Knowledge and Practice on Diabetic Foot Self-care and its Associated Factors among Diabetic Patients at Asella Referral and Teaching Hospital, Arsi University, Southeast Ethiopia

Knowledge and Practice on Diabetic Foot Self-care and its Associated Factors among Diabetic Patients at Asella Referral and Teaching Hospital, Arsi University, Southeast Ethiopia | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Knowledge and Practice on Diabetic Foot Self-care and its Associated Factors among Diabetic Patients at Asella Referral and Teaching Hospital, Arsi University, Southeast Ethiopia Dawit Zena, Addisu Kebede, Emnet Getachew, Abebe Ferede, Mengesha Akale, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6180432/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background: Diabetic foot ulcer is a major complication that can lead to infection, amputation, and death. The risk of diabetic foot ulcers can be reduced through foot self-care, patient education, and proper preventative measures. In Ethiopia, diabetes is among the real health challenges. Despite the fact that poor foot self-care is an important risk factor for foot ulcers, data on the level of knowledge and practice on diabetic foot self-care and its associated factors was limited in this study area. The study was aimed to assess the level of knowledge and practice on diabetic foot self-care and its associated factors among diabetic patients. Methods : A cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in southeast Ethiopia. A total of 352 study subjects were recruited using a convenience sampling method. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with diabetic foot self-care knowledge and practice. A p-value of <0.05 was used to declare a significant association. Results : A total of 140 (39.8%) and 142 (40.3%) participants had good foot self-care knowledge and good foot self-care practice, respectively. Being male (AOR=1.987, 95%CI:1.14-3.48, P<0.05), urban residence (AOR=1.814, 95% CI:1.03-3.21, P<0.05), not educated and completed primary education (AOR=0.362, 95% CI:0.17-0.76, P<0.01 and AOR=0.393, 95% CI: 0.19-0.83, P<0.05), history of previous foot ulcer (AOR=2.57, 95%CI:1.43-4.61, P<0.01), family history of diabetes (AOR=2.664, 95%CI:1.52-4.66, P<0.01), and receiving foot care advice/education (AOR=2.10, 95%CI:1.25-3.54, P<0.01)were predictors of good diabetic foot self-care knowledge. Low monthly income (≤1500 Ethiopian birr) (AOR=0.265, 95%CI:0.09-0.80,P<0.05), not educated and completed primary education (AOR=0.318, 95%CI:0.15-0.67,P<0.01 and AOR=0.383, 95%CI: 0.18-0.81,P<0.05), history of previous foot ulcer (AOR=1.987, 95% CI:1.11-3.56,P<0.05), receiving foot care advice/education (AOR=2.115, 95%CI:1.26-3.56, P<0.01), and having good foot self-care knowledge (AOR=1.786, 95%CI:1.06-3.02, P<0.05) were predictors of good diabetic foot self-care practice. Conclusion : The study found that the level of diabetic foot self-care knowledge and practice was low. To enhance care and outcomes, efforts should focus on increasing education, particularly for vulnerable groups like women, rural residents, those with lower income, and lower educational levels. diabetic foot care diabetes knowledge practice southeast ethiopia Introduction Diabetes mellitus (DM) is defined as a group of metabolic disorders that share the phenotype of hyperglycemia (1, 2). It remains one of the major health problems globally, despite much is known about the disease. The rising prevalence is related to multifactorial issues including environmental, socioeconomic, and genetic factors. Diabetes is the leading cause of renal failure, blindness, and non-traumatic lower limb amputation. It is also one of the major causes of mortality in many countries (1, 2). According to the International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot, a diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is one of the most devastating complications, which is defined as a full-thickness wound penetrating through the dermis (the deep vascular and collagenous inner layer of the skin). It can also be characterized as an ulcerated foot that is accompanied with neuropathy and/or peripheral vascular disease of the lower limb in a diabetic patient (1-3). DFU was found to affect 10%-15% of diabetics. It occurs as a result of long duration of diabetes, poor metabolic control, foot deformities, older age, peripheral vasculopathy, and poor knowledge of diabetics (4-6). Usually untreated foot ulcers do not heal and may become infected (4). DFU is a major public health problem and one of the leading causes for morbidities, lower limb amputations, and even death among diabetes (7). The challenges of diabetes self-management are overwhelming, despite new treatments and technology have aided in controlling the disease. Patient self-management has a significant role in controlling diabetic complications (1, 2). Self-management behaviors include doing regular exercise, maintaining a healthy diet, daily foot examination, monitoring of blood glucose, and adherence to medications (1-3). Complicated diabetic foot ulcers could lead to foot amputation. It is important to assess the possible risk factors of foot ulcers for all diabetic patients. These risk factors include walking barefoot, wearing inappropriate footwear, poor foot hygiene, and delay in seeking health care. Patients having good knowledge and practice on foot self-care could avoid those risk factors to prevent foot ulcers (8). A good level of patients’ knowledge on self-foot care is important in preventing foot ulcers and amputations in diabetic patients (9). According to studies conducted in different parts of the world, 15%-66% of diabetic patients had good knowledge on diabetic foot self-care (9-13). About 20%-61% of diabetic patients had good practice on diabetic foot self-care (9, 14-18). Previous history of foot ulcer, being female, receiving foot care advice, and more than 5 years duration of diabetes were factors associated with having good knowledge on foot self-care (19-21). More than 5 years duration of diabetes, good knowledge level, and receiving foot care advice were factors associated with having good practice on foot self-care (6, 18, 20-22). On the contrary, lack of formal education, being single and divorced, being male, low socioeconomic status, and not receiving foot care advice were factors associated with poor knowledge and practice of diabetic foot self-care (16-19, 23, 24). There was limited data on the level of knowledge and practice of diabetic foot self-care in the study setting, which necessitated conducting this research. The findings of this study could contribute to the wellbeing of diabetic patients with better foot self-care knowledge and practice in the prevention of foot ulcers. The future researcher could benefit from this study because it would provide them the baseline facts to compare their study results as necessary. The study result could implicate for stakeholders that emphasizing to increase knowledge and practice on diabetic foot self-care would be cost-effective ways of preventing diabetic foot ulceration and its devastating complications for diabetic patients. In addition to limited data on diabetic patients` knowledge and practices regarding foot self-care in the study area, the investigator noted that many communities in the study area walk barefoot and that the majority of them are farmers. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the level of knowledge and practice on diabetic foot self-care and associated factors among diabetic patients attending Asella referral and teaching hospital, southeast Ethiopia. Materials and Methods Study settings An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted between December 1, 2023, and March 31, 2024, at Arsi University Asella referral and teaching hospital, which is located in Arsi zone of Oromia, about 175 km southeast of the capital city of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa. The hospital serves for 3.5 million people (25). The diabetic clinic is a unit under the medical follow-up clinic. It provides health care services for diabetic patients. The clinic was run by internal medicine specialists, internal medicine residents, and nurses. Source Population Adult patients who had follow up at the medical follow up clinic, Asella referral and teaching hospital, Arsi University. Study Population Adult diabetic patients having follow up at diabetic clinic in Asella referral and teaching hospital, Arsi University. Study Subjects Adult diabetic patients attending follow up at diabetic clinic in Asella referral and teaching hospital, Arsi University and had at least one visit before the study period. Inclusion and Exclusion criteria Inclusion criteria: diabetic patients 18 years old or above, and had at least one visit at diabetic clinic before the study period. It was expected that every new diabetic patient got diabetic foot care education during the first visit. So study participants should have at least one prior visit to be assessed on their foot self-care knowledge and practice in this study. Exclusion criteria: patients who were seriously ill who could not give consent or communicate; and patients who refused to participate in the study. Study Variables Dependent variables: Diabetic foot self-care knowledge and practice (good/poor). Independent variables : Sociodemographic variables;age, sex, marital status, level of education, occupation, place of residence, and economic status. Clinical and healthcare system-related variables;type of DM, duration of DM, previous history of diabetic foot ulcer (DFU), family history of DM, diabetic foot care education, type of medication/treatment taking, and diabetic foot examination by physician. Sample Size and Sampling Procedure The required sample size was calculated by using a single population proportion formula, taking a research conducted in Northwest Ethiopia that revealed 56.2% of the patients have good knowledge on foot care among diabetic patients (13), and by considering 5% margin of error and a 95% confidence level. A convenience sampling method was used to recruit 352 study participants. The reason for using the convenience sampling method was that diabetic patients were appointed every 3 months in the study setting. It was difficult to find the calculated sample size of study participants with the probability sampling method during the data collection period. Data collection instrument and procedures Data were collected through an investigator-administered, pre-tested questionnaire. The questionnaire was prepared in English and translated into the local languages (Amharic and Afan Oromo) for data collection, and then re-translated back to English while maintaining its consistency. A pre-test was done on 5% of the sample size to check for consistency and reliability of the questionnaire. Patients were interviewed face-to-face to obtain data. Foot self-care knowledge and practice were assessed with validated tools. The knowledge score is adapted from similar studies done before and from diabetic foot care educations recommended by the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons (13, 18, 26, 27). On the other hand, diabetic foot self-care practice questionnaire is adapted from the validated instrument of the Nottingham Assessment of Functional Foot Care revised 2015 (NAFFC) (28-30). The study used only 16 items out of the 26 questions of the 2015 revised NAFFC since the socioeconomic status of participants in the study area is different. A questionnaire containing the 16 items used in this study has previously been published in a study conducted in a similar setting in Ethiopia (18). A higher total score indicates better foot care behavior; a score of <50% suggests that further evaluation of foot care is needed (13, 18, 30). One supervisor (internal medicine resident) and three data collectors (general practitioners) participated in the data collection process. The quality of the data was ensured through the training and supervision of data collectors. Data Processing and Analysis Before data entry, questionnaires were checked for completeness. The data was entered using Epi Data 7.1 and exported to SPSS version 26 for analysis. The result of the descriptive statistics was expressed in percentage and frequency. Binary logistic regression was used first to analyze the association between dependent and independent variables. Variables with a p-value less than 0.25 in bivariate analysis were included in the multivariable binary logistic regression model. The Hosmer-Lemeshow test confirmed that the model had good fit (p > 0.05). The strength of association between independent and dependent variables was measured using odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) with a significant level (P-value <0.05). Patient and public involvement statement Patients or the public were not involved in the design, conduct, reporting, or dissemination plans of this research. Ethical consideration Ethical approval was obtained from the College of Health Science Arsi University Ethical Review Committee (approval No. A/CHS/RC/54/2023). All methods were performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Study subjects were recruited only after written informed consent was obtained. All data obtained were treated confidentially. Operational definitions Good foot self-care knowledge: Patients’ scored ≥70% of knowledge questionnaires (13, 18, 27). Good foot self-care practice: This included a total practice score of ≥50% (≥ 24) out of 48 maximum scores (18, 28-30). Diabetic foot self-care: Ability of the patient to perform self-care activities that help the feet to be healthy (31). Results Sociodemographic characteristics A total of 352 adult diabetic patients who have been on follow up at diabetic clinic were included in this study. The response rate was 100%. The mean age of the respondents was 52 ± 15.8 years, ranging from 19 to 88 years. Most lived in urban areas 225 (63.9%). 166 study participants (47.2%) earn monthly income of 1500-3000 ETB (Ethiopian Birr). A total of 117 (33.2%) had no formal education and 96 (27.3%) had primary education. 112 (31.8%) were housewives and 88 (25%) were farmers. Regarding marital status, most of the study participants, 260 (79.3%), were married (Table 1). Table 1: Socio-demographic characteristics of study participants on knowledge and practice on diabetic foot self-care and its associated factors among diabetic patients at Asella referral and teaching hospital, southeast Ethiopia. Variables Frequency Percentage Sex Male 207 58.8 Female 145 41.2 Residency Urban 225 63.9 Rural 127 36.1 Age 18-24 Years 21 6.0 25-34 years 32 9.1 35-44 years 46 13.1 45-54 Years 81 23.0 > 54 years 172 48.9 Monthly income ≤1500 ETB 49 13.9 1501-3000 ETB 166 47.2 3000-6000 ETB 97 27.6 >6000 ETB 40 11.4 Educational status Uneducated 117 33.2 Primary education (1-8) 96 27.3 Secondary education (9-12) 68 19.3 College and above 71 20.2 Occupation Employed 46 13.1 Merchant 38 10.8 Housewife 112 31.8 Farmer 88 25.0 Retired 39 11.1 Students 22 6.3 Others 7 2.0 Marital status single 36 10.2 married 260 73.9 divorced 15 4.3 widowed 41 11.6 ETB-Ethiopian Birr; DFU: Diabetic foot ulcer Clinical and healthcare system related characteristics The majority of respondents 252 (71.6%) had type 2 diabetes. Regarding treatment taking, 152 (43.2%) used insulin only. A total of 270 (76.7%) did not have a previous diabetic foot ulcer. 