The prevalence of allergic diseases is associated with clinical outcomes in ulcerative colitis

The prevalence of allergic diseases is associated with clinical outcomes in ulcerative colitis | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article The prevalence of allergic diseases is associated with clinical outcomes in ulcerative colitis Yasunori Yamamoto, Shinya Furukawa, Osamu Yoshida, Teruki Miyake, and 15 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3960197/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background: No evidence regarding the association between the prevalence of allergic diseases and the clinical activity of ulcerative colitis (UC) exists, although several studies have shown the positive association between allergic diseases and onset of UC. Aim: This study aimed to investigate this issue in patients with UC. Methods: We studied 289 Japanese patients with UC. Information regarding allergic diseases (asthma, atopic dermatitis, pollen allergy, food allergy, and drug allergy) diagnosed by a medical doctor, lifestyle, and medical history were collected using a self-administered questionnaire. The definition of mucosal healing (MH) was Mayo Endoscopic Score 0. The association between each allergic disease and its multimorbidity with MH was evaluated using multivariate logistic regression analyses. Results: Pollen allergy was the most common allergic disease (36.3%). Pollen allergy and food allergy were independently positively associated with MH (pollen allergy adjusted odds ratio (OR): 1.82 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01–3.26]; food allergy adjusted OR: 3.47 [95% CI: 1.26–9.68]). The rate of MH for 0, 1, 2, and 3 or more allergic diseases was 22.6%, 21.3%, 29.7%, and 59.3%, respectively. After adjustment, 3 or more allergic diseases was independently and positively associated with MH (adjusted OR for 3 or more diseases: 8.13 [95% CI: 2.17–34.04], p for trend = 0.020). Conclusions.: In patients with UC, pollen allergy and food allergy were independently positively associated with MH, respectively. Additionally, allergic multimorbidity was independently positively associated with MH. allergic diseases ulcerative colitis inflammatory bowel disease atopic dermatitis food allergy Introduction Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) characterized by recurring episodes of inflammation in the colonic mucosa. The prevalence of UC has traditionally been higher in Western countries [ 1 ], but recent studies indicate a rapid increase in Asia, including Japan [ 2 – 4 ]. In the clinical setting, achieving mucosal healing (MH) is a standard treatment target in patients with UC [ 5 ]. MH is associated with fewer early relapses [ 6 , 7 ], lowered rates of bowel resection [ 8 ] and colorectal cancer [ 9 ], and an improved quality of life [ 10 , 11 ]. Several factors, including unhealthy dietary habits [ 12 ], the severity of mucosal inflammation [ 13 ], duration of clinical remission [ 14 ], disease extent [ 14 ], and medication [ 13 – 15 ], affect the achievement of MH. However, the associated factors for MH remain unclear in UC patients. Several studies have shown the association between allergic diseases, mainly asthma and atopic dermatitis (AD), and IBD including UC. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses have demonstrated the association between asthma, AD, and IBD including UC [ 16 , 17 ]. Additionally, an association between other allergic diseases and IBD has been found [ 18 – 21 ]. The number of allergic diseases was associated with the incidence of UC in a Korean study [ 22 ]. In a Polish study of pediatric IBD patients, the prevalence of several allergic diseases in IBD patients was higher compared to controls, although the findings were not statistically significant [ 23 ]. We hypothesized that allergic diseases would be associated with poor clinical outcomes in UC. To the best of our knowledge, no study regarding the relationship between specific allergic diseases and MH as a clinical outcome in UC patients has been conducted. In addition, the relationship between allergic multimorbidity and MH has remained unclear. The primary objective of this research is to investigate the association between the each allergic disease and clinical outcomes of UC. The secondary objective is to elucidate the relationship between allergic multimorbidity and clinical outcomes of UC. Methods Study population Between 2015 and 2019, a total of 387 patients with UC were enrolled in this study from Ehime University Hospital and several other affiliated institutions in Ehime Prefecture, either as inpatients or outpatients. All included individuals had previously been diagnosed with UC, as confirmed by colonoscopy and further validated by clinical, radiological, and histological evidence. A subset of 98 participants was excluded due to incomplete data, resulting in 74.7% (289/387) of the original cohort being enrolled and evaluated in this study. Ethical statement The research protocol was carefully designed in accordance with the ethical requirements of the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent revisions. Ethical approval for this study was granted by the Ethics Committee of Ehime University School of Medicine (approval number 1505011). Each participant provided written informed consent and completed a self-administered survey. This study is also registered UMIN (000051334). Study design Cross-sectional study Definition of mucosal healing and clinical remission An expert in endoscopy performed a total colonoscopy to evaluate the endoscopic activity of UC. In this study, the Mayo Endoscopic Score (MES) 0 was interpreted as MH [24]. Both MES and MH were assessed by an endoscopy specialist who was unaware of the presence of allergic diseases. Clinical remission (CR) was defined as the absence of rectal bleeding combined with stool frequency not exceeding the norm (less than 3 times/day). A board-certified gastroenterologist was responsible for assessing clinical symptoms. Assessment of allergic diseases Information on the diagnosis of asthma, AD, pollen allergy, food allergy, and drug allergy was obtained using a self-administered questionnaire. Participants were asked to answer either “YES” or “NO” to indicate whether they had been diagnosed with each allergic disease. Other measurements Data on smoking, alcohol consumption, and medical history were collected using a self-administered questionnaire. Current smoking status was assigned if a participant confirmed active smoking. Current alcohol consumption was classified if the participant reported regular consumption of alcoholic beverages, regardless of frequency and volume. Statistical Analysis The number of allergic diseases was divided into the following four categories: 0 (reference), 1, 2, and 3 or more. Estimates of crude odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for clinical outcomes associated with allergic diseases were performed using logistic regression analysis. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to adjust for potential confounders. Age, sex, body mass index, current alcohol use, current smoking, steroid use, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α monoclonal antibody use were selected as potential confounders. Statistical analyses were performed with the SAS software package, version 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). All probability values for statistical tests were two-tailed, and p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Subject Characteristics The characteristics of the 289 UC patients are shown in Table 1. The mean age, duration of UC, and body mass index were 50.1 ± 16.0 years, 8.3 ± 8.4 years, and 22.63 ± 4.60 kg/m 2 , respectively. Males accounted for 57.8% of participants. Administration of 5-aminosalicylates, prednisolone, thiopurines, and TNF-α monoclonal antibody therapies occurred in 91.4%, 20.1%, 14.5%, and 5.5% of cases, respectively. The mean MES was 1.22 ± 0.91. MH and clinical remission were observed in 24.6% and 59.4% of patients, respectively. Pollen allergy was the most common allergic disease (36.3%), followed by asthma (11.8%). The incidence of AD, drug allergy, and food allergy were 9.0%, 8.3%, and 6.2%, respectively. Almost half (49.5%) of the subjects had one or more allergic diseases, while 4.2% had three or more such diseases. Association Between Each Allergic Disease and Clinical Outcomes in UC Patients Table 2 shows the crude and adjusted ORs and 95% CIs for the association between allergic disease and clinical outcomes in UC patients. After adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, current smoking, current drinking, use of steroids, and TNF-α monoclonal antibody, pollen allergy and food allergy were independently positively associated with MH (adjusted OR for pollen allergy: 1.82 [95% CI: 1.01–3.26] and food allergy: 3.47 [95% CI: 1.26–9.68]). There was no significant difference in the association between each allergic disease and clinical remission (CR) in this cohort study. Association Between Number of Allergic Diseases and Clinical Outcomes in UC Patients Table 3 shows the crude and adjusted ORs and 95% CIs for the number of allergic diseases associated with MH or CR in UC patients. The rates of MH with 0, 1, 2, and 3 or more allergic diseases were 22.6%, 21.3%, 29.7%, and 59.3%, respectively. After adjusting for confounders, 3 or more allergic diseases was independently positively associated with MH, and multimorbidity of allergic diseases tended to correlate with the rate of MH in UC patients (adjusted OR for 3 or more diseases: 8.13 [95% CI: 2.17-34.04], p for trend = 0.020). The prevalence of CR with 0, 1, 2, and 3 or more allergic diseases was 62.3%, 54.3%, 56.8%, and 75.0%, respectively. There was no association between allergic multimorbidity and CR in this cohort study. Discussion In the present study, pollen allergy and food allergy, and number of allergic diseases, were independently positively associated with MH. This is the first study to demonstrate the association between allergic diseases, including allergic multimorbidity and clinical outcomes, in UC patients. Allergic diseases and UC have clinical and pathophysiological similarities. The prevalence of asthma and AD are associated with UC [16, 17]. The prevalence of asthma is higher in female patients with UC [25]. The prevalence of asthma is a risk factor for UC [26]. In a Canadian study, the prevalence of asthma is associated with the onset of IBD [18]. Similarly, the prevalence of AD in UC patients is higher compared to that of the general population [19, 27]. The development of UC in patients with AD is high in Korean [23], Japanese [28], and large European database studies [27]. On the other hand, evidence regarding the association between other allergy diseases and IBD including UC is limited. The prevalence of pollen allergy is twice as high in UC compared to controls in the US study [19]. A high incidence of food allergy has been reported in Iranian pediatric IBD patients [29]. Food allergy has been suggested to be associated with the pathogenesis of IBD [21, 21]. In the