Phytochemical Profiling and Identification of Bioactive Phyto-compounds Present in the Rhizome of Crinum Jagus

Phytochemical Profiling and Identification of Bioactive Phyto-compounds Present in the Rhizome of Crinum Jagus | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Phytochemical Profiling and Identification of Bioactive Phyto-compounds Present in the Rhizome of Crinum Jagus Kabir Salsabilu This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5937727/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Phytochemical screening of plant extracts is a promising approach that therapeutically examined bioactive compounds in various plant species. The present study was carried out to screen and identify the bioactive phytocompounds present in the rhizome of Crinum jagus. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, steroids, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids and glycosides. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) results present a diverse array of compounds. Each compound was identified by its molecular formula, molecular weight, retention time, and peak area percentage, a total of ten (10) major compounds: Mesitylene, Naphthalene, 1-methyl, Dibutyl phthalate, Linoleic acid ethyl ester, Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, 4-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-1-butanol, 1,3-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, 2-(4-Methoxyphenyl) ethanol, Squalene and Cyclononasiloxane octadecamethyl and ten (10) most bioactive compounds: Alpha. -Terpineol, Piracetam, Dichloroxylenol, 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol, 1,1'-Biphenyl, 3,3',4,4'-tetramethyl, Cholest-5-ene, 3-methoxy-, (3. beta.), Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, Stigmasterol, Gamma. -Sitosterol and Ergosta-4,22-dien-3-one were identified from n-hexane and ethyl acetate fractions respectively. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of phyto-compounds that have demonstrated some biological activities. These compounds are recognized for their diverse biological activities, including antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. Hence, their consistent of detection across different solvents suggests that C. jagus could be a valuable source for pharmacological research due to its diverse phytochemical composition. Natural Product Chemistry Crinum jagus bioactive GC-MS phytochemical diverse Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Introduction Phytochemical screening of plant extracts is a promising approach that therapeutically examined bioactive compounds in various plant species (Olivia et al ., 2021). Phytochemicals such as Alkaloids, phenols, steroids, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, coumarins, terpenoids and glycosides are phytochemicals that are found in plants including Crinum jagus species (Salihu et al ., 2022). Alkaloids are a class of basic, naturally occurring organic compounds that contain at least one nitrogen atom. They also include some related compounds with neutral and even weakly acidic properties (Ranilla et al., 2010). They are also poisonous active plant-derived chemical (Ekalu et al., 2019), examples; Ephedrine (A), Nicotine (B), Morphine (C), Quinine (D) and atropine (E). Tannins are bitter, astringent plant polyphenolic biomolecules that either bind to and precipitate proteins or shrink them (Shahidi and Ambigaipalan, 2015). They are termed tannins as their uses as oak and other bark in tannin animal hides into leather (Elgayyar et al., 2001; Lopez et al., 2001; Abdo et al., 2017), examples; ellagic acid (F), gallic acid (G) and Catechin (H). Flavonoids are flavone structural derivatives that are phenolic and water soluble and contain conjugated aroma tic systems (Kim et al., 2004). They are usually coupled to sugar(s) as glycosides (Harborne, 2000), examples; quercetin (I) , apigenin (J) and kaempferol (K) . Saponins are soap-like service active agents that can be identified by their ability to generate foaming and haemolyse blood cells (Harborne, 2000). They are also refered to as triterpene glycosides with bitter taste usually toxic plant-derived organic chemicals that have a foamy quality when agitated in water (Ben et al., 2017). They are widely distributed but found particularly in soapwort, a flowering plant, the soapbark tree and soyabeans examples; betulinic acid (L), oleanolic acid (M), and lupane (N). Steroids are a man-made version of chemicals, known as hormones that are made naturally in the human body (Keshavarzi et al., 2016). They are designed to act like these hormones to reduce inflammation (Jamshidi-kia et al., 2018). Plant steroids that may or may not act as weak hormones in the body are known as Phyto steroids (Dellabella et al., 2005). They have a similar fundamental ring structure to animal steroids, but chemical groups connected to the primary ring in different positions make them different (Kadri et al., 2016), examples; testosterone (O), cortisol (P) and cholesterone (Q) . Terpenoids otherwise known as isoprenoids, are large and diverse class of naturally occurring compounds derived from five carbon isoprene units (Zhang et al., 2018). Terpenoids are essential for plant growth, development and contributed to the flavour, scents and colour of the plant’s leaves, flowers and fruits (Capillo et al., 2020), examples; carvacrol (R) , menthol (S) , linalool (T) and thymol (U) . Cardiac glycosides (also known as cardenoloids) are