258 (73.3%) reported no family history of diabetes. 200 (56.8%) had received education on foot care. Only 109 (31%) had their feet examined by healthcare providers. The other finding on duration of stay with the disease showed the minimum and maximum duration were 3 months and 20 years, respectively. Majority of respondents, 142 (40.3%), live with diabetes for less than 5 years, followed by 5-10 years, which accounts for 106 (30.1%). The mean duration of diabetes from first diagnosis was 1.9 (±0.896) years SD (Table 2). Table 2: Clinical and healthcare system related characteristics of study participants on knowledge and practice on diabetic foot self-care and its associated factors among diabetic patients at Asella referral and teaching hospital, southeast Ethiopia. Variables Frequency Percentage Types of diabetes Type 1 117 33.2 Type 2 235 66.8 When your diabetes was first diagnosed? 10 years 104 29.5 Types of treatment taking Oral hypoglycemic 146 41.5 Insulin 152 43.2 combination of insulin and oral 54 15.3 Previous history of DFU Yes 79 22.4 No 273 77.6 Family history of diabetes Yes 94 26.7 No 258 73.3 Received advice/education on foot care Yes 200 56.8 No 152 43.2 Doctor or another health professional ever examined your feet Yes 109 31.0 No 243 69.0 Diabetic foot self-care knowledge In this study, the mean knowledge assessment score was 9.4 ±2.8 out of the maximum possible score of 15. The minimum and maximum scores were 1 and 15, respectively. A total of 140 (39.8%) participants had good knowledge on diabetic foot self-care. The majority of respondents, 238 (67.6%), were aware feet should be inspected rightly. Most 300 (85.2%) knew feet should be dried after washing, though 236 (67%) did not know water temperature should be checked first. 191 (54.3%) knew to apply lotion to dry skin. Avoiding barefoot walking was widely known by 330 (93.8%). Most 289 (82.1%) knew to wear appropriate and comfortable shoes. Seeking guidance when buying new shoes was only known by 60 (17%). Inspecting footwear was commonly known by 319 (90.6%). Cutting toenails properly was known by 326 (92.6%). Home removal of calluses/warts was correctly identified as risky by 155 (44%) participants. If finding redness between toes, 221 (62.8%) knew to seek treatment (Table 3). Table 3: Frequency distribution of patients` knowledge about diabetic foot self-care among diabetic patients at Asella referral and teaching hospital, southeast Ethiopia. Knowledge of diabetic foot self-care Frequency Percentage Aware that foot should be inspected/checked every night No 114 32.4 Yes 238 67.6 Know which part of the should be checked No 133 37.8 Yes 219 62.2 Aware what should be looked for in foot No 139 39.5 Yes 213 60.5 Know before cleaning the legs should the temperature of water be checked No 236 67.0 Yes 116 33.0 Feet should be completely dried after wasting No 52 14.8 Yes 300 85.2 If you feel skin dry and rough should lotion or cream be applied on it or not No 161 45.7 Yes 191 54.3 For DM patient lotion not to be applied in the interdigital spaces No 207 58.8 Yes 145 41.2 Diabetic should patient avoid walking bare foot No 22 6.3 Yes 330 93.8 Wear comfortable shoes and avoid pointed toed shoe No 63 17.9 Yes 289 82.1 Diabetic patient should receive advice/guidance when buy new shoes No 292 83.0 Yes 60 17.0 Inspect the inside of your footwear for objects to torn lining before you put on No 33 9.4 Yes 319 90.6 Know how frequent socks should be changed No 147 41.8 Yes 205 58.2 Know toenail should be cut straight across No 26 7.4 Yes 326 92.6 Avoid removal of a callus or a wart by yourself at home No 197 56.0 Yes 155 44.0 if you found redness/bleeding between your toes your toes do you know what the first things you do/ No 131 37.2 Yes 221 62.8 DM: Diabetes Mellitus Diabetic foot self-care practice The mean practice score was 31.5 ± 5.3. The minimum and maximum score were 16 and 42 out of 48, respectively. Overall, 142 (40.3%) patients had good foot self-care practice. The most common foot care practices were inspecting feet, with 233 (66.2%) doing this sometimes, and checking feet before putting shoes on, with 172 (48.9%) doing this often. 182 (51.7%) often checked that feet were dry after washing. Toe nail cutting was done about monthly by 225 (63.9%). Going barefoot outside was rarely or never done, with 331 (94%) reporting they never did this. Moisturizing feet was also less common, with 163 (46.3%) never doing it. However, 155 (44%) reported washing feet daily. Wearing sandals or slippers was sometimes done by 221 (62.8%). Putting feet near fire was generally avoided, with 267 (75.9%) patients never doing this. Over half, 198 (56.3%), never put dressings on wounds (Table 4). Table 4: Frequency distribution of patients` practice on diabetic foot self-care among diabetic patients at Asella referral and teaching hospital, southeast Ethiopia. Practice of diabetic foot care Often N(%) Sometimes N(%) Rarely N(%) Never N(%) Examine /inspect your feet/ 54 (15.3) 233 (66.2) 19 (5.4) 46 (13.1) Check your before you put them on 172 (48.9) 153 (43.5) 8 (2.3) 19 (5.4) Check your shoes when you take them off 164 (46.6) 153 (43.5) 8 (2.3) 27 (7.7) Wash your feet 155 (44.0) 170 (48.3) 0 27 (7.7) Check your fee tare dry after washing 182 (51.7) 120 (34.1) 36 (10.2) 14 (4.0) Dry between your toes 122 (34.7) 110 (31.3) 100 (28.4) 20 (5.7) Use moisturizing cream on your feet 42 (11.9) 123 (34.9) 24 (6.8) 163 (46.3) Put moisturizing cream between your toes 20 (5.7) 40 (11.4) 24 (6.8) 268 (76.1) How often you cut toenails 47 (13.4) 225 (63.9) 77 (21.9) 3 (0.9) Wear sandals/slippers 76 (21.6) 221 (62.8) 20 (5.7) 35 (9.9) Wear shoes without socks/stocking/ tights 45 (12.8) 130 (36.9) 7 (2.0) 170 (48.3) Change your socks/stocking/tights 104 (29.5) 176 (50.0) 0 45 (12.8) Walk around the house in bare feet 14 (4.0) 42 (11.9) 16 (4.5) 280 (79.5) Walk outside the house in bare feet 1 (0.3) 15 (4.3) 5 (1.4) 331 (94.0) Put your feet near the fire? 37 (10.5) 44 (12.5) 4 (1.1) 267 (75.9) Put a dry dressing on blisters, cut or burn when you get one? 49 (13.9) 59 (16.8) 46 (13.1) 198(56.3) N: Frequency Factors associated with good knowledge on diabetic foot self-care This study utilized binary logistic regression analysis to identify factors associated with good knowledge on diabetic foot self-care among diabetic patients. Variables with a p-value less than 0.25 in bivariate analysis were included in the multivariable model. The Hosmer-Lemeshow test confirmed that the model had good fit (p > 0.05). Being male (AOR=1.987, 95% CI:1.14-3.48, P<0.05), urban residence (AOR=1.814, 95% CI:1.03-3.21, P<0.05), not educated and completed primary education (AOR=0.362, 95% CI:0.17-0.76, P<0.01 and AOR=0.393, 95% CI: 0.19-0.83, P<0.05), history of previous foot ulcer (AOR=2.57, 95% CI:1.43-4.61, P<0.01), family history of diabetes (AOR=2.664, 95% CI:1.52-4.66, P<0.01), and receiving foot care advice/education (AOR=2.10, 95% CI:1.25-3.54, P<0.01) were the predictors of good knowledge on diabetic foot self-care (Table 5). Table 5: Multivariable binary logistic regression for factors associated with good knowledge on diabetic foot self-care, diabetic patients in Asella referral and teaching hospital, southeast Ethiopia. Factors Knowledge of diabetic foot self-care COR [95% C.I] AOR [95% C.I] Poor Good Sex Male 108 99 2.325 [1.48-3.66]** 1.987 [1.14-3.48]** Female 104 41 1 1 Age ≤24 Years 11 10 1.390 [0.56-3.45] 0.483 [0.66-1.35]* 25-34 years 17 15 1.349 [0.63-2.88] 1.905 [0.67-5.44]* 35-44 years 29 17 0.897 [0.46-1.76] 0.774 [0.33-1.80]* 45-54 Years 51 30 0.900 [0.52-1.55] 0.974 [0.51-1.88]* >54 years 104 68 1 1 Monthly income ≤1500 ETB 33 16 0.323 [0.14-0.77]* 0.621 [0.21-0.82]* 1501-3000 ETB 113 53 0.313 [0.15-0.64]** 0.762 [0.33-1.77]* 3000 -6000 ETB 50 47 0.627 [0.30-1.32] 0.854 [0.37-1.97]* >6000 ETB 16 24 1 Residency Urban 125 103 1.938 [1.22-3.08]** 1.814[1.03-3.21]** Rural 87 37 1 1 Educational status Uneducated 87 30 0.212 [0.11-0.40]** 0.362 [0.17-0.76]*** Primary education (1-8) 64 32 0.307 [0.16-0.58]** 0.393 [0.19-0.83]** Secondary edu.(9-12) 34 34 0.614 [0.31-1.21] 0.729 [0.34-1.58]* College and above 27 44 1 1 Types of diabetes type 1 70 47 1.025 [0.65-1.61] 1.747[0.80-3.81]* type2 142 93 1 1 Types of treatment taking Oral hypoglycemic 91 55 1.209 [0.63-2.33] 1.217 [0.57-2.61]* Insulin 85 67 1.576 [0.82-3.02] 2.266 [0.94-5.48]* Both (Oral and Insulin) 36 18 1 1 Previous history of DFU Yes 31 48 3.046 [1.82-5.11]** 2.570 [1.43-4.61]*** No 181 92 1 1 Family history of diabetes Yes 42 52 2.392 [1.48-3.87]** 2.664 [1.52-4.66]*** No 170 88 1 1 Received advice/ education on foot care Yes 101 99 2.654 [1.69-4.17]** 2.100 [1.25-3.54]*** No 111 41 1 1 *0.05 < P < 0.25; **P < 0.05; ***P < 0.01; COR: crude odds ratio; AOR: adjusted odds ratio; DFU-diabetic foot ulcer; ETB: Ethiopian birr; Edu; Education Factors associated with good practice on diabetic foot self-care This binary logistic regression analysis assessed factors associated with good practice on diabetic foot self-care among diabetic patients. Variables with a p-value less than 0.25 in bivariate analysis were included in the multivariable model. The Hosmer-Lemeshow test confirmed that the model had good fit (p > 0.05). Low monthly income (≤ 1500 ETB) (AOR=0.265, 95%CI:0.09-0.80, P<0.05), not educated and completed primary education (AOR=0.318, 95%CI:0.15-0.67, P<0.01 and AOR=0.383, 95%CI: 0.18-0.81, P<0.05), history of previous foot ulcer (AOR=1.987, 95%CI:1.11-3.56, P<0.05), receiving foot care advice/education (AOR=2.115, 95%CI:1.26-3.56, P<0.01), and having good knowledge on foot self-care (AOR=1.786, 95%CI:1.06-3.02, P<0.05) were the predictors of good practice on diabetic foot self-care (Table 6). Table 6: Multivariable binary logistic regression for factors associated with good practice on diabetic foot self-care, diabetic patients in Asella referral and teaching hospital, southeast Ethiopia. Factors Practice of diabetic foot self-care COR [95% C.I] AOR [95% C.I] Poor Good Sex Male 106 101 2.417 [1.54-3.80]** 1.473 [0.85-2.54] * Female 104 41 1 1 Age ≤24 Years 14 7 0.765 [0.29-1.99] 0.805 [0.21-3.07] * 25-34 years 19 13 1.046 [0.49-2.26] 0.904 [0.32-2.59] * 35-44 years 27 19 1.076 [0.56-2.09] 0.817 [0.36-1.86] * 45-54 Years 46 35 1.164 [0.68-1.99] 1.231 [0.65-2.33] * >54 years 104 68 1 1 Monthly income ≤1500 ETB 37 12 0.139 [0.05-0.36]** 0.265 [0.09-0.80]** 1501-3000 ETB 110 56 0.218 [0.10-0.46]** 0.434 [0.18-1.03] * 3000 -6000 ETB 51 46 0.387 [0.18-0.85]* 0.467 [0.20-1.11] * >6000 ETB 12 28 1 1 Residency Urban 129 99 1.446 [0.92-2.27] 0.966 [0.55-1.69] * Rural 81 43 1 1 Educational status Uneducated 87 30 0.176 [0.09-0.34]** 0.318 [0.15-0.67]*** Primary education (1-8) 64 32 0.255 [0.13-0.49]** 0.383 [0.18-0.81]** Secondary edu.(9-12) 35 33 0.481 [0.24-0.95]* 0.61 [0.28-1.32] * College and above 24 47 1 1 Types of diabetes Type 1 68 49 1.100 [0.70-1.73] 1.427 [0.67-3.02] * Type 2 142 93 1 1 Types of treatment taking Oral hypoglycemic 85 61 1.435 [0.75-2.76] 1.260 [0.60-2.66] * Insulin 89 63 1.416 [0.74-2.72] 1.106 [0.46-2.65] * Both (Oral and Insulin) 36 18 1 1 Previous history of DFU Yes 33 46 2.570 [1.54-4.29]** 1.987 [1.11- 3.56]** No 177 96 1 1 Family history of diabetes Yes 48 46 1.617 [1.00-2.61]* 1.277 [0.73-2.23] * No 162 96 1 1 Received advice/ education on foot care Yes 99 101 2.762 [1.76-4.34]** 2.115 [1.26-3.56]*** No 111 41 1 1 Knowledge Poor 150 62 1 1 Good 60 80 3.226 [2.06-5.04]** 1.786 [1.06-3.02]** *0.05 < P < 0.25; **P < 0.05; ***P < 0.01; COR: Crude odds ratio; AOR: Adjusted odds ratio; DFU:Diabetic foot ulcer; ETB:Ethiopian Birr; Edu: Education Discussion A total of 352 diabetic patients were included in the study. This study found that 39.8% of participants had good knowledge on diabetic foot self-care. This was consistent with a study done in Nigeria that revealed 30.1% of patients had good knowledge on diabetic foot care (16). The level of knowledge in this study was higher than studies conducted in Iran (15.2%) (14) and South Africa (24.2%) (12), and it was much lower than studies conducted in India (60.8%) (10) and Brazil (50.6%) (32). The low knowledge level on diabetic foot self-care in developing countries could be explained by economical, cultural and social issues, poor health care facilities, and inadequate community awareness. This study also found 40.3% of participants had good diabetic foot self-care practice. This was consistent with studies conducted in Sudan (41.5%) (11), Iran (50.4%) (14), and northwest Ethiopia (53.0%) (13). The level of practice on foot self-care in this study was higher than a study conducted in Nigeria (10.2%) (16), and lower than studies done in Brazil (57.4%) (32) and India (62.75%) (10). This evidences underscore insufficient foot care knowledge and practices as a widespread public health threat globally, especially in developing countries, requiring urgent action. This study found that males had two times higher odds of having good foot self-care knowledge compared to females (AOR=1.987, 95% CI:1.14-3.48, P < 0.05). This gender disparity aligns with evidence from the study done in United Arab Emirates indicating poorer knowledge among women (19) and highlights the need to actively target women for foot care education to promote health equity. Gender gaps could stem from broader social inequities in access to resources, restrictions on activities, or a lack of autonomy in seeking healthcare. Culturally appropriate education programs may help overcome these barriers. Urban residents having higher odds of good knowledge compared to their rural counterparts (AOR=1.814, 95% CI:1.03-3.21, P < 0.05). This was in line with a study conducted in Iran that revealed rural patients had poorer knowledge on foot self-care (14). The possible explanation is that rural populations likely have limited access to diabetes self-management education programs and resources. This may be attributed to reduced access to healthcare services and diabetes education programs in rural areas. Outreach programs in rural communities could help bridge this gap. Those who were uneducated had 63.8% lower odds (AOR=0.362, 95% CI:0.17-0.76, P < 0.01) while completed primary education groups had 60.7% lower odds of good knowledge (AOR=0.393, 95% CI:0.19-0.83, P <0.05) compared to