present study, neither asthma nor AD were associated with clinical outcomes including MH. On the other hand, a positive association between pollen allergy, food allergy, and MH was found. Allergic multimorbidity is positively associated with respiratory and allergic symptoms, anxiety, depression, functional gastrointestinal diseases, and UC [23, 30, 31]. In the present study, an independent positive association between allergic multimorbidity and MH was observed. The discrepancy between the association of allergic disease with the onset of UC in previous studies and the favorable clinical outcomes of UC in the present study may be explained by the definition of each allergic disease, the number of years of treatment for allergic disease and UC, and the fact that this study examined the association with disease activity and not the incidence or prevalence of UC. As the present cohort consists of patients who make regular hospital visits, long-term treatment for both diseases might mask the true association between allergy diseases and MH. A combination of specific food allergy immunotherapy and probiotics are effective for UC-related symptoms in patients with both UC and food allergy [32, 33]. Antihistamine medication improved intestinal inflammation and clinical outcomes in UC patients [34, 35]. In addition, upadacitinib, a JAK (Janus kinase) inhibitor, is used for both atopic dermatitis and UC [36, 37]. The underlying mechanism that links allergic diseases, allergic multimorbidity, and clinical outcomes in patients with UC remains unclear. The pathogenesis of UC includes immune abnormalities of the Th2 pathway (typical of allergic diseases), abnormalities of the Th1 and Th17 pathways, and mast cell dysfunction [30, 38]. Allergic diseases themselves and/or medication for allergic diseases may have a potentially favorable effect for controlling UC activity via controlling mast cell function, histamine secretion, and a JAK signal transductor and activator of transcription. Future examination of the intricate interactions between allergic diseases and UC has the potential to optimize treatment and improve clinical outcomes for UC patients. Our study has several limitations. First, the reliance on self-reported diagnosis of allergic diseases may have introduced reporting bias. Second, the cross-sectional design of our study precludes us from establishing a temporal relationship between allergic diseases and MH in UC. Third, the study was conducted in a single geographic region, which limits the generalizability of our findings. Despite these limitations, our study is one of the few to address the impact of allergic multimorbidity on MH in UC. Furthermore, the robust statistical adjustment for potential confounders lends credibility to our findings. In conclusion, pollen allergy and food allergy were independently positively associated with MH, respectively, in patients with UC. Additionally, allergic multimorbidity was independently positively associated with MH. Declarations Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank Keitarou Kawasaki, Yuji Mizukami, Satoshi Imamine, Masamoto Torisu, Kenichiro Mori, Aki Hasebe, Harumi Yano, Makoto Yano, Masato Murakami, Masumi Hino, and Tomo Kogama. Funding: This research did not receive any specific grants from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Conflicts of Interest The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this article. Data availability statement The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Authors’ contribution Conception and design: YY, SF, and YH; Material preparation and data collection: KS, YH, KT, SY, MH, TN, SS, NS, HM, KO, HT, YY. ET, and YI; Data analysis: SF; Interpretation of data: SK, SF, TM, and YH; the first draft of the manuscript was written by YY and SF; the first draft of the manuscript was edited by SF, TM, and OY. Supervision: YH. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. References Ng SC, Shi HY, Hamidi N, et al. Worldwide incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease in the 21st century: A systematic review of population-based studies. Lancet 2017;390:2769–2778. Murakami Y, Nishiwaki Y, Oba MS, et al. Estimated prevalence of ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease in Japan in 2014: An analysis of a nationwide survey. J Gastroenterol 2019;54:1070–1077. Aniwan S, Santiago P, Loftus EV, Jr., Park SH. The epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease in Asia and Asian immigrants to Western countries. 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Clinical characteristics of 289 study participants Variables Mean ± SD or n (%) Age (years) 50.1 ± 16.0 Male (%) 167 (57.8) Disease extent (n; pancolitis/left-sided/proctitis/other) 120/78/84/7 Duration of UC (years) 8.3 ± 8.4 BMI 22.63 ± 4.60 Current smoking 21 (7.3) Current drinking 118 (40.8) Medication for UC 5-Aminosalicylates 264 (91.4) Prednisolone 58 (20.1) Thiopurines 42 (14.5) TNF- α monoclonal antibody 16 (5.5) Mayo Endoscopic Subscore (MES) 1.22 ± 0.91 Complete mucosal healing (MES 0) 71 (24.6) Clinical remission 172 (59.5) Allergy disease Asthma (n, %) 34 (11.8) Atopic dermatitis (n, %) 26 (9.0) Pollen allergy (n, %) 105 (36.3) Food allergy (n, %) 18 (6.2) Drug allergy (n, %) 24 (8.3) Number of allergy diseases 0.72 ± 0.88 0 (n, %) 146 (50.5) 1 (n, %) 94 (32.5) 2 (n, %) 37 (12.8) 3 or more (n, %) 12 (4.2) BMI, body mass index; UC, ulcerative colitis; SD, standard deviation; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; Other: right-sided, segmental colitis, and postoperative patients (lack of any preoperative medical records for postoperative patients) Table 2. Crude and adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for allergy diseases related to clinical outcomes Variable Prevalence (%) Crude OR (95% CI) Adjusted OR (95% CI) MH Asthma, n (%) No 62/255 (24.3) 1.00 1.00 Yes 9/34 (26.5) 1.12(0.47–2.45) 1.18 (0.49–2.68) Atopic dermatitis, n (%) No 65/263 (24.7) 1.00 1,00 Yes 6/26 (23.1) 0.91 (0.32–2.25) 1.11 (0.38–2.89) Pollen allergy, n (%) No 39/184 (21.2) 1.00 1.00 Yes 32/105 (30.5) 1.63 (0.94–2.81) 1.82 (1.01–3.26) Food allergy, n (%) No 62/271 (22.9) 1.00 1.00 Yes 9/18 (50.0) 3.37 (1.27–9.00) 3.47 (1.26–9.68) Drug allergy, n (%) No 62/265 (23.4) 1.00 1.00 Yes 9/24 (37.5) 1.97 (0.79–4.64) 1.81 (0.70–4.49) Clinical remission Asthma, n (%) No 151/255 (59.2) 1.00 1.00 Yes 21/34 (61.8) 1.11 (0.54–2.37) 1.19 (0.54–2.71) Atopic dermatitis, n (%) No 159/263 (60.5) 1.00 1.00 Yes 13/26 (50.0) 0.65 (0.29–1.48) 0.75 (0.31–1.83) Pollen allergy, n (%) No 113/184 (61.4) 1.00 1.00 Yes 59/105 (56.2) 0.81 (0.50–1.31) 0.78 (0.46–1.33) Food allergy, n (%) No 161/271 (59.4) 1.00 1.00 Yes 11/18 (61.1) 1.07 (0.41–3.00) 0.96 (0.34–2.89) Drug allergy, n (%) No 153/265 (57.7) 1.00 1.00 Yes 19/24 (79.2) 2.78 (1.08– 8.59) 2.75 (0.98–9.31) Adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, current drinking, current smoking, use of steroid, and TNF- α monoclonal antibody . OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; NA, not applicable; FD, functional dyspepsia; IBS, irritable bowel syndrome Table 3. Crude and adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for number of allergy diseases related to clinical outcome Variable Prevalence (%) Crude OR (95% CI) Adjusted OR (95% CI) Number of allergy diseases MH 0 33/146 (22.6) 1.00 1.00 1 20/94 (21.3) 0.93 (0.49–1.72) 0.93 (0.48–1.79) 2 11/37 (29.7) 1.45 (0.63–3.19) 1.48 (0.61–3.44) 3 or more 7/12 (58.3) 4.79 (1.44–17.15) 8.13 (2.17–34.04) p for trend 0.020 Clinical remission 0 91/146 (62.3) 1.00 1.00 1 51/94 (54.3) 0.72 (0.42–1.21) 0.66 (0.37–1.17) 2 21/37 (56.8) 0.79 (0.38–1.67) 0.66 (0.30–1.48) 3 or more 9/12 (75.0) 1.81 (0.52–8.43) 2.99 (0.72–16.71) p for trend 0.85 Adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, current drinking, current smoking, use of steroid, and TNF- α monoclonal antibody . OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; FD, functional dyspepsia; IBS, irritable bowel syndrome Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3960197","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":273200818,"identity":"346d7f46-79a9-420e-9921-ba05da0e64ec","order_by":0,"name":"Yasunori Yamamoto","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ehime University Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yasunori","middleName":"","lastName":"Yamamoto","suffix":""},{"id":273200819,"identity":"fc2bf25f-4be6-4773-8d0e-052ec4b5a0de","order_by":1,"name":"Shinya 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Medicine","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yu","middleName":"","lastName":"Hashimoto","suffix":""},{"id":273200824,"identity":"7531a717-5ffb-4b98-875e-d999875ebfd4","order_by":6,"name":"Kazuhiro Tange","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kazuhiro","middleName":"","lastName":"Tange","suffix":""},{"id":273200825,"identity":"f1fe8a4d-2913-48b4-9db5-d5c9f842a41f","order_by":7,"name":"Shogo Kitahata","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ehime Prefectural Central Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shogo","middleName":"","lastName":"Kitahata","suffix":""},{"id":273200826,"identity":"f1a74904-4914-431a-b062-03e28915f25b","order_by":8,"name":"Tomoyuki Ninomiya","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ehime Prefectural Central Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tomoyuki","middleName":"","lastName":"Ninomiya","suffix":""},{"id":273200827,"identity":"6196adb1-55c2-42ae-9c96-5274c28ae634","order_by":9,"name":"Sen Yagi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Saiseikai Imabari Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sen","middleName":"","lastName":"Yagi","suffix":""},{"id":273200828,"identity":"b0a5c691-cea3-4d88-a9e1-1aa1676d8713","order_by":10,"name":"Hanayama Masakazu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Matsuyama Shimin Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hanayama","middleName":"","lastName":"Masakazu","suffix":""},{"id":273200829,"identity":"61346507-6e84-4525-be92-f3e36ddec02a","order_by":11,"name":"Seiyuu Suzuki","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sumitomo Besshi Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Seiyuu","middleName":"","lastName":"Suzuki","suffix":""},{"id":273200830,"identity":"8ab0a8e6-59df-47e6-9cb9-620f6dca7271","order_by":12,"name":"Naozumi Shibata","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ehime Prefectural Niihama Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Naozumi","middleName":"","lastName":"Shibata","suffix":""},{"id":273200831,"identity":"6262c357-d042-441b-a6b4-6ae0deb1ed70","order_by":13,"name":"Hidehiro Murakami","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Saiseikai Matsuyama Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hidehiro","middleName":"","lastName":"Murakami","suffix":""},{"id":273200832,"identity":"42044b8d-c382-4ccc-b0d8-9d61406b6c22","order_by":14,"name":"Katsuhisa Ohashi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"OHASHI Clinic Participate in Gastro-Enterology and Ano-Proctology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Katsuhisa","middleName":"","lastName":"Ohashi","suffix":""},{"id":273200833,"identity":"e6e0188b-d452-41d9-b587-5e759e1d4d22","order_by":15,"name":"Hideomi Tomida","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ehime University Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hideomi","middleName":"","lastName":"Tomida","suffix":""},{"id":273200834,"identity":"24703490-c46e-44ba-a3f2-c51f7a0fcd8d","order_by":16,"name":"Eiji Takeshita","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Eiji","middleName":"","lastName":"Takeshita","suffix":""},{"id":273200835,"identity":"6bf316d2-9922-4cdb-b0c2-692805d3960e","order_by":17,"name":"Yoshio Ikeda","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ehime University Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yoshio","middleName":"","lastName":"Ikeda","suffix":""},{"id":273200836,"identity":"f759cf5c-847c-43ca-b71d-12c4c4d58e83","order_by":18,"name":"Yoichi Hiasa","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yoichi","middleName":"","lastName":"Hiasa","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-02-16 03:10:00","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3960197/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3960197/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":51569711,"identity":"5124a4de-e231-4c78-a5ca-0e2557308018","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-23 21:08:49","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":343746,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3960197/v1/1fb3dd0f-a787-496a-b03a-1e6fe35b8245.