medicines for treating heart failure and certain irregular heartbeats (Goyal et al., 2009). They are one of several classes of drug used to treat the heart and related conditions (Abubakar et al., 2015). They also occur as a complex mixture in the same plant (Al-Snafi, 2016), examples; coumarin (V) and anthraquinone (W) . Materials and Methods Reagents and Solvents. HCL, H2SO4, FeCl3, NaOH, ethyl acetate, n-hexane, dichloromethane and methanol of analytical grade were used. Plant collection and identification. Rhizomes of Crinum jagus , were collected and air dried in June 2023, from Dabawa of Dutsin- ma Katsina, Nigeria at latitude of 12°27'18"N 7°29'29"E. The plant was authenticated by botanists at Department of biological science, Federal University of Dutsin-Ma Katsina State Nigeria. Extraction of plant material The dried powder (500 g) of the rhizome was macerated in n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and methanol successively and exhaustively. The dried powdered plant material was first macerated in 1200 ml of n-hexane for extraction with regular shaking at time interval and this continues for three (3) days then decanted. More n-hexane was added for continuous extraction until a colorless solvent was decanted. Same procedure was employed for dichlomethane, ethyl acetate and methanol. The crude extracts were concentrated using rotary evaporator and dried in a vacuum desiccator (Fayaz et al., 2018 ). Preliminary Phytochemical Screening: The crude extracts of n-hexane, DCM, ethyl acetate and methanol were subjected to preliminary qualitative screening of secondary metabolites using standard methods as described by (Shwe et al., 2019 ). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) assessment was executed utilizing a unified 7890A gas chromatographic system (Kaduna NAFDAC) in conjunction with a mass spectrophotometer, which was equipped with a HP-5 MS fused silica column (5% phenyl methyl siloxane 30.0 m × 250 µm, film thickness 0.25 µm), interfaced with a 5675C Inert MSD featuring a Triple-Axis detector. Helium was employed as the carrier gas, which was calibrated to a column velocity flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. Additional GC-MS parameters included ion-source temperature maintained at 250°C; interface temperature set at 300°C; pressure regulated to 16.2 psi; out time fixed at 1.8 mm; and a 1 µl injector operating in split mode with a split ratio of 1:50 and an injection temperature of 300°C. The column temperature commenced at 36°C for a duration of 5 minutes and subsequently escalated to 150°C at a rate of 4°C/min. The temperature was further elevated to 250°C at an increased rate of 20°C/min and sustained for an additional 5 minutes. The overall elution duration was recorded at 47.5 minutes. The relative percentage of each constituent was determined by juxtaposing its average peak area against the cumulative areas (Olivia et al., 2021 ). Results Preliminary phytochemicals screening of the extracts. Qualitative phytochemical screening of the rhizome of Crinum jagus was conducted using four organic solvents (n-hexane, dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate, and methanol) presented below. Table 1 Phytochemical constituents of Crinum jagus extracts Test Compounds n-Hexane Extract DCM Extract Ethyl acetate Extract Methanol Extract Saponins + + + + Cardiac glycosides - - + Alkaloids - + + + Anthraquinones - - - - Steroids + + + + Terpenoids + + + + Flavonoids - + - - Tannins - - + + Key: ( +) = Present and (-) = Absent Discussion The phytochemical screening of various extracts The phytochemical screening of various extracts (n-hexane, dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate, and methanol) of Crinum jagus’ s rhizome revealed a diverse profile of secondary metabolites, which are crucial for their therapeutic potential. Saponins were detected in all extracts (n-hexane, DCM, ethyl acetate, and methanol). These compounds are known for their surfactant properties and have been associated with various health benefits, including cholesterol-lowering effects and immune system enhancement (Mussa et al., 2024 ). Cardiac glycosides were found only in the ethyl acetate extract. These compounds are crucial in treating heart conditions due to their ability to improve cardiac contractility (Sugita et al., 2020 ). The selective presence of cardiac glycosides in this extract suggests a targeted therapeutic potential for cardiovascular diseases (Iyekowa & Oderanti, 2023 ). Alkaloids were present in both DCM and ethyl acetate extracts but absent in n-hexane and methanol extracts. Alkaloids are well-known for their pharmacological activities, including analgesic and antitumor effects (Alawode et al., 2019 ).Their presence aligns with previous studies that highlighted the rich alkaloid content in C. jagus , particularly hippadine, which has shown cytotoxic activity against cancer cell lines (Ogah et al., 2023 ). No anthraquinones were detected in any of the extracts. This absence is noteworthy as anthraquinones are often associated with laxative effects and potential anticancer properties (Adil et al., 2024 ). Steroids were found across all extracts, indicating a broad spectrum of potential biological activities, including anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects (Senbeta et a l., 2019). The presence of steroids can enhance the therapeutic profile of C. jagus as they are commonly used in various medical treatments. Terpenoids were also present in all extracts. These compounds are recognized for their diverse biological activities, including antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties (Salihu et al., 2022 ). Their consistent detection across different solvents suggests that C. jagus could be a valuable source of terpenoid compounds for pharmacological research. Flavonoids were detected only in the DCM extract. Known for their antioxidant properties, flavonoids contribute to the protective effects against oxidative stress-related diseases (Alawode et al., 2019 ). Tannins were present exclusively in the ethyl acetate extract. These polyphenolic compounds are recognized for their astringent properties and potential health benefits, including antimicrobial activity and cancer prevention (Senbeta et al ., 2019). Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) results Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) results provided in (Table: 2) present a diverse array of compounds, a total of ten (10) major compounds were identified from the n-hexane fraction each characterized by its molecular formula, weight, retention time, and peak area percentage. The following bioactive compounds were present in the GC-MS analysis carried on n-hexane fraction of Crinum jagus rhizome are: Mesitylene, Naphthalene, 1-methyl, Dibutyl phthalate, Linoleic acid ethyl ester, Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, 4-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-1-butanol, 1,3-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, 2-(4-Methoxyphenyl) ethanol, Squalene and Cyclononasiloxane octadecamethyl. GCMS results of ethyl acetate fraction presented in (Table: 3) present a various number of compounds, ten (10) major bioactive compounds were identified from the ethyl acetate fraction each characterized by its molecular formula, weight, retention time, and peak area percentage. The following bioactive compounds were present in the GC-MS analysis carried on ethyl acetate of Crinum jagus rhizome are: Alpha. -Terpineol, Piracetam, Dichloroxylenol, 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol, 1,1'-Biphenyl, 3,3',4,4'-tetramethyl, Cholest-5-ene, 3-methoxy-, (3. beta.), Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, Stigmasterol, Gamma. -Sitosterol and Ergosta-4,22-dien-3-one. The chromatogram of n-hexane and ethyl acetate were presented in Figs. 1 and 2 respectively. Conclusion Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of Alkaloids, steroids, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids and glycosides. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) results of the rhizome of Crinum jagus present a diverse array of compounds, a total of ten (20) major compounds were identified from the n-hexane and ethyl acetate fractions each characterized by its molecular formula, weight, retention time, and peak area percentage. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of phyto-compounds that have demonstrated some biological activities. These compounds are recognized for their diverse biological activities, including antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. Hence, their consistent of detection across different solvents suggests that C. jagus could be a valuable source for pharmacological research due to its diverse phytochemical composition. Declarations Authors’ contributions All the authors contributed in the design and preparing the manuscript. Acknowledgments The author wishes to acknowledged Dr. Elias E. Elemike of Federal University of Petroleum Resources, Effurun, Delta State, for his assistance in the identification of the compounds. References Abdo, M. Y., Ahmad, W. Y. W., bin Din, L. and Ibrahim, N. (2017): Phytochemical study of Hedychium malayanum (Zingiberaceae), Sains Malaysiana, 1, 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2017-4601-11 Abubakar, U. S., Danmalam, U. H., Musa, K. Y., Banni, Z., Yahaya, I., Abba, A. and Sani, A. (2015): Phytochemical and antimicrobial screening of methanol root bark extract of Ficus sycomorus Linn. Moraceae. Nigerian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences , 14(2), 1-7. Adil, M., Filimban, F. Z., Ambrin, Quddoos, A., Sher, A. A., & Naseer, M. (2024). Phytochemical screening, HPLC analysis, antimicrobial and antioxidant effect of Euphorbia parviflora L. (Euphorbiaceae Juss.). Scientific Reports , 14 (1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-55905-w Akpuaka, M. U., Chime, J. C., & Igoli, J. O. (2018). 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International European Extended Enablement in Science, Engineering and Management, 7, (8), 11-16 Sugita, P., Amilia, R., Arifin, B., Rahayu, D. U. C., & Dianhar, H. (2020). the Phytochemical Screening Hexane and Methanol Extract of Sinyo Nakal (Duranta Repens). Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research , 13 (8), 196–200. https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2020.v13i8.38165 Zhang, S. M. and Coultas, K. A. (2013): Identification of plumbagin and sanguinarine as effective chemotherapeutic agents for treatment of schistosomiasis. International Journal for Parasitology – Drugs and Drug Resistance, 3, 28–34. Tables Tables 2 and 3 are available in the Supplementary Files section. Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5937727","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":409650100,"identity":"967b45c6-1fa8-43ab-b0de-9baeadabb051","order_by":0,"name":"Kabir Salsabilu","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA50lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACCQYehgOMDRIyDMzsBx8ABXj4iNXCw8Dek2wA0sJGjBYGxgYgyXPATAIkQlCLZPvZg4crd1jwGNxISKv8mmMnw8bA/PDRDTxapHnyEg6ePSMB1JJ47LbstmSgw9iMjXPwaJFjyDE42NgmAbbltuQ2ZqAWHjZpvFr438C1mBVLbqsnrEVaAmbLmQNmjB+3HSasRXLGu4SDjUC/SB7vSZZm3Hach42ZgF8kzuce/ti4o06O7zD7wY8/t1Xb87M3P3yMTwsKYOYBk8QqBwHGH6SoHgWjYBSMghEDAMgNR5I+6x9lAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Federal University of Petroleum Resources Effurun, Delta State","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kabir","middleName":"","lastName":"Salsabilu","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-01-31 16:36:52","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":true,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":true},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5937727/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5937727/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":75311812,"identity":"34feef1f-ee02-4069-9d69-c6371e7627ab","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-03 09:09:57","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":75832,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) of n-hexane fraction\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5937727/v1/df21d19b8f053a6556cd34e1.png"},{"id":75311827,"identity":"3a16f794-91a9-42e4-8d48-a1f91201e8f0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-03 09:09:57","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":75574,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFigure 1: Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) of ethyl acetate fraction\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1a.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5937727/v1/e82cd875635c5f33b431040e.png"},{"id":75313869,"identity":"afd557da-ef55-4952-9c8f-863b9849af74","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-03 09:25:58","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":429887,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eUnnumbered image in the Introduction section.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Uf1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5937727/v1/5c0029a5b8e3ea4e1baa8620.png"},{"id":75314912,"identity":"ad48d839-a108-4ff7-b6a1-21694bad41e6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-03 09:34:01","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1316160,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5937727/v1/be1bb45c-dc9b-4d8e-b5ed-1b72805010d0.pdf"},{"id":75311784,"identity":"146534bf-6611-43a9-bb6d-7b2b234bdc9c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-03 09:09:55","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":144988,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Table2and3.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5937727/v1/5648bf551696809cd6cedca4.docx"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhytochemical Profiling and Identification of Bioactive Phyto-compounds Present in the Rhizome of \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCrinum Jagus\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003ePhytochemical screening of plant extracts is a promising approach that therapeutically examined \u0026nbsp; bioactive compounds in various plant species (Olivia \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2021). Phytochemicals such as Alkaloids, phenols, steroids, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, coumarins, terpenoids and glycosides are phytochemicals that are found in plants including \u003cem\u003eCrinum jagus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003especies (Salihu \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2022). Alkaloids are a class of basic, naturally occurring organic compounds that contain at least one nitrogen atom. They also include some related compounds with neutral and even weakly acidic properties (Ranilla \u003cem\u003eet al.,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e2010). They are also poisonous active plant-derived chemical (Ekalu \u003cem\u003eet al.,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e2019), examples; Ephedrine\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;(A),\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNicotine\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;(B),\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eMorphine\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;(C),\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eQuinine\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;(D)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eand atropine\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;(E).