patients who attained college and above. This was consistent with studies conducted in India, Nigeria, and Sudan (16, 23, 33). This highlights the need for simplified education approaches tailored to varying literacy levels. For instance, pictorial materials, demonstrations, and interactive discussions may be more effective for those with minimal schooling compared to traditional written instructions. Patients with previous diabetic foot ulcers were 2.5 times more likely to have good knowledge on foot self-care (AOR=2.57, 95% CI:1.43-4.61, P < 0.01). It was expected that an adverse event like a previous ulcer would prompt patients to improve their foot care knowledge and practices to prevent recurrence. Having experienced foot complications may increase perceptions of personal risk and prompt information-seeking behaviors. Patients with family history of diabetes were 2.7 times more likely to have good knowledge on foot self-care (AOR=2.664, 95% CI: 1.52-4.66, P <0.01). This was supported with other studies (33, 34). This could be due to family history of diabetes, which may raise disease risk awareness and knowledge retention. Having a close relative with diabetes makes individuals more aware of the condition and motivates them to gain knowledge even before their own diagnosis. The findings of this study revealed that receiving foot care advice or education doubled the odds of having good knowledge (AOR=2.1, 95% CI:1.25-3.54, P <0.01), which was supported with previously conducted studies (21, 24, 35, 36). It was expected that having diabetic foot care education would improve the self-care knowledge. This study found that patients with low monthly income had 73.5% lower odds of good practices on foot self-care (AOR=0.265, 95% CI:0.09-0.80, P < 0.05). This was in line with studies conducted in South Africa and Nigeria (12, 16). This could be due to out-of-pocket costs for recommended footwear and supplies, and healthcare may act as financial barriers. Targeted social support programs, like foot care vouchers or lending libraries for equipment, could help address these barriers. Lower education attainment predicted reduced odds of having good foot self-care practices in our study. Uneducated patients had 68.2% lower odds (AOR=0.318, 95% CI:0.15-0.67, P < 0.01), while those who attained primary education had 61.7% lower odds of good practice (AOR=0.383, 95% CI:0.18-0.81, P <0.05) compared to patients who attained college and above. This was consistent with studies that revealed patients with lower educational level had lower self-care practice (12, 16). The possible explanation would be that limited health literacy regarding self-care essentials may underlie the education-practice link. Simplified educational approaches using demonstrations and teach-back rather than complex verbal instructions could enable optimal practices among those with minimal schooling. The findings of this study revealed that patients having history of a previous foot ulcer increased odds of good foot self-care practices by 2 times (AOR=1.987, 95% CI:1.11-3.56, P < 0.05). This was in line with a study conducted in Tanzania (24). This could be due to personal experience of foot complications, which likely motivates preventive behaviors of patients. Peer mentoring models engaging ulcer patients in education may resonate with high-risk groups. Our study also found receiving foot care advice/education doubled the odds of good practice (AOR=2.115, 95% CI:1.26-3.56, P <0.01), which was supported with studies that revealed the benefits of patient education for good practice (16, 24). This highlights the need for regular, high-quality counseling on self-care essentials for diabetic patients by healthcare providers. Patients with good foot care knowledge had 1.8 times higher odds of good practices (AOR=1.786, 95% CI:1.06-3.02,P < 0.05). This knowledge-practice link was supported by a study conducted in Nigeria (16). This could be due to knowledge likely builds a crucial foundation for diabetic foot self-care practice. Conclusion The study found that diabetic foot self-care knowledge and practice was low. Being male, living in urban areas, having history of previous foot ulcer, having family history of diabetes, and receiving advice or education on foot self-care were predictors of good knowledge on foot self-care among diabetic patients. Likewise, history of previous foot ulcer, receiving foot self-care advice/education, and having good self-care knowledge were predictors of good practice on diabetic foot self-care. Recommendation To enhance care and outcomes, efforts should focus on increasing education, particularly for vulnerable groups like women, rural residents, those with lower income, and lower education level, to boost knowledge and practice and provide targeted advice on the importance of diabetic foot self-care, especially for those without prior foot problems. Diabetic foot self-care education should be integrated into primary care services and chronic disease management programs, which could help to address those gaps and needs. Abbreviations AOR, adjusted Odd Ratio; ARTH, Asella referral and teaching hospital; DFU, diabetic foot ulcer; DM, diabetes mellitus; PN, peripheral neuropathy; DSME, diabetes self-management education; IDF, International Diabetes Federation; IWGDF, International Working Group on Diabetic foot; NAFFC, Nottingham Assessment of Functional Foot Care; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate Ethical approval was obtained from the College of Health Science Arsi University Ethical Review Committee (approval No. A/CHS/RC/54/2023). All methods were performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Study subjects were recruited only after informed written consent was obtained. Consent for publication Written informed consent for publication was obtained from study subjects. Availability of data and materials All data generated and analyzed are included in this research article. Conflicts of interest The authors declare that no conflicts of interest. Funding There was no funding. Authors` Contributions D.Z. contributed to the conception, design, data collection, analysis, writing, and review of the manuscript. The guarantor of the study is D.Z.; accepts full responsibility for the finished work, had access to the data, and controlled the decision to publish. A.K. contributed to the conception, design, data collection, analysis, writing, and review of the manuscript. E.G., A.F., M.A., and M.B. contributed to conception, design, analysis, and review of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript and approved its submission for publication. Acknowledgements We are grateful to thank the study participants and their health personnel. References ADDEN.REFL1. IDF Diabetes Atlas Reports. 2022. WHO Global Report on Diabetes. 2016. Smide B. Self-care, foot problems and health in Tanzanian diabetic patients and comparisons with matched Swedish diabetic patients: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis; 2000. Armstrong DG, Boulton AJM, Bus SA. Diabetic Foot Ulcers and Their Recurrence. The New England journal of medicine. 2017;376(24):2367-75. Al-Khaldi YM. Foot care among male diabetics in family practice center, abha, saudi arabia. Journal of family & community medicine. 2008;15(3):103-6. Alshammari ZJ, Alsaid LA, Parameaswari PJ, Alzahrani AA. Attitude and knowledge about foot care among diabetic patients in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Journal of family medicine and primary care. 2019;8(6):2089-94. Alexiadou K, Doupis J. Management of diabetic foot ulcers. Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders. 2012;3(1):4. Armstrong DG, Lavery LA. Diabetic foot ulcers: prevention, diagnosis and classification. American family physician. 1998;57(6):1325-32, 37-8. Danmusa UM, Terhile I, Nasir IA, Ahmad AA, Muhammad HY. Prevalence and healthcare costs associated with the management of diabetic foot ulcer in patients attending Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria. International journal of health sciences. 2016;10(2):219-28. Teli G, Ponnappa B. A study on knowledge, attitudes, and practices for the prevention of diabetic foot in rural tertiary care teaching hospital. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2017;9:138-42. Alafraa Ahmed Mohammed EMM. knowledge, Attitude and Practice Regarding Foot Care Among Diabetic Patients Who Visited Health Centers In Khartoum State, Sudan. International Journal of Diabetes Research. 2018. Dikeukwu R, Omole OB. Awareness and practices of foot self-care in patients with diabetes at Dr Yusuf Dadoo district hospital, Johannesburg. Journal of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes of South Africa. 2013;18(2):112-8. Seid A, Tsige Y. Knowledge, practice, and barriers of foot care among diabetic patients attending Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital, Bahir Dar, Northwest Ethiopia. Advances in Nursing. 2015;2015:1-9. Pourkazemi A, Ghanbari A. Diabetic foot care: knowledge and practice. 2020;20(1):40. Yılmaz Karadağ F, Saltoğlu N, Ak Ö, Çınar Aydın G, Şenbayrak S, Erol S, et al. Foot self-care in diabetes mellitus: Evaluation of patient awareness. Primary care diabetes. 2019;13(6):515-20. Desalu OO, Salawu FK, Jimoh AK, Adekoya AO, Busari OA, Olokoba AB. Diabetic foot care: self reported knowledge and practice among patients attending three tertiary hospital in Nigeria. Ghana medical journal. 2011;45(2):60-5. Ahmed SA, Badi S, Tahir H, Ahmed MH, Almobarak AO. Knowledge and practice of diabetic foot care in Sudan: A cross sectional survey. Diabetes & metabolic syndrome. 2019;13(4):2431-5. Seid MA, Worku EZ, Mideksa HB. Patients’ awareness and extent of self-reported foot care practices in diabetes population. International Journal. 2019;5(9):246. Al-Kaabi JM, Al Maskari F, Cragg P, Afandi B, Souid A-K. Illiteracy and diabetic foot complications. Primary care diabetes. 2015;9(6):465-72. Sutariya PK, Kharadi A. Knowledge and practice of foot care among the patients of diabetic foot: A hospital based cross-sectional study. International Surgery Journal. 2016;3(4):1850-5. Beiranvand S, Fayazi S, Asadizaker M. Effect of educational programs on the knowledge, attitude, and practice of foot care in patients with diabetes. Jundishapur Journal of Chronic Disease Care. 2015;4(2):e26540. Adem AM, Andargie AA. Incidence of Diabetic Foot Ulcer and Its Predictors Among Diabetes Mellitus Patients at Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital, Bahir Dar, Northwest Ethiopia: A Retrospective Follow-Up Study. 2020;13:3703-11. George H, Rakesh P, Krishna M, Alex R, Abraham VJ, George K, et al. Foot care knowledge and practices and the prevalence of peripheral neuropathy among people with diabetes attending a secondary care rural hospital in southern India. Journal of family medicine and primary care. 2013;2(1):27-32. Chiwanga FS, Njelekela MA. Diabetic foot: prevalence, knowledge, and foot self-care practices among diabetic patients in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania - a cross-sectional study. Journal of foot and ankle research. 2015;8:20. Central Statistical Agency (CSA) Ethiopia National Census. 2007. Pinzur MS, Slovenkai MP, Trepman E, Shields NN. Guidelines for diabetic foot care: recommendations endorsed by the Diabetes Committee of the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society. Foot & ankle international. 2005;26(1):113-9. Pitchai P, Joshi J. Knowledge and practice of foot care amongst diabetics in India: comparison between urban and rural setting-a reality check. Int J Health Sci Res. 2015;5(4):181-9. Lincoln N. Nottingham assessment of functional footcare. United Kingdom: University of Nottingham. 2015. Lincoln N, Jeffcoate W, Ince P, Smith M, Radford K. Validation of a new measure of protective footcare behaviour: the Nottingham Assessment of Functional Footcare (NAFF). Practical Diabetes International. 2007;24(4):207-11. Senussi M, Lincoln N, Jeffcoate W. Psychometric properties of the Nottingham Assessment of Functional Footcare (NAFF). International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation. 2011;18(6):330-4. Schaper NC, van Netten JJ. Practical Guidelines on the prevention and management of diabetic foot disease (IWGDF 2019 update). 2020;36 Suppl 1:e3266. Natalia de Sá P, Moura JR, de Melo Júnior EB, de Almeida PC, de Macêdo SF, da Silva AR. Knowledge, attitudes and practices for the prevention of diabetic foot. Revista gaucha de enfermagem. 2014;35(3):36-42. Kamel NM, Badawy YA, el-Zeiny NA, Merdan IA. Sociodemographic determinants of management behaviour of diabetic patients. Part I. Behaviour of patients in relation to management of their disease. Eastern Mediterranean health journal = La revue de sante de la Mediterranee orientale = al-Majallah al-sihhiyah li-sharq al-mutawassit. 1999;5(5):967-73. Kueh YC, Morris T, Borkoles E, Shee H. Modelling of diabetes knowledge, attitudes, self-management, and quality of life: a cross-sectional study with an Australian sample. Health and quality of life outcomes. 2015;13:129. Magbanua E, Lim-Alba R. Knowledge and Practice of Diabetic Foot Care in Patients with Diabetes at Chinese General Hospital and Medical Center. Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies. 2017;32(2):123-31. Emire MS, Zewudie BT, Tarekegn TT, GebreEyesus FA, Amlak BT, Mengist ST, et al. Self-care practice and its associated factors among diabetic patients attending public hospitals in Gurage zone southwest, Ethiopia. PLoS One. 2022;17(9):e0271680. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6180432","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":428037229,"identity":"4209529f-d3f4-4f91-82e6-3ccf46b98595","order_by":0,"name":"Dawit Zena","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA40lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDCCA2AEBOzNIFpChjgtYD08xxJAWniI0gKxRiLHAKyToA6+42cMD3/4Y5PH35Dz+dWNGgseBvbDRzfg0yJ5JsfgwAGetGKJA2e3WeccAzqMJy3tBj4tBgdyNxw4IHE4seFg7zbjHDagFgkeM/xazr8FajH4nzj/MM8z45x/xGi5AbIl4UDihmM8zI9z24jQInnj/YcDZw4kJ248w2bGnNsnwcNGyC9859OSP1T8sUucd//x48853+rk+NkPH8OrBRmwSYBJYpWDAPMHUlSPglEwCkbByAEAhEhVHypB6a4AAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Arsi University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Dawit","middleName":"","lastName":"Zena","suffix":""},{"id":428037230,"identity":"628edc07-d391-4153-8115-9f601aded226","order_by":1,"name":"Addisu Kebede","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Arsi University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Addisu","middleName":"","lastName":"Kebede","suffix":""},{"id":428037231,"identity":"11a045b6-b299-4faf-bcd1-86ca7e57359a","order_by":2,"name":"Emnet Getachew","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Arsi University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Emnet","middleName":"","lastName":"Getachew","suffix":""},{"id":428037232,"identity":"a2e0f5c0-99cb-4f56-83d5-4fb015aff514","order_by":3,"name":"Abebe Ferede","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Arsi University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Abebe","middleName":"","lastName":"Ferede","suffix":""},{"id":428037233,"identity":"13912b99-fb21-4d8b-9b79-0257d1c1a2b7","order_by":4,"name":"Mengesha Akale","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Arsi University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mengesha","middleName":"","lastName":"Akale","suffix":""},{"id":428037234,"identity":"e008b18e-843f-4335-8350-afbfa0466048","order_by":5,"name":"Mosisa Bekele","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Arsi University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mosisa","middleName":"","lastName":"Bekele","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-03-07 18:53:15","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6180432/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6180432/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":78496410,"identity":"a540f6cb-00de-4146-b12d-a9cfd2ee7f32","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-14 04:26:51","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1353153,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6180432/v1/786f1e57-bf3d-4cff-a8e8-1715298b2c30.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eKnowledge and Practice on Diabetic Foot Self-care and its Associated Factors among Diabetic Patients at Asella Referral and Teaching Hospital, Arsi University, Southeast Ethiopia\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eDiabetes mellitus (DM) is defined as a group of metabolic disorders that share the phenotype of hyperglycemia (1, 2). It remains one of the major health problems globally, despite much is known about the disease. The rising prevalence is related to multifactorial issues including environmental, socioeconomic, and genetic factors. Diabetes is the leading cause of renal failure, blindness, and non-traumatic lower limb amputation. It is also one of the major causes of mortality in many countries (1, 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to the International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot, a diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is one of the most devastating complications, which is defined as a full-thickness wound penetrating through the dermis (the deep vascular and collagenous inner layer of the skin). It can also be characterized as an ulcerated foot that is accompanied with neuropathy and/or peripheral vascular disease of the lower limb in a diabetic patient (1-3). DFU was found to affect 10%-15% of diabetics. It occurs as a result of long duration of diabetes, poor metabolic control, foot deformities, older age, peripheral vasculopathy, and poor knowledge of diabetics (4-6). Usually untreated foot ulcers do not heal and may become infected (4). DFU is a major public health problem and one of the leading causes for morbidities, lower limb amputations, and even death among diabetes (7).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe challenges of diabetes self-management are overwhelming, despite new treatments and technology have aided in controlling the disease. Patient self-management has a significant role in controlling diabetic complications (1, 2). Self-management behaviors include doing regular exercise, maintaining a healthy diet, daily foot examination, monitoring of blood glucose, and adherence to medications (1-3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eComplicated diabetic foot ulcers could lead to foot amputation. It is important to assess the possible risk factors of foot ulcers for all diabetic patients. These risk factors include walking barefoot, wearing inappropriate footwear, poor foot hygiene, and delay in seeking health care. Patients having good knowledge and practice on foot self-care could avoid those risk factors to prevent foot ulcers (8).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA good level of patients\u0026rsquo; knowledge on self-foot care is important in preventing foot ulcers and amputations in diabetic patients (9). According to studies conducted in different parts of the world, 15%-66% of diabetic patients had good knowledge on diabetic foot self-care (9-13). About 20%-61% of diabetic patients had good practice on diabetic foot self-care (9, 14-18).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrevious history of foot ulcer, being female, receiving foot care advice, and more than 5 years duration of diabetes were factors associated with having good knowledge on foot self-care (19-21). More than 5 years duration of diabetes, good knowledge level, and receiving foot care advice were factors associated with having good practice on foot self-care (6, 18, 20-22). On the contrary, lack of formal education, being single and divorced, being male, low socioeconomic status, and not receiving foot care advice were factors associated with poor knowledge and practice of diabetic foot self-care (16-19, 23, 24).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere was limited data on the level of knowledge and practice of diabetic foot self-care in the study setting, which necessitated conducting this research. The findings of this study could contribute to the wellbeing of diabetic patients with better foot self-care knowledge and practice in the prevention of foot ulcers. The future researcher could benefit from this study because it would provide them the baseline facts to compare their study results as necessary. The study result could implicate for stakeholders that emphasizing to increase knowledge and practice on diabetic foot self-care would be cost-effective ways of preventing diabetic foot ulceration and its devastating complications for diabetic patients. In addition to limited data on diabetic patients` knowledge and practices regarding foot self-care in the study area, the investigator noted that many communities in the study area walk barefoot and that the majority of them are farmers. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the level of knowledge and practice on diabetic foot self-care and associated factors among diabetic patients attending Asella referral and teaching hospital, southeast Ethiopia. \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003ch2\u003eStudy settings\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAn institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted between December 1, 2023, and March 31, 2024, at Arsi University Asella referral and teaching hospital, which is located in Arsi zone of Oromia, about 175 km southeast of the capital city of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa. The hospital serves for 3.5 million people (25). The diabetic clinic is a unit under the medical follow-up clinic. It provides health care services for diabetic patients. The clinic was run by internal medicine specialists, internal medicine residents, and nurses.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eSource Population\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdult patients who had follow up at the medical follow up clinic, Asella referral and teaching hospital, Arsi University.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eStudy Population\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdult diabetic patients having follow up at diabetic clinic in Asella referral and teaching hospital, Arsi University.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan id=\"_Toc143871769\"\u003eStudy Subjects\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdult diabetic patients attending follow up at diabetic clinic in Asella referral and teaching hospital, Arsi University and had at least one visit before the study period.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan id=\"_Toc143871770\"\u003eInclusion and Exclusion criteria\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan id=\"_Toc143871771\"\u003eInclusion criteria: diabetic patients 18 years old or above, and had at least one visit at diabetic clinic before the study period. It was expected that every new diabetic patient got diabetic foot care education during the first visit. So study participants should have at least one prior visit to be assessed on their foot self-care knowledge and practice in this study.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan id=\"_Toc161868131\"\u003eExclusion criteria: patients who were seriously ill who could not give consent or communicate; and patients who refused to participate in the study.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eStudy Variables\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan id=\"_Toc143871778\"\u003eDependent variables: Diabetic foot self-care knowledge and practice (good/poor).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan id=\"_Toc143871779\"\u003eIndependent variables\u003c/span\u003e: Sociodemographic variables;age, sex, marital status, level of education, occupation, place of residence, and economic status. Clinical and healthcare system-related variables;type of DM, duration of DM, previous history of diabetic foot ulcer (DFU), family history of DM, diabetic foot care education, type of medication/treatment taking, and diabetic foot examination by physician.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eSample Size and Sampling Procedure\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe required sample size was calculated by using a single population proportion formula, taking a research conducted in Northwest Ethiopia that revealed 56.2% of the patients have good knowledge on foot care among diabetic patients (13), and by considering 5% margin of error and a 95% confidence level. A convenience sampling method was used to recruit 352 study participants. The reason for using the convenience sampling method was that diabetic patients were appointed every 3 months in the study setting. It was difficult to find the calculated sample size of study participants with the probability sampling method during the data collection period.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan id=\"_Toc143871774\"\u003eData collection instrument and procedures\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData were collected through an investigator-administered, pre-tested questionnaire. The questionnaire was prepared in English and translated into the local languages (Amharic and Afan Oromo) for data collection, and then re-translated back to English while maintaining its consistency. A pre-test was done on 5% of the sample size to check for consistency and reliability of the questionnaire. Patients were interviewed face-to-face to obtain data. Foot self-care knowledge and practice were assessed with validated tools. The knowledge score is adapted from similar studies done before and from diabetic foot care educations recommended by the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons (13, 18, 26, 27). On the other hand, diabetic foot self-care practice questionnaire is adapted from the validated instrument of the Nottingham Assessment of Functional Foot Care revised 2015 (NAFFC) (28-30). The study used only 16 items out of the 26 questions of the 2015 revised NAFFC since the socioeconomic status of participants in the study area is different. A questionnaire containing the 16 items used in this study has previously been published in a study conducted in a similar setting in Ethiopia (18). A higher total score indicates better foot care behavior; a score of \u0026lt;50% suggests that further evaluation of foot care is needed (13, 18, 30). One supervisor (internal medicine resident) and three data collectors (general practitioners) participated in the data collection process. The quality of the data was ensured through the training and supervision of data collectors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 id=\"_Toc143871776\"\u003eData Processing and Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBefore data entry, questionnaires were checked for completeness. The data was entered using Epi Data 7.1 and exported to SPSS version 26 for analysis. The result of the descriptive statistics was expressed in percentage and frequency. Binary logistic regression was used first to analyze the association between dependent and independent variables. Variables with a p-value less than 0.25 in bivariate analysis were included in the multivariable binary logistic regression model. The Hosmer-Lemeshow test confirmed that the model had good fit (p \u0026gt; 0.05). The strength of association between independent and dependent variables was measured using odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) with a significant level (P-value \u0026lt;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003ePatient and public involvement statement\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePatients or the public were not involved in the design, conduct, reporting, or dissemination plans of this research.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eEthical consideration\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthical approval was obtained from the College of Health Science Arsi University Ethical Review Committee (approval No. A/CHS/RC/54/2023). All methods were performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Study subjects were recruited only after written informed consent was obtained. All data obtained were treated confidentially.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eOperational definitions\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGood foot self-care knowledge: Patients\u0026rsquo; scored \u0026ge;70% of knowledge questionnaires (13, 18, 27).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGood foot self-care practice: This included a total practice score of \u0026ge;50% (\u0026ge; 24) out of 48 maximum scores (18, 28-30).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDiabetic foot self-care: Ability of the patient to perform self-care activities that help the feet to be healthy (31).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003ch2\u003eSociodemographic characteristics \u0026nbsp;\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA total of 352 adult diabetic patients who have been on follow up at diabetic clinic were included in this study. The response rate was 100%. The mean age of the respondents was 52 \u0026plusmn; 15.8 years, ranging from 19 to 88 years. Most lived in urban areas 225 (63.9%). 166 study participants (47.2%) earn monthly income of 1500-3000 ETB (Ethiopian Birr). A total of 117 (33.2%) had no formal education and 96 (27.3%) had primary education. 112 (31.8%) were housewives and 88 (25%) were farmers. Regarding marital status, most of the study participants, 260 (79.3%), were married (Table 1).