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"The prevalence of allergic diseases is associated with clinical outcomes in ulcerative colitis","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eUlcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) characterized by recurring episodes of inflammation in the colonic mucosa. The prevalence of UC has traditionally been higher in Western countries [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e], but recent studies indicate a rapid increase in Asia, including Japan [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR3\" citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. In the clinical setting, achieving mucosal healing (MH) is a standard treatment target in patients with UC [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. MH is associated with fewer early relapses [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e], lowered rates of bowel resection [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e] and colorectal cancer [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e], and an improved quality of life [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. Several factors, including unhealthy dietary habits [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e], the severity of mucosal inflammation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e], duration of clinical remission [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e], disease extent [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e], and medication [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR14\" citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e], affect the achievement of MH. However, the associated factors for MH remain unclear in UC patients.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeveral studies have shown the association between allergic diseases, mainly asthma and atopic dermatitis (AD), and IBD including UC. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses have demonstrated the association between asthma, AD, and IBD including UC [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. Additionally, an association between other allergic diseases and IBD has been found [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR19 CR20\" citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. The number of allergic diseases was associated with the incidence of UC in a Korean study [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. In a Polish study of pediatric IBD patients, the prevalence of several allergic diseases in IBD patients was higher compared to controls, although the findings were not statistically significant [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe hypothesized that allergic diseases would be associated with poor clinical outcomes in UC. To the best of our knowledge, no study regarding the relationship between specific allergic diseases and MH as a clinical outcome in UC patients has been conducted. In addition, the relationship between allergic multimorbidity and MH has remained unclear.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe primary objective of this research is to investigate the association between the each allergic disease and clinical outcomes of UC. The secondary objective is to elucidate the relationship between allergic multimorbidity and clinical outcomes of UC.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eStudy population\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBetween 2015 and 2019, a total of 387 patients with UC were enrolled in this study from Ehime University Hospital and several other affiliated institutions in Ehime Prefecture, either as inpatients or outpatients. All included individuals had previously been diagnosed with UC, as confirmed by colonoscopy and further validated by clinical, radiological, and histological evidence. A subset of 98 participants was excluded due to incomplete data, resulting in 74.7% (289/387) of the original cohort being enrolled and evaluated in this study.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eEthical statement\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe research protocol was carefully designed in accordance with the ethical requirements of the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent revisions. Ethical approval for this study was granted by the Ethics Committee of Ehime University School of Medicine (approval number 1505011). Each participant provided written informed consent and completed a self-administered survey.\u0026nbsp;This study is also registered UMIN (000051334).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eStudy design\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCross-sectional study\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eDefinition of mucosal healing and clinical remission\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAn expert in endoscopy performed a total colonoscopy to evaluate the endoscopic activity of UC. In this study, the Mayo Endoscopic Score (MES) 0 was interpreted as MH [24]. Both MES and MH were assessed by an endoscopy specialist who was unaware of the presence of allergic diseases. Clinical remission (CR) was defined as the absence of rectal bleeding combined with stool frequency not exceeding the norm (less than 3 times/day). A board-certified gastroenterologist was responsible for assessing clinical symptoms.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAssessment of allergic diseases\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInformation on the diagnosis of asthma, AD, pollen allergy, food allergy, and drug allergy was obtained using a self-administered questionnaire. Participants were asked to answer either \u0026ldquo;YES\u0026rdquo; or \u0026ldquo;NO\u0026rdquo; to indicate whether they had been diagnosed with each allergic disease.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eOther measurements\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData on smoking, alcohol consumption, and medical history were collected using a self-administered questionnaire. Current smoking status was assigned if a participant confirmed active smoking. Current alcohol consumption was classified if the participant reported regular consumption of alcoholic beverages, regardless of frequency and volume.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eStatistical Analysis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe number of allergic diseases was divided into the following four categories: 0 (reference), 1, 2, and 3 or more. Estimates of crude odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for clinical outcomes associated with allergic diseases were performed using logistic regression analysis. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to adjust for potential confounders. Age, sex, body mass index, current alcohol use, current smoking, steroid use, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-\u0026alpha; monoclonal antibody use were selected as potential confounders. Statistical analyses were performed with the SAS software package, version 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). All probability values for statistical tests were two-tailed, and \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eSubject Characteristics\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe characteristics of the 289 UC patients are shown in Table 1. The mean age, duration of UC, and body mass index were 50.1 \u0026plusmn; 16.0 years, 8.3 \u0026plusmn; 8.4 years, and 22.63 \u0026plusmn; 4.60 kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively. Males accounted for 57.8% of participants. Administration of 5-aminosalicylates, prednisolone, thiopurines, and TNF-\u0026alpha; monoclonal antibody therapies occurred in 91.4%, 20.1%, 14.5%, and 5.5% of cases, respectively. The mean MES was 1.22 \u0026plusmn; 0.91. MH and clinical remission were observed in 24.6% and 59.4% of patients, respectively. Pollen allergy was the most common allergic disease (36.3%), followed by asthma (11.8%). The incidence of AD, drug allergy, and food allergy were 9.0%, 8.3%, and 6.2%, respectively. Almost half (49.5%) of the subjects had one or more allergic diseases, while 4.2% had three or more such diseases.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAssociation Between Each Allergic Disease and Clinical Outcomes in UC Patients\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2 shows the crude and adjusted ORs and 95% CIs for the association between allergic disease and clinical outcomes in UC patients. After adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, current smoking, current drinking, use of steroids, and TNF-\u0026alpha; monoclonal antibody, pollen allergy and food allergy were independently positively associated with MH (adjusted OR for pollen allergy: 1.82 [95% CI: 1.01\u0026ndash;3.26] and food allergy: 3.47 [95% CI: 1.26\u0026ndash;9.68]). There was no significant difference in the association between each allergic disease and clinical remission (CR) in this cohort study.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAssociation Between Number of Allergic Diseases and Clinical Outcomes in UC Patients\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 3 shows the crude and adjusted ORs and 95% CIs for the number of allergic diseases associated with MH or CR in UC patients. The rates of MH with 0, 1, 2, and 3 or more allergic diseases were 22.6%, 21.3%, 29.7%, and 59.3%, respectively. After adjusting for confounders, 3 or more allergic diseases was independently positively associated with MH, and multimorbidity of allergic diseases tended to correlate with the rate of MH in UC patients (adjusted OR for 3 or more diseases: 8.13 [95% CI: 2.17-34.04], \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e for trend = 0.020). The prevalence of CR with 0, 1, 2, and 3 or more allergic diseases was 62.3%, 54.3%, 56.8%, and 75.0%, respectively. There was no association between allergic multimorbidity and CR in this cohort study.