A Systems Framework for Quantifying Programmability and Persistence Across Mammalian Cell Types

Abstract Cellular therapies, toxicity screening, and regenerative medicine depend on selecting mammalian cell types with optimal lifespan, persistence post-transplant, immunogenicity, and chemical resilience. This review synthesizes data from over 50 immune, parenchymal, stem, and emerging engineered cell populations—including gamma-delta T cells, iNKT cells, CAR-macrophages, and hypoimmune iPSC derivatives—drawing from in vivo lifespan studies (including 1◼C birth-dating and deuterium labeling), engraftment dynamics, immune rejection risk, and stress sensitivity profiles. We introduce a Programmability & Persistence Score (PPS; 0–20) that integrates these features into a unified metric, complemented by Pareto frontier analysis to visualize multi-objective trade-offs. High-PPS cell types (e.g., HLA-matched HSCs, hypoimmune iPSCs, chondrocytes) are suited for long-term regenerative applications, while low-PPS sentinels (e.g., neutrophils, enterocytes) serve acute assays. We discuss mathematical extensions including multi-criteria decision analysis, fuzzy membership functions, and Bayesian frameworks that address limitations of linear additive scoring. Together, these integrated profiles support cell selection for gene editing, organ-on-chip systems, in vivo cell programming, and immunotherapy, bridging cell biology with translational engineering. Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.