investment levels, or economic growth in similar regions. 4. Availability of source data for reproducibility: Answer: Partly Feedback: The paper includes references to various sources and artifacts, but the reproducibility of the results is questionable due to the lack of detailed data. The supplementary materials are mentioned but not thoroughly integrated into the main text. To improve reproducibility, the authors should provide clearer links to the data sources, including any datasets or documents used in their analysis. They should also describe their data collection and analysis methods in more detail, enabling other researchers to replicate their study. 5. Support for conclusions Answer: No Feedback: The conclusions drawn in the paper are ambitious but not adequately supported by the evidence presented. The paper makes broad claims about the potential impact of CIEs and Voltage Valleys on distressed communities but does not provide sufficient empirical data or detailed case studies to substantiate these claims. The authors should strengthen their conclusions by presenting more concrete evidence, such as case studies of similar initiatives in other regions or quantitative data showing the impact of these ecosystems on economic development. Additionally, a more cautious and nuanced interpretation of the findings would make the conclusions more credible. 6. Usefulness of the case for teaching or other practitioners Answer: No Feedback: While the paper introduces interesting concepts, its practical applicability is limited by the lack of specific examples and actionable insights. The case is presented in a theoretical manner, which may not be immediately useful for practitioners or educators looking for real-world applications. To make the paper more useful for teaching or practice, the authors should include detailed case studies or examples of how CIEs and Voltage Valleys have been successfully implemented in other regions. They should also provide practical recommendations or guidelines for policymakers and practitioners interested in applying these concepts in similar contexts. Conclusion The paper presents an innovative and important topic with significant potential. However, it currently falls short in several key areas, including the clarity of its presentation, support for its conclusions, and practical applicability. To make the article scientifically sound and useful for a broader audience, the authors need to address the issues identified above. Is the background of the case’s history and progression described in sufficient detail? Partly Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? No If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Not applicable Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Partly Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? No Is the case presented with sufficient detail to be useful for teaching or other practitioners? No Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Energy system modeling, Techno-economic and market analysis, Statistical analysis, Machine learning I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to state that I do not consider it to be of an acceptable scientific standard, for reasons outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Norris T. Peer Review Report For: Clean innovation ecosystems: Lifting distressed communities in Appalachia with clean energy [version 1; peer review: 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :808 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.165140.r310040) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-808/v1#referee-response-310040 Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved - fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Adjust parameters to alter display View on desktop for interactive features Includes Interactive Elements View on desktop for interactive features Competing Interests Policy Provide sufficient details of any financial or non-financial competing interests to enable users to assess whether your comments might lead a reasonable person to question your impartiality. 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