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn the present study, pollen allergy and food allergy, and number of allergic diseases, were independently positively associated with MH. This is the first study to demonstrate the association between allergic diseases, including allergic multimorbidity and clinical outcomes, in UC patients.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAllergic diseases and UC have clinical and pathophysiological similarities. The prevalence of asthma and AD are associated with UC [16, 17]. The prevalence of asthma is higher in female patients with UC [25]. The prevalence of asthma is a risk factor for UC [26]. In a Canadian study, the prevalence of asthma is associated with the onset of IBD [18]. Similarly, the prevalence of AD in UC patients is higher compared to that of the general population [19, 27]. The development of UC in patients with AD is high in Korean [23], Japanese [28], and large European database studies [27]. On the other hand, evidence regarding the association between other allergy diseases and IBD including UC is limited. The prevalence of pollen allergy is twice as high in UC compared to controls in the US study [19]. A high incidence of food allergy has been reported in Iranian pediatric IBD patients [29]. Food allergy has been suggested to be associated with the pathogenesis of IBD [21, 21]. In the present study, neither asthma nor AD were associated with clinical outcomes including MH. On the other hand, a positive association between pollen allergy, food allergy, and MH was found.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAllergic multimorbidity is positively associated with respiratory and allergic symptoms, anxiety, depression, functional gastrointestinal diseases, and UC [23, 30, 31]. In the present study, an independent positive association between allergic multimorbidity and MH was observed. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe discrepancy between the association of allergic disease with the onset of UC in previous studies and the favorable clinical outcomes of UC in the present study may be explained by the definition of each allergic disease, the number of years of treatment for allergic disease and UC, and the fact that this study examined the association with disease activity and not the incidence or prevalence of UC. As the present cohort consists of patients who make regular hospital visits, long-term treatment for both diseases might mask the true association between allergy diseases and MH. A combination of specific food allergy immunotherapy and probiotics are effective for UC-related symptoms in patients with both UC and food allergy [32, 33]. Antihistamine medication improved intestinal inflammation and clinical outcomes in UC patients [34, 35].\u0026nbsp;In addition, upadacitinib, a JAK (Janus kinase) inhibitor, is used for both atopic dermatitis and UC [36, 37].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe underlying mechanism that links allergic diseases, allergic multimorbidity, and clinical outcomes in patients with UC remains unclear. The pathogenesis of UC includes immune abnormalities of the Th2 pathway (typical of allergic diseases), abnormalities of the Th1 and Th17 pathways, and mast cell dysfunction [30, 38]. Allergic diseases themselves and/or medication for allergic diseases may have a potentially favorable effect for controlling UC activity via controlling mast cell function, histamine secretion, and a JAK\u0026nbsp;signal transductor and activator of transcription. Future examination of the intricate interactions between allergic diseases and UC has the potential to optimize treatment and improve clinical outcomes for UC patients.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOur study has several limitations. First, the reliance on self-reported diagnosis of allergic diseases may have introduced reporting bias. Second, the cross-sectional design of our study precludes us from establishing a temporal relationship between allergic diseases and MH in UC. Third, the study was conducted in a single geographic region, which limits the generalizability of our findings. Despite these limitations, our study is one of the few to address the impact of allergic multimorbidity on MH in UC. Furthermore, the robust statistical adjustment for potential confounders lends credibility to our findings.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, pollen allergy and food allergy were independently positively associated with MH, respectively, in patients with UC. Additionally, allergic multimorbidity was independently positively associated with MH. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors would like to thank Keitarou Kawasaki, Yuji Mizukami, Satoshi Imamine, Masamoto Torisu, Kenichiro Mori, Aki Hasebe, Harumi Yano, Makoto Yano, Masato Murakami, Masumi Hino, and Tomo Kogama.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThis research did not receive any specific grants from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflicts of Interest\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this article.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; contribution\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConception and design: YY, SF, and YH; Material preparation and data collection: KS, YH, KT, SY, MH, TN, SS, NS, HM, KO, HT, YY. ET, and YI; Data analysis: SF; Interpretation of data: SK, SF, TM, and YH; the first draft of the manuscript was written by YY and SF; the first draft of the manuscript was edited by SF, TM, and OY. Supervision: YH. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNg SC, Shi HY, Hamidi N, et al. Worldwide incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease in the 21st century: A systematic review of population-based studies. Lancet 2017;390:2769\u0026ndash;2778.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMurakami Y, Nishiwaki Y, Oba MS, et al. Estimated prevalence of ulcerative colitis and Crohn\u0026rsquo;s disease in Japan in 2014: An analysis of a nationwide survey. J Gastroenterol 2019;54:1070\u0026ndash;1077.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAniwan S, Santiago P, Loftus EV, Jr., Park SH. The epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease in Asia and Asian immigrants to Western countries. United European Gastroenterol J 2022;10:1063\u0026ndash;1076.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOlfatifar M, Zali MR, Pourhoseingholi MA, et al. The emerging epidemic of inflammatory bowel disease in Asia and Iran by 2035: A modeling study. BMC Gastroenterol 2021;21:204.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTurner D, Ricciuto A, Lewis A, et al. STRIDE-II: An Update on the Selecting Therapeutic Targets in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (STRIDE) Initiative of the International Organization for the Study of IBD (IOIBD): Determining therapeutic goals for treat-to-target strategies in IBD. Gastroenterology 2021;160:1570\u0026ndash;1583.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBarreiro-de Acosta M, Vallejo N, de la Iglesia D, et al. Evaluation of the risk of relapse in ulcerative colitis according to the degree of mucosal healing (Mayo 0 vs 1): A longitudinal cohort study. J Crohns Colitis 2016;10:13\u0026ndash;19.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMeucci G, Fasoli R, Saibeni S, et al. Prognostic significance of endoscopic remission in patients with active ulcerative colitis treated with oral and topical mesalazine: A prospective, multicenter study. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2012;18:1006\u0026ndash;1010.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFr\u0026oslash;slie KF, Jahnsen J, Moum BA, Vatn MH, IBSEN Group. Mucosal healing in inflammatory bowel disease: Results from a Norwegian population-based cohort. Gastroenterology 2007;133:412\u0026ndash;422.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRutter M, Saunders B, Wilkinson K, et al. Severity of inflammation is a risk factor for colorectal neoplasia in ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 2004;126:451\u0026ndash;459.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZahn A, Hinz U, Karner M, Ehehalt R, Stremmel W. Health-related quality of life correlates with clinical and endoscopic activity indexes but not with demographic features in patients with ulcerative colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2006;12:1058\u0026ndash;1067.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLichtenstein GR, Rutgeerts P. Importance of mucosal healing in ulcerative colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2010;16:338\u0026ndash;346.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFurukawa S, Yagi S, Shiraishi K, et al. The inverse association between unhealthy eating habit and mucosal healing among patients with ulcerative colitis. BMC Gastroenterol. 2021;21:152.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eVillablanca EJ, Selin K, Hedin CRH. Mechanisms of mucosal healing: Treating inflammatory bowel disease without immunosuppression? Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022;19:493\u0026ndash;507.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eShi HY, Chan FK, Tsang SW, et al. Factors associated with mucosal healing in patients with ulcerative colitis in clinical remission. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2015;21:840\u0026ndash;846.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBoal Carvalho P, Cotter J. Mucosal healing in ulcerative colitis: A comprehensive review. Drugs 2017;77:159\u0026ndash;173.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKuenzig ME, Bishay K, Leigh R, Kaplan GG, Benchimol EI; Crowdscreen SR Review Team. Co-occurrence of asthma and the inflammatory bowel diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Transl Gastroenterol. 2018;9:188.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLee H, Lee JH, Koh SJ, Park H. Bidirectional relationship between atopic dermatitis and inflammatory bowel disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2020;83:1385\u0026ndash;1394.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAlenezy N, Nugent Z, Herman S, Zaborniak K, Ramsey CD, Bernstein CN. Aeroallergen-related diseases predate the diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2023; 29: 1073\u0026ndash;1079.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePugh SM, Rhodes J, Mayberry JF, et al. Atopic disease in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Clin Allergy 1979;9:221\u0026ndash;223\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCai C, Shen J, Zhao D, et al. Serological investigation of food specific immunoglobulin G antibodies in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. PLoS One 2014;9:e112154.