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eTannins are bitter, astringent plant polyphenolic biomolecules that either bind to and precipitate proteins or shrink them (Shahidi and Ambigaipalan, 2015). They are termed tannins as their uses as oak and other bark in tannin animal hides into leather (Elgayyar \u003cem\u003eet al.,\u003c/em\u003e 2001; Lopez \u003cem\u003eet al.,\u003c/em\u003e 2001; Abdo \u003cem\u003eet al.,\u003c/em\u003e 2017), examples; ellagic acid \u003cstrong\u003e(F),\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003egallic\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eacid\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;(G)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eand Catechin\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;(H). \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eFlavonoids are flavone structural derivatives that are phenolic and water soluble and contain conjugated aroma tic systems (Kim \u003cem\u003eet al.,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e2004). They are usually coupled to sugar(s) as glycosides (Harborne, 2000), examples; quercetin \u003cstrong\u003e(I)\u003c/strong\u003e, apigenin \u003cstrong\u003e(J)\u003c/strong\u003e and kaempferol \u003cstrong\u003e(K)\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eSaponins are soap-like service active agents that can be identified by their ability to generate foaming and haemolyse blood cells (Harborne, 2000). They are also refered to as triterpene glycosides with bitter taste usually toxic plant-derived organic chemicals that have a foamy quality when agitated in water (Ben \u003cem\u003eet al.,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e2017). They are widely distributed but found particularly in soapwort, a flowering plant, the soapbark tree and soyabeans examples;\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ebetulinic acid \u003cstrong\u003e(L),\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eoleanolic acid \u003cstrong\u003e(M),\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eand\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003elupane \u003cstrong\u003e(N).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eSteroids are a man-made version of chemicals, known as hormones that are made naturally in the human body (Keshavarzi \u003cem\u003eet al.,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e2016). They are designed to act like these hormones to reduce inflammation (Jamshidi-kia \u003cem\u003eet al.,\u003c/em\u003e 2018). Plant steroids that may or may not act as weak hormones in the body are known as Phyto steroids (Dellabella \u003cem\u003eet al.,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e2005). They have a similar fundamental ring structure to animal steroids, but chemical groups connected to the primary ring in different positions make them different (Kadri \u003cem\u003eet al.,\u003c/em\u003e 2016), examples; testosterone \u003cstrong\u003e(O),\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ecortisol \u003cstrong\u003e(P)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eand cholesterone \u003cstrong\u003e(Q)\u003c/strong\u003e. Terpenoids otherwise known as isoprenoids, are large and diverse class of naturally occurring compounds derived from five carbon isoprene units (Zhang \u003cem\u003eet al.,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e2018). Terpenoids are essential for plant growth, development and contributed to the flavour, scents and colour of the plant\u0026rsquo;s leaves, flowers and fruits (Capillo \u003cem\u003eet al.,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e2020), examples; carvacrol \u003cstrong\u003e(R)\u003c/strong\u003e, menthol \u003cstrong\u003e(S)\u003c/strong\u003e, linalool \u003cstrong\u003e(T)\u003c/strong\u003e and thymol \u003cstrong\u003e(U)\u003c/strong\u003e. Cardiac glycosides (also known as cardenoloids) are medicines for treating heart failure and certain irregular heartbeats (Goyal \u003cem\u003eet al.,\u003c/em\u003e 2009). They are one of several classes of drug used to treat the heart and related conditions (Abubakar \u003cem\u003eet al.,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e2015). They also occur as a complex mixture in the same plant (Al-Snafi, 2016), examples; coumarin \u003cstrong\u003e(V)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eand anthraquinone \u003cstrong\u003e(W)\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eReagents and Solvents.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHCL, H2SO4, FeCl3, NaOH, ethyl acetate, n-hexane, dichloromethane and methanol of analytical grade were used.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003ePlant collection and identification.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRhizomes of \u003cem\u003eCrinum jagus\u003c/em\u003e, were collected and air dried in June 2023, from Dabawa of Dutsin- ma Katsina, Nigeria at latitude of 12\u0026deg;27'18\"N 7\u0026deg;29'29\"E. The plant was authenticated by botanists at Department of biological science, Federal University of Dutsin-Ma Katsina State Nigeria.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eExtraction of plant material\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe dried powder (500 g) of the rhizome was macerated in n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and methanol successively and exhaustively. The dried powdered plant material was first macerated in 1200 ml of n-hexane for extraction with regular shaking at time interval and this continues for three (3) days then decanted. More n-hexane was added for continuous extraction until a colorless solvent was decanted. Same procedure was employed for dichlomethane, ethyl acetate and methanol. The crude extracts were concentrated using rotary evaporator and dried in a vacuum desiccator (Fayaz et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePreliminary Phytochemical Screening:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe crude extracts of n-hexane, DCM, ethyl acetate and methanol were subjected to preliminary qualitative screening of secondary metabolites using standard methods as described by (Shwe