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 1: Socio-demographic characteristics of study participants on knowledge and practice on diabetic foot self-care and its associated factors among diabetic patients at Asella referral and teaching hospital, southeast Ethiopia.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariables\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePercentage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSex\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Male\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e207\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Female\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e145\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResidency\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Urban\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e225\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Rural\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e127\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 18-24 Years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 25-34 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 35-44 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 45-54 Years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026gt; 54 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e172\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMonthly income\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026le;1500 ETB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 1501-3000 ETB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e166\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 3000-6000 ETB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026gt;6000 ETB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducational status\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Uneducated\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e117\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Primary education (1-8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Secondary education (9-12)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; College and above\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOccupation\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Employed\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Merchant\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Housewife\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e112\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Farmer\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Retired\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Students\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Others\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarital status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; single\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; married\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e260\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; divorced\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; widowed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; ETB-Ethiopian Birr; DFU: Diabetic foot ulcer\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eClinical and healthcare system related characteristics\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe majority of respondents 252 (71.6%) had type 2 diabetes. Regarding treatment taking, 152 (43.2%) used insulin only. \u0026nbsp;A total of 270 (76.7%) did not have a previous diabetic foot ulcer. 258 (73.3%) reported no family history of diabetes. 200 (56.8%) had received education on foot care. Only 109 (31%) had their feet examined by healthcare providers. The other finding on duration of stay with the disease showed the minimum and maximum duration were 3 months and 20 years, respectively. Majority of respondents, 142 (40.3%), live with diabetes for less than 5 years, followed by 5-10 years, which accounts for 106 (30.1%). The mean duration of diabetes from first diagnosis was 1.9 (\u0026plusmn;0.896) years SD (Table 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2: \u0026nbsp;Clinical and healthcare system related characteristics of study participants on knowledge and practice on diabetic foot self-care and its associated factors among diabetic patients at Asella referral and teaching hospital, southeast Ethiopia.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariables\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePercentage\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTypes of diabetes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Type 1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e117\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Type 2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e235\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhen your diabetes was first diagnosed?\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026lt; 5 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e142\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 5-10 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e106\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026gt; 10 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e104\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTypes of treatment taking\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Oral hypoglycemic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e146\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Insulin\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e152\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;combination of insulin and oral\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrevious history of DFU\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Yes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e273\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFamily history of diabetes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e258\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReceived advice/education on foot care \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e152\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDoctor or another health professional ever examined your feet\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Yes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e109\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e243\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003ch2 id=\"_Toc161868147\"\u003eDiabetic foot self-care knowledge\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this study, the mean knowledge assessment score was 9.4 \u0026plusmn;2.8 out of the maximum possible score of 15. The minimum and maximum scores were 1 and 15, respectively. A total of 140 (39.8%) participants had good knowledge on diabetic foot self-care. The majority of respondents, 238 (67.6%), were aware feet should be inspected rightly. Most 300 (85.2%) knew feet should be dried after washing, though 236 (67%) did not know water temperature should be checked first. 191 (54.3%) knew to apply lotion to dry skin. Avoiding barefoot walking was widely known by 330 (93.8%). Most 289 (82.1%) knew to wear appropriate and comfortable shoes. Seeking guidance when buying new shoes was only known by 60 (17%). Inspecting footwear was commonly known by 319 (90.6%). Cutting toenails properly was known by 326 (92.6%). Home removal of calluses/warts was correctly identified as risky by 155 (44%) participants. If finding redness between toes, 221 (62.8%) knew to seek treatment (Table 3). \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 3: Frequency distribution of patients` knowledge about diabetic foot self-care among diabetic patients at Asella referral and teaching hospital, southeast Ethiopia.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"645\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKnowledge of diabetic foot self-care\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePercentage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAware that foot should be inspected/checked every night\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e114\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Yes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e238\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKnow which part of the should be checked\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e133\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Yes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e219\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAware what should be looked for in foot\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e139\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Yes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e213\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKnow before cleaning the legs should the temperature of water be checked\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e236\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Yes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFeet should be completely dried after wasting\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Yes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e300\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIf you feel skin dry and rough should lotion or cream be applied on it or not\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e161\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Yes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e191\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFor DM patient lotion not to be applied in the interdigital spaces\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e207\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Yes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e145\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiabetic should patient avoid walking bare foot\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Yes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e330\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWear comfortable shoes and avoid pointed toed shoe\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Yes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e289\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiabetic patient should receive advice/guidance when buy new shoes\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e292\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Yes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInspect the inside of your footwear for objects to torn lining before you put on\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Yes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e319\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Know how frequent socks should be changed\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e147\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Yes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e205\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKnow toenail should be cut straight across\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Yes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e326\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAvoid removal of a callus or a wart by yourself at home\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e197\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Yes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e155\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eif you found redness/bleeding between your toes your toes do you know what the first things you do/\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e131\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Yes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e221\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDM: Diabetes Mellitus\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eDiabetic foot self-care practice\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe mean practice score was 31.5 \u0026plusmn; 5.3. The minimum and maximum score were 16 and 42 out of 48, respectively. Overall, 142 (40.3%) patients had good foot self-care practice. The most common foot care practices were inspecting feet, with 233 (66.2%) doing this sometimes, and checking feet before putting shoes on, with 172 (48.9%) doing this often. 182 (51.7%) often checked that feet were dry after washing. Toe nail cutting was done about monthly by 225 (63.9%). Going barefoot outside was rarely or never done, with 331 (94%) reporting they never did this. Moisturizing feet was also less common, with 163 (46.3%) never doing it. However, 155 (44%) reported washing feet daily. Wearing sandals or slippers was sometimes done by 221 (62.8%). Putting feet near fire was generally avoided, with 267 (75.9%) patients never doing this. Over half, 198 (56.3%), never put dressings on wounds (Table 4). \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 4: Frequency distribution of patients` practice on diabetic foot self-care among diabetic patients at Asella referral and teaching hospital, southeast Ethiopia.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"660\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 264px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePractice of diabetic foot care\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOften\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;N(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSometimes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRarely\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;N(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNever\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;N(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 264px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExamine /inspect your feet/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54 (15.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e233 (66.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19 (5.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46 (13.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 264px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCheck your before you put them on\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e172 (48.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e153 (43.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (2.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19 (5.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 264px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCheck your shoes when you take them off\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e164 (46.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e153 (43.