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKawaguchi T, Mori M, Saito K, et al. Food antigen-induced immune responses in Crohn\u0026rsquo;s disease patients and experimental colitis mice. J Gastroenterol 2015;50:394\u0026ndash;405.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSoh H, Lee HJ, Han K, et al. Atopic diseases are associated with development of inflammatory bowel diseases in Korea: A nationwide population-based study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021;19:2072\u0026ndash;2081.e6.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWasielewska Z, Dolińska A, Wilczyńska D, Szaflarska-Popławska A, Krogulska A. Prevalence of allergic diseases in children with inflammatory bowel disease. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2019; 36: 282\u0026ndash;290.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSchroeder KW, Tremaine WJ, Ilstrup DM. Coated oral 5-aminosalicylic acid therapy for mildly to moderately active ulcerative colitis. A randomized study. N Engl J Med 1987;317:1625\u0026ndash;1629.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKisiel MA, Sedvall M, Malinovschi A, et al. Inflammatory bowel disease and asthma. Results from the RHINE study. Respir Med. 2023;216:107307.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKuenzig ME, Barnabe C, Seow CH, et al. Asthma is associated with subsequent development of inflammatory bowel disease: A population-based case-control study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;15:1405\u0026ndash;1412.e3.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMeisinger C, Freuer D. Causal association between atopic dermatitis and inflammatory bowel disease: A 2-sample bidirectional mendelian randomization study. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2022;28:1543\u0026ndash;1548.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNiwa Y, Sumi H, Akamatsu H. An association between ulcerative colitis and atopic dermatitis, diseases of impaired superficial barriers. J Invest Dermatol 2004;123:999\u0026ndash;1000.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eImanzadeh F, Nasri P, Sadeghi S, et al. Food allergy among Iranian children with inflammatory bowel disease: A preliminary report. J Res Med Sci. 2015; 20: 855\u0026ndash;859.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBl\u0026ouml;ndal V, Malinovschi A, Sundbom F, et al. Multimorbidity in asthma, association with allergy, inflammatory markers and symptom burden, results from the Swedish GA\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e LEN study. Clin Exp Allergy 2021;51:262\u0026ndash;272.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eYamamoto Y, Furukawa S, Miyake T, et al. Multimorbidity of allergic diseases is associated with functional gastrointestinal disorders in a young Japanese population. J Neurogastroenterol Motil. (In Press)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCai M, Zeng L, Li LJ, et al. Specific immunotherapy ameliorates ulcerative colitis. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol 2016;12:37.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBin Lan, Yang F, Lu D, Lin Z. Specific immunotherapy plus \u003cem\u003eClostridium butyricum\u003c/em\u003e alleviates ulcerative colitis in patients with food allergy. Sci Rep 2016;6:25587.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFournier KA, Dwyer PA, Vessey JA, Shea J, Pratt P. The efficacy of antihistamines in preventing reactions to infliximab in patients with Crohn disease/ulcerative colitis: A review of the evidence. Gastroenterol Nurs 2020;43:345\u0026ndash;349.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRaithel M, Winterkamp S, Weidenhiller M, Hahn EG. Combination therapy using fexofenadine, disodium cromoglycate, and a hypoallergenic amino acid-based formula induced remission in a patient with steroid-dependent, chronically active ulcerative colitis. Int J Colorectal Dis 2007;22:833\u0026ndash;839.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGrieco T, Caviglia M, Cusano G, et al. Atopic dermatitis and ulcerative colitis successfully treated with upadacitinib. Medicina (Kaunas) 2023;59: 542.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLee SH, Kwon JE, Cho ML. Immunological pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Intest Res 2018;16:26\u0026ndash;42.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBaratelli F, Le M, Gershman GB, French SW. Do mast cells play a pathogenetic role in neurofibromatosis type 1 and ulcerative colitis? Exp Mol Pathol. 2014;96:230\u0026ndash;234.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003eTable 1. Clinical characteristics of 289 study participants\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"643\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"73.56143079315707%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.7325038880248833%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.70606531881804%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean \u0026plusmn; SD or n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"73.56143079315707%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge (years)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.7325038880248833%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.70606531881804%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.1 \u0026plusmn; 16.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"73.56143079315707%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.7325038880248833%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.70606531881804%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e167 (57.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"73.56143079315707%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDisease extent (n; pancolitis/left-sided/proctitis/other)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.7325038880248833%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.70606531881804%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e120/78/84/7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"73.56143079315707%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDuration of UC (years)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.7325038880248833%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.70606531881804%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.3 \u0026plusmn; 8.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"73.56143079315707%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBMI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.7325038880248833%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.70606531881804%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.63 \u0026plusmn; 4.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"73.56143079315707%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCurrent smoking\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.7325038880248833%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.70606531881804%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21 (7.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"73.56143079315707%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCurrent drinking\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.7325038880248833%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.70606531881804%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e118 (40.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"73.56143079315707%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedication for UC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.7325038880248833%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.70606531881804%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"73.56143079315707%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5-Aminosalicylates\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.7325038880248833%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.70606531881804%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e264 (91.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"73.56143079315707%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrednisolone\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.7325038880248833%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.70606531881804%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58 (20.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"73.56143079315707%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThiopurines\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.7325038880248833%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.70606531881804%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42 (14.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"73.56143079315707%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTNF-\u003cem\u003e\u0026alpha; monoclonal antibody\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.7325038880248833%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.70606531881804%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 (5.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"73.56143079315707%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMayo Endoscopic Subscore (MES)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.7325038880248833%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.70606531881804%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.22 \u0026plusmn; 0.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"73.56143079315707%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eComplete mucosal healing (MES 0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.7325038880248833%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.70606531881804%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71 (24.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"73.56143079315707%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eClinical remission\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.7325038880248833%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.70606531881804%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e172 (59.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"73.56143079315707%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAllergy disease\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.7325038880248833%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.70606531881804%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"73.56143079315707%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Asthma (n, %)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.7325038880248833%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.70606531881804%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34 (11.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"73.56143079315707%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Atopic\u0026nbsp;dermatitis\u0026nbsp;(n, %)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.7325038880248833%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.70606531881804%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26 (9.