Innovative Enhancements in Quantum Key Distribution Using Multi-Decoy States, Advanced Bit Recovery, and Adaptive Filtering with ML

Innovative Enhancements in Quantum Key Distribution Using Multi-Decoy States, Advanced Bit Recovery, and Adaptive Filtering with ML | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Innovative Enhancements in Quantum Key Distribution Using Multi-Decoy States, Advanced Bit Recovery, and Adaptive Filtering with ML Naim Ajlouni This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4978052/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) stands as a ground breaking approach to secure communication, exploiting the principles of quantum mechanics to achieve theoretically unbreakable encryption. Despite substantial progress, challenges in optimizing key rates and ensuring robustness, particularly in high-loss environments, persist. This research proposes an advanced QKD method that integrates multiple decoy states with optimized intensity levels and pulse probabilities, advanced bit recovery techniques, and adaptive machine learning (ML) filtering to enhance signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The proposed framework leverages ML-driven adaptive filtering to dynamically reduce noise, thereby improving the accuracy of gain and error rate calculations for decoy states and enhancing the efficiency of bit recovery. The bit recovery process incorporates permutation-based enhancement techniques, optimizing the recovery of unused quantum bits (RUQB). The proposed method is thoroughly evaluated through comparative analysis against leading QKD protocols, including E91, BBM92, B92, Six-state, Decoy State, and DSP protocols. The results demonstrate significant improvements in secure key rates, the percentage of correctly recovered bits, and overall system robustness, especially in challenging conditions. This research contributes to the advancement of QKD by providing a more resilient and efficient approach, addressing key limitations of existing methods, and paving the way for enhanced secure quantum communication systems. Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) Decoy States Bit Recovery Techniques Secure Key Rates Quantum Cryptography Machine Learning. Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4978052","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":348856393,"identity":"603daba7-988f-49c9-bbe4-729d658e850f","order_by":0,"name":"Naim Ajlouni","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABA0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACxgYgwSYDYh74wMAAZjDwEKEFrObgDAYDHpgWCUJ2gVUy8xCjxZz9cOsGhho+Hn6J3IOHbWr+8PD3H2B88LaNoc68AbsWy57EthsMx9h4JGfkJRzOOWbAI3EjgdlwbhuDhMwB7FoMDoC0sLHxGNzIMTicwwZ0GJArzQvUgstlBucfArX8g2qx+GfAI3/+APtvvFpuAG1hbINqYWwz4DE4kMDGjF8L0JbEPqBfet4YHOztM+YxvJHYLDnnnITkDJwOS39248O3Y3L87DnGH358k5OTO3/44Ic3ZTb8eCMmgeEYMhccuQRjsoaQglEwCkbBKBjJAADMhVTIwBMyYQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Istanbul Atlas University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Naim","middleName":"","lastName":"Ajlouni","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-08-26 12:45:30","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4978052/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4978052/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":63933493,"identity":"dc3e0158-27ae-4b07-94f2-021c2d6431b6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-04 02:41:09","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":369114,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"InnovativeEnhancementsinQuantumKeyDistributionMultiDecoyStatesAdvancedBitRecoveryandAdaptiveFilteringwithML.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4978052/v1_covered_ab4b04ac-7049-43bc-bf1f-e8912b65cc1e.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Innovative Enhancements in Quantum Key Distribution Using Multi-Decoy States, Advanced Bit Recovery, and Adaptive Filtering with ML","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), Decoy States, Bit Recovery Techniques, Secure Key Rates, Quantum Cryptography, Machine Learning.","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4978052/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4978052/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) stands as a ground breaking approach to secure communication, exploiting the principles of quantum mechanics to achieve theoretically unbreakable encryption. 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