Physical and mechanical properties of composite material produced from waste plastic furniture and waste beverage boxes. 

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Bekir Cihad Bal, Nasır Narlıoğlu This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4479914/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 14 Dec, 2024 Read the published version in Tribology and Materials → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Plastic-containing waste causes significant environmental pollution because it remains in nature for a long time without degrading. This waste includes polyolefin-based containers, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) water bottles, and cardboard-polyethylene-aluminium beverage boxes. In recent years, important steps have begun to be taken to eliminate the environmental effects of plastic-containing solid waste. These have the goal of reducing these wastes by using them to produce new composite products. In this study, composite sheets were produced by mixing polypropylene (PP) obtained from recycling waste plastic furniture as a polymer matrix and waste Tetra Pak® boxes (TPBs) as a filler in different mixing ratios. Then, the density, thickness swelling, water absorption, flexural strength, flexural modulus, deformation at bending, tensile strength, tensile modulus, elongation at break, and hardness values of the produced sheets were determined. According to the data obtained, it was determined that as the amount of filler in the composite increased, the density, thickness swelling, water absorption, flexural modulus, tensile modulus and hardness values increased, whereas the flexural strength, deformation at bending, tensile strength, and elongation at break values decreased. According to the results obtained from the study, it can be said that new composites can be successfully produced using a waste PP-based polymer matrix and waste TPBs as filler. waste plastic furniture recycled polypropylene Tetra Pak® mechanical properties Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 1. Introduction In recent years, many different kinds of plastic-based boxes have become major environmental problems. Additionally, liquid beverage containers containing cardboard, polyethylene, and aluminium also cause significant environmental problems. Tetrapak® boxes (TPBs) consist of 6 layers and contain 75% paper, 20% polyethylene, and 5% aluminium [ 1 ]. Beverage containers of this type are used on the market under the trade names Tetrapak®, Pure Pak®, SIGNATURE EVO®, and Greatview®. Thousands of tons of TPB waste are generated every year and cause environmental pollution. Different methods have been developed to transform this type of packaging waste, including obtaining sheets by breaking down these boxes and pressing them under heat, obtaining paper fibre from these boxes using the hydropulping method, obtaining pellets (Ecoallane) from the remaining polyethylene and aluminium, and producing energy by burning these wastes [ 2 ]. Today, products such as panels, sheets, bricks, and wood-polymer composites (WPCs) produced from waste TPBs are used as construction materials [ 3 ]. Some laboratory studies have been conducted on the use of TPBs in the production of composite materials. For example, Ayrılmış et al. [ 1 ] evaluated some of the important properties of cardboard substrate panels overlaid with beech veneer using four different adhesives. Avella et al. [ 4 ] used MAPE to investigate some of the properties of an HDPE-based composite material filled with TPB. They reported that TPB could be considered a valid alternative for common application sectors where fibre-reinforced polyolefins are already in use. Ayrılmış et al. [ 5 ]evaluated some of the mechanical properties of TPB composites without a polymer reinforced with rice husk flour. Ebadi et al. [ 6 , 7 ] investigated some of the physical and mechanical properties of LDPE-based WPC boards filled with TPB and wood flour. They reported favourable effects when using the TPB filler in the matrix material of WPCs. Hamouda et al. [ 8 ] investigated some of the mechanical properties and decay resistance of composite boards produced using shredded TPBs and wool yarn waste. In a similar study, Mohareb et al. [ 9 ] investigated some of the physical properties and decay resistance of composite boards produced using shredded TPBs and wool yarn waste. In another study, Aranda-García et al. [ 10 ] analyzed the main processing and formulation factors that affect the performance of HDPE composites filled with TPB. They reported that the processing time plays a fundamental role in the mechanical properties of HDPE composites filled with TPB. In a different study, Hidalgo [ 11 ]investigated the effects of low and high pressure on selected properties of TPB composites, and reported that waste TPB is a useful recycling resource for conversion into rigid boards. Bekhta et al. [ 12 ]evaluated some of the properties of experimental composite panels manufactured from waste TPB, food packaging films, and candy polyethylene wrappers without using any additional binders and without using an extruder. They reported that this waste material may have the potential to be used as raw material for the production of new composites without the use of adhesives in the panels. Platnieks et al. [ 13 ]investigated the use of recycled cellulose separated from TPB in an industrial processing plant as a structural filler for biocomposites produced from poly (butylene succinate), and reported some favourable biological, physical, and mechanical test results. Sanchez-Cadena et al. [ 14 ] evaluated the mechanical properties and fracture behaviour of composites produced with recycled HDPE and TPB without using an extruder. In a different study, Sujatha et al. [ 15 ] investigated some of the mechanical properties of composite boards produced from TPB with and without resin, and reported some favourable results for TPB-based composite boards with resin. Üner and Bülbül [ 16 ] investigated some of the mechanical properties of composite boards produced from TPB and recycled PE using some fillers and binding agents. Auriga et al. [ 17 ] investigated some of the physical and mechanical properties of chipboard produced from TPB using urea-formaldehyde resin. Bal [ 18 ] compared the mechanical properties of PE-based composite sheets filled with TBP and wood flour, and some favourable results were reported according to the data obtained. In some of these previous studies, the waste TPB material was first cut into small pieces, mixed with different polymers, and pressed in a hot press to produce composite sheets. In other studies, the waste TPB material was first cut into small pieces, and then glue was added and composite sheets were produced after hot pressing. In others, TPB boxes were first shredded, ground with a grinder, and mixed in an extruder before composite sheets were produced by being moulded in a hot press. In summary, there were a limited number of previous studies that ground TPBs and mixed them in an extruder. Moreover, to the best of the author’s knowledge, no previous study used waste PP as a polymer and TPBs as a filler. This study aimed to investigate the effect of the filler ratio on some of the properties of a composite material produced using waste PP as a polymer matrix and ground TPBs as a filler to fill this gap. 2. Material and Method 2.1. Material In this study, polypropylene (PP)-based plastic chair waste was used as a polymer matrix. The waste plastic chair (R-PP) was first cut into small pieces (Fig. 1 -A) and then these pieces were ground in a high-speed grinder (Brader 1500) to make them smaller (Fig. 1 -B). The cardboard-polyethylene-aluminium boxes used in the study were Tetra Pak brand milk cartons. These Tetra Pak cartons were collected by the authors from their own household waste. The insides of the cartons were washed and dried. Then, they were cut into small pieces (Fig. 1 -C) and ground in a high-speed grinder to obtain a wool-like material. 