et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eGas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eGas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) assessment was executed utilizing a unified 7890A gas chromatographic system (Kaduna NAFDAC) in conjunction with a mass spectrophotometer, which was equipped with a HP-5 MS fused silica column (5% phenyl methyl siloxane 30.0 m \u0026times; 250 \u0026micro;m, film thickness 0.25 \u0026micro;m), interfaced with a 5675C Inert MSD featuring a Triple-Axis detector. Helium was employed as the carrier gas, which was calibrated to a column velocity flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. Additional GC-MS parameters included ion-source temperature maintained at 250\u0026deg;C; interface temperature set at 300\u0026deg;C; pressure regulated to 16.2 psi; out time fixed at 1.8 mm; and a 1 \u0026micro;l injector operating in split mode with a split ratio of 1:50 and an injection temperature of 300\u0026deg;C. The column temperature commenced at 36\u0026deg;C for a duration of 5 minutes and subsequently escalated to 150\u0026deg;C at a rate of 4\u0026deg;C/min. The temperature was further elevated to 250\u0026deg;C at an increased rate of 20\u0026deg;C/min and sustained for an additional 5 minutes. The overall elution duration was recorded at 47.5 minutes. The relative percentage of each constituent was determined by juxtaposing its average peak area against the cumulative areas (Olivia et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003ePreliminary phytochemicals screening of the extracts.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQualitative phytochemical screening of the rhizome of \u003cem\u003eCrinum jagus\u003c/em\u003e was conducted using four organic solvents (n-hexane, dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate, and methanol) presented below.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePhytochemical constituents of\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eCrinum jagus\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eextracts\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTest Compounds\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en-Hexane Extract\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDCM Extract\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthyl acetate Extract\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMethanol Extract\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSaponins\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCardiac glycosides\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlkaloids\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnthraquinones\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSteroids\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTerpenoids\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlavonoids\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTannins\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eKey: (\u003c/b\u003e+)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Present and (-)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Absent\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eThe phytochemical screening of various extracts\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe phytochemical screening of various extracts (n-hexane, dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate, and methanol) of \u003cem\u003eCrinum jagus\u0026rsquo;\u003c/em\u003es rhizome revealed a diverse profile of secondary metabolites, which are crucial for their therapeutic potential. Saponins were detected in all extracts (n-hexane, DCM, ethyl acetate, and methanol). These compounds are known for their surfactant properties and have been associated with various health benefits, including cholesterol-lowering effects and immune system enhancement (Mussa et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Cardiac glycosides were found only in the ethyl acetate extract. These compounds are crucial in treating heart conditions due to their ability to improve cardiac contractility (Sugita et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The selective presence of cardiac glycosides in this extract suggests a targeted therapeutic potential for cardiovascular diseases (Iyekowa \u0026amp; Oderanti, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Alkaloids were present in both DCM and ethyl acetate extracts but absent in n-hexane and methanol extracts. Alkaloids are well-known for their pharmacological activities, including analgesic and antitumor effects (Alawode et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).Their presence aligns with previous studies that highlighted the rich alkaloid content in \u003cem\u003eC. jagus\u003c/em\u003e, particularly hippadine, which has shown cytotoxic activity against cancer cell lines (Ogah et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). No anthraquinones were detected in any of the extracts. This absence is noteworthy as anthraquinones are often associated with laxative effects and potential anticancer properties (Adil et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Steroids were found across all extracts, indicating a broad spectrum of potential biological activities, including anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects (Senbeta \u003cem\u003eet a\u003c/em\u003el., 2019). The presence of steroids can enhance the therapeutic profile of \u003cem\u003eC. jagus\u003c/em\u003e