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"73.56143079315707%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Pollen allergy (n, %)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.7325038880248833%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.70606531881804%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e105 (36.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"73.56143079315707%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Food allergy (n, %)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.7325038880248833%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.70606531881804%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 (6.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"73.56143079315707%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDrug allergy (n, %)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.7325038880248833%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.70606531881804%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24 (8.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"73.56143079315707%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of allergy diseases\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.7325038880248833%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.70606531881804%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.72 \u0026plusmn; 0.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"73.56143079315707%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (n, %)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.7325038880248833%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.70606531881804%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e146 (50.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"73.56143079315707%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 1 (n, %)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.7325038880248833%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.70606531881804%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94 (32.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"73.56143079315707%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 2 (n, %)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.7325038880248833%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.70606531881804%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37 (12.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"73.56143079315707%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 3 or more (n, %)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.7325038880248833%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.70606531881804%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 (4.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBMI, body mass index; UC, ulcerative colitis; SD, standard deviation; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; Other: right-sided, segmental colitis, and postoperative patients (lack of any preoperative medical records for postoperative patients)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2. Crude and adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for allergy diseases related to\u0026nbsp;clinical outcomes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"647\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.54320987654321%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.209876543209877%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrevalence (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.314814814814815%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.919753086419753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCrude OR (95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.314814814814815%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.69753086419753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdjusted OR (95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.54320987654321%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.209876543209877%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.314814814814815%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.919753086419753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.314814814814815%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.69753086419753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.54320987654321%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAsthma, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.209876543209877%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.314814814814815%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.919753086419753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.314814814814815%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.69753086419753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.54320987654321%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.209876543209877%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62/255 (24.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.314814814814815%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.919753086419753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.314814814814815%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.69753086419753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.54320987654321%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.209876543209877%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9/34 (26.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.314814814814815%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.919753086419753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.12(0.47\u0026ndash;2.45)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.314814814814815%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.69753086419753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.18 (0.49\u0026ndash;2.68)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.54320987654321%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAtopic dermatitis, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.209876543209877%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.314814814814815%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.919753086419753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.314814814814815%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.69753086419753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.54320987654321%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.209876543209877%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65/263 (24.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.314814814814815%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.919753086419753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.314814814814815%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.69753086419753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.54320987654321%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.209876543209877%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6/26 (23.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.314814814814815%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.919753086419753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.91 (0.32\u0026ndash;2.25)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.314814814814815%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.69753086419753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.11 (0.38\u0026ndash;2.89)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.54320987654321%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePollen allergy, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.209876543209877%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.314814814814815%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.919753086419753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.314814814814815%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.69753086419753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.54320987654321%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.209876543209877%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39/184 (21.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.314814814814815%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.919753086419753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.314814814814815%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.69753086419753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.54320987654321%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.209876543209877%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32/105 (30.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.314814814814815%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.919753086419753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.63 (0.94\u0026ndash;2.81)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.314814814814815%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.69753086419753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.82 (1.01\u0026ndash;3.26)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.54320987654321%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFood allergy, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.209876543209877%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.314814814814815%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.919753086419753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.314814814814815%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.69753086419753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.54320987654321%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.209876543209877%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62/271 (22.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.314814814814815%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.919753086419753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.314814814814815%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.69753086419753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.54320987654321%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.209876543209877%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9/18 (50.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.314814814814815%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.919753086419753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.37 (1.27\u0026ndash;9.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.314814814814815%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.69753086419753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.47 (1.26\u0026ndash;9.68)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.54320987654321%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDrug allergy, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.209876543209877%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.314814814814815%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.919753086419753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.314814814814815%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.69753086419753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.54320987654321%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.209876543209877%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62/265 (23.