2.2. Preparation of Composites The compositions of the composites are given in Table 1 . The R-PP and TPB materials were dried at 103 ± 2°C. The TPB and R-PP (waste plastic chair part) materials were then mixed to obtain a homogenous blend before processing in a single screw extruder (Fig. 2 -A) at temperatures of 150, 160, and 175°C. The extruded blend was taken in filament form from the barrel exit, which had a nozzle diameter of 3 mm. The filaments were cooled in the air on a desk (Fig. 2 -B). The cooled blend was cut into pellets, and these pellets were ground. The ground blend was remixed with the extruder. The filaments were again cooled in the air on a desk, and there filaments were cut into pellets. These pellets were placed in a metal mould and transferred to a hot press at a temperature of 175 ± 5°C. A lubricant agent was used to prevent the pellets from sticking to the mould. The blend was heated and melted over a period of 15 min. At the end of this period, the metal mould containing the mixture was removed from the heater and immediately placed in a cold press. A total of 5 tons of pressure was applied in the cold press for 5 min. The plate was taken from the metal mould, and a composite sheet was thus obtained with the dimensions of 3.5 × 175 × 175 mm 3 (thickness × width × length). Four composite plates were produced for each group. A total of 20 plates were produced for this present study (Fig. 2 -C). Test samples were prepared from these sheets. A total of sixteen test samples were prepared for each test by cutting four test samples from each sheet. The test samples were cut using a laboratory band saw. The edges of each test sample prepared for the tensile test were shaped with a CNC machine. Table 1 Compositions of the composites (wt%) Content Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 R-PP (%) 100 90 75 60 40 TPB (%) 0 10 25 40 60 R-PP: Recycled polypropylene and TPB: Terra Pak Box 2.3. Method The density of each composite material was determined based on ASTM D792 [ 19 ], and flexural tests were conducted according to ASTM D 790 [ 20 ]. Tensile tests were conducted according to ASTM D638 [ 21 ], and the Shore D value was determined according to ASTM D 2240 [ 22 ]. The density values were measured by dividing the weight of each test sample in air by its volume in water. Flexural test samples were prepared with the dimensions of 3.5 × 20 × 80 mm 3 (thickness × width × length). Measurements were made on 16 test samples for each group to determine the flexural strength. In the flexural strength test, the preload was set at 2 N, the support opening was 56 mm, the test speed was 2 mm/min, and the test ended when the specimen reached 75% of the maximum measured force. The maximum deformation values at the end of the flexural tests are given in the tables as the deformation at bending. At the end of the tensile test, the maximum percentage of elongation at break was also calculated. This value is given in the tables as the elongation at break. For the tensile test, 16 test samples from each group were prepared. The tensile test samples were prepared with the dimensions of 3.5 × 20 × 165 mm 3 . The middle area of each tensile test specimen was shaped with a CNC machine. The preload was set to 5 N, and the test speed was set to 2 mm/min during the tensile test. The elastic modulus values measured during the bending and tensile tests are also given in the tables. One-way ANOVA and Duncan tests were performed on the data obtained at the end of the tests using a statistical program, and the results are shown in the relevant tables. 3. Results and Discussion Table 2 lists the density data for the test samples from the control group (Group 1) and experimental groups (Groups 2, 3, 4, and 5), along with the Duncan test results and P values showing the ANOVA test results for these data. The lowest density was found in the control group (Group 1) and the highest density was found in Group 5, with values of 988 and 1107 kg/m 3 , respectively. No filler was added to Group 1 (control group), whereas 60% TPB filler was added to Group 5. The density value of the composite material increased with the addition of the filler. A statistically significant (P < 0.001) difference was found between the density values of all the groups. The measured density of the recycled PP polymer used in the study was 988 kg/m 3 . The density of virgin PP polymer generally varies between 855 and 920 kg/m 3 . The recycled PP polymer used in the study was obtained from waste chairs. Fillers such as calcite added to the PP material cause the density of this polymer to increase during chair production. Therefore, the measured density of the control group was slightly higher than that of virgin PP. Likewise, the measured densities of the experimental groups (Groups 2, 3, 4, and 5) were higher than that of the control group (Group 1) because fillers such as calcite (CaCO 3 ) and the TPB filler added in this study increased their densities. Similar results have been reported in previous studies using TPB as a filler [ 7 , 10 , 23 ]. In previous studies on polymer composite materials, it was determined that the density of the new composite material obtained increased as an effect of the filler [ 16 , 18 , 24 , 25 , 26 ]. While some properties of the new composite material obtained increased in parallel with the increase in density, other properties decreased. Whether the filler used had a granular or fibrous structure also affected the properties of the obtained composite material. Table 2 Density test data, ANOVA P values, and Duncan test results Density (kg/m 3 ) Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 P values x 988 A * 1020 B 1047 C 1078 D 1107 E P < 0.001 ss 6.5 5.1 9.8 7.5 11.5 Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different with each other using Duncan multiple comparison test at α = 0.05, *lowest value, x: arithmetic mean, ss: standard deviation The water uptake and thickness swelling test results obtained at the end of the tests are given in Table 3 . It can be seen that the lowest water uptake and thickness swelling percentages were obtained in Group 2, with the highest found in Group 5. In general, the water absorption and swelling percentages increased with the amount of TPB filler. The differences between groups were statistically significant (P < 0.001). According to the Duncan test results, the water uptake and thickness swelling percentages of all the experimental groups differed from each other. In this study, the most important factor affecting the water uptake and thickness swelling percentages was the hydrophilic wood fibers that made up the cardboard in the TPB material. The cellulose and hemicelluloses contained in these wood fibers are highly hydrophilic in nature and therefore absorb water. Similar results were obtained in previous studies on this subject [ 7 , 10 , 12 , 23 ]. Table 3 Thickness swelling, water uptake test data, ANOVA P values, and Duncan test results Thickness Swelling (TS) Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 4 P values x -- 0.89A* 1.60B 2.78C 4.11D P < 0.001 ss -- 0.22 0.63 0.66 0.65 Water Uptake (WA) Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 4 P values x -- 0.72A* 1.33B 2.71C 4.64D P < 0.001 ss -- 0.26 0.30 0.47 0.44 Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different with each other using Duncan multiple comparison test at α = 0.05, *lowest value, x: arithmetic mean, ss: standard deviation Table 4 lists the data obtained in the bending tests, ANOVA test significance levels, and Duncan test results. According to these data, the highest bending strength was obtained in the control group without filler (36.9 N/mm 2 ) and the smallest bending strength was obtained in Group 5 (26.3 N/mm 2 ), which contained 60% TPB filler. As the amount of filler increased, the bending strength decreased. The differences between the groups were statistically significant (P < 0.001). In previous studies on these subjects, as the ratio of particulate or fibrous filler used in PE- or PP-based composite materials increased, the bending strength of the composite material decreased [ 16 , 27 , 28 ]. It has been reported that one of the most important reasons for this situation to occur is the lack of sufficient adhesion at the adhesion interfaces of composites produced from polar and non-polar materials [ 26 , 27 ]. In addition, the incompatibility of the hygroscopic filler with the hydrophobic polymer causes the bending strength of the composite material to decrease. In this study, the TPBs used as a filler consisted of three different materials (cardboard, aluminium, and polyethylene). These had very different properties, which negatively affected the bending resistance of the composite. In this regard, Ebadi et al. [ 7 ] showed that as the amount of wood flour filler decreased and the amount of TPB filler increased, the bending strength of the composite increased. In another study, Bal [ 18 ]determined that the bending strength of an rPE-based composite material filled with wood flour and TPB increased with the TBP ratio. However, the bending strength of a composite filled with 40% TPB material was similar to that of the control group. In a study conducted by Aranda‑Garcia et al. [ 10 ], the bending strength of a TPB-HDPE composite material decreased as the TPB ratio increased. In a study conducted by Bekhta et al. [ 12 ], the bending strength of a composite material produced with TPB and polyethylene food packaging films decreased as the TPB