A novel IKK- and proteasome-independent mechanism of RelA activation triggers senescence associated secretome via transcriptional repression of NFKBIA

ABSTRACT The IκB kinase (IKK) - NF-κB pathway is activated as part of the DNA damage response and controls both resistance to apoptosis and inflammation. How these different functions are achieved remained unknown. We demonstrate here that DNA double strand breaks elicit two subsequent phases of NF-κB activation in vivo and in vitro , which are mechanistically and functionally distinct. RNA-sequencing reveals that the first phase controls anti-apoptotic gene expression, while the second drives expression of senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) genes. The first, rapidly activated phase is driven by the ATM-PARP1-TRAF6-IKK cascade, which triggers proteasomal destruction of IκBα and is terminated through IκBα ( NFKBIA ) re-expression. The second phase is activated days later in senescent cells but is independent of IKK and the proteasome. An altered phosphorylation status of p65, in part driven by GSK3β, results in transcriptional silencing of NFKBIA and IKK-independent, constitutive activation of NF-κB in senescence. Collectively, our study reveals a novel physiological mechanism of NF-κB activation with important implications for genotoxic cancer treatment.