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.314814814814815%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.919753086419753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.314814814814815%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.69753086419753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.54320987654321%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.209876543209877%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9/24 (37.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.314814814814815%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.919753086419753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.97 (0.79\u0026ndash;4.64)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.314814814814815%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.69753086419753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.81 (0.70\u0026ndash;4.49)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.54320987654321%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.209876543209877%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.314814814814815%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.919753086419753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.314814814814815%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.69753086419753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.54320987654321%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eClinical remission\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.209876543209877%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.314814814814815%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.919753086419753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.314814814814815%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.69753086419753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.54320987654321%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAsthma, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.209876543209877%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.314814814814815%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.919753086419753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.314814814814815%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.69753086419753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.54320987654321%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.209876543209877%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e151/255 (59.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.314814814814815%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.919753086419753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.314814814814815%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.69753086419753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.54320987654321%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.209876543209877%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21/34 (61.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.314814814814815%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.919753086419753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.11 (0.54\u0026ndash;2.37)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.314814814814815%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.69753086419753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.19 (0.54\u0026ndash;2.71)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.54320987654321%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAtopic dermatitis, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.209876543209877%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.314814814814815%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.919753086419753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.314814814814815%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.69753086419753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.54320987654321%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.209876543209877%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e159/263 (60.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.314814814814815%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.919753086419753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.314814814814815%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.69753086419753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.54320987654321%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.209876543209877%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13/26 (50.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.314814814814815%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.919753086419753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.65 (0.29\u0026ndash;1.48)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.314814814814815%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.69753086419753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.75 (0.31\u0026ndash;1.83)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.54320987654321%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePollen allergy, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.209876543209877%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.314814814814815%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.919753086419753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.314814814814815%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.69753086419753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.54320987654321%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.209876543209877%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e113/184 (61.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.314814814814815%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.919753086419753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.314814814814815%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.69753086419753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.54320987654321%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.209876543209877%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59/105 (56.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.314814814814815%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.919753086419753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.81 (0.50\u0026ndash;1.31)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.314814814814815%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.69753086419753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.78 (0.46\u0026ndash;1.33)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.54320987654321%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFood allergy, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.209876543209877%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.314814814814815%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.919753086419753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.314814814814815%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.69753086419753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.54320987654321%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.209876543209877%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e161/271 (59.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.314814814814815%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.919753086419753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.314814814814815%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.69753086419753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.54320987654321%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.209876543209877%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11/18 (61.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.314814814814815%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.919753086419753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.07 (0.41\u0026ndash;3.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.314814814814815%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.69753086419753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.96 (0.34\u0026ndash;2.89)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.54320987654321%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDrug allergy, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.209876543209877%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.314814814814815%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.919753086419753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.314814814814815%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.69753086419753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.54320987654321%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.209876543209877%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e153/265 (57.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.314814814814815%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.919753086419753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.314814814814815%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.69753086419753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.54320987654321%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.209876543209877%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19/24 (79.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.314814814814815%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.919753086419753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.78 (1.08\u0026ndash; 8.59)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.314814814814815%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.69753086419753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.75 (0.98\u0026ndash;9.31)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdjusted for age, sex, body mass index, current drinking, current smoking,\u0026nbsp;use of steroid, and\u0026nbsp;TNF-\u003cem\u003e\u0026alpha; monoclonal antibody\u003c/em\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; NA, not applicable; FD, functional dyspepsia; IBS, irritable bowel syndrome\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;3. Crude and adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for number of allergy diseases related to\u0026nbsp;clinical outcome\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"659\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.349013657056144%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.147192716236724%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrevalence (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.276176024279211%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.520485584218513%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCrude OR (95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.276176024279211%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.430955993930198%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdjusted OR (95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.349013657056144%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of allergy diseases\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.147192716236724%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.276176024279211%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.520485584218513%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.276176024279211%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.430955993930198%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.349013657056144%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.147192716236724%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.276176024279211%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.520485584218513%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.276176024279211%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.430955993930198%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.349013657056144%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.147192716236724%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33/146 (22.