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (2.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27 (7.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 264px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWash your feet\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e155 (44.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170 (48.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27 (7.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 264px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCheck your fee tare dry after washing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e182 (51.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e120 (34.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36 (10.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14 (4.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 264px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDry between your toes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e122 (34.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e110 (31.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100 (28.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20 (5.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 264px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUse moisturizing cream on your feet\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42 (11.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e123 (34.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24 (6.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e163 (46.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 264px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePut moisturizing cream between your toes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20 (5.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40 (11.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24 (6.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e268 (76.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 264px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHow often you cut toenails\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47 (13.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e225 (63.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77 (21.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (0.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 264px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWear sandals/slippers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76 (21.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e221 (62.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20 (5.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35 (9.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 264px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWear shoes without socks/stocking/ tights\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45 (12.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e130 (36.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (2.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170 (48.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 264px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChange your socks/stocking/tights\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e104 (29.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e176 (50.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45 (12.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 264px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWalk around the house in bare feet\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14 (4.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42 (11.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 (4.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e280 (79.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 264px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWalk outside the house in bare feet\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 (4.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (1.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e331 (94.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 264px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePut your feet near the fire?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37 (10.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44 (12.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (1.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e267 (75.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 264px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePut a dry dressing on blisters, cut or burn when you get one?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49 (13.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59 (16.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46 (13.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e198(56.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eN: Frequency\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eFactors associated with good knowledge on diabetic foot self-care\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study utilized binary logistic regression analysis to identify factors associated with good knowledge on diabetic foot self-care among diabetic patients. Variables with a p-value less than 0.25 in bivariate analysis were included in the multivariable model. The Hosmer-Lemeshow test confirmed that the model had good fit (p \u0026gt; 0.05). Being male (AOR=1.987, 95% CI:1.14-3.48, P\u0026lt;0.05), urban residence (AOR=1.814, 95% CI:1.03-3.21, P\u0026lt;0.05), not educated and completed primary education (AOR=0.362, 95% CI:0.17-0.76, P\u0026lt;0.01 and AOR=0.393, 95% CI: 0.19-0.83, P\u0026lt;0.05), history of previous foot ulcer (AOR=2.57, 95% CI:1.43-4.61, P\u0026lt;0.01), family history of diabetes (AOR=2.664, 95% CI:1.52-4.66, P\u0026lt;0.01), and receiving foot care advice/education (AOR=2.10, 95% CI:1.25-3.54, P\u0026lt;0.01) were the predictors of good knowledge on diabetic foot self-care (Table 5). \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 5: Multivariable binary logistic regression for factors associated with good knowledge on diabetic foot self-care, diabetic patients in Asella referral and teaching hospital, southeast Ethiopia.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"\" width=\"654\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFactors\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKnowledge of diabetic foot self-care\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 175px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCOR [95% C.I]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAOR [95% C.I]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGood\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSex\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 175px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Male\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e108\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 175px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.325 \u0026nbsp;[1.48-3.66]**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.987 [1.14-3.48]**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Female\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e104\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 175px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 175px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026le;24 Years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 175px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.390 \u0026nbsp;[0.56-3.45]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.483 [0.66-1.35]*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 25-34 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 175px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.349 \u0026nbsp;[0.63-2.88]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.905 [0.67-5.44]*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 35-44 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 175px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.897 \u0026nbsp;[0.46-1.76]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.774 [0.33-1.80]*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 45-54 Years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 175px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.900 \u0026nbsp;[0.52-1.55]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.974 [0.51-1.88]*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026gt;54 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e104\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 175px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMonthly income\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 175px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026le;1500 ETB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 175px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.323 \u0026nbsp;[0.14-0.77]*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.621 [0.21-0.82]*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 1501-3000 ETB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e113\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 175px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.313 \u0026nbsp;[0.15-0.64]**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.762 [0.33-1.77]*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 3000 -6000 ETB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 175px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.627 \u0026nbsp;[0.30-1.32]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.854 [0.37-1.97]*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026gt;6000 ETB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 175px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResidency\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 175px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Urban\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e103\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 175px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.938 \u0026nbsp;[1.22-3.08]**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.814[1.03-3.21]**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Rural\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 175px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducational status\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 175px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Uneducated\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 175px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.212 \u0026nbsp;[0.11-0.40]**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.362 [0.17-0.76]***\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Primary education (1-8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 175px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.307 \u0026nbsp;[0.16-0.58]**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.393 [0.19-0.83]**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Secondary edu.(9-12)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 175px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.614 \u0026nbsp;[0.31-1.21]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.729 [0.34-1.58]*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; College and above\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 175px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTypes of diabetes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 175px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; type 1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 175px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.025 \u0026nbsp;[0.65-1.61]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.747[0.80-3.81]*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; type2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e142\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 175px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTypes of treatment taking\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 175px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Oral hypoglycemic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 175px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.209 \u0026nbsp;[0.63-2.33]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.217 [0.57-2.61]*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Insulin\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 175px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.576 \u0026nbsp;[0.82-3.02]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.266 [0.94-5.48]*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Both (Oral and Insulin)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 175px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrevious history of DFU\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 175px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Yes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 175px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.046 \u0026nbsp;[1.82-5.11]**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.570 [1.43-4.61]***\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e181\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 175px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFamily history of diabetes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 175px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 175px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.392 \u0026nbsp;[1.48-3.87]**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.664 [1.52-4.66]***\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 175px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReceived advice/ education on foot care\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 175px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e101\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 175px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.654 \u0026nbsp;[1.69-4.17]**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.100 [1.25-3.54]***\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e111\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 175px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*0.05 \u0026lt; P \u0026lt; 0.25; **P \u0026lt; 0.05; \u0026nbsp;***P \u0026lt; 0.01; COR: crude odds ratio; AOR: adjusted odds ratio; DFU-diabetic foot ulcer; ETB: Ethiopian birr; Edu; Education\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eFactors associated with good practice on diabetic foot self-care\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis binary logistic regression analysis assessed factors associated with good practice on diabetic foot self-care among diabetic patients. Variables with a p-value less than 0.25 in bivariate analysis were included in the multivariable model. The Hosmer-Lemeshow test confirmed that the model had good fit (p \u0026gt; 0.05). Low monthly income (\u0026le; 1500 ETB) (AOR=0.265, 95%CI:0.09-0.80, P\u0026lt;0.05), not educated and completed primary education (AOR=0.318, 95%CI:0.15-0.67, P\u0026lt;0.01 and AOR=0.383, 95%CI: 0.18-0.81, P\u0026lt;0.05), history of previous foot ulcer (AOR=1.987, 95%CI:1.11-3.56, P\u0026lt;0.05), receiving foot care advice/education (AOR=2.115, 95%CI:1.26-3.56, P\u0026lt;0.01), and having good knowledge on foot self-care (AOR=1.786, 95%CI:1.06-3.02, P\u0026lt;0.05) were the predictors of good practice on diabetic foot self-care (Table 6).