ratio increased. However, in that study, the mixture was not processed in an extruder. The deformation at bending values given in Table 4 show that the obtained data, ANOVA significance level, and Duncan test results is similar to the bending strength results. Similar deformation at bending value data were obtained in previous studies conducted with thermoplastic-based polymers [ 25 , 29 , 30 , 31 ]. Flexural modulus data are given in Table 4 . These data show that the flexural modulus increased with the amount of filler. The differences between the groups were statistically significant (p < 0.001). According to the Duncan test results, the flexural modulus values of all the groups differed. In this case, the flexural strength and flexural modulus were affected in different ways by increasing the filler material. As a general rule, the flexural strength is the ability of a composite material to stay together when bent. The flexural modulus is a sign of how well the same composite material resists bending. This situation can also be explained by the general composite rule. The properties of a composite material are similar to the properties of its components. In this case, the flexural modulus of the composite material increased with the density of the filler. Similar results have been obtained in previous studies [ 7 , 18 , 27 , 32 , 33 ]. Table 4 Flexural test data, ANOVA P values, and Duncan test results Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 P values Flexural Strength (N/mm 2 ) x 36.9 E 34.7 D 31.2 C 28.4 B 26.3 A* P < 0.001 ss 2.5 2.1 2.3 2.1 4.2 Flexural Modulus (N/mm 2 ) x 1392 A* 1504 B 1565 C 1639 D 1705 E P < 0.001 ss 72 87 85 74 57 Deformation at bending (mm) x 19.9 E 9.7 D 7.5 C 6.1 B 5.0 A* P < 0.001 ss 2.1 1.1 0.9 0.7 1.0 Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different with each other using Duncan multiple comparison test at α = 0.05, *lowest value, x: arithmetic mean, ss: standard deviation The tensile test data, ANOVA significance levels, and Duncan test results are given in Table 5 . It was determined that as the filler material increased, the tensile strength and elongation at break decreased and the tensile modulus increased. The differences between the groups were statistically significant (P < 0.001). The greatest tensile strength and elongation at break were measured in the control group, and the smallest tensile strength and elongation at break were measured in Group 5. In contrast, the largest tensile modulus was measured in Group 5 and the smallest tensile modulus was measured in Group 1. The differences between the groups were statistically significant (P < 0.001). However, there was no difference between Group 1 and Group 2 according to the Duncan test. The PP used in this study was obtained from waste furniture and was recycled PP. Therefore, the tensile and bending test results of the control group test samples were expected to be lower than those of virgin PP. This occurred because some mineral substances such as calcite are added to the mixture during the production of chairs with PP polymer. Similar results were obtained in previous studies. Bal et al. [ 31 ] obtained a value of 17.5 N/mm 2 for the tensile strength of an rPP-based composite material produced with PP obtained from waste plastic chairs and without using fillers, the elongation at break was 4.7%. The tensile strength decreased with the use of wood flour filler. In previous studies, similar results were obtained for composite materials produced with polyolefin group polymers. In general, as the amount of fillers added to the polymer material increases, the tensile strength and elongation at break percentage of the composite material decreases and the tensile modulus increases [18, 23–26, 30–34,]. Table 5 Tensile test data, ANOVA P values, and Duncan test results Group 1 Grup 2 Grup 3 Grup 4 Grup 5 P values Tensile Strength (N/mm 2 ) x 16.4 E 13.8 D 11.5 C 10.1 B 9.2 A* P < 0.001 ss 0.6 1.4 1.3 1.1 1.5 Tensile Modulus (N/mm 2 ) x 446 A* 480 A 695 B 871 C 872 C P < 0.001 ss 49 61 110 210 159 Elongation at Break (%) x 4.8 D 3.3 C 2.7 B 2.2 A 2.1 A* P < 0.001 ss 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.5 Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different with each other using Duncan multiple comparison test at α = 0.05, *lowest value, x: arithmetic mean, ss: standard deviation The Shore D hardness test data, ANOVA test significance levels, and Duncan test results for the composite materials are given in Table 6 . It can be seen that the hardness values of the experimental groups were higher than that of the control group. The hardness values obtained ranged between 71 and 73. The difference between groups was significant (P < 0.001). It was determined that the hardness increased with the amount of filler in the composite. However, the differences between Groups 3–5 were insignificant according to the Duncan test results. Similar results were obtained in previous studies. The hardness value of the composite material increased as the percentage of TPB decreased and the percentage of wood flour increased in a study conducted by Bal [ 18 ]. The TPB percentage had less effect than the wood flour on the hardness of the composite material. Additionally, previous studies on wood-plastic composite materials have reported that the hardness value of the composite material increased with the amount of filler [ 24 , 25 ]. Table 6 Hardness test data, ANOVA P values, and Duncan test results Hardness Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 P values x 71.28 A* 72.58 B 73.31 C 73.45 C 73.52 C P < 0.001 ss 0.32 0.49 0.42 0.34 0.46 Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different with each other using Duncan multiple comparison test at α = 0.05, *lowest value, x: arithmetic mean, ss: standard deviation 4. Conclusions In this study, a composite material was produced using waste plastic chairs as a polymer matrix and waste TPB material as a filler, and some of its physical and mechanical properties were determined. According to the obtained data, the following conclusions can be drawn. The density, thickness swelling, and water absorption percentages of the composite material increased with the amount of filler (TPB). As the amount of filler in the composite sheets increased, the flexural bending and deformation at bending decreased but the flexural modulus increased. As the amount of filler increased, the tensile strength and elongation at break decreased but the tensile modulus increased. The hardness of the composite material increased with the addition of filler compared to the control group; however, this increase was not linear. When all the obtained physical and mechanical properties are evaluated, it can be said that TPB material can be recycled by using it in the production of composite materials, as seen in this study. Declarations Author contributions Bekir Cihad Bal and Nasır Narlıoğlu ; Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. All authors reviewed the manuscript. Funding statement This work wasn’t supported by any organization. Conflict of interest statement The authors declare no conflict of interest. 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American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, United States. 1–27s. Kuzmin AM, Ayrilmis N, Özdemir F, Kanat G (2023) Effect of content and particle size of used beverage carton pieces on the properties of HDPE composites. BioResources , 18(2): 2815 - 2825, https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.18.2.2815-2825 Çavuş V (2020) Selected properties of mahogany wood flour filled polypropylene composites: the effect of maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene (MAPP). BioResources , 15(2): 2227-2236. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.2.2227-2236 Bal BC (2022b) Lineer düşük yoğunluklu polietilen (LDYPE) ve odun unu ile üretilen kompozit malzemenin bazı mekanik özellikleri üzerine bir araştırma, Mobilya ve Ahşap Malzeme Araştırmaları Dergisi , 5(1): 40-49, https://doi.org/10.33725/mamad.1126534 Bal BC (2023a) Some mechanical properties of WPCs with wood flour and walnut shell flour, Polímeros , 33 (2):1-8, https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-1428.20230005 Berger MJ, Stark NM (1997) Investigations of species effects in an injection-molding-grade, wood-filled polypropylene. In The fourth international conference on wood fiber-plastic composites (pp. 19-25). Matuana L M, Stark NM (2015) The use of wood fibers as reinforcements in composites. In Biofiber reinforcements in composite materials (pp. 648-688). Wood head Publishing. Fiore V, Botta L, Scaffaro R, Valenza A, Pirrotta A (2014) PLA based biocomposites reinforced with Arundo donax fillers. Composites Science and Technology , 105, 110-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2014.10.005 Bal BC (2023b) Comparative study of some properties of wood plastic composite materials produced with polyethylene, wood flour and glass flour, Furniture and Wooden Material Research Journal , 6(1): 70-79, https://doi.org/10.33725/mamad.1301384 Bal BC, Altuntaş E, Narlıoğlı N (2023) Some selected properties of composite material produced from plastic furniture waste and wood flour. Furniture and Wooden Material Research Journal , 6 (2): 233-244, https://doi.org/10.33725/mamad.1384214 Atar İ, Başboğa İH, Karakuş K, Mengeloğlu F (2016) Utilization of eggplant (Solanum melongena) stalks as a filler ın manufacturıng of compress molded PP based composites. EJT, 6(2): 138-144. Başboğa İH, Kiliç İ, Atar İ, Mengeloğlu F (2022) Tropik ağaç türü olan dahoma ( Piptadeniastrum africanum ) odununun odun plastik kompozit üretiminde kullanımı. Ormancılık Araştırma Dergisi , 9(Özel Sayı), 271-280. https://doi.org/10.17568/ogmoad.1091247 Narlıoğlu N, Çetin NS, Alma MH (2018) Karaçam testere talaşının polipropilen kompozitlerin mekanik özelliklerine etkisi. Mobilya ve Ahşap Malzeme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(1): 38-45. https://doi.org/10.33725/mamad.433532 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 14 Dec, 2024 Read the published version in Tribology and Materials → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4479914","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":310340064,"identity":"c5753933-6bd4-438e-9141-e81519b9e1df","order_by":0,"name":"Bekir Cihad Bal","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAt0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACAwYeBoYHFQfAnAMPiNaScOYAiGI4kEC0lsQ2iBYGorSYs589+CFx3h05e7HDD4G22MnpNhDQYtmTlyyRuO2ZMY90mgFQS7Kx2QFCDrvBYwDUcjixRzoBpOVA4jYitBj/SJwD0pL+gWgtZhKJDSAtOUTaAvRLmkXCscPGPLdzCg4kGBDhF2CIHb7xoeawHPvs9M0fPlTYyRHUgu5O0pSPglEwCkbBKMABAIEOR8Zs+yUwAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Bekir","middleName":"Cihad","lastName":"Bal","suffix":""},{"id":310340065,"identity":"4ae59129-f05b-4bd1-8a55-f954787b02de","order_by":1,"name":"Nasır Narlıoğlu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nasır","middleName":"","lastName":"Narlıoğlu","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-05-26 11:54:16","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4479914/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4479914/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.46793/tribomat.2024.018","type":"published","date":"2024-12-15T00:00:00+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":58386081,"identity":"ae483a60-58ba-4efd-8697-039a9dfdf584","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-14 18:42:57","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":105192,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eWaste plastic chair parts (a), ground parts (b), shredded TPB (c), ground TPB (d)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4479914/v1/3bbad4bea08d88c616ff22e6.jpg"},{"id":58386082,"identity":"7d9e165e-acd7-475f-9c9b-5e7864bf87dc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-14 18:42:57","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":46907,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSingle screw extruder (a), filaments (b), and composite sheets (c)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4479914/v1/c76a554eda3841eaed4f342e.jpg"},{"id":74375761,"identity":"dfee51d5-3b60-499e-9e80-3a1ccdab2e83","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-21 17:14:04","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":883430,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4479914/v1/3399965a-ee2e-44ee-8d01-06b80530c711.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Physical and mechanical properties of composite material produced from waste plastic furniture and waste beverage boxes. ","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn recent years, many different kinds of plastic-based boxes have become major environmental problems. Additionally, liquid beverage containers containing cardboard, polyethylene, and aluminium also cause significant environmental problems. Tetrapak\u0026reg; boxes (TPBs) consist of 6 layers and contain 75% paper, 20% polyethylene, and 5% aluminium [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Beverage containers of this type are used on the market under the trade names Tetrapak\u0026reg;, Pure Pak\u0026reg;, SIGNATURE EVO\u0026reg;, and Greatview\u0026reg;. Thousands of tons of TPB waste are generated every year and cause environmental pollution. Different methods have been developed to transform this type of packaging waste, including obtaining sheets by breaking down these boxes and pressing them under heat, obtaining paper fibre from these boxes using the hydropulping method, obtaining pellets (Ecoallane) from the remaining polyethylene and aluminium, and producing energy by burning these wastes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Today, products such as panels, sheets, bricks, and wood-polymer composites (WPCs) produced from waste TPBs are used as construction materials [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSome laboratory studies have been conducted on the use of TPBs in the production of composite materials. For example, Ayrılmış et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e] evaluated some of the important properties of cardboard substrate panels overlaid with beech veneer using four different adhesives. Avella et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e] used MAPE to investigate some of the properties of an HDPE-based composite material filled with TPB. They reported that TPB could be considered a valid alternative for common application sectors where fibre-reinforced polyolefins are already in use. Ayrılmış et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]evaluated some of the mechanical properties of TPB composites without a polymer reinforced with rice husk flour. Ebadi et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e] investigated some of the physical and mechanical properties of LDPE-based WPC boards filled with TPB and wood flour. They reported favourable effects when using the TPB filler in the matrix material of WPCs. Hamouda et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e] investigated some of the mechanical properties and decay resistance of composite boards produced using shredded TPBs and wool yarn waste. In a similar study, Mohareb et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e] investigated some of the physical properties and decay resistance of composite boards produced using shredded TPBs and wool yarn waste. In another study, Aranda-Garc\u0026iacute;a et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e] analyzed the main processing and formulation factors that affect the performance of HDPE composites filled with TPB. They reported that the processing time plays a fundamental role in the mechanical properties of HDPE composites filled with TPB. In a different study, Hidalgo [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]investigated the effects of low and high pressure on selected properties of TPB composites, and reported that waste TPB is a useful recycling resource for conversion into rigid boards. Bekhta et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]evaluated some of the properties of experimental composite panels manufactured from waste TPB, food packaging films, and candy polyethylene wrappers without using any additional binders and without using an extruder. They reported that this waste material may have the potential to be used as raw material for the production of new composites without the use of adhesives in the panels. Platnieks et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]investigated the use of recycled cellulose separated from TPB in an industrial processing plant as a structural filler for biocomposites produced from poly (butylene succinate), and reported some favourable biological, physical, and mechanical test results. Sanchez-Cadena et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e] evaluated the mechanical properties and fracture behaviour of composites produced with recycled HDPE and TPB without using an extruder. In a different study, Sujatha et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e] investigated some of the mechanical properties of composite boards produced from TPB with and without resin, and reported some favourable results for TPB-based composite boards with resin. \u0026Uuml;ner and B\u0026uuml;lb\u0026uuml;l [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e] investigated some of the mechanical properties of composite boards produced from TPB and recycled PE using some fillers and binding agents. Auriga et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e] investigated some of the physical and mechanical properties of chipboard produced from TPB using urea-formaldehyde resin. Bal [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e] compared the mechanical properties of PE-based composite sheets filled with TBP and wood flour, and some favourable results were reported according to the data obtained.