Testing for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium in Structured Populations using NGS Data

Testing for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) is a common practice for quality control in genetic studies. Variable sites violating HWE may be identified as technical errors in the sequencing or genotyping process, or they may be of special evolutionary interest. Large-scale genetic studies based on next-generation sequencing (NGS) methods have become more prevalent as cost is decreasing but these methods are still associated with statistical uncertainty. The large-scale studies usually consist of samples from diverse ancestries that make the existence of some degree of population structure almost inevitable. Precautions are therefore needed when analyzing these datasets, as population structure causes deviations from HWE. Here we propose a method that takes population structure into account in the testing for HWE, such that other factors causing deviations from HWE can be detected. We show the effectiveness of our method in NGS data, as well as in genotype data, for both simulated and real datasets, where the use of genotype likelihoods enables us to model the uncertainty for low-depth sequencing data.