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 6: Multivariable binary logistic regression for factors associated with good practice on diabetic foot self-care, diabetic patients in Asella referral and teaching hospital, southeast Ethiopia.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"648\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFactors\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePractice of diabetic foot self-care\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 172px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCOR [95% C.I]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAOR [95% C.I]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGood\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSex\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 172px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Male\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e106\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e101\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 172px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.417\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;[1.54-3.80]**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.473 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;[0.85-2.54] *\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Female\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e104\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 172px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 172px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026le;24 Years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 172px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.765\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;[0.29-1.99]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.805 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; [0.21-3.07] *\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;25-34 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 172px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.046\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;[0.49-2.26]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.904 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; [0.32-2.59] *\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;35-44 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 172px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.076\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;[0.56-2.09]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.817 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; [0.36-1.86] *\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;45-54 Years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 172px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.164\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;[0.68-1.99]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.231 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; [0.65-2.33] *\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026gt;54 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e104\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 172px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMonthly income\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 172px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026le;1500 ETB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 172px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.139\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;[0.05-0.36]**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.265 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; [0.09-0.80]**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;1501-3000 ETB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e110\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 172px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.218\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;[0.10-0.46]**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.434 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; [0.18-1.03] *\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;3000 -6000 ETB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 172px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.387\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;[0.18-0.85]*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.467 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; [0.20-1.11] *\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026gt;6000 ETB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 172px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResidency\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 172px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Urban\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e129\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 172px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.446\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;[0.92-2.27]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.966 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; [0.55-1.69] *\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Rural\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 172px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducational status\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 172px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Uneducated\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 172px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.176\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;[0.09-0.34]**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.318 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;[0.15-0.67]***\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Primary education (1-8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 172px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.255\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;[0.13-0.49]**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.383 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; [0.18-0.81]**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Secondary edu.(9-12)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 172px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.481\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;[0.24-0.95]*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.61 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;[0.28-1.32] *\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;College and above\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 172px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTypes of diabetes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 172px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Type 1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 172px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.100\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;[0.70-1.73]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.427 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; [0.67-3.02] *\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Type 2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e142\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 172px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTypes of treatment taking\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 172px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Oral hypoglycemic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 172px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.435\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;[0.75-2.76]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.260 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; [0.60-2.66] *\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Insulin\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 172px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.416\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;[0.74-2.72]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.106 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;[0.46-2.65] *\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Both (Oral and Insulin)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 172px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrevious history of DFU\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 172px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Yes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 172px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.570\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;[1.54-4.29]**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.987 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;[1.11- 3.56]**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e177\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 172px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFamily history of diabetes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 172px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 172px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.617\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;[1.00-2.61]*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.277 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; [0.73-2.23] *\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e162\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 172px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReceived advice/ education on foot care\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 172px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e101\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 172px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.762\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;[1.76-4.34]**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.115 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; [1.26-3.56]***\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e111\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 172px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKnowledge\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 172px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Poor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e150\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 172px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Good\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 172px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.226\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;[2.06-5.04]**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.786 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;[1.06-3.02]**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*0.05 \u0026lt; P \u0026lt; 0.25; \u0026nbsp;**P \u0026lt; 0.05; ***P \u0026lt; 0.01; \u0026nbsp;COR: Crude odds ratio; AOR: Adjusted odds ratio; DFU:Diabetic foot ulcer; ETB:Ethiopian Birr; Edu: Education\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eA total of 352 diabetic patients were included in the study. This study found that 39.8% of participants had good knowledge on diabetic foot self-care. This was consistent with a study done in Nigeria that revealed 30.1% of patients had good knowledge on diabetic foot care (16). The level of knowledge in this study was higher than studies conducted in Iran (15.2%) (14) and South Africa (24.2%) (12), and it was much lower than studies conducted in India (60.8%) (10) and Brazil (50.6%) (32). The low knowledge level on diabetic foot self-care in developing countries could be explained by economical, cultural and social issues, poor health care facilities, and inadequate community awareness. This study also found 40.3% of participants had good diabetic foot self-care practice. This was consistent with studies conducted in Sudan (41.5%) (11), Iran (50.4%) (14), and northwest Ethiopia (53.0%) (13). The level of practice on foot self-care in this study was higher than a study conducted in Nigeria (10.2%) (16), and lower than studies done in Brazil (57.4%) (32) and India (62.75%) (10). This evidences underscore insufficient foot care knowledge and practices as a widespread public health threat globally, especially in developing countries, requiring urgent action. \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study found that males had two times higher odds of having good foot self-care knowledge compared to females (AOR=1.987, 95% CI:1.14-3.48, P \u0026lt; 0.05). This gender disparity aligns with evidence from the study done in United Arab Emirates indicating poorer knowledge among women (19) and highlights the need to actively target women for foot care education to promote health equity. Gender gaps could stem from broader social inequities in access to resources, restrictions on activities, or a lack of autonomy in seeking healthcare. Culturally appropriate education programs may help overcome these barriers.