as they are commonly used in various medical treatments. Terpenoids were also present in all extracts. These compounds are recognized for their diverse biological activities, including antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties (Salihu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Their consistent detection across different solvents suggests that \u003cem\u003eC. jagus\u003c/em\u003e could be a valuable source of terpenoid compounds for pharmacological research. Flavonoids were detected only in the DCM extract. Known for their antioxidant properties, flavonoids contribute to the protective effects against oxidative stress-related diseases (Alawode et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Tannins were present exclusively in the ethyl acetate extract. These polyphenolic compounds are recognized for their astringent properties and potential health benefits, including antimicrobial activity and cancer prevention (Senbeta \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2019).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eGas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) results\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eGas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) results provided in (Table: 2) present a diverse array of compounds, a total of ten (10) major compounds were identified from the n-hexane fraction each characterized by its molecular formula, weight, retention time, and peak area percentage. The following bioactive compounds were present in the GC-MS analysis carried on n-hexane fraction of \u003cem\u003eCrinum jagus\u003c/em\u003e rhizome are: Mesitylene, Naphthalene, 1-methyl, Dibutyl phthalate, Linoleic acid ethyl ester, Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, 4-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-1-butanol, 1,3-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, 2-(4-Methoxyphenyl) ethanol, Squalene and Cyclononasiloxane octadecamethyl. GCMS results of ethyl acetate fraction presented in (Table: 3) present a various number of compounds, ten (10) major bioactive compounds were identified from the ethyl acetate fraction each characterized by its molecular formula, weight, retention time, and peak area percentage. The following bioactive compounds were present in the GC-MS analysis carried on ethyl acetate of \u003cem\u003eCrinum jagus\u003c/em\u003e rhizome are: Alpha. -Terpineol, Piracetam, Dichloroxylenol, 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol, 1,1'-Biphenyl, 3,3',4,4'-tetramethyl, Cholest-5-ene, 3-methoxy-, (3. beta.), Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, Stigmasterol, Gamma. -Sitosterol and Ergosta-4,22-dien-3-one. The chromatogram of n-hexane and ethyl acetate were presented in Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e and 2 respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003ePhytochemical screening revealed the presence of Alkaloids, steroids, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids and glycosides. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) results of the rhizome of \u003cem\u003eCrinum jagus\u003c/em\u003e present a diverse array of compounds, a total of ten (20) major compounds were identified from the n-hexane and ethyl acetate fractions each characterized by its molecular formula, weight, retention time, and peak area percentage. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of phyto-compounds that have demonstrated some biological activities. These compounds are recognized for their diverse biological activities, including antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. Hence, their consistent of detection across different solvents suggests that \u003cem\u003eC. jagus\u003c/em\u003e could be a valuable source for pharmacological research due to its diverse phytochemical composition.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; contributions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll the authors contributed in the design and preparing the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe author wishes to acknowledged Dr. Elias E. Elemike of Federal University of Petroleum Resources, Effurun, Delta State, for his assistance in the identification of the compounds.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbdo, M. Y., Ahmad, W. Y. W., bin Din, L. and Ibrahim, N. 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(2016): Chemical composition and \u003cem\u003ein vitro\u003c/em\u003e antioxidant properties of essential oil of \u003cem\u003eRicinus\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003ecommunis\u003c/em\u003e L. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Medicinal Plants Research\u003c/em\u003e, 5(8), 1466-1470. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKeshavarzi, M., Najafian, E., Zahra, N. and Seifali, M. (2016): Anatomical study of some Erodium (Geraniaceae) species in Iran. \u003cem\u003eThaiszia Journal of Botany, \u003c/em\u003e26(1), 11-20. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKim, H. Y., Moon, B. H., Lee, H. J. and Choi, D. H. (2004): Flavonoids glycosides from the leaves of \u003cem\u003eEucommia ulmoides\u003c/em\u003e with glycation inhibitory activity. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Ethnopharmacology,\u003c/em\u003e 93, 227-230. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLopez, A., Hudson, J. B. and Towers, G. H. (2001): Antiviral and antimicrobial \u0026acute; activities of Colombian medicinal plants\u003cem\u003e. 