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn some of these previous studies, the waste TPB material was first cut into small pieces, mixed with different polymers, and pressed in a hot press to produce composite sheets. In other studies, the waste TPB material was first cut into small pieces, and then glue was added and composite sheets were produced after hot pressing. In others, TPB boxes were first shredded, ground with a grinder, and mixed in an extruder before composite sheets were produced by being moulded in a hot press. In summary, there were a limited number of previous studies that ground TPBs and mixed them in an extruder. Moreover, to the best of the author\u0026rsquo;s knowledge, no previous study used waste PP as a polymer and TPBs as a filler. This study aimed to investigate the effect of the filler ratio on some of the properties of a composite material produced using waste PP as a polymer matrix and ground TPBs as a filler to fill this gap.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Material and Method","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1. Material\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, polypropylene (PP)-based plastic chair waste was used as a polymer matrix. The waste plastic chair (R-PP) was first cut into small pieces (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e-A) and then these pieces were ground in a high-speed grinder (Brader 1500) to make them smaller (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e-B). The cardboard-polyethylene-aluminium boxes used in the study were Tetra Pak brand milk cartons. These Tetra Pak cartons were collected by the authors from their own household waste. The insides of the cartons were washed and dried. Then, they were cut into small pieces (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e-C) and ground in a high-speed grinder to obtain a wool-like material.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.2. Preparation of Composites\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe compositions of the composites are given in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. The R-PP and TPB materials were dried at 103\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2\u0026deg;C. The TPB and R-PP (waste plastic chair part) materials were then mixed to obtain a homogenous blend before processing in a single screw extruder (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e-A) at temperatures of 150, 160, and 175\u0026deg;C. The extruded blend was taken in filament form from the barrel exit, which had a nozzle diameter of 3 mm. The filaments were cooled in the air on a desk (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e-B). The cooled blend was cut into pellets, and these pellets were ground. The ground blend was remixed with the extruder. The filaments were again cooled in the air on a desk, and there filaments were cut into pellets. These pellets were placed in a metal mould and transferred to a hot press at a temperature of 175\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5\u0026deg;C. A lubricant agent was used to prevent the pellets from sticking to the mould. The blend was heated and melted over a period of 15 min. At the end of this period, the metal mould containing the mixture was removed from the heater and immediately placed in a cold press. A total of 5 tons of pressure was applied in the cold press for 5 min. The plate was taken from the metal mould, and a composite sheet was thus obtained with the dimensions of 3.5 \u0026times; 175 \u0026times; 175 mm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e (thickness \u0026times; width \u0026times; length). Four composite plates were produced for each group. A total of 20 plates were produced for this present study (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e-C). Test samples were prepared from these sheets. A total of sixteen test samples were prepared for each test by cutting four test samples from each sheet. The test samples were cut using a laboratory band saw. The edges of each test sample prepared for the tensile test were shaped with a CNC machine.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompositions of the composites (wt%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eContent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup 5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR-PP (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTPB (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eR-PP: Recycled polypropylene and TPB: Terra Pak Box\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3. Method\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe density of each composite material was determined based on ASTM D792 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e], and flexural tests were conducted according to ASTM D 790 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. Tensile tests were conducted according to ASTM D638 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e], and the Shore D value was determined according to ASTM D 2240 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. The density values were measured by dividing the weight of each test sample in air by its volume in water. Flexural test samples were prepared with the dimensions of 3.5 \u0026times; 20 \u0026times; 80 mm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e (thickness \u0026times; width \u0026times; length). Measurements were made on 16 test samples for each group to determine the flexural strength. In the flexural strength test, the preload was set at 2 N, the support opening was 56 mm, the test speed was 2 mm/min, and the test ended when the specimen reached 75% of the maximum measured force. The maximum deformation values at the end of the flexural tests are given in the tables as the deformation at bending. At the end of the tensile test, the maximum percentage of elongation at break was also calculated. This value is given in the tables as the elongation at break. For the tensile test, 16 test samples from each group were prepared. The tensile test samples were prepared with the dimensions of 3.5 \u0026times; 20 \u0026times; 165 mm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e. The middle area of each tensile test specimen was shaped with a CNC machine. The preload was set to 5 N, and the test speed was set to 2 mm/min during the tensile test. The elastic modulus values measured during the bending and tensile tests are also given in the tables. One-way ANOVA and Duncan tests were performed on the data obtained at the end of the tests using a statistical program, and the results are shown in the relevant tables.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e lists the density data for the test samples from the control group (Group 1) and experimental groups (Groups 2, 3, 4, and 5), along with the Duncan test results and P values showing the ANOVA test results for these data. The lowest density was found in the control group (Group 1) and the highest density was found in Group 5, with values of 988 and 1107 kg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively. No filler was added to Group 1 (control group), whereas 60% TPB filler was added to Group 5. The density value of the composite material increased with the addition of the filler. A statistically significant (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) difference was found between the density values of all the groups. The measured density of the recycled PP polymer used in the study was 988 kg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e. The density of virgin PP polymer generally varies between 855 and 920 kg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e. The recycled PP polymer used in the study was obtained from waste chairs. Fillers such as calcite added to the PP material cause the density of this polymer to increase during chair production. Therefore, the measured density of the control group was slightly higher than that of virgin PP. Likewise, the measured densities of the experimental groups (Groups 2, 3, 4, and 5) were higher than that of the control group (Group 1) because fillers such as calcite (CaCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e) and the TPB filler added in this study increased their densities. Similar results have been reported in previous studies using TPB as a filler [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. In previous studies on polymer composite materials, it was determined that the density of the new composite material obtained increased as an effect of the filler [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. While some properties of the new composite material obtained increased in parallel with the increase in density, other properties decreased. Whether the filler used had a granular or fibrous structure also affected the properties of the obtained composite material.