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.276176024279211%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.520485584218513%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.276176024279211%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.430955993930198%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.349013657056144%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.147192716236724%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20/94 (21.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.276176024279211%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.520485584218513%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.93 (0.49\u0026ndash;1.72)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.276176024279211%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.430955993930198%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.93 (0.48\u0026ndash;1.79)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.349013657056144%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.147192716236724%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11/37 (29.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.276176024279211%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.520485584218513%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.45 (0.63\u0026ndash;3.19)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.276176024279211%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.430955993930198%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.48 (0.61\u0026ndash;3.44)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.349013657056144%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 or more\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.147192716236724%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7/12 (58.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.276176024279211%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.520485584218513%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.79 (1.44\u0026ndash;17.15)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.276176024279211%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.430955993930198%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.13 (2.17\u0026ndash;34.04)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.349013657056144%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep for trend\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.147192716236724%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.276176024279211%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.520485584218513%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.276176024279211%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.430955993930198%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.349013657056144%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.147192716236724%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.276176024279211%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.520485584218513%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.276176024279211%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.430955993930198%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.349013657056144%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eClinical remission\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.147192716236724%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.276176024279211%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.520485584218513%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.276176024279211%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.430955993930198%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.349013657056144%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.147192716236724%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91/146 (62.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.276176024279211%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.520485584218513%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.276176024279211%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.430955993930198%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.349013657056144%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.147192716236724%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51/94 (54.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.276176024279211%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.520485584218513%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.72 (0.42\u0026ndash;1.21)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.276176024279211%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.430955993930198%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.66 (0.37\u0026ndash;1.17)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.349013657056144%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.147192716236724%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21/37 (56.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.276176024279211%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.520485584218513%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.79 (0.38\u0026ndash;1.67)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.276176024279211%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.430955993930198%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.66 (0.30\u0026ndash;1.48)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.349013657056144%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 or more\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.147192716236724%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9/12 (75.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.276176024279211%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.520485584218513%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.81 (0.52\u0026ndash;8.43)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.276176024279211%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.430955993930198%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.99 (0.72\u0026ndash;16.71)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.349013657056144%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep for trend\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.147192716236724%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.276176024279211%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.520485584218513%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.276176024279211%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.430955993930198%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdjusted for age, sex, body mass index, current drinking, current smoking,\u0026nbsp;use of steroid, and\u0026nbsp;TNF-\u003cem\u003e\u0026alpha; monoclonal antibody\u003c/em\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; FD, functional dyspepsia; IBS, irritable bowel syndrome\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"allergic diseases, ulcerative colitis, inflammatory bowel disease, atopic dermatitis, food allergy ","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3960197/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3960197/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground:\u003c/strong\u003e No evidence regarding the association between the prevalence of allergic diseases and the clinical activity of ulcerative colitis (UC) exists, although several studies have shown the positive association between allergic diseases and onset of UC. \u003cstrong\u003eAim: \u003c/strong\u003eThis study aimed to investigate this issue in patients with UC.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods:\u003c/strong\u003e We studied 289 Japanese patients with UC. Information regarding allergic diseases (asthma, atopic dermatitis, pollen allergy, food allergy, and drug allergy) diagnosed by a medical doctor, lifestyle, and medical history were collected using a self-administered questionnaire. The definition of mucosal healing (MH) was Mayo Endoscopic Score 0. The association between each allergic disease and its multimorbidity with MH was evaluated using multivariate logistic regression analyses.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults: \u003c/strong\u003ePollen allergy was the most common allergic disease (36.3%). Pollen allergy and food allergy were independently positively associated with MH (pollen allergy adjusted odds ratio (OR): 1.82 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01–3.26]; food allergy adjusted OR: 3.47 [95% CI: 1.26–9.68]). The rate of MH for 0, 1, 2, and 3 or more allergic diseases was 22.6%, 21.3%, 29.7%, and 59.3%, respectively. After adjustment, 3 or more allergic diseases was independently and positively associated with MH (adjusted OR for 3 or more diseases: 8.13 [95% CI: 2.17–34.04], \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e for trend = 0.020).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusions.:\u003c/strong\u003e In patients with UC, pollen allergy and food allergy were independently positively associated with MH, respectively. Additionally, allergic multimorbidity was independently positively associated with MH.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The prevalence of allergic diseases is associated with clinical outcomes in ulcerative colitis","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-02-19 20:40:01","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3960197/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"9a2d1b17-b8c3-4dea-bb94-7a14ea597cf4","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 19th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-02-23T21:00:42+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-02-19 20:40:01","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3960197","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3960197","identity":"rs-3960197","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}