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Dandy): Antioxidant and protective properties as a medicinal plant on toluene-induced oxidative stress damages in liver and kidney of rats. \u003cem\u003eToxicology Reports\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e9\u003c/em\u003e(June 2021), 699\u0026ndash;712. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.03.026\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSenbeta, A., Awas, T., \u0026amp; Gure, A. (2019). The Qualitative and Quantitative Phytochemical Investigation of \u0026amp;lt;i\u0026amp;gt;Crinum\u0026amp;lt;/i\u0026amp;gt; Species in Ethiopia. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e3\u003c/em\u003e(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijpp.20190301.11\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eShwe, H. H., Win, K. K., Moe, T. T., Myint, A. A. and Win, T. (2019): Isolation and structural characterization of lupeol from the stem bark of \u003cem\u003eDiospyros ehretioides\u003c/em\u003e Wall. \u003cem\u003eInternational European Extended Enablement in Science, Engineering and Management,\u003c/em\u003e 7, (8), 11-16 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSugita, P., Amilia, R., Arifin, B., Rahayu, D. U. C., \u0026amp; Dianhar, H. (2020). the Phytochemical Screening Hexane and Methanol Extract of Sinyo Nakal (Duranta Repens). \u003cem\u003eAsian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e13\u003c/em\u003e(8), 196\u0026ndash;200. https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2020.v13i8.38165\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhang, S. M. and Coultas, K. A. (2013): Identification of plumbagin and sanguinarine as effective chemotherapeutic agents for treatment of schistosomiasis. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal for Parasitology \u0026ndash; \u003cem\u003eDrugs\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003eand\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003eDrug\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e Resistance,\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003e3, 28\u0026ndash;34. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003eTables 2 and 3 are available in the Supplementary Files section.\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"Federal University of Petroleum Resource Effurun","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Crinum jagus, bioactive, GC-MS, phytochemical, diverse","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5937727/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5937727/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003ePhytochemical screening of plant extracts is a promising approach that therapeutically examined bioactive compounds in various plant species. The present study was carried out to screen and identify the bioactive phytocompounds present in the rhizome of \u003cem\u003eCrinum jagus.\u003c/em\u003e Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, steroids, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids and glycosides. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) results present a diverse array of compounds. Each compound was identified by its molecular formula, molecular weight, retention time, and peak area percentage, a total of ten (10) major compounds: Mesitylene, Naphthalene, 1-methyl, Dibutyl phthalate, Linoleic acid ethyl ester, Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, 4-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-1-butanol, 1,3-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, 2-(4-Methoxyphenyl) ethanol, Squalene and Cyclononasiloxane octadecamethyl and ten (10) most bioactive compounds: Alpha. -Terpineol, Piracetam, Dichloroxylenol, 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol, 1,1'-Biphenyl, 3,3',4,4'-tetramethyl, Cholest-5-ene, 3-methoxy-, (3. beta.), Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, Stigmasterol, Gamma. -Sitosterol and Ergosta-4,22-dien-3-one were identified from n-hexane and ethyl acetate fractions respectively. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of phyto-compounds that have demonstrated some biological activities. These compounds are recognized for their diverse biological activities, including antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. Hence, their consistent of detection across different solvents suggests that \u003cem\u003eC. jagus\u003c/em\u003e could be a valuable source for pharmacological research due to its diverse phytochemical composition.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Phytochemical Profiling and Identification of Bioactive Phyto-compounds Present in the Rhizome of Crinum Jagus","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-02-03 09:09:50","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5937727/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"3fcc2744-ff5a-4bf6-b2b2-1c6c37535e74","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 3rd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":43685884,"name":"Natural Product Chemistry"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-02-03T09:09:50+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-02-03 09:09:50","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5937727","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5937727","identity":"rs-5937727","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}