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDensity test data, ANOVA P values, and Duncan test results\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDensity (kg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup 5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP values\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ex\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e988\u003cb\u003eA\u003c/b\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1020\u003cb\u003eB\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1047\u003cb\u003eC\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1078\u003cb\u003eD\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1107\u003cb\u003eE\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ess\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003eMeans followed by the same letter are not significantly different with each other using Duncan multiple comparison test at α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05, *lowest value, x: arithmetic mean, ss: standard deviation\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe water uptake and thickness swelling test results obtained at the end of the tests are given in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. It can be seen that the lowest water uptake and thickness swelling percentages were obtained in Group 2, with the highest found in Group 5. In general, the water absorption and swelling percentages increased with the amount of TPB filler. The differences between groups were statistically significant (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). According to the Duncan test results, the water uptake and thickness swelling percentages of all the experimental groups differed from each other. In this study, the most important factor affecting the water uptake and thickness swelling percentages was the hydrophilic wood fibers that made up the cardboard in the TPB material. The cellulose and hemicelluloses contained in these wood fibers are highly hydrophilic in nature and therefore absorb water. Similar results were obtained in previous studies on this subject [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThickness swelling, water uptake test data, ANOVA P values, and Duncan test results\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThickness Swelling (TS)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP values\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ex\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e--\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.89A*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.60B\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.78C\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4.11D\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ess\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e--\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater Uptake (WA)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP values\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ex\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e--\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.72A*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.33B\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.71C\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4.64D\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ess\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e--\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003eMeans followed by the same letter are not significantly different with each other using Duncan multiple comparison test at α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05, *lowest value, x: arithmetic mean, ss: standard deviation\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e lists the data obtained in the bending tests, ANOVA test significance levels, and Duncan test results. According to these data, the highest bending strength was obtained in the control group without filler (36.9 N/mm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) and the smallest bending strength was obtained in Group 5 (26.3 N/mm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e), which contained 60% TPB filler. As the amount of filler increased, the bending strength decreased. The differences between the groups were statistically significant (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). In previous studies on these subjects, as the ratio of particulate or fibrous filler used in PE- or PP-based composite materials increased, the bending strength of the composite material decreased [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. It has been reported that one of the most important reasons for this situation to occur is the lack of sufficient adhesion at the adhesion interfaces of composites produced from polar and non-polar materials [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]. In addition, the incompatibility of the hygroscopic filler with the hydrophobic polymer causes the bending strength of the composite material to decrease. In this study, the TPBs used as a filler consisted of three different materials (cardboard, aluminium, and polyethylene). These had very different properties, which negatively affected the bending resistance of the composite. In this regard, Ebadi et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e] showed that as the amount of wood flour filler decreased and the amount of TPB filler increased, the bending strength of the composite increased. In another study, Bal [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]determined that the bending strength of an rPE-based composite material filled with wood flour and TPB increased with the TBP ratio. However, the bending strength of a composite filled with 40% TPB material was similar to that of the control group. In a study conducted by Aranda‑Garcia et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e], the bending strength of a TPB-HDPE composite material decreased as the TPB ratio increased. In a study conducted by Bekhta et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e], the bending strength of a composite material produced with TPB and polyethylene food packaging films decreased as the TPB ratio increased. However, in that study, the mixture was not processed in an extruder.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe deformation at bending values given in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e show that the obtained data, ANOVA significance level, and Duncan test results is similar to the bending strength results. Similar deformation at bending value data were obtained in previous studies conducted with thermoplastic-based polymers [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlexural modulus data are given in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. These data show that the flexural modulus increased with the amount of filler. The differences between the groups were statistically significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). According to the Duncan test results, the flexural modulus values of all the groups differed. In this case, the flexural strength and flexural modulus were affected in different ways by increasing the filler material. As a general rule, the flexural strength is the ability of a composite material to stay together when bent. The flexural modulus is a sign of how well the same composite material resists bending. This situation can also be explained by the general composite rule. The properties of a composite material are similar to the properties of its components. In this case, the flexural modulus of the composite material increased with the density of the filler. Similar results have been obtained in previous studies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlexural test data, ANOVA P values, and Duncan test results\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup 5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP values\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlexural Strength (N/mm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.9\u003cb\u003eE\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.7\u003cb\u003eD\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.2\u003cb\u003eC\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.4\u003cb\u003eB\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.3\u003cb\u003eA*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ess\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlexural Modulus (N/mm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1392\u003cb\u003eA*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1504\u003cb\u003eB\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1565\u003cb\u003eC\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1639\u003cb\u003eD\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1705\u003cb\u003eE\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ess\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeformation at bending (mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.9\u003cb\u003eE\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7\u003cb\u003eD\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5\u003cb\u003eC\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1\u003cb\u003eB\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.0\u003cb\u003eA*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ess\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003eMeans followed by the same letter are not significantly different with each other using Duncan multiple comparison test at α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05, *lowest value, x: arithmetic mean, ss: standard deviation\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe tensile test data, ANOVA significance levels, and Duncan test results are given in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e. It was determined that as the filler material increased, the tensile strength and elongation at break decreased and the tensile modulus increased. The differences between the groups were statistically significant (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). The greatest tensile strength and elongation at break were measured in the control group, and the smallest tensile strength and elongation at break were measured in Group 5. In contrast, the largest tensile modulus was measured in Group 5 and the smallest tensile modulus was measured in Group 1. The differences between the groups were statistically significant (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). However, there was no difference between Group 1 and Group 2 according to the Duncan test. The PP used in this study was obtained from waste furniture and was recycled PP. Therefore, the tensile and bending test results of the control group test samples were expected to be lower than those of virgin PP. This occurred because some mineral substances such as calcite are added to the mixture during the production of chairs with PP polymer. Similar results were obtained in previous studies. Bal et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e] obtained a value of 17.5 N/mm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e for the tensile strength of an rPP-based composite material produced with PP obtained from waste plastic chairs and without using fillers, the elongation at break was 4.7%. The tensile strength decreased with the use of wood flour filler. In previous studies, similar results were obtained for composite materials produced with polyolefin group polymers. In general, as the amount of fillers added to the polymer material increases, the tensile strength and elongation at break percentage of the composite material decreases and the tensile modulus increases [18, 23\u0026ndash;26, 30\u0026ndash;34,].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTensile test data, ANOVA P values, and Duncan test results\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrup 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrup 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrup 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrup 5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP values\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTensile Strength (N/mm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4\u003cb\u003eE\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8\u003cb\u003eD\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5\u003cb\u003eC\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1\u003cb\u003eB\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2\u003cb\u003eA*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ess\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTensile Modulus (N/mm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e446\u003cb\u003eA*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e480\u003cb\u003eA\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e695\u003cb\u003eB\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e871\u003cb\u003eC\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e872\u003cb\u003eC\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ess\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e110\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e210\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e159\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eElongation at Break (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8\u003cb\u003eD\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3\u003cb\u003eC\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7\u003cb\u003eB\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003cb\u003eA\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1\u003cb\u003eA*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ess\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003eMeans followed by the same letter are not significantly different with each other using Duncan multiple comparison test at α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05, *lowest value, x: arithmetic mean, ss: standard deviation\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Shore D hardness test data, ANOVA test significance levels, and Duncan test results for the composite materials are given in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e. It can be seen that the hardness values of the experimental groups were higher than that of the control group. The hardness values obtained ranged between 71 and 73. The difference between groups was significant (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). It was determined that the hardness increased with the amount of filler in the composite. However, the differences between Groups 3\u0026ndash;5 were insignificant according to the Duncan test results. Similar results were obtained in previous studies. The hardness value of the composite material increased as the percentage of TPB decreased and the percentage of wood flour increased in a study conducted by Bal [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. The TPB percentage had less effect than the wood flour on the hardness of the composite material. Additionally, previous studies on wood-plastic composite materials have reported that the hardness value of the composite material increased with the amount of filler [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHardness test data, ANOVA P values, and Duncan test results\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHardness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup 5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP values\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.28\u003cb\u003eA*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.58\u003cb\u003eB\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.31\u003cb\u003eC\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.45\u003cb\u003eC\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.52\u003cb\u003eC\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ess\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003eMeans followed by the same letter are not significantly different with each other using Duncan multiple comparison test at α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05, *lowest value, x: arithmetic mean, ss: standard deviation\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study, a composite material was produced using waste plastic chairs as a polymer matrix and waste TPB material as a filler, and some of its physical and mechanical properties were determined. According to the obtained data, the following conclusions can be drawn.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe density, thickness swelling, and water absorption percentages of the composite material increased with the amount of filler (TPB).