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUrban residents having higher odds of good knowledge compared to their rural counterparts (AOR=1.814, 95% CI:1.03-3.21, P \u0026lt; 0.05). This was in line with a study conducted in Iran that revealed rural patients had poorer knowledge on foot self-care (14). The possible explanation is that rural populations likely have limited access to diabetes self-management education programs and resources. This may be attributed to reduced access to healthcare services and diabetes education programs in rural areas. Outreach programs in rural communities could help bridge this gap. \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThose who were uneducated had 63.8% lower odds (AOR=0.362, 95% CI:0.17-0.76, P \u0026lt; 0.01) while completed primary education groups had 60.7% lower odds of good knowledge (AOR=0.393, 95% CI:0.19-0.83, P \u0026lt;0.05) compared to patients who attained college and above. This was consistent with studies conducted in India, Nigeria, and Sudan (16, 23, 33). This highlights the need for simplified education approaches tailored to varying literacy levels. For instance, pictorial materials, demonstrations, and interactive discussions may be more effective for those with minimal schooling compared to traditional written instructions. \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePatients with previous diabetic foot ulcers were 2.5 times more likely to have good knowledge on foot self-care (AOR=2.57, 95% CI:1.43-4.61, P \u0026lt; 0.01). It was expected that an adverse event like a previous ulcer would prompt patients to improve their foot care knowledge and practices to prevent recurrence. Having experienced foot complications may increase perceptions of personal risk and prompt information-seeking behaviors. Patients with family history of diabetes were 2.7 times more likely to have good knowledge on foot self-care (AOR=2.664, 95% CI: 1.52-4.66, P \u0026lt;0.01). This was supported with other studies (33, 34). This could be due to family history of diabetes, which may raise disease risk awareness and knowledge retention. Having a close relative with diabetes makes individuals more aware of the condition and motivates them to gain knowledge even before their own diagnosis. The findings of this study revealed that receiving foot care advice or education doubled the odds of having good knowledge (AOR=2.1, 95% CI:1.25-3.54, P \u0026lt;0.01), which was supported with previously conducted studies (21, 24, 35, 36). It was expected that having diabetic foot care education would improve the self-care knowledge.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study found that patients with low monthly income had 73.5% lower odds of good practices on foot self-care (AOR=0.265, 95% CI:0.09-0.80, P \u0026lt; 0.05). This was in line with studies conducted in South Africa and Nigeria (12, 16). This could be due to out-of-pocket costs for recommended footwear and supplies, and healthcare may act as financial barriers. Targeted social support programs, like foot care vouchers or lending libraries for equipment, could help address these barriers. \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLower education attainment predicted reduced odds of having good foot self-care practices in our study. Uneducated patients had 68.2% lower odds (AOR=0.318, 95% CI:0.15-0.67, P \u0026lt; 0.01), while those who attained primary education had 61.7% lower odds of good practice (AOR=0.383, 95% CI:0.18-0.81, P \u0026lt;0.05) compared to patients who attained college and above. This was consistent with studies that revealed patients with lower educational level had lower self-care practice (12, 16). The possible explanation would be that limited health literacy regarding self-care essentials may underlie the education-practice link. Simplified educational approaches using demonstrations and teach-back rather than complex verbal instructions could enable optimal practices among those with minimal schooling. \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe findings of this study revealed that patients having history of a previous foot ulcer increased odds of good foot self-care practices by 2 times (AOR=1.987, 95% CI:1.11-3.56, P \u0026lt; 0.05). This was in line with a study conducted in Tanzania (24). This could be due to personal experience of foot complications, which likely motivates preventive behaviors of patients. Peer mentoring models engaging ulcer patients in education may resonate with high-risk groups. Our study also found receiving foot care advice/education doubled the odds of good practice (AOR=2.115, 95% CI:1.26-3.56, P \u0026lt;0.01), which was supported with studies that revealed the benefits of patient education for good practice (16, 24). This highlights the need for regular, high-quality counseling on self-care essentials for diabetic patients by healthcare providers. Patients with good foot care knowledge had 1.8 times higher odds of good practices (AOR=1.786, 95% CI:1.06-3.02,P \u0026lt; 0.05). This knowledge-practice link was supported by a study conducted in Nigeria (16). This could be due to knowledge likely builds a crucial foundation for diabetic foot self-care practice. \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe study found that diabetic foot self-care knowledge and practice was low. Being male, living in urban areas, having history of previous foot ulcer, having family history of diabetes, and receiving advice or education on foot self-care were predictors of good knowledge on foot self-care among diabetic patients. Likewise, history of previous foot ulcer, receiving foot self-care advice/education, and having good self-care knowledge were predictors of good practice on diabetic foot self-care.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Recommendation","content":"\u003cp\u003eTo enhance care and outcomes, efforts should focus on increasing education, particularly for vulnerable groups like women, rural residents, those with lower income, and lower education level, to boost knowledge and practice and provide targeted advice on the importance of diabetic foot self-care, especially for those without prior foot problems. Diabetic foot self-care education should be integrated into primary care services and chronic disease management programs, which could help to address those gaps and needs.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eAOR, adjusted Odd Ratio; ARTH, Asella referral and teaching hospital; \u0026nbsp;DFU, diabetic foot ulcer; DM, diabetes mellitus; PN, peripheral neuropathy; DSME, diabetes self-management education; \u0026nbsp;IDF, International Diabetes Federation; \u0026nbsp;IWGDF, International Working Group on Diabetic foot; NAFFC, Nottingham Assessment of Functional Foot Care; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthical approval was obtained from the College of Health Science Arsi University Ethical Review Committee (approval No. A/CHS/RC/54/2023). All methods were performed in accordance\u0026nbsp;with the Declaration of Helsinki.\u0026nbsp;Study subjects were recruited only after informed written consent was obtained.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWritten informed consent for publication was obtained from study subjects.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll data generated and analyzed are included in this research article.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eConflicts of interest\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that no conflicts of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere was no funding.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAuthors` Contributions\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eD.Z. contributed to the conception, design, data collection, analysis, writing, and review of the manuscript.\u0026nbsp;The guarantor of the study is D.Z.; accepts full responsibility for the finished work, had access to the data, and controlled the decision to publish.\u0026nbsp;A.K. contributed to the conception, design, data collection, analysis, writing, and review of the manuscript. E.G., A.F., M.A., and M.B. contributed to conception, design, analysis, and review of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript and approved its submission for publication.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe are grateful to thank the study participants and their health personnel.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eADDEN.REFL1. IDF Diabetes Atlas Reports. 2022.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWHO Global Report on Diabetes. 2016.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSmide B. Self-care, foot problems and health in Tanzanian diabetic patients and comparisons with matched Swedish diabetic patients: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis; 2000.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eArmstrong DG, Boulton AJM, Bus SA. Diabetic Foot Ulcers and Their Recurrence. The New England journal of medicine. 2017;376(24):2367-75.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAl-Khaldi YM. 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Guidelines for diabetic foot care: recommendations endorsed by the Diabetes Committee of the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society. Foot \u0026amp; ankle international. 2005;26(1):113-9.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePitchai P, Joshi J. Knowledge and practice of foot care amongst diabetics in India: comparison between urban and rural setting-a reality check. Int J Health Sci Res. 2015;5(4):181-9.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLincoln N. Nottingham assessment of functional footcare. United Kingdom: University of Nottingham. 2015.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLincoln N, Jeffcoate W, Ince P, Smith M, Radford K. Validation of a new measure of protective footcare behaviour: the Nottingham Assessment of Functional Footcare (NAFF). Practical Diabetes International. 2007;24(4):207-11.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSenussi M, Lincoln N, Jeffcoate W. Psychometric properties of the Nottingham Assessment of Functional Footcare (NAFF). International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation. 2011;18(6):330-4.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSchaper NC, van Netten JJ. Practical Guidelines on the prevention and management of diabetic foot disease (IWGDF 2019 update). 2020;36 Suppl 1:e3266.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNatalia de S\u0026aacute; P, Moura JR, de Melo J\u0026uacute;nior EB, de Almeida PC, de Mac\u0026ecirc;do SF, da Silva AR. Knowledge, attitudes and practices for the prevention of diabetic foot. Revista gaucha de enfermagem. 2014;35(3):36-42.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKamel NM, Badawy YA, el-Zeiny NA, Merdan IA. Sociodemographic determinants of management behaviour of diabetic patients. Part I. Behaviour of patients in relation to management of their disease. Eastern Mediterranean health journal = La revue de sante de la Mediterranee orientale = al-Majallah al-sihhiyah li-sharq al-mutawassit. 1999;5(5):967-73.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKueh YC, Morris T, Borkoles E, Shee H. Modelling of diabetes knowledge, attitudes, self-management, and quality of life: a cross-sectional study with an Australian sample. Health and quality of life outcomes. 2015;13:129.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMagbanua E, Lim-Alba R. Knowledge and Practice of Diabetic Foot Care in Patients with Diabetes at Chinese General Hospital and Medical Center. Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies. 2017;32(2):123-31.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEmire MS, Zewudie BT, Tarekegn TT, GebreEyesus FA, Amlak BT, Mengist ST, et al. Self-care practice and its associated factors among diabetic patients attending public hospitals in Gurage zone southwest, Ethiopia. PLoS One. 2022;17(9):e0271680.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"diabetic foot care, diabetes, knowledge, practice, southeast ethiopia","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6180432/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6180432/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground: \u003c/strong\u003eDiabetic foot ulcer is a major complication that can lead to infection, amputation, and death. The risk of diabetic foot ulcers can be reduced through foot self-care, patient education, and proper preventative measures. In Ethiopia, diabetes is among the real health challenges. Despite the fact that poor foot self-care is an important risk factor for foot ulcers, data on the level of knowledge and practice on diabetic foot self-care and its associated factors was limited in this study area. The study was aimed to assess the level of knowledge and practice on diabetic foot self-care and its associated factors among diabetic patients.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods\u003c/strong\u003e: A cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in southeast Ethiopia. A total of 352 study subjects were recruited using a convenience sampling method. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with diabetic foot self-care knowledge and practice. A p-value of \u0026lt;0.05 was used to declare a significant association.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults\u003c/strong\u003e: A total of 140 (39.8%) and 142 (40.3%) participants had good foot self-care knowledge and good foot self-care practice, respectively. Being male (AOR=1.987, 95%CI:1.14-3.48, P\u0026lt;0.05), urban residence (AOR=1.814, 95% CI:1.03-3.21, P\u0026lt;0.05), not educated and completed primary education (AOR=0.362, 95% CI:0.17-0.76, P\u0026lt;0.01 and AOR=0.393, 95% CI: 0.19-0.83, P\u0026lt;0.05), history of previous foot ulcer (AOR=2.57, 95%CI:1.43-4.61, P\u0026lt;0.01), family history of diabetes (AOR=2.664, 95%CI:1.52-4.66, P\u0026lt;0.01), and receiving foot care advice/education (AOR=2.10, 95%CI:1.25-3.54, P\u0026lt;0.01)were predictors of good diabetic foot self-care knowledge. Low monthly income (≤1500 Ethiopian birr) (AOR=0.265, 95%CI:0.09-0.80,P\u0026lt;0.05), not educated and completed primary education (AOR=0.318, 95%CI:0.15-0.67,P\u0026lt;0.01 and AOR=0.383, 95%CI: 0.18-0.81,P\u0026lt;0.05), history of previous foot ulcer (AOR=1.987, 95% CI:1.11-3.56,P\u0026lt;0.05), receiving foot care advice/education (AOR=2.115, 95%CI:1.26-3.56, P\u0026lt;0.01), and having good foot self-care knowledge (AOR=1.786, 95%CI:1.06-3.02, P\u0026lt;0.05) were predictors of good diabetic foot self-care practice.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion\u003c/strong\u003e: The study found that the level of diabetic foot self-care knowledge and practice was low. To enhance care and outcomes, efforts should focus on increasing education, particularly for vulnerable groups like women, rural residents, those with lower income, and lower educational levels.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Knowledge and Practice on Diabetic Foot Self-care and its Associated Factors among Diabetic Patients at Asella Referral and Teaching Hospital, Arsi University, Southeast Ethiopia","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-03-14 04:02:45","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6180432/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"627fe7e3-7ab7-40c2-9f33-6e3b66d4ea35","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 14th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-03-14T04:02:45+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-03-14 04:02:45","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6180432","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6180432","identity":"rs-6180432","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}