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs the amount of filler in the composite sheets increased, the flexural bending and deformation at bending decreased but the flexural modulus increased.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs the amount of filler increased, the tensile strength and elongation at break decreased but the tensile modulus increased.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe hardness of the composite material increased with the addition of filler compared to the control group; however, this increase was not linear.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen all the obtained physical and mechanical properties are evaluated, it can be said that TPB material can be recycled by using it in the production of composite materials, as seen in this study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBekir Cihad Bal\u003c/strong\u003e and \u003cstrong\u003eNasır Narlıoğlu\u003c/strong\u003e; Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Writing \u0026ndash; original draft, Writing \u0026ndash; review \u0026amp; editing. All authors reviewed the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis work wasn\u0026rsquo;t supported by any organization.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of interest statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData and Code Availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSome or all data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical Approval\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot Applicable.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAyrilmis N, Candan Z, Hiziroglu S (2008) Physical and mechanical properties of cardboard panels made from used beverage carton with veneer overlay. \u003cem\u003eMaterials \u0026amp; 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American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, United States. 1\u0026ndash;27s.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKuzmin AM, Ayrilmis N, \u0026Ouml;zdemir F, Kanat G (2023) Effect of content and particle size of used beverage carton pieces on the properties of HDPE composites. \u003cem\u003eBioResources\u003c/em\u003e, 18(2): 2815 - 2825, https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.18.2.2815-2825 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u0026Ccedil;avuş V (2020) Selected properties of mahogany wood flour filled polypropylene composites: the effect of maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene (MAPP). \u003cem\u003eBioResources\u003c/em\u003e, 15(2): 2227-2236. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.2.2227-2236 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBal BC (2022b) Lineer d\u0026uuml;ş\u0026uuml;k yoğunluklu polietilen (LDYPE) ve odun unu ile \u0026uuml;retilen kompozit malzemenin bazı mekanik \u0026ouml;zellikleri \u0026uuml;zerine bir araştırma, \u003cem\u003eMobilya ve Ahşap Malzeme Araştırmaları Dergisi\u003c/em\u003e, 5(1): 40-49, https://doi.org/10.33725/mamad.1126534 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBal BC (2023a) Some mechanical properties of WPCs with wood flour and walnut shell flour, \u003cem\u003ePol\u0026iacute;meros\u003c/em\u003e, 33 (2):1-8, https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-1428.20230005 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBerger MJ, Stark NM (1997) Investigations of species effects in an injection-molding-grade, wood-filled polypropylene. \u003cem\u003eIn The fourth international conference on wood fiber-plastic composites\u003c/em\u003e (pp. 19-25).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMatuana L M, Stark NM (2015) The use of wood fibers as reinforcements in composites. 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Wood head Publishing.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFiore V, Botta L, Scaffaro R, Valenza A, Pirrotta A (2014) PLA based biocomposites reinforced with Arundo donax fillers. \u003cem\u003eComposites Science and Technology\u003c/em\u003e, 105, 110-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2014.10.005 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBal BC (2023b) Comparative study of some properties of wood plastic composite materials produced with polyethylene, wood flour and glass flour, \u003cem\u003eFurniture and Wooden Material Research Journal\u003c/em\u003e, 6(1): 70-79, https://doi.org/10.33725/mamad.1301384 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBal BC, Altuntaş E, Narlıoğlı N (2023) Some selected properties of composite material produced from plastic furniture waste and wood flour. \u003cem\u003eFurniture and Wooden Material Research Journal\u003c/em\u003e, 6 (2): 233-244, https://doi.org/10.33725/mamad.1384214 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAtar İ, Başboğa İH, Karakuş K, Mengeloğlu F (2016) Utilization of eggplant (Solanum melongena) stalks as a filler ın manufacturıng of compress molded PP based composites. EJT, 6(2): 138-144.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBaşboğa İH, Kili\u0026ccedil; İ, Atar İ, Mengeloğlu F (2022) Tropik ağa\u0026ccedil; t\u0026uuml;r\u0026uuml; olan dahoma (\u003cem\u003ePiptadeniastrum africanum\u003c/em\u003e) odununun odun plastik kompozit \u0026uuml;retiminde kullanımı. \u003cem\u003eOrmancılık Araştırma Dergisi\u003c/em\u003e, 9(\u0026Ouml;zel Sayı), 271-280. https://doi.org/10.17568/ogmoad.1091247 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNarlıoğlu N, \u0026Ccedil;etin NS, Alma MH (2018) Kara\u0026ccedil;am testere talaşının polipropilen kompozitlerin mekanik \u0026ouml;zelliklerine etkisi. \u003cem\u003eMobilya ve Ahşap Malzeme Araştırmaları Dergisi,\u003c/em\u003e 1(1): 38-45. https://doi.org/10.33725/mamad.433532 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"waste plastic furniture, recycled polypropylene, Tetra Pak®, mechanical properties","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4479914/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4479914/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003ePlastic-containing waste causes significant environmental pollution because it remains in nature for a long time without degrading. This waste includes polyolefin-based containers, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) water bottles, and cardboard-polyethylene-aluminium beverage boxes. In recent years, important steps have begun to be taken to eliminate the environmental effects of plastic-containing solid waste. These have the goal of reducing these wastes by using them to produce new composite products. In this study, composite sheets were produced by mixing polypropylene (PP) obtained from recycling waste plastic furniture as a polymer matrix and waste Tetra Pak\u0026reg; boxes (TPBs) as a filler in different mixing ratios. Then, the density, thickness swelling, water absorption, flexural strength, flexural modulus, deformation at bending, tensile strength, tensile modulus, elongation at break, and hardness values of the produced sheets were determined. According to the data obtained, it was determined that as the amount of filler in the composite increased, the density, thickness swelling, water absorption, flexural modulus, tensile modulus and hardness values increased, whereas the flexural strength, deformation at bending, tensile strength, and elongation at break values decreased. According to the results obtained from the study, it can be said that new composites can be successfully produced using a waste PP-based polymer matrix and waste TPBs as filler.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Physical and mechanical properties of composite material produced from waste plastic furniture and waste beverage boxes. ","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-06-14 18:42:52","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4479914/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"f696a250-20b2-4fe3-a22e-a2d853e3abc7","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 14th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-01-21T17:13:59+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-4479914","link":"https://doi.org/10.46793/tribomat.2024.018","journal":{"identity":"tribology-and-materials","isVorOnly":true,"title":"Tribology and Materials"},"publishedOn":"2024-12-15 00:00:00","publishedOnDateReadable":"December 15th, 2024"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-06-14 18:42:52","video":"","vorDoi":"10.46793/tribomat.2024.018","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46793/tribomat.2024.018","